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LIE) RARY 

OF THE 

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or ILLINOIS 

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lUJNtUS HiSTORiCAL SURVEY 



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THE 



J\,.LUMNI JOURNAL, 






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OF THE 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN LXIVERSITY. 



"^ VoL IV. 



JANUARY, 1874. 



No. 1. 



CO 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.— WHAT IT IS AN!) WHAT 

IT IS DOING. 

PROF. J. R. JAQUES, A. M. 



It ha^ been said that a college, in or- 
der to suc-.ceed, must have, "//r/c/;, books 
^^i/id brains'" — in other words, a. place to 
^ meet, brain to be cultured by brain al- 
ready cultured, and books as the instru- 
i ment of culture. And this was a good 
J definition of a college of the olden time, 
^ but the modern college must be somewhat 
more complex. A college or university 
^^^ — like the Illinois Wesleyan University — 
f\\ to vindicate its claim to the title it bears, 
^ must contain at least these elements : 
^ I. Buildings and grounds, ample and 
^ convenient, with modern improvements. 

2. An ample financial foundation — 
affording strength, vigor, stability, and 
not only the prestige of past and present 

' success, but the promise of a sure future. 

3. Full and thorough courses of study 
^ — equal to the best of this country and 
--^age. 

fj" 4. Skilled and devoted professors who 
"^ think their office, as Christian educators, 
is high enough to gratify the highest am- 
bition of a noble soul. 

5. ^Apparatus, specimens, models, 
maps and charts, with which to illustrate 
the theories of science. 



6. Libraries, adapted to the wants of 
students and professors. 

7. Dialectical, parliamentary and elo- 
cutionary discipline, fitting the student 
to use and communicate his knowledge 
by tongue and pen. 

8. Religious and moral culture l)y the- 
ory, precept, example and practice. 

9. Social culture, qualifying the stu- 
dent to mingle in society easily and be- 
comingly. 

10. Convenient and economical i)ro- 
vision for the home-life of the student. 

11. And in all, around all. and above 
all, a stimulating intellectual and moral 
atmosphere — whose tonic effect shall be 
felt by the student as a constantly opera- 
tive force. 

These are the indispensable elements of 
the true college or university of this age 
— and these, we may safely say, are the 
elements of the present success of the 
Illinois Wesleyan University. 

Some of these elements of power and 
success claim more than a mere mention. 

THE NEW UNIVERSITY 1!U1I.D1NG 

is acknowledged to be one of the finest 



Illinois ]\'i'slc\aii University- 



JIV/ii/ it is and ]\'Jiat it is Doinz. 



[Jan., 



educational buildings in the United 
States. A building costing 5100.000 
ought to make some show ; and visiting 
friends are agreeably surprised at the im- 
jjosing ])ile of brick and stone, and acquit 
us of all design to overcolor our descri])- 
scriptions. The two buildings are ample 
for all present purposes. 

THK 1 IXAXCIAL FOUND.Ji TlOX 

of the institution is a guaranty against 
future failure. With property amounting 
to a quarter of a million of ilollars, the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, in the or- 
dinary course of human events, cannot 
die. The endowment fund alone will 
ensure the presence of a respectable facul- 
ty, even if the patronage of students should 
cexse entirely — which is a contingency 
very improbable, as there are now more 
students than ever before in attendance, 
and a prospect of a large increase of 
numbers. 

THE CL'RRICLLLM OF STUDY 

is abreast with the age, and yet retains the 
time-honored classical course in substan- 
tially its old form. The courses of study 
are flexible and elective to such an extent, 
as to be adapted to different mental con- 
stitutions, without sacrificing true culture. 
Students receiving our degree of "A. B." 
can translate Greek and Latin, as Avell — 
to say the least — as the average graduates 
of our best colleges and universities in 
the country. Perhaps more than this 
might be truthfully said. To make the 
test fair, we might say that we will fear- 
lessly match ^/'/r<77,'^v7?^j,'-c' classical graduate 
with the average graduates of other in- 
stitutions of like grade. Nor can a stu- 
dent receive the degree of "B. 8." who 
has taken merely an academic course, as 
is sometimes the case in other institu- 
tions. To receive this degree, he must 
master a course of severe discipline in 
the sciences, and must pass through a 
respectable course in Latin and German. 

COMPETENT PROFESSORS 

and instructors, — numbering more than 
a dozen — constitute a faculty that chal- 
lenges the respect of sister institutions in 
this and other States. They are not 
transient adventurers, but well-known, 
skilled and professional educators — each 
of whom has his si)ecial department. 



which he masters and manages asliis life- 
work. The advantages of such a corps 
of instructors are great and obvious. 

ILI.USTRATIVK APPARATUS 

has been accumulating for years, till the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, with a little 
more expense, will afford all that is nec- 
essary in this department. To the visitor 
from abroad, our museum is a sight of 
never-failing interest. But in this de- 
jjartment, there is always room an(l u.se 
for more. 

LllJRARIK^ 

of great value and convenience are ac- 
cessible to all. The College Library, the 
Society Libraries, the Bloomington Li- 
brary, the Law Library, and others, con- 
taining many thousands of volumes, are 
invaluable ^o students and Professors. 

CULTURE IX ORATORY AXli RHETORIC 

is made a specialty. The culture afforded 
by a skilled instructor in elocution — by 
the exercises of the Literary .Societies, 
and by the models of fine speaking con- 
stantly heard — can scarcely be too highly 
recommended. The Literary Societies, 
in their new and elegantly finished and 
furnished halls, are an integral part of 
the college life, and do a work which, in 
its appropriate sphere, is invaluable. And 
here it is proper to mention the Sunday 
Lectures, the Law and Medical Lectures 
by the Professors and their assistants, as 
well as the Lyceum Lectures of distin- 
guished orators from all parts of the Uni- 
ted States — all of which have a powerfiil 
influence on the oratory as well as the 
literary taste and style of the students. 
The result has been that a marked excel- 
lence in oratory and rhetoric is conced- 
ed to our students by the public generally. 

THE MORAL AXD RELIGIOUS CULTURE 

of our students is .systematic, i)ractical 
and genial. Not by rigid rules, but by 
cheerful example, and kindly advice, the 
students are influenced in their moral and 
religious character. They appoint their 
own prayer-meetings, and sustain two 
each week throughout the year with un- 
flagging zeal and success. 

THE SOCIAL LIFE 

of the L^niversity is refined and high- 



I874-] 



Make Haste Shnolw 



toned. Parents and patrons may be as- 
sured that students will here have every 
opportunity for high culture in manners 
and social accomplishments. 

THE QUESTION '"WHAT SHALL WE EAT AND 



begins at the same time (January 5th. 
1874) her work as ^^ Professor of English 



DRINK 



:>" 



is a less perplexing question than former- 
ly. The boarding-clubs and other meth- 
ods of economy, have very considerably 
lightened the financial burdens of stu- 
dents. 

THE "TONIC atmosphere" 

of the institution is very salutary in stim- 
ulating a high and holy ambition to excel. 
I'his is one of the most precious parts of 
the endowment which cannot be expressed 
in dollars and cents — being so much 
better than "bricks, books," or even 
"brains." A subtle agency ever operat- 
ing to urge the student to be a man and 
to do his best, is the greatest power of a 
college or university. 

"the new departure." 

There are some advantages just now 
accruing to the institution, which consti- 
tute an era so important as to be not un- 
fitly termed "«? new departure.'' 

1. The recitations and other exercises 
are now removed to the new building — 
the effect of which is already felt in the 
higher tone of the institution. 

2. Rev. Samuel Fallows, D. D.,late 
Superintendent of Public Instruction of 
the State of Wisconsin, assumes his place 
as President and Instructor, Jan. 5, 1874. 
The eminent fitness of Dr. F. for his 
high position, renders his advent among 
us peculiarly gratifying to the friends of 
the institution. 

3. JennjeF.\Villin(;, M. E. L., A. M., 



Langiiaiie and Literature 



Mrs. Willing 



is a well known author and eloquent 
speaker and is, moreover, a licensed preach- 
er of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

With these additions to the Faculty, 
the University starts out at the beginning 
of 1874 under the most favorable aus- 
pices. 

In reviewing the.se facts, as thus pic- 
tured in no false colors, every careful 
observer will see 

SOME STRONG POINTS. 

Besides the advantages thus enumera- 
ted, there are others that deserve the at- 
tention of .such as are selecting a place 
for intellectual and moral culture. 

Bloomington is a city of more than 
twenty thousand inhabitants, with advan- 
tages as an educational center that must 
ever give our University a commanding 
position. Nor does the city fail to see 
and acknowledge the worth of the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University. Facts might 
be given to show the estimate in which 
our Institution is held by the people of 
Bloomington — among which is the sig- 
nificant fact that on Sunday night of 
commencement week, all the leading 
Protestant churches su.spend their regular 
services to attend the address at the Uni- 
versity — and on commencement day the 
courts adjourn, and the McLean County 
Bar, in a body, attend the commence- 
ment exercises at "Amie Chapel." 

We count it no small part of the good 
fortune of the University, that it has it- 
location in Bloomington, a mere resi- 
dence in which affords to the earnest stu- 
dent culture, refinement and inspirations 



MAKE HASTE SLOWLV. 

R. H. r.OSWORTH. 



Some one has said that an American 
may be known by his walk. He goes in 
a great hurry, as if the fate of nations 
depended upon the number of move- 
ments ]jer minute of his i)e(lal extremi- 



ties. The effect of his little move from 
the old homestead, seems to be the lead- 
ing cause of this, his peculiar character- 
istic, for the resultant tendency of a de- 
parture from the old to the new |)roves to 



The Lifting of the Vail. 



[Jan., 



be that of a more hurried movement in 
prosecuting the several chities pertaining 
to daily life. 

In those lands still bearing the imj^ress 
of antiquity, moderation is the ruling 
principle ; while, on the contrary, those 
of recent origin apparently possess no 
laws of procedure ; every man assuming 
instead that he is to be a law unto him- 
self. This lau'less state, however, is nut 
a settled one by any means, for if a per- 
son choses to abide for a time in some 
select position, he is j)romptly stigmatized 
with the title of "old fogy." 

After all, we are obliged to take the po- 
sition that in this age one must keep jjace 
with the masses would he sojourn in peace 
and i)rosperity in our country. Better be 
under the clods of the prairie than be- 
hind the times of "Young America." 
Infused with this spirit of rush, ■ the 
wheels of commerce take to themselves 
wings and fly off — anywhere, — cities rise 
in an hour, survive their day and disaj)- 
])ear forever ; tradesmen enter the whirl 
of business, bide their time, when sud- 
denly they are not seen any more, by their 
anxious creditors. However, this order 
of things may be regarded by the politi- 
cal economist as necessary to insure 
financial success, it will not secure the 
highest state of intellectual develoi)ment 
to the individual governed thereby. 

The system of American education is, 
in our opinion, defective, in that it allows 
altogether too great haste on the part of 
those pursuing it. There is need to ap- 
jjroximate nearer to an adherence of the 
.seven and fourteen years' plan of appren- 
ticeship practiced in the old world. The 



too prevalent i)ractice of to-day among 
us, of merely hurrying over a college 
course, needs to be abandoned for the 
adoi)tion of the thorough course of the 
Germans. True, that will take time, but 
the increased benefit is most certainly 
proi)ortionate to the additional time re- 
quired — better a retarded ])reparation 
than a hurried entrance upon a life work 
"greater than we can bear." 

Take time. What of it ? Acceptable 
labor in these davs takes well trained 
heads, and thoroughly developed brains. 
There are too many alread\- engaged in 
tlie active duties of life, whose efforts, 
owing to a meagre preparation, are a bur- 
den to themselves, and an aggravation to 
those they serve. But it would take time, 
and the world needs us now. True, the 
world needs vou, but where? Notliound- 
ering about in bogs and quicksands, of 
whose existence you were ignorant ; but 
in the halls of preparation, learning the 
condition and demands of the field of 
action. 

Yet some will discard a long course of 
culture, infatuated with the notion, that 
we, we, can do well enough without it. 
True, the surface skimmer may perchance 
sometimes maintain an appearance of 
success, but it is only the well wrought 
metal that endures. Natural sharpness 
and impulsive ardor may abound, and lead 
to some considerable results in a few 
cases, but patience and perseverance, both 
in preparation and in after-life, are the 
crowning virtues of all. The only proper 
limit of culture for any one is the farthest 
boundary of the possible. 



THE LIFTING OF THE VAIL 



J. 1! 

The strange visitation of sight to a 
blind man narrated in the following lines, 
actually befell, during the last summer, a 
gentleman who is personally known to the 
writer, and who has lived in darkness for 
a number of years ; and all the main facts 
are literally true. The writer has only 
tried to tell the story. The gentleman in 
question liad had, some two vears pre- 



vious, a return of sight of a few minutes 
duration while away from home, which 
encouraged him to hope for its recur- 
rence. All the circumstances, with the 
saintly character and high culture of the 
man, have caused the mind of the writer 
to conceive the minutice of the case as 
follows : 



iS74-] '^f'c Mffi"S of the ]\iil. 

I. 

THE PRAYER. 

Fijr long time, dearest, I have prayed 

'I'hat this dark vail which hangs twixt me 

And light, might be lift up, that I 

Might catch, if nothing more, hut one 

Swift glimpse of those I love, and then 

(io back, if need be, to my land 

Of night. 

Then while the daikness reigned without, 

1 could light up the sacred lamp^ 

( )f memory within, and gaze 

On your dear forms. Some of our fold 

Have come into the light, since I 

Went out of it. Their little souls 

Have sp<5ken to me in their tones. 

And oft their spirits come to me 

In words ; but how I yearn to know 

What forms those spirits take ! — to see 

'J'heir souls wrought out in human flesh I 

Our first has budded into full 

AntI glorious womanhood, since las-t 

1 saw. What arc you now, my wife ? 

O God, if 'tis Thy will, grant nie 

But one brief hour of light I 

II. 

THE ANSWER. 

• The prayer was heard. One day around 
Their cheerful board the little flock 
Had come. The man, whose eyes of faith 
Were bright, had looked up to his Gotl 
With fervent thanks for .ill His gifts. 
One who stood liy, of radiant form 
And heavenly countenance, unseen. 
Had caught in censer made of gold 
Each thankful word fresh from the lips 
Of gratitude, and borne them up. 
To wave as incense of sweet praise 
Before the altar of the skies ; 
When straight back through the pearly gates 
Of Heaven, yet standing open, he 
Was sent with answer to the good 
Man's prayer, and charged to lift for one 
Brief space the vail which shut from him 
The light, and those more dear than light. 
With beaming countenance, he does 
His work of love, and then with tears 
Of sympathy, looks from his place 
Aside upon the joyous scene. 
The good man sees. For half of one 
.Sweet hour he strains his loved ones to 
His breast, and drinks their images 
Into his soul ; and when, with hands 
That linger o'er their task and tears 
(_)f sadness now, the angel lets 
The curtain down, he goes back to 
His world of night, to recollect 
With praise and gratitude to God 
The LiFTixt; oi' the \.\\\.. 



Fraiifis Bret Harte. 



[Jan. 



FRANCIS 15Ri;r HARTK. 



A VKRV little thing may give a man 
])Oi)ularit\' ; a liuky hit '.vill sometimes 
make his li\ing. Genin, the hatter 
founded his whole fortune on the enor- 
mous sum he ])aid for a ticket to one of 
the Jenny Lind concerts; ami Robert 
Honner owes his great success simply to a 
joke he played at the expense of Messrs. 
Harper & Brothers. Neither of these 
gentlemen, however, made a luckier ven- 
ture than Francis Bret Harte, when he 
wrote for the columns of the Overland 
Montlilx his "Heathen Chinee." He not 
only founded a prosperous fortime, but a 
school of poetry ; he not only gained the 
public ear, but he became in some degree 
the public mouth-piece. 

Bret Harte was born at Albany, in 1S37. 
His father, a ])rofessor in a seminary, 
died when his son was a mere boy, leav- 
ing his family unprovided for. After a 
few years at school, and a few more at a 
New York store, the boy, now grown a 
young man, went with his mother to Cal- 
ifornia, at that time the EI dorado of all 
fortune-seekers. He first opened a small 
school, then mined a bit, then entered a 
])rinting office as a compositor. He final- 
ly started a paper of his own in connec- 
tion with a friend in San Francisco, but 
only continued it for a little while. He 
then accepted several positions under 
government employ; and at last in 186S, 
when the Overland MontJily was started, 
he was chosen to edit it ; and through its 
pages he has gained his present notoriety. 
All his best stories, all his best i)oems, all 
his best work of every kind appeared 
while he was connected with this maga- 
zine. Since he has come Fast he has been 
steadily losing in power ; and though he 
is still a general favorite and a popular 
writer of short sketches, not many of the 
l)est believe in him, and a 'i^w of the 
brave dare dislike him. 

It is a fact nevertheless that he has 
founded a school of poetry. John Hay, 
\\'ill Carleton, and numerous other more 
ephemereal literati followed in his foot- 
steps, and the newspapers and magazines 
began to be full of the productions of the 
so-called realistic school. It was a school 



which in one way has had a large influ- 
ence for good, but which, after all, has 
been proiluctive of enough evil to coun- 
terbalance its pretentions ten times over. 
It was good in that it touched a jjopular 
chord, and made rhymed verse familiar 
to many a household in the land where it 
had rarely ever had a hearing. It was 
good because that it attempted to beautify 
the commonest incidents of common life 
and put them in the way of common jjeo- 
ple so that they could see themselves as 
in a glass. It was good because it was 
human. But in reality it failed to fullfil 
its best endeavors. It was popular enough, 
but it neitVier elevated nor refined — it 
rather degraded all it touched. It gave 
countenance to slang and vulgarisms, and 
to scenes and incidents before confined to 
the gambling house and the brothel. It 
not only showed the worst side of our 
''poor human nature," which there was 
scarcely need of showing at all, but it 
made the worst side worse than it actual- 
ly was. In many of Bret Harte's stories, 
and in very many of the other stories and 
jioems of this .school, there are passages, 
which, if actually true, ought to shame 
the man who could describe them, to say 
nothing of the publisher who gave them 
to the world. The point of fact real- 
Iv was, that Bret Harte had struck a 
luckv vein at last in his various diggings, 
and the rest just tried their fortune with 
him. He and his colleagues nourished, 
then and now, that morbid sensuality of 
the common mind which shows itself so 
clearly in a fondness for reading in the 
papers of murders, suicides, and all sorts 
of loathsome details. They contributed 
their mite, whatever it was, to the rapidly 
gaining tide of infidelity and indifference 
popular with that class, and instead of 
being what they might hav-e been, a real 
benefit to our national literature, they 
were a real hurt and hindrance. They 
catered to bad tastes ; and, like the Ro- 
man epicures of old, their patrons got a 
liking by and by for food more or less 
diseased, or, perhaps, decayed. 

For this Bret Harte is to-day a popular 
man. With the best he has no place, but 



I874-] 



Prudent Advict 



nevertheless he wields an influence wider 
1)V far than he should have, and worse by 
far than he should have likewise. Some 
of his sketches are charmingly written ; 
jjages of tenderness and pathos occasion- 
ally wake the softest feelings of the heart, 
— but the leaf will turn to details so dis- 
gusting that a courtesan only should read 
them without ablush. Francis Bret Harte 
has much to answer for. He has made a 
lucky hit ; he has struck a yielding vein ; 
it may go on producing, and the gold he 
gets be good ; but that which he gives to 
the world is mostly spurious. 

The popularity of one or two decades 



is small. I'o be known and soon forgot- 
ten .seems hardly worth much striving for. 
It is the imperishable records on which 
men ought to seek to write their names. 
But now-a-days, with all our luxury and 
ease, we scarcely strive for anything at all. 
"He builds too low who builds beneath 
the stars" is an adage out of date. Few 
of us realize the true reality of life ; few 
know what life is worth the living. But 
niany know the life that is, and never try 
to make it better than it is, and of these 
Francis Bret Harte is one. — T. C. in Col- 
lege Mereiiry. 



PRUDEiNT ADVICE. 



V,. w. i,I(;ht, 



His jiiuck'nt soul (lanced on a silver sixpence, till it losl its breath.' 

When poor people want assistance, 

Vou must never pass them by — 
But, at a convenient distance, 

See the sorry rascals die. 

Should they corner you, however, 

In your necessary walk, 
Then with softened shrug, endea\or 

To console them with your talk. 

If you must survey their trouble 

With your justice-beaminy eyes, 
Tell them vou have seen full double 

That, with less than half their cries. 

But inform them, that you really 

Hope they may see lietter days — 
For you always loved them dearly. 

Though you must condemn their ways. 

Should they hint at bread and butter. 

Cant of heavenly food the best : 
If they mention shelter, mutter 

All about celestial rest. 



Then go home and make thanksgiving, 
Vou were born to fare so well — 

Thriving on your holy living, 
^^'ith no soul to lose or sell. 



Public Schools vs. Catholicism. 



[Jan., 



MUNSKLLIAN SOCIETN DHPARTMENT. 



M. V. CRUxMBAKKR, EnrroK. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS VS. CATHOLICISM. 



W. S. MARQUIS. 



Two hundred and fifty years ago, 
while Plymouth was still the only village 
on the New England coast, and it a vil- 
lage of log huts lying between an ocean 
of water on the one hand, and an ocean 
of wilderness on the other; while its in- 
habitants were still struggling with the 
barren soil for those supplies necessary to 
their existence, even thus early, amidst 
their hardships and privations did the Pur- 
itans turn their attention to the subject 
of education. 

At a public meeting, convened in the 
town hall by the order of their Governor, 
it was determined to establish a school, 
and a free school ; the necessary build- 
ing, it was agreed, should be erected by 
the united effort of all the men in the 
village ; the annual expenses to be ecjual- 
ly divided among the proj^erty holders. 
This was a just division, since at that 
time they were equally wealthy, each 
owning but twenty acres of land. Such 
was the origin of the free school system 
of America, and from that humble birth 
behold the vast proportions to which it 
has thus quickly grown. That tiny seed 
cast in Massachusett's rocky soil, and 
nourished by the self-sacrificing love of 
our Puritan ancestors, now towers amidst 
us in strength and beauty; welcoming all 
to partake'of its protection and its fruits. 

America has many characteristics, but 
no feature of her civilization is so dis- 
tinctly American as her system of free 
schools. To America belongs the honor 
of originating and maintaining, in addi- 
tion to first class universities and col- 
leges, the most successful system of pub- 
lic schools the world has yet seen. Long 
centuries ago, Greece, which reached the 
highest civilization previous to the i yth 



century, had perfected a system of free 
schools for physical culture ; but America, 
thinking less of muscular strength, en- 
deavors to develop that nobler part of 
man, that part made in the likeness of 
Divinity, his mind ; and this preferment 
she offers flot alone the few, the rich and 
honored of her citizens, but unto all she 
extends the priceless gift of knowledge. 

It is not my purpose, however, to 
speak the i)raises of our public schools. 
My object is a far less pleasant one, viz : 
The consideration of the fact, that cur- 
rent of opposition, growing stronger and 
more rapid year by year, is sweepmg 
down against this cherished institution. 
We can no longer allay our fears by 
hoping that it is not true, and that Ro- 
man Catholicism is not the enemv of 
free education. She openly avows her- 
self as such. The following sentiments, 
publicly expressed in a convention held 
in the city of St. Louisa short time ago, 
cm not be mistaken ; in this convention 
one Rev. Father made the assertion : 
•'That children from the public schools 
turn out to be learned horse thieves, schol- 
arly counterfeiters, and well posted in all 
schemes of deviltry." Another, equally 
complimentary, remarked: "A good 
Catholic would as soon think of sending 
his children to the pest-house, or of 
burying them, as of letting them go to 
the public schools." 

But evidence of their opposition exists 
nearer home. Only a few weeks ago the 
Catholic priest of this city delivered a 
sermon against our public schools, de- 
nouncing them most bitterly, and urging 
his people to withdraw their children and 
send them to the schools just established 
by the church. This he said he was 



1874.] 



Public Schools vs. Catholicism. 



aware would incur an additional expense, 
but this they must patiently bear, since 
that day was not far distant when Catho- 
lics would no longer endure to be taxed 
for the support of sectarian schools. 

This is their opinion of our public 
schools, and such their expectations. 

Protestants have been wont to dismiss 
this as an unpleasant subject, but is this 
any reason for smothering it ? Does he 
who sees some ferocious beast approach- 
ing, quietly sit still because he has not as 
yet felt the grip of its merciless jaws? 
And shall we stand by and see this Hy- 
dra-headed monster, Roman Catholicism, 
creeping nearer and nearer with the un- 
mistakable purpose of seizing and destroy- 
ing our public schools, and never turn a 
hand to prevent it? Some say there is no 
danger yet; "that we are ten to one." 
Ten to one ! So the people of Chicago 
thought, but how did the last election de- 
termine it? Who are the rulers of that 
city to-day ? A set of men the majority 
of whom are Roman Catholics, of which 
majority the Inter-Ocean says: "They 
are the enemies of law, order, and de- 
cency." Ten to one ! This is just 
what Rome would have us think ; her 
greatest desire is that Protestants will lie 
still a little longer, until, with every en- 
ergy bent, she shall with one triumphant 
bound, seize the reins of government ; 
these once in her hands, how quickly will 
all these institutions which foster freedom 
and independence of spirit and thought 
be stricken to the earth. 

It is easy to divine why Rome is the 
enemy of education. Catholicism 
is based on superstition, but knowledge 
is the foe of superstition ; therefore the 
church, in order to maintain an existence 
is compelled to prevent her followers from 
acquiring too much knowledge. 

This, of course, any Catholic would 
deny, and in all probability point you to 
the many schools the church maintains at 
her own expense, as a proof of the con- 
trary. But hear what a distinguished and 
unsectarian editor of this State says in re- 
gard to these schools: "Seventy-five 
per cent," says he, "of our criminal 
classes are educated in Catholic schools, 
and there is not a countrv in C'hristen- 



dom, where these vaunted schools are 
the rule, that is not inferior in its civili- 
zation." 

History proves the truth of this asser- 
tion. Look at Europe in the Dark Ages, 
when Rome held absolute sway. If she 
is the friend of education, why did she 
not improve that glorious opportunity to 
make it apparent ? 

Look at Italy and Austria, over whom 
the dawn of a new day begins to break, 
the moment they cast out the Jesuits. 
Look at the gross ignorance and supersti- 
tion which to-day envelop i)riest-ridden 
Spain and Portugal in the blackness of 
night. Look at all these, and say, if you 
can, Catholicism is the friend of educa- 
tion. 

Now what manner of foe is this with 
whom we must contend? A church dis- 
tinguished for its mastery of cunning ; a 
church which teaches it is no sin to lie, 
if you lie for its benefit; and which au- 
thorizes its priests to perjure themselves 
rather than witness against her ; a church, 
the pages of whose history are stained 
past purification with the blood of ten 
thousand martyrs ; finally, a church which 
considers no plan too base, no cruelty too 
great, if through them she may obtain 
the objects of her desires. 

Fellow-citizens, we stand most cer- 
tainly upon the verge of an eventful fu- 
ture. In the past the United States has 
been distinguished for the brilliancy of 
her career ; but whether this prosperity 
shall continue or not depends largely 
upon the decision of the question, shall 
Catholicism abolish free schools ? Should 
she succeed in her Satanic plan, we may 
look to see a cloud of ignorance and su- 
perstition settle over our land; we may 
expect this nation, which now ranks 
among the first on the globe, to sink to 
the level of Papal Spain. On the other 
hand, if loyal hearts will gather around 
this Ark of Freedom, if they will rally as 
they rally 'round the Stars and Stripes, 
determined that it shall stand or they 
will fall with it, then only He. whose 
searching eye doth pierce the deep un- 
known beyond, can foretell the future 
greatness of America. 



lO 



ATimsrlliiUi Nofr. 



[Jan., 



INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANFrV 



lANNIK KANACA. 



Chrisiianmi V had its origin witli the 
Jewish nation, and its influence is seen in 
the power which it exerted upon surround- 
ing nations, in the various stages of the 
liistory of this peojile. The effects of its 
influence have been to diminish evil, anci 
to increase good. As early as the second 
century the power of Christianity was ob- 
served upon the wicked practices and cus- 
toms established among many nations. 

Christianity also, in every country in 
wliich it is professed, has obtained a 
marked, although not complete, influence 
upon the public judgment of morals. In 
the present age, the Christian influence of 
England and the United States is seen 
throughout the world. To the inspira- 
tion of the Bible, and the truth and puri- 
ty of the principles contained in this sys- 
tem, Christianity owes its influence and 
power among men. Since its teachings 



are such as to elevate and enlighten the 
human race, thereby adding to their hap- 
piness and prosperit}', it is desired and 
sought for by man. As a result of the in- 
fluence which Christianity has exerted 
throughout the world, we may note as 
facts, that heathen nations have manifest- 
ed a willingness to become civilized and 
a desire to be educated, have cast aside 
as false their dark and gloomy supersti- 
tions and accepted the simi)le and reason- 
able doctrine of Christianity. 

Cruel slavery and serfdom have been 
abolished. Better laws and more perfect 
governments have been established. A 
greater degree of perfection in the useful 
arts and sciences has been attained, and 
the education, hapjjiness and welfare oi 
mankind generall}- has been jjromoted by 
this influence. 



MUNSELLIAN NOTES. 



— \V. A. Smith, 
near Arrowsmith. 



of 



/3' 



is teaching 



— T. R. Wiley, of '71, is in Chicago 
pursuing the stud\' of medicine. 

— The Society numbered 70 members 
during the Fall term, 28 new members 
having joined. 

— The recent meeting of the "Patrons 
of Husbandry" in convention in our citv 
was a reminder of the fact that farmers 
read and think for themselves, and are 
capable of judging when their interests de 
mand a change in the existing state of 
affairs. For years there have existed in 
almost every department of industry, ag- 
riculture being excepted, unions, which 
have for their objett the promotion ol 
the interests of that department under 
which the\' are orcani/ed. That such or- 



ganizations are to some extent beneflcial 
we have no doubt, as through them, by 
interchanging opinions and experiences 
the laborers in any business may improve 
and perfect their department. But that 
these organizations have not confined 
themselves to this legitimate course, but 
have, by powerful combinations, oppress- 
ed other departments, and especially those 
which have not been organized, is a fact 
which cannot be successfully denied. And 
if the farmers of the nation could ofler 
no other argument in favor of the neces- 
sity of their organization than self-pro- 
tection against other combinations, this 
in itself would be sufificient : and that 
they feel this necessity is evident from 
the rapid growth of the order. Only a few 
months since it was almost unknown, to- 
day it numbers its members by thousands. 
What the results will be which thisoruan- 



I874-] 



Mitiiscllian Notes. 



II 



ization will bring about is, as yet, to a 
great extent, a matter of speculation. It 
is an organization of great power, espe- 
cially in the West, comprising as it does 
so great a proportion of the poinilation ; 
and if its labors l)e directed in the right 
channel they will result, no doubt, in 
good, not only to the farmer but to so- 
ciety in general. The resolutions passed 
by the convention in our own State were, 
in the main, an expression of the sense 
of the Order concerning matter of general 
interest; in the State convention of Iowa 
the subject of education seems to ~have 
received special attention, and it was rec- 
ommended that those branches of study 
which directly pertain to agriculture and 
horticulture should be taught. This is 
certainly a step in the right direction, 
and if followed up will certainly bring 
beneficial results. 

— The Munsellian Society on Dec. 19, 
presented a most attractive programme to 
one of the largest audiences that has ever 
been in attendance at its regular sessions. 
The hall was crowded to its utmost capac- 
ity, every available place was filled with 
eager listeners. 

The exercises of the evening were opened 
by a chorus, "The Good Old Days of 
Yore," which was well sung. 

Declamation, " On Board the Cumber- 
land," by S. VanPelt. This gentleman 
is one of the finest declaimers that ever 
graced the rostrum of the Wesleyan, and 
when we say the piece was well given, we 
only say what every one expected. 

Oration, T. I. Coultas. Subject, "War, 
the Triumph of Passion." This oration 
was marked by rare excellence of thought 
and beauty of expression. This gentleman 
is a natural orator, and as soon as he 
commenced, we were convinced he was 
master of the subject. 

Instrumental Solo, "Concert Polka," 
by Miss Mary Kuhl. Although the selec- 
tion was a difficult one, yet the lady was 
mistress of the keys and well merited the 
applause she received. 

Debate, — Resolved. That the turkey 
should be substituted for the eagle as our 
national emblem. 

The affirmative was supported by W. S. 
Marquis. After defining the word emblem 
this gentleman proved, by syllogistic rea- 



soning, that the turkey is a better represent- 
ative than the eagle. To give an adequate 
idea of this gentleman's speech would be 
impossible in this short space \ suffice it to 
sav, it abounded in humor and was splen- 
did. 

l"he negative was defended by G. E. 
Scrimger, who exhibited to the audience 
the painting of a full sized eagle, and then 
])roceeded to eulogize this great bird. 
Fir.'-:t, reaching the sublime, then sudden- 
ly falling to the ridiculous, then passing to 
the humorous, he kept the audience either 
spell-bound in admiration or convulsed 
with laughter. 

Bass solo, "A Name in the Sand," by 
J. O. Wilson. This gentleman is a fine 
singer, and rendered this in an artistic 
manner. 

After recess the Society listened to an 
instrumental solo by Frank Mueller. It 
is needless to comment — all are acquaint- 
ed with Mr. Mueller's success as a pianist. 

Toast, ' ' The Ladies, ' ' was responded to 
by J. O. Wilson in apleasing manner, pay- 
ing a high tribute to the ladies of the 
Wesleyan. 

Vocal solo, "Riding in a Sleigh," by 
Annie Mitchell. This little girl has a 
sweet voice and sang beautifully. 

Toast, "The Gentlemen," responded 
to by Miss Fannie Kanaga. This lady is 
an impressive speaker. She took the op- 
portunity to retaliate for the many hon- 
ied words and flattering remarks which 
the fair sex had received. This was the 
most brilliant exercise of the evening. 

Duet, "Why do the Swallows Change 
their Homes?" by Lillie Lyon and Jo- 
sie Hall. This was a beautiful piece, and 
the ladies both possessed sweet voices, 
which blended harmoniously. This was 
decidedly the finest piece of music of the 
evening. 

Toast, "The Society," responded to 
by O. W. Gray. He traced the onward 
progress of the Society from its founding 
to the present time. Noticing its strug- 
gles and its victories until now it stands 
without a rival in the West. 

The exercises of the evening were con- 
cluded byapianoand harp duet by Messrs. 
Mueller and Barger, which was well re- 
ceived. 

Thus closed the last regular session of 
the term, which all enjoyed. 



12 



Infiufiice of Fiiritanisiii. 



[Jan., 



BKLLES LKITRKS SOCIK'I'N' l)i;i'AR TMKNT 



E. M. HKAFKR, Editor. 



IM'LUEiNCE OF PURITANISM. 



I. M. BLAZER. 



( )i the elements that make up society, 
two in particular deserve attention, on ac- 
count ot" the effects resulting from their 
widely different influences. Until a very 
recent period they were the unrelenting 
opponents of each other, and neither 
would allow that any good could result 
from the tenets taught by the other. But 
time has done much to smooth the asper- 
ities of the one, and bring the air-castle 
theories of the other more into the bounds 
of common sense. In the times when 
their influences were more felt, these 
elements were designated as Puritanism 
and Chivalry, and for want of a better 
name the former term is still in common 
use. There is no doubt of the powerful 
influence wielded by Puritanism in the 
settlement and moral and political growth 
of America. And for that reason a view 
of its present influence may not be unin- 
teresting. 

Some assert that Puritanism is dead, 
and rejoice in its demise as though it had 
been a mere whim of the dark ages, and 
a drawback to civilization and religion. 
Such forget that by its skilful hand was 
laid the firm foundations of the empire, 
on whose shores the sun never sets, and 
would fain sweep into oblivion the fond 
memory of the task performed on Cis- 
Atlantic shores of establishing a govern- 
ment, whose principles of action more 
than realize the sublimest dreams of pa- 
gan or Christian sage. Its form is not 
the same as in colonial times, when its 
austerity and bigotry were often repulsive 
and out of harmony with its liberal de- 
signs and pure motives ; yet it still exists 
in as tangible a form as then, and exerts 
its influence in a more effective manner 
than it ever did in the days of strictest 



Puritan rule. Nowadays its disciples are 
not known by any particular style of dress 
or by the nasal twang of speech, but its 
influences are exerted on the spiritual 
man, and in this way it wields a greater 
power to-day than in the era of external 
observances, when the outward form was 
to the rabble the distinguishing charac- 
teristic of Puritan and Cavalier. It takes 
a firm hold on the actions and feelings of 
the people, inspiring patriotism, honesty, 
charity and a host of similar private and 
public virtues. It requires much, and 
obtains much that it requires of private 
and public servants. The people are 
particular — not over-exacting, as some 
would have it — and they have a pjerfect 
right to be so; for he who puts himself 
forward in a public situation invites criti- 
cism and is sure to receive plenty of it, 
not only from enemies, but also from 
friends. He must meet the test. If he 
fails in the fiery ordeal there is no one to 
blame but himself. If fortune smiles 
upon him he but receives the just wages 
of his toil, and no one should detract 
from his fair name on account of his suc- 
cess, but rather encourage him onward 
and upward. 

This must be the standard of private 
and jjublic life in a republic, or the no- 
ble ship of state will be left without a 
competent pilot, and must soon become 
a prey to the winds and rocks of the 
troubled sea of politics. The preserva- 
tion of the many active princi|)les for the 
production of good must devolve on 
Puritanism, whose mainspring of action 
has ever been to live, to plant, to build, 
to educate and legislate for the greatest 
good of the nation and of future genera- 
tions. 



1874-] 



'The Power of Kindness. 



This self-denying and sturdy s])irit ex- 
ercises a controling influence in England 
and America and, because of the superi- 
ority it gives us, excites the merriment 
and contempt of the French atheist, and, 
l)y the German neologist, is considered a 
fit subject for refutation b)- his most ab- 



struse proj)ositions. As long as we ad- 
here to its fundamental doctrines and 
spirit, our liberty is secure, our ])osition 
at the head of the nations will remain 
unchanged and the star of our em|)irc 
will never pale. 



THE POWER OF KINDNESS. 



J. J. BROWN. 



Amonc; the daily incidents of human 
life how many occur seemingly devoid of 
interest, that have afterward formed the 
character of men and shaped the destiny 
of nations, and among the innumerable 
hosts of intelligent beings who are spread 
over this mundane sphere from pole to 
jjole and from o(~ean to ocean, who will 
doubt that kindness has raised thousands 
from the obscurity of gloom and despond- 
ency to fill exalted positions in society and 
to register their names in the annals of 
their country's history. 

The soldier often, at his country's call, 
has gone forth to battle, with a bravery 
bordering on the sublime ; he has scaled 
])arapets and from these dangerous sum- 
mits has courted and found death, — but 
while the life blood flows freely, as the 
melting snow before the noon day sun, 
and his eyes aie about to close " in the 
last long sleep of death," — could we know 
the promptings of the innermost recesses 
of his heart, could we follow his thoughts 
as they revert to other days, we would find 
them dwelling on the kind words of some 
loved ones at home, — perhaps a loving 
sister or wife, as she bade him adieu while 
the burning tears rolled down her cheeks, 
cheered him ^ith the words of sympathv 
and love which emanated from her sym- 
])athetic heart and found a place in his 
that nerved him to deeds of prowess and 
bravery rivalled only in the history of the 
Daeian gladiator. 

Methinks it was in reply to some loving 
sentiment of his wife, that caused that 
talented young officer, whose character 



drained the fullest cup of elotpience, even 
in the British Parliament, to exclaim : 
" You shall never blush for your Mont- 
gomery." Such were the incentives that 
caused him to offer up his life where car- 
nage raged the fiercest. 

O, the power of human kindness trans- 
cends human praise I It exceeds the very 
stars of heaven in brilliancy. 

This Heaven-born spirit, like soft breez- 
es wafted from the supernal regions, cheers 
and exhilarates all whom it meets. 

The shivering mendicant, crying in the 
midnight cold for shelter, knows that kind 
acts are the richest boons that mortals can 
bestow. The child reared in the ])ath of 
virtue only feels the full import of its 
power, when it has left the paternal roof 
and is compelled to battle the world's cold 
storms, then all the sweet endearments of 
home, the anxious entreating words of 
an affectionate parent come thronging back 
upon its memory and lure it upward and 
onward, until it gains the pinnacle of hon- 
or and virtue, then it is elevated to a plain 
from which it can view and comprehend 
the bounteous love of the Eternal One, 
then its thoughts will soar heavenward, 
free as the flight of the mountain eagle. 

The good mother has often wept over 
the erring conduct of a wayward son. She 
has exhausted all the influence which a 
mother alone possesses seemingly to no 
effect. She has gone down the dark valley 
of shadows without a single ray of hope that 
her son is reclaimed. He may still resist 
the mute but powerful pleadings of that 
mother's form in death; he may seek the 



14 



B. L. S. Editor s Corner. 



[Jill^M 



company of the lovely and the gay, and love. He cannot longer elude their grasp, 

for a time forget that mother's training, hut with a heart all melted down with 

but for a time only; in the tramiuil hour penitence and contrition, he follows the 

of reflection as he indulges in reminis- footsteps of his sainted mother to the lia- 

censes of by-gone days, prominent among ven of perennial rest, 
these will be his mother's kindness and 



B. L. S. EDITOR'S CORNKR. 



— ( )ne need only read the production 
by James B. Taylor published in last 
month's Journal and entitled "A Plea 
for toleration," in order to perceive the 
benefits arising from the influences of an 
Alma Mater in the shape of a literary 
society. J. B. is a Belles Lettres. 

— The Leader in its issue of Monday, 
Dec. 8th. '73, says: "Work on the new 
test well was commenced on Friday last, 
and Saturday evening the well had reached 
a depth of 8^2 feet, leaving off in a wa- 
ter-bearing strata^ If the writer wishes 
to express the idea of plurality, we suggest 
that lie dispense with the article a ; but 
if he wishes to express the idea of unity, 
we still suggest that he singularize the 
noun strata. This may be very hard for 
him to do, just as it is for some to say 
this molasses instead of these molasses. 
But remember, "practice makes perfect. " 

— The Society has already ajjpointed a 
committee to make arrangements for the 
exhibition to take place next term. The 
public may expect one of the richest lit- 
erary treats that it has ever had the pleas- 
ure of witnessing. We say literary be- 
cause we feel safe in predicting that it 
will be strictly so, nothing of a theatri- 
cal character is likely to be entertained 
either by the committee or Society. Dra- 
matic performances are not our specialty ; 
more than this, our patrons, by their past 
attendance at our exhibitions, havt man- 
ifestly shown, we are happy to sav, that 
they appreciate something higher than a 
drama, even if it be performed by the 
most gifted and skilfully trained artists, to 
say nothing of the mere attempt to pro- 
duce one by any true literary societ\- that 
properly and unceasingly attends to the 



duties devolving upon it 1)\' reason of its 
avowed object of organization, "literary 
culture." We would not depreciate the 
dramatic ability of our members, not at 
all ; on tl^e contrary, we believe we are 
in that respect inferior to no similar in- 
stitution in the land. But we do not re- 
gard dramatic exhibitions as the legiti- 
mate work of a first-class literary society. 

Thf. BREsiDENr'sMESs.'\(;E. — 111 speak- 
ing of the Vienna affair, President Grant 
says that it is believed that the object 
Congress had in view when it passed the 
joint resolution providing for the trans- 
portation, &c , of American articles of 
invention to the Vienna exposition was at- 
tained. We do not know of any one who 
believes anything of the kind, but if per- 
chance there be such a one he must surely 
have an humble opinion of "the object 
that Congress had in view." For the fi- 
nality of that piece of legislation was the 
most consummate model of mismanage- 
ment, rascality, individual aggrandize- 
ment and conseijuent public and national 
misrepresentation that a free American 
jjeople can possibly boast. 

True, the Americans received diplomas 
that were highly flattering to "Yankee in- 
genuity."' But was it not the inevitable 
result of the actual merit that the articles 
on exhibition possessed, and in spite of 
the malice and trickery of the Commis- 
sioners who pretended to be the "guar- 
dian angels ' ' of the interests of American 
inventors? Vv'e would be understood to 
discuss the result attained and not the ob- 
ject aimed at. unless they be one and the 
same thing, as the President makes it ap- 
pear. He recommends that Congress au- 
thorize the executive to approve of so 



1874-] 



B. L. S. Editor s Corner. 



15 



much of any measure passing the two 
houses as his judgment may dictate, with- 
out approving the whole. The disap- 
proved portion or portions to be subjected 
to the same rules as now, to-wit : to be 
referred back to the house in wliich the 
measure or measures originated, and if 
passed by a two-thirds vote of both houses 
to become a law without the President's 
approval. The above recommendation is 
worthv perhaps of more praise than we at 
first thought are likely to allow it. Any 
one who has read the Constitution knows 
that a bill which lias passed both houses 
but receiving the President's veto is to 
that point lost, because it is required that 
it pass both houses again by a two-thirds 
vote ; therefore if Congress fail to act upon 
it the second time or, if acting, fail to 
agree, the bill dies, i)eriiaps never to be 
resurrected. The principal objection to 
that part of the Constitution relating to 
this subject as it now stands, is, that it 
places too little restriction upon adisloval 
executive, and admits of great liability 
through the negligence or acquiescence of 
its friends, and the vigilance and earnest 
attention of its enemies for its ultimate 
defeat. 

How an unfaithful executive can work 
ruin to bills beneficent in their character 
is too plain to admit of argument, but it 
might be claimed that whatsoever limits 
his power to destroy the virtues of a bill 
will necessarily limit his power to strike 
out its vices. To this proposition we re- 
ply, it is not so important that vice be 
crushed as that virtue be permitted to 
live, at any rate in this particular instance. 
If Congress chooses occasionally to send 
forth to its masters, the people, an enact- 
ment possessing a few points intended 
practically to provide for the general wel- 
fare, we would that the President could 
not intercept it. Congress will crush 
enough of good -any way, so let us have 
what good it may please that honorable 
l)ody to give us. As for the corrupt parts 
the President will not care to have them 
pass him, but if he docs permit them to 
])ass they will then meet us face to face, 
and we will every day see and experience 
their \ ileness and be compelled to review 
the pettifogging that was practiced in the 
Congress where such a bill originated, and 



ultimately our indignation will persuade, 
yea, force us to throw it back into their 
faces, and perhaps to send other men to 
their places. So then, that which abso- 
lutely becomes law we are made acquaint- 
ed with, and finally with its enactors, and 
if good, we can accept the law and praise 
the makers ; if otherwise, we can .send it 
back with other men to make better ones. 
Whereas, in reference to enacted virtue, 
if crushed in its incipient state the peo- 
ple hear scarcely anything about it. It is 
only when the people as a people come 
to perform their duty in accordance with 
the law that they consider its features. 

Again, the circumstances mentioned 
might occur in many ways, but we will 
only notice that the friends of a bill, hav- 
ing passed it once, may be so certain of 
its success the second time that they may 
become engrossed with other matters, antl 
thereby neglect it, while its enemies, 
ecjually certain of its second passage and 
yet hopefiil of its defeat, will be intensely 
stimulated to put all their powers to work 
against it, and only having to muster as 
their final means one-third of all the 
members present and one member more, 
have every facility for trampling truth 
under foot. As in commenting on one's 
character, it may be a better principle to 
condemn the intentions of the individ- 
ual as being wrong and afterwards be 
deceived by his honest and upright ac- 
tions, than to praise his intentions as be- 
ing what they morally should be, and af- 
terwards to be deceived by his unmanly 
and wicked doings, we hope we may be 
excused for not lauding President Grant 
to the skies at present. We did that in 
the campaign of '72, and were afterward 
deceived when he provided for himself 
an annual grab of twenty five thousand 
dollars from the people's treasury. Who 
knows but another salary-grab bill is in 
preparation and that this proposed amend- 
ment is only an additional facility for the 
President to make his /////. It is to be 
hoped that such is not the case, and that 
his intentions are equally as good as his 
proposed amendment. But if our mem- 
ory serves us the following advice may be 
found somewhere in print : "Re careful 
whom ye praise lest ye praise the de\ il 
and ins'oke the wrath of Ciod." 



I 



Ihnv Ifi/gh Howard DiJif t ^o lo fhr Par/y. 



[Jan. 



[For the Alumni Journal 



HOW HUGH HOWARD DIDN'T GO TO THE PARTY. 



In looking over a package of old let- 
ters the other rain\' day, 1 chanced ui)on 
a little note written years ago by a dear 
schoolmate, which called up reminiscences 
of the happy days of girlhood spent in 
Madame Beaumont's fashionable boarding 
school. It ran thus : 

''Dear Lou : — A greeting to yourself 
and all the girls. Have you made any en- 
gagements for the holidays? If not, sum- 
mon our set according to the old custom, 
and tell them I want all to sjjend Christ- 
mas day at my home. Of course, the 
gentlemen from the college will join the 
party, but keep this from Madame B. — 

Yours, as ever, Ella Dk Witt." 

I read and re-read this little old note, 
and sweet memories of "Auld Lang Syne" 
filled mv heart. Again I was the merry 
school girl. I read the letter with joy, 
clapped mv hands gleefully over the con- 
tents, decided in my mind Ella was the 
dearest girl that ever lived, rushed across 
the hall to Belle and Nellie's door, told 
them I had splendid news ; "go right to 
my room ;" then, in the same delicate 
manner 1 reached Sue and Carrie's room 
and gave the same command, and so on 
until all our girls were summoned. In five 
minutes we were assembled, and calling 
the meeting to order I mounted a chair 
(with the letter carefully concealed,) and 
told them to guess what I had. I felt 
my importance and, as I met their eager, 
upturned faces, was slightly inclined to 
tease. Oh ! those dear, dear faces, 
again they are all before me — dimpled, 
rosy, dark and fair cheeks ; laughing blue, 
roguish brown, sparkling l)lack and loving 
ha/.el eyes ; li[>s red and pouting, some 
curled a little haughtily ; Grecian, Ro- 
man, roaming and saucy little pug noses — 
in short, the jolliest set of school girls, 
all in all, ever heard of. 

They were kept in suspense a little 
while, then waving the letter and secur- 
ing attention, I read and proposed three 
cheers for Ella. We gave three hearty 
cheers and then the exclamations of de- 
light, "O that's splendid:" "Won't we 
have a good time !" 



Einally, thoughtful Helen put a damp 
upon the exuberance of spirits by saying: 

"I wonder if Madame will let us go >" 

"If she does," said Marie, "she will 
send .some oftho.se stiff, prim under-teach- 
ers with us, and I would rather stay at 
home than to think twice before I speak, 
and guard every movement of my hands 
and feet, as if on dri'l." 

A pause followed this speech and there 
was a knock at the door. Our doubts 
were to be settled sooner than we thought. 
In our joy we had forgotten all rules anil 
regulations, — had left our rooms, were 
holding communication, were creating 
disturbance — in short, were breaking all 
rules that came in our way. The noise 
had reached Madame's apartment, hence 
the well-known knock. Now Madame 
Beaumont was a dear little woman, but 
sometimes pretty stern, especially when 
discharging her duties in the presence of 
the other teachers. But she loved each 
of her girls, and when by herself, we could 
carry our plans more successfully by coax- 
ing than when a petition was solemnly 
presented respectfully soliciting her atten- 
tion to the same. In the present instance 
little Carrie, our pet, our youngest, opened 
the door, and in answer to Madame's look 
of surprise and displeasure seized her hand, 
looked beseechingly into her eyes and said, 
"Oh! dear Madame, do forgive us for 
leaving our rooms, talking so loud, and 
making this disturbance. Indeed, indeed, 
we could not help it. We got the most 
splendid invitation from Ella De Witt, to 
go there Christmas day, us girls, and we 
will have a big dinner and the best time. 
We do want to go so bad. "Oh, dear 
Madame, do let us go, do please and (a 
little lower, a little more beseechingly^ 
dear Madame, please let us go alone, its 
so much nicer, and its Christmas and you 
will let us won't you?" and she stopped 
for want of breath. We added our peti- 
tion to Carrie's. The displeased look 
left Madame's face and she said : "Well, 
dear girl, I alwavs want you to enjoy your- 
self at Christmas time. But, young ladies, 
(^with a sterner look) "You are taking 



iS74.] 



Ho7v /fifgh Hinuai-J Didii t '^o fo the Pariy. 



your holidays a little too soon, anJ you 
are sadly out of order." (Then, more 
kindly, as she saw the woe-be gone ex- 
pression on our countenances, ) "Do not 
say anything about this interview. Pre- 
sent \our petition in a proper manner and 
we will consider it, but you must answer 
for the liberty taken, young ladies. Dis- 
perse to your rooms." 

The door closed and we were again 
alone. In our minds there was no doubt 
now ; we were sure of the necessary per- 
mission, but kei)t it secret that the gentle- 
men were invited, to prevent a teacher 
being sent with us. We disi^ersed with 
light, happy hearts. A i^tw days after, an 
invitation was read to the young ladies 
from one of the citizens, for a Christmas 
eve party. .\fter reading it Madame 
added that to make it more pleasant some 
of our gentlemen tViencls from the college 
Avere invited, and that she was glad to 
have us enjoy such a gathering occasion- 
ally. Ah ! we felt rather guilty just then. 
The uncomfortable feelings were soon 
forgotten, however, in anticipation of the 
holidays drawing near. Visions of even- 
ing parties, sly flirtations, merry rides and 
general good times filled our minds to 
the detriment of books and study. Christ- 
mas eve came and with it the party which 
was most delightful. As Madame had 
stated, our gentlemen friends had been 
invited, and with their clean collars and 
striking neckties, made our hearts flutter. 
Whether our flowing ribbons, high ruffs, 
&c., produced the .same pleasant .sensa- 
tion in their martial bosoms, I know not. 
In accordance with our rules we left the 
festive scene at an early hour. When we 
entered our hall Madame sent word that 
we might have a little social chat in the 
music room, but in a half hour the por- 
tress would be there to close it. We 
joyfully embraced the opportunity to talk 
over the incidents of the evening just 
past and anticipate the events of the mor- 
row. We were a merry crowd and chat- 
tered away about what we should wear, 
what gentlemen should join the party, &c. 
"Of course Hugh Howard will be with 
us," said Nell, "what a favorite he has 
already become, and yet he has been in 
the college but a short time." 

"O, yes," said she, "he is elegant. 
The girls are crazy over him and half the 

—3 



gentlemen enviou.s. What charming e\'es! 
and his straight black hair is more in 
keeping with his dignified addre.ss than 
any ringlets could be. He talks so charm- 
ingly al)oul the heavens with their silvery 
clouds an<l twinkling stars, and then when 
he looks at me with those rapturous eyes 
the\ are so. bewit( hing, and his voice so 
low and sweet," — here Sue l)lushed and 
added abruptly in a loud tone — "cer- 
tainly Mr. Howard will be with us, for 
without him our festivities would be very 
incomplete and none of (xir set would 
dare give a party without inviting him." 

"Girls," e.xclaimed Marie, excitedlv, 
the hum of voices ceased instantly, and 
all turned to where Marie stood. "Cxirls, 
I know some one who lias dared give a 
party without inviting Hugh Howard." 

"Who?" we asked in chorus. 

"Ella De Witt." 

"No, its a mistake." "Impossible," 
exclaimed one and another. "Why he 
must certainly be invited, for what will 
May do ? He has paid exclusive atten- 
tion to her of late." ' 

"Nevertheless." persisted Marie, "you 
will not see him to-morrow, and I for 
one am glad." 

"For shame," cried some one. 

"But May?" xMay had not been at 
the })arty that evening, and was not now 
in the room. "May is not going with us 
to-morrow but is to spend Christmas with 
her aunt," explained Marie, "so you see 
Mr. Howard did not have to be invited 
on her account and Ella had spirit enough 
to omit him." 

"But why should she wish to omit him," 
was asked. 

"Because she has long considered him 
too self-conceited. To-night at the party 
I overheard a tetc-a-tctc between Mr. 
Howard and Blanche De Witt which re- 
vealed to me more satisfactorily his true 
disposition. Becoming tired, I left the 
parlors and wandered toward the conser- 
vatory, and there excusing my escort, was 
about to enter, when I heard voices. I 
would have left, but could not do so with 
out disturbing a group in front, and while 
I stood thinking what to do, I could not 
help hearing Mr. Howard recite his 
wrongs, as he considered them. He told 
Blanche that he felt hurt at not being in- 
vited bv her sister Ella, because he was 



i8 



How Hugh Hotoard Didn' t Go to the Party. 



[Jan., 



May's friend, (you know Blanche and 
May are very intimate, ) and soon men- 
tioned the favor once done of eseortini^ 
Mrs. De Witt to the depot, carrying her 
satchel. Here I lost a few sentences. 
Blanche's low spoken replies I did not 
hear but doubt not they were dignified 
and lad\-like. Again he said, "Miss De 
^^'itt, I ne\er bowed at your feet and 
never intentl to do so." "Now girls," 
continued Marie, "which do you think 
would have accorded the more with true 
dignity? on finding himself uninvited to 
have passed the matter without remark, or 
to treat Blanclie as he did to such inter- 
esting rebuke ? I say again, I'm glad he 
is not going." 

"There, Marie, do not say any more," 
said gentle Helen, who was always in the 
right and who had won the love and res- 
])ect of all with her gentle spirit and clear 
judgment. "You are excited now and 
are saying things you will regret. I do 
not doubt the truth of what you have told, 
atui it grieves me to know that Mr. How- 
ar(i gave vent to these undignified re- 
j)roaches. True, he, like others, has his 
faults. Yet let us not forget to do him 
justice. I certainly consider him in many 
respects one of the finest gentlemen it 
was ever my pleasure to meet, still I ac- 
knowledge to have seen these little faults 
wliich are so hard to express in words but 
which have been brought out this evening 
in your remarks concerning him, and 
which mar his otherwise faultless charac- 
ter. Let us hope that he may discover 
and eradicate this one fault which, per- 
chance, many of us may possess, that of 
thinking more highly of himself than he 
ought to think." 

Here the tap of the portress at the door 
interrupted. This was the signal forhur 
ried good-nights, and all hastily agreed 
that, as usual, Helen had put the matter 
in its true light, and then we sought our 
several apartments to dream of the pleas- 
ures of the coming day. 

Christmas morning dawned clear and 



beautiful, and we were uj) !)etimes and 
joyous in anticipation, \\niat can con- 
duce more to the hilarity of boarding- 
school girls, continually restricted by so 
many rules and regulations, than the pros 
pect of a day from under the ever watcli- 
ful eye of a precejjtress and her faithful 
assistants. 

The earlv train bore us from the <-itv to 
tiie elegant home of our friend, where we 
knew the following train would add to our 
numbers the gentlemen from the college. 
The events of this happy day it would be 
imjiossible to describe in detail, since the 
many trivial things which go to make up 
the sum total of happiness upon such oc- 
casions seem insignificant when repeated. 
A sumptuous repast was served, and in 
whatever way inclination directed, each one 
took in all, the enjoyments of which he 
was capable, and as the "grand finale," 
the festivities ended with a social hop in 
the evening. 

That Christmas was one never to be 
forgotten, and to-day as I read this little 
note, yellow with age, it vividly recalled 
scenes long ])ast, and I have put down 
the names of the actors and the various 
parts played, fully conscious that to most 
of you it can be of little interest, yet in 
the vain hope that, perchance, it might 
meet the eye of some of those dear school 
friends and that they might be carried 
back for a moment, as I have been, to the 
old happy days. As I read the invitation 
to the Christmas party, that which I 
thought of first, was why Hugh Howard 
did not go, for indeed that was the sen- 
sation of the week. It was the wonder 
and excitement on the eve of the part)*, 
and was talked about long after. After 
true school girl style we took no special 
pains to keep our opinions from circulat- 
ing, and, of course, they soon reached the 
ears of Mr. Howard, who, we believe, re- 
ally profited by them, so that after all a 
lesson was learned by not going to the 
party. 



The heart that trusts lorever sinir^ 
And feels as light as it had winjjs ; 
A Mell of peace within it springs. 
Come good or ill. 



• Williams 



I874-] 



A Word to Our FririiJs. 



19 



A WORD ro OUR FRIENDS. 



With the present number the Alumni 
Journal begins its fourth volume. A 
word or two retrospective as well as pros- 
pective may not be an intrusion. In the 
past, we, as editors and proprietors, have 
labored to overcome the difficulties which 
usually beset all similar enterprises in 
their beginnings. 

We have endeavored to make the pages 
of the Journal not only pleasing and in- 
teresting, but instructive; and, if at times 
the criticism occasionally offered by some 
of our lighter exchanges in regard to the 
weight of its columns was wed founded, 
its pages have been comparatively free 
from that merest trash and useless jesting, 
having only an exclusively local signifi- 
cation, which so frequently, and indeed, 
so generally characterize college journal- 
ism. 

While there is no doubt great room for 
improvement, and none more keenly re- 
alize its imperfections than those whose 
work it has been to prepare it for its 
monthly visits, yet it is just what its edi- 
tors have been able to make it amidst the 
busy changes of a year which has proved 
to be unusually full of care and excessive 
labor ; and it is left for those who have 
been impartial readers of its pages to de- 
clare how well the work has been per- 
formed. 

The work of publishing the Journal 
has been prosecuted in the past, and will 
be continued, in the direct interest of the 
University. The publishers are actuated 
by no mere selfish motives, and are stimu- 
lated to effort by no prospect of lucrative 
employment or financial remuneration. 
Indeed the greatest bar to complete suc- 
cess during the past year has been of a 
financial character. A lack of means 
wherewith to secure contributions for our 
pages has compelled us to depend to some 
extent upon the voluntary offerings of our 
friends. To those who have so nobly 
stood by us and given us material aid by 
enriching our columns with their choicest 
thoughts couched in pure, elegant English 
we are truly grateful. We would that a 
thousand friends had given us less than a 
tithe of what these have to aid in tlie sup- 



port of the enterprise. Two thousand 
subscribers to the Journal would place it 
upon a safe financial basis and insure its 
permanent success beyond a doubt. How- 
ever, though these figures have not been 
realized, we still are happy to state that 
the work of the past year has been quite 
successful, and we feel hopeful as we look 
toward 1874, and trust by our own per- 
sonal efforts, aided by our friends, to re- 
alize a large increase in our subscription 
list, during the year upon which we are 
just entering. As to the future, the Jour- 
nal can make no very definite promises, 
farther than to state that it will continue 
its monthly visits to the cheerful firesides 
of all its old friends who signify their de- 
sire to see its familiar face. It is also 
ready and hopes to have an opportunity 
to greatly enlarge its circle, and to be- 
come a welcome guest at many new tables 
ere the year shall close. 

Several writers of acknowledged abil- 
ity have alreavly been secured, to aid in 
filling its columns with valuable and at- 
tractive material. Among them might be 
mentioned President Fallows, Prof. Ja- 
ques, and other members of the faculty 
of the University, Dr. E. Duis, whose 
articles in its pages have already proved 
to be so acceptable, J. B. Taylor, A. M., 
another name familiar to our readers, and 
some of the leading members of the pat- 
ronizing conferences. We are also prom- 
ised a series of articles upon the Indian 
tribes of the West from the graphic pen 
of Capt. F. M. Bishop, of Salt Lake City, 
late of the Powell and Thompson Colora- 
do Exploring Expedition. 

The literary societies of the University 
will continue their respective departments 
which in the past they have so ably and 
satisfactorily conducted. 

As an inducement for those who may 
desire to possess themselves of a hand- 
some picture, we have made arrangements 
whereby we can furnish to any one who 
will send us five pre-paid subscriptions a 
magnificent "Flower Piece Chromo," 
1512^24 inches. The flowers are taste- 
fully arranged in a boquet and placed 
in a vase, and are especiallv true to na- 



20 



Ciirroif Publications. 



[Jan., 



tare in both form and color. I'liis chromo 
is as elegant and handsome as manv for 
which the purchaser pays S5.00. 

To further aid in extending our circu- 
lation, as well as to accommodate our 
friends, we have made arrangements by 
which the various popular monthlies can 
be secured in connection with the jouR- 
N.\L at less than regular rates. For a full 
explanation of clubing rates and premi- 
ums, aildress Alumni Journal, Blooming- 
ton, Ills. 

It only remains for all the friends of 
the enterprise to aid in placing a copy of 
the Journal in every family within the 
bounds of the patronizing conferences. 
To do this, we de[)end largely upon our 
ministerial brethren. They will greatly 
aid us in this work, and at the same time 
adxance the interests of the University 
antl the cause of christian education, by 
sending us the names of families in which 



are young men and women who ought to 
be in college. Brethren, secure a subscrib- 
er in every such family, if possible, and 
forward us the name and money, and 
should you fail in this, send us the address 
tailliout the money. From the very name 
which the Journal bears we should expect 
and receive the hearty co-operation of 
every son and daughter of our Alnra Ma- 
ter. Thcinkful for the favors of the past, 
we solicit the sympathy antl support of 
all whom the University may have hon- 
ored . 

With these words of explanation and 
earnest solicitation we send forth the 
Journal for 1874 upon its mission, trust- 
ing that it may i>rove successful in its e^ 
forts to advance the interests of the Uni- 
versity which it represents, and thereby 
aid the yause of higher erlucation and 
true christian culture. 



CURRENT PUBLICATIONS. 



Thk School Festival. — No. XI \' of 
this beautiful little Quarterly Magazine, 
devoted to new and sparkling original 
matter for Day and Sunday-school and 
Temperance Exhibitions, is received. No 
teacher or pujjil should be without it. It 
costs only 75 cents a year ; single or sam- 
ple copies, 20 cents. Write t"or it to 
Hutchins ^: Horton, East Boston, Mass., 
and you will not regret it. 



Oliver Optic's Ma(;a/ixe ior Janu- 
AR\ — This favorite monthly commences 
tile new year very mui:h enlarged and im- 
proved, yet still under the editorial con- 
trol of Oliver Optic With a laudable 
desire to retain their old subscribers as 
the)- grow up, the pul)lishers are adding 
new features in stories and articles for old 
as well as vounL!'. 



Thk first number of La C/r/zn- Ji- la 
C >'<•///(■, a collection of music for advanced 



players, has been laid up(jn (jur table. It 
contains five choice gems, the value of 
which in sheet music form would exceed 
$2.00. The La Crcnw dc la Qrmr is to 
be issued monthly by the popular music 
house of J. L. Peters, New York. Price, 
single number, 50 cents, or S4.00 ]jer an- 
num. 



St. Nicholas, for January, comes loail- 
ed not only with its own store of good 
things for the Christmas time, but with 
the best of what had been promised to 
the readers of O/ir Young Folks, — for the 
last named magazine has been bought by 
Scribner & Co., and is now merged in 
.SV. Nicholas, which will retain all the best 
writers of both. The pages, scvcnfv-hco 
in number, are filled with entertaining 
and instructive matter, and theengravings, 
of which there is a generous display, — 
about forty in all, — are of that high or- 
der wliich has already made .SV. yicliolas 
noted as a magazine of art. 



i874.] 



Current Publications. 



21 



Wood's Household Macjazine for 
January, contains a lavish supply of first 
rate articles. It is now in its fourteenth 
volume and every year has increased its 
popularity and added new friends to its 
large list of admirers. Though retaining 
its old name, it has not the slightest con- 
nection with its former proprietor, but 
has for many months been the exclusive 
property of Mr. S. K. Shutes, its present 
publisher. H. V. Osborne (Tenoroon) 
still continues as its editor and is the f/;/)- 
person employed in that capacity — giving 
to the magazine not a careless supervision, 
but direct personal attention in every de- 
partment. The magazine is improving 
constantly, and is splendidly adaptefl to 
the members of tlie household. The pres- 
ent number contains three engravings and 
other good things in proportion. 

We furnish the above magaziiic and the 
Alumni Journal with the magnificent 
chromo, Yosemite, for js2.oo per year. 



We have received Number .Six of tlvj 
first volume of '■'■ The Home Grange,'" \>\\h- 
lished in St. Louis, and, as its name in- 
dicates, in the immediate interests of the 
farmers. The editorials and .selected ar- 
ticles are of such a character as to be of 
especial interest to the portion of com- 
munity for whom they are intended. 
Parasitic Growths, What ought you to 
read in 1874? Agricultural papers, The 
Mississippi Valley and Liverpool Trade, 
Co-operative Farming, English Crops of 
1874, Comments (mi the President's Mes- 
sage, and several pages of interesting 
items for the fiinily, are among its con- 
tents. ']'he second volume will commence 
with the January number. With the great 
interest at present manifested in effective 
organization among farmers, the Home 
Grange, stored with golden grain for the 
field and family, ought to be a suci:e.ss. 



The Scieni'ieic A.\rERicAN, now in its 
29th year, enjoys the widest circulation 
of any weekly newspaper of the kind in 
the world. A new volume commences 
January 3, 1874. 

Its contents embrace the latest and 
most interesting information pertaining 
to the industrial, mechanical, and scien- 
tific progress of the world ; descriptions, 
with beautiful engravings, of new inven- 



tions, new implements, new processes, and 
improved industries of all kinds ; useful 
notes, recipes, suggestions and advice, by 
practical writers, for workmen and em- 
ployers, in all the various arts. 

The Scientific American is the cheapest 
and best illustrated weekly paper publish- 
ed. Every number contains from ten to 
fiftecr. original engravings of new machi- 
nery and novel inventions. 

P^ngravings, illustrating improvements, 
discoveries, and important works, [per- 
taining to civil and mechanical engineer- 
ing, milling, mining and metallurgy ; 
records of the latest progress in the ap- 
plication of steam, steam engineering, 
railways, ship-building, navigation, tele- 
graj^hy, telegraph engineering, electricity, 
magnetism, light and heat. 

Farmers, mechanics, engineers, in\ent- 
ors, manufacturers, chemists, lovers of 
science, teachers, clergymen, lawyers and 
people of all professions, will find the 
Scientific American useful to them. It 
should have a place in every family, li- 
brary, study, office, and counting room ; 
in every reading room, college, academy, 
or school. 

A year's numbers contain 832 pages 
and several hundred engravings. Thous- 
ands of volumes are preserved for bind- 
ing and reference. The practical recipes 
are well worth ten times the subscription 
price. 'I'erms $3 a year by mail. Dis- 
count to clubs. Specimens sent free. 
May be had of all news dealers. 

We will send the Scientific American 
and Alumni Journal for $3.50 per year. 

In connection with \\\it Scientific Amer- 
ican, Me.ssrs. Munn & Co. are solicitors 
of American and Foreign Patents, and 
have the largest establishment in the 
world. More than fifty thousand api)lica- 
tions have been made for patents through 
their agency. 

Patents are obtained on the best terms, 
models of new inventions and sketches 
examined and advice free. All patents 
are published in the Scientific American 
the week they issue. Send for pamphlet, 
1 10 pages, containing lavvs and full direc- 
tions for obtaining patents. 

Aildress for the Paper, or concerning 
Patents, Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, 
N. Y. Branch Office, cor. F and 7Lhsts., 
Washington, D. C. 



22 



Our Portfolio. 



[Jan., 



OUR PORTFOLIO. 



Close of School at the Wesleyan. 
The Fall term of the present University 
school year came to a successful close on 
yesterday. We say to a successful close, 
and such indeed it was ; for never did 
teachers and scholars pari, with the mutual 
feeling that they had accomplished well 
the work laid down, more truly than upon 
yesterday. The term just closed has been 
marked by the live, earnest spirit of work, 
and determination to push ahead, which 
has pervaded the students. This new life 
has been infused by the extra exertion of 
the facultv, bv the increased attendance, 
by the occupation of the new building, 
and, lastly, by the smiling prospects held 
out for the future. 

The examinations of Monday and Tues- 
day were passed on the part of the stu- 
dents with the usual expressions of fear, 
trembling and congratulations of success; 
in thoroughness they were more than ordi- 
narily satisfactory, both to professors and 
pupils. After the examinations had been 
finished vesterdav, the students assembleii 
in the chapel and listened to the reading 
of their marks. If these are an index, 
the scholarship of the college is indeed* 
good. This exercise over, Prof. Graves 
was called for, and responded to his name 
in a speech of few words ; then Prof. De 
Motte, who has been acting as President, 
addressed the students, calling attention 
to the burden of double duties, which had 
been imposed upon the faculty, and him- 
self in particular by the increased attend- 
ance, the extra work attendant upon the 
occupation of the new building, and by the 
al)sence of Dr. Fallows and Mrs. Willing, 
wliose classes they had been compelled to 
hear in addition to their own. The in- 
tellectual power and influence which these 
members would bring with them next 
term would relieve the remainder of the 
faculty and give the institution an addi- 
tional impetus. He thanked the students 
for their considerate assistance and dis- 
missed them, wishing all a safe journe\- 
home and a merry Christmas, and this 
closed the Fall term of i<S73. — Dailx 
Pantagraph. 



We have just received from Wm. Gar- 
retson ^v- Co., Galesburg, Ills., "The 



Bible Looking Glass," which, as its 
name indicates, is a reflector of, and a 
companion and guide to, the great truths 
of the Sacred Scriptures, and which also 
beautifully illustrates the diversities of hu- 
man character and the qualities of the hu- 
man heart. It is a work of some 600 pages, 
consisting of six books, in two jjarts, pro- 
fusely illustrated by object-teaching pic- 
tures, and showing the pain and misery 
resulting from vice, and the peace and 
happiness arising from virtue. Part First 
consists of three books : 

1. Religious Emblems. — In this the va- 
rious graces of the Christian and the un- 
hallowed passions of the wicked are aptly 
set forth in picture lessons, accompanied 
with references to the sacred page where- 
in the description of each particular vir- 
tue or vice may be found. And then in 
terse and beautiful language the desirable- 
ness of the one and the offensiveness of 
the other is so portrayed as to cause the 
careful reader to long to shun the evil 
and choose the good. 

2. Religious Allegories. — This is a se- 
ries of emblematic engravings accompan- 
ied with written explanations, miscellane- 
ous observations and religious reflections 
designed to illustrate divine truth. 

3. The Christian Pilgrim, being Bun- 
yan's Pilgrim's Progress. --Condensed and 
highly illustrated. Any one who has read 
the Pilgrim's Progress will need no <om- 
inent on this part of the work. 

The second part, called "The Bible 
Looking Glass," consists also of three 
books. 

1. Christian similitudes. 

2. Sunday book of pleasing and com- 
forting literature. 

3. Gray's Elegy, beautifully and pro- 
fusely illustrated. 

The work is printed on tinted paper 
and bound m elegant style, and in addi- 
tion to its intrinsic value, is a beautiful 
gift l:)oc)k. We know of no work which 
is better calculated to please the people, 
and, as it is sold by subscription, any one 
desiring the agency of a book which will 
give entire satisfaction and meet with a 
ready sale, should at once secure "The 
ISible Looking Glass." Address, 

W.M. Garretson & Co., Galesburg, III. 



1874.] 



Editorial Notes. 






EDITORIAL NOTES. 



— L. I). Seward, of "73, is ntlciidint:; law school 
in Albany, New York. 

— Since ihe AlA'MNi Jouknai is devoted es- 
jiecially to the interests of the Illinois Wesleyan 
University, we urge nil friends of that institution 
10 subscribe at once. Only $1.00 ))er year. 

— With this number Hhe Ai.umn'I Journal 
begins its fourth volume. All our friends who 
desire its monthly visits will jilease subscril)e at 
once. 

— Our readers will be pleased upon carefully 
jierusing our opening article. In it Prof. Jaques 
has clearly set forth the jirescnt and prospective 
Illinois Wesleyan University. 

— We are indebted to some unknown friend for 
a co]iy of an able address ujion " The Future of 
the Republic; Its Dangers and Hopes," deliver- 
ed before the Literary Societies of Hudson Col- 
lege, July 2d, '73, by Hon. James A. Garfield. 

— The corps of teachers in the University will 
be strengthened at the beginning of the Winter 
Term by the presence of President Fallows in 
the dejiartment of Ethics and Metaphysics, Prof. 
\\'illing in the department of English Language 
and Literature, and J. O. Wilson as instructor in 
F^locution. 

— We w?nt 1000 more families to enjoy the 
monthly visits of the Alumni Journal. Pub- 
lished as it is in the immediate interests of the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, and sanctioned by 
the Board of Trustees, every friend of the Uni- 
versity ought to be a patron of the Journal. 

— President Edwards, of the Slate Normal Uni 
versity, preached a very impressive sermon on the 
subject of "Faith," in Aniie chapel, Sabbath, 
Dec. 7th. All who heard this excellent discourse 
will be slow to believe that the Dr. lacks in or- 
thodo.\y, since his views as e.xpressed upon that 
occasion were of the most rigid evangelical char- 
acter. 

— We take pleasure in presenting the Alumni 
Journal for 1874 to our friends and patrons with 
an entirely new face. W^e trust that our efforts 
to give it a cheerful and inviting appearance have 
not been in vain, and that the additional attract- 
iveness of its exterior may only be an index to 
the greater improvement which we hojie to be 
able to make in its columns. 

— We call especial attention to our advertising 
pages, and recommend the readers of the JouiiNAL 
to patrtmize those whom they may find therein 
represented. None but reliable firms, doing an 
honest business, can obtain space in our coUimns, 
and we can assure our friends that in dealing 
with those who advertise in the JotiRNAL they 
may always expect fair and honorable exchange. 

— J. O. Wilson, a member of the present Soph- 
omore class, has been elected to the position of 
instructor in Elocution in the University. Mr. 
Wilson has fine natural endowments for the work 
to which he is thus called, and under the superior 



instruction of Prof. S. S. Ilamill, A. M., has ac- 
quired acknowledged proficiency in the art. His 
work in teaching some special classes during the 
first term we learn has been in every way satis- 
factory. 

— We received, some time since, from the en- 
terprising firm of Maxwell, Batchelder & Co., a 
package of Dixon's American Grajjhite Pencils. 
We have had them in constant use since and 
have yet to find the slightest unevenness of struc- 
ture or tendency to scratch ; they work very 
smoothly upon the pajjer and give a clear, well- 
defined outline. They afford but another strong 
evidence of the su]ieriority of American skill. 
We unhesitatingly claim that they are fully equal 
to Faber's best, and cost about one-third less. If 
you want a good lead pencil call lor Dixon's. 

— Encouraged by past patronage, and in the 
hope of making the Aliimni Journal more at- 
tractive in its exterior as well as more valuable in 
its interior, the management have secured an el- 
ega-iitly engraved title page, and somewhat en- 
larged the Journal. These changes must needs 
incur extra expense, and we trust to a liberal 
patronage on the part of all for the means to 
meet these new demands. The price of the 
Journal remains unchanged, notwithstanding 
these improvements. Please send on your sub- 
scription. Only *Si.oo per year. 

— The elegantly engraved title page which 
graces our January number was designed and en- 
graved by E. Forbes, 177 Clark Street, Chicago. 
The work itself as a }Mece of artistic workman- 
ship is sufficient recommendation to secure to such 
a skilled artist a liberal patronage; and yet we 
feel like saying that our business acquaintance 
with Mr. Forbes has been of the most pleasant 
character, and we can recommend him as trust- 
worthy in every respect. With pleasure we place 
iiis card before the public in our advertising col- 
umns, and give him our hearty endorsement, 

— Through the kindness of our State Geologist, 
Prof. Worthen, the University has just received 
the fifth volume of the State Geological Survey. 
These reports, jniblished in a neat, attractive and 
substantial form, are a valualile acquisition to any 
library, but the volume just received is even an 
improvement upon its predecessor. The letter 
press is upon finely tinted paper. The plates rep- 
resenting the Pahvontology are unusually good, 
especially those engraved by the Western Pank 
Note Co., of Chicago. Under the supervision of 
Prof. Worthen, the Geological Rejiorts of Illi- 
nois will not suffer in comparison with any others 
published. 

— We clip the following com[)linientary notice 
ot Dr. Fallows from a letter of Rev. T. E. Webb, 
of the Wisconsin Conference, written for the 
Banner of Holiness, published in this city : 

"There are many giand and precious men in 
this Conference. Among them, none perhajis 
stand higher in ]ioint of scholarship, preaching 
ability, or sweetness of spirit and devotion to the 



24 



Our Book Table. 



[Jan., 



Savior, than docs Rev. Bro. .S. Fallows, I^resi- 
(lent of your (Bloominfjton) Wesl'.-yan University. 
The brethren at the late session jiresented him 
with a beautiful and valuable memento ol their 
affection, and of their apjireciation of his char- 
acter and of his services as .Secretary of tlie Con- 
fprenoe for the last nine years. He goes to his 
new and responsible position with the blessinj^s 
and ]5rayers of his Conference." 

— A. H. Da\ies, of '73, ha> formed a life part- 
nership with Miss Belle Pugh. I'he formal cer- 
eremonies were witnessed by a few friends on 
Christmas evenin;,' al llie residence of F. O. 
Lapham, Shelbys ille. Ills., Dr. (J. S. Munsed 
officiating. We learn that the two made one are 
soon to go to California, where Mr. Davies is to 
engage in the Christian ministry. 

— We gladly give the following comi)Uinica- 
tion room in our columns, and fully reciprocate 
the spirit of christian unity which it V)reathes, 
trusting that we near the epoch in the world's 
history when the fond hopes of our lirother, s(j 
aptly cxprosed, nr.iy l)e fully ix-alized : 



Editors of the .AifM.Ni Jouknai, : — Will you 
please notice the following exhibition of fraternal 
christian feeling in vour journil : 

Thanksgiving evening last, some of your >tii 
dents and alumni, with other friends, surprised 
the undersigned with a handsome donation. I 
wish to state that the same given by the Wesley- 
ans will be held sacred for the purchase of some 
Methodist work, — perhaps Watson's Institutes, as 
as a lifetime memenlo of the pleasant event. I 
am a Cumberland Presbyterian minister, and an 
alumnus of one of your sister schools, Lincoln 
University. "N'our school gave ours one of her 
professors, Re\ . D. M. Harris, k. M. This fact, 
together with such fraternal feelings as the above 
incident indicates, makes my res])ect anrl attach- 
ment for yuur un\ersit)- strf)ng. 

Cod hasten the time \\hen we shall all, Meth- 
odists, Presbyterians, Cliristians, '-come in the 
unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the 
Son of God, unto a ]ierfect man, unto the meas- 
ure of the stature of the fullness of Christ." 

Vours, J. Wood Mii.i.kk. 

]),iii\-frs, Jlls., ])ec. 10, 73. 



1500 K tablp:, 



THK FU.WKl.lX SERIES OF READERS. 
By C S. HiLi.AUn. Published l)y Brf.wkr 
iS: TiLKSTON, Boston. 

I. FiRS'i Reader is a very attractive book for 
the little folks. The usual method of limitin>' the 
rtrst lesson.-, to words of only two letters has been 
avoided, and such words are introduced as young 
children are accustomed to use in daily conversa- 
tion, and the meaning of which they already 
know. This we regard as a step in the right di- 
rection. While a sufficient number of words suit- 
able lor phonic analysis may be found at the be- 
ginning of each lesson, yet strict phonic classifi- 
cation has not been attempted. This first book 
has a very prepossessing a])pearance and will un- 
doubteiUy become popular with primary classes. 

2. Thk Franklin Skcoxd Ri.:adh:r.' This is 
intended to follow the F'irst Book of the series. 
The selections are well made and the lessons of 
easy and natural gradation. While the main ob- 
ject, undoubtedly, has been to jiresent selections 
which will best aid in teaching the art of reading 
the author has at the same time intertwined into 
almost every lesson correct moral sentiments. 
The illustrations in which this little volume 

abounds are not mere caricatures and daubs 

but engravings of real merit, from the sight of 
which even an artist would not turn away in dis- 
gust. 

3. TuK Franklin Third Readkk. In this 
is given a great variety of lessons well calculaterl 
to interest the reader. .Some interesting narratives 
are here found, while other selections' abound in 
valuable information. At the close of each lesson 



the diflicult wijids Mhich have been introrluced 
.-ire given in tabular form and defined in simj)le 
language. This reader is also highly illustrated. 

4. The F"ranklin Fourth Reader. Thi^ is 
designed to follow the Third reader. It contains 
a^ an introduction, some valuable lessons on vo- 
cal gymnastics which will be found of irreat 
service to the young reader in acquiring that flex- 
ibility and ])erfect control of the vocal organs so 
essential to an easy, graceful and effective utter- 
ance. The illustrations are alsf) of a high order 
and arid to the cheerfulness and attractiveness of 
the work. Some of the selections are especially 
fascinating. Among them are found "Meg's Race 
for Life," "Asleep at his Post," "The Court 
Martial," and "The Geysers of the Yellowstone." 
It would seem that not bnly the perusal but the 
careful study of such choice extracts would prove 
a pleasant pastime to the youth of our graded 
schools. 

5. The Franklin Fnrii Reader. This last 
book of the series, in addition to the excellent 
selections for reading taken from the standard 
writers of Europe and America, contains an in- 
troductory treatise on elocution, by Prof. Mark 
Bailey, cf Vale College, which is of itself worth 
the price of the entire series. 

All these books are models of typographical 
neatness, being printed in clear, open type, upon 
])ure white calendared paper, and bound in a 
durable and attractive style. We prophecy for 
the Franklin .Series of Readers a large and ready 



T H E 



j^LUMNI JJOURNAL, 



OK THK 



TLLTXOIS AVESLEYAN ^XI^'ERS[TV 



Vol. IV. 



FEBRUARY, 1874. 



No. 2, 



INDIAN CHARACTER. 



i;\ KK. E. nuis. 



In judging of tiie Indians we think of 
them according to our own standard, with- 
out reflecting that the test, as to whether 
an act shall be considered right or wrong, 
is whether or not it has been found 
1)\- experience to be profitable or unprofit- 
able. If space would allow, or if the 
))atience of the reader would admit, it 
might be shown that not only their man- 
ners and customs, but their ideas of mo- 
rality spring in a great measure from their 
mode of life. Indeed a little reflection 
will show this to be almost a self-evident 
truth. The Indians have many qualities 
which claim our admiration They are 
high-si)iritedand proud, and many of them 
have a lively sense of honor. Perhaps a 
faw comparisons may be of some assist- 
ance in understanding their characteris- 
tics and disposition. 

Many qualities which the Indians pos- 
sess are opposite to those which distin- 
guish the Chinese. The latter are low in 
stature, full-faced and fleshy, while the 
former are tall, thin and active. The 
Chinese are industrious, economical and 
thrifty, while the Indians are lazy and 
shiftless and "take no thought for the 
morrow.'" The Chinese will endure all 
things and allow themselves to be abused 



ill tlie most outrageous manner, while the 
Indians will endure nothing and in case 
of abuse are ready to take revenge. The 
Chinese are wanting in self-respect, and 
seem debased and mean ; the Indians are 
proud-spirited and sensitive to injury. An 
Indian has a perfect contempt for a Chi- 
naman and calls him "American man's 
fool." An incident is related by a news 
paper correspondent of some Chinamen, 
who, being sent on an expedition to some 
mines in Nevada, were furnished with 
guns and pistols to protect themselves 
from the Indians in case of attack. Be- 
fore thev came to their journey's end the 
Indians were upon them, but, instead of 
defending themselves, the Chinamen 
stood still while the Indians contemptu- 
ously blew out their brains with their own 
jjistols. 

That which distinguishes civilized be- 
ings is their power of thought, cogita- 
tion, their ability to hold their atten- 
tion for some time upon a particular sub- 
ject. In this the Indians are wanting. 
Mr. Amasa C. Washburn says that in the 
year 1833 when some Indians were in 
Chicago making a treaty, about thirtv of 
them came to church and were at first 
very attentive, but in n short time they 



21} 



Indian Character. 



[Feb., 



lost their interest in the proceedings and 
went away. It was irksome to think and, 
as soon as the novelty was gone, they went 
their way. 

A great deal of nonsense has been writ- 
ten about the nobility of the red men. 
So far as their sense of honor is concern- 
ed they are not very different from the 
whites. Some of them are very honest 
and some are not. John Rhodes says that 
.some of the Indians would pay their debts 
most honorably, while others woultl nev- 
er show themselves again if they were 
trusted, and that so far as honesty was 
concerned they stood as high as the whites. 
It seems remarkable that in their days of 
barbarism they should have as much honor 
and moral principle in their dealings as 
their civilized brethren ; but this is ex- 
plained bv the fact thai they have fewer 
temptations to do evil. The Indians have 
a great many childish notions. It seem^: 
that, when a race makes an advance from 
barbarism to civilization, the old ideas, 
the foolish notions for which it was dis- 
tinguished in its barbarous state may 
occasionally be seen retained by the 
children of the civiHzed people. Child- 
ren are in some measure little barbarians 
restrained and taught the laws of kind- 
ness and good will to men. When un- 
restrained, like the gamins of Chicago, 
they are as bad as the savages. The 
childishness of the Indians is seen in a 
thousand things. During the Black Hawk 
war they took the greatest delight in ran- 
sacking the houses of the settlers, and 
particularly in tearing ojjen the feather- 
beds and scattering the feathers. 

The Indians mutiiate the corpses of 
their enemies whom they have slain, and 
this perhaps more than anything else 
shocks the feelings of civilized people. 
Respect for the living causes respect for 
the dead and, as the Indians have very 
little of the former, they have also very 
little respect for the dead. Children and 
savages sometimes take pleasure in vio- 
lating the finer feelings of their nature, 
and the reverence which the Indians have 
for the dead is only strong enough to 
make it a pleasure for them to violate 
these better and finer feelings by mutila- 
ting corpses. Besides this the anger of 
persons not capable of much thought is 
aroused by inanimate objects, and the In- 



dians seem to feel that by niutilating the 
corp.ses of their enemies they continue 
their revenge. 

The Indian criminal code is "an eye 
for an eye and a tooth for a tooth," and 
they would no doubt be very willing to 
receive the old dispensation. They would 
probably have thought Moses a splendid 
chief and have received his laws without 
question. Among the Indians every man 
must right his own wrongs, for they have 
never heard of such cumbersome things 
as judges and juries. They know nothing 
of the law's delay, of grand juries, bills 
of indictment, motions to quash, i\:c. 
An Indian's "motion to quash" is made 
with his right arm and his tomahawk. If 
an Indian is murdered his relatives are 
bound in honor to avenge his death ; 
nevertheless instances have been known 
where they have accepted a pecuniary 
ee]uivalent for their damaged honor. 

The Indians are quick and accurate 
judges of character, and in this respect 
would seem to be at least equal to the 
whites. As they love the silver rule, to 
"do unto others as others do unto them," 
good men find very little trouble in deal- 
ing with them. Very itw of the earl\- 
.settlers complain of the Indians ; indeed, 
their relations were of a very pleasant 
nature. Mr. William Dimmitt says that 
he always lived at peace with them and 
found them good neighbors. The In- 
dians thought a good deal of William 
Evans ; indeed they looked up to him as 
children lookup to a father. 

On the other hand rascals nearly always 
complain of the villainy and treachery of 
the Indians. The latter are quite apt to 
observe the silver rule with rascals as well 
as with honest men, and "do unto others 
as others do unto them." The Indians 
dislike to be treated as objects of suspi- 
ciort, and whoever deals with them must 
have at least the appearance of frankness 
or his relations with them will not be 
pleasant. 

The Indians are divided into tribes or 
nations, and these are sub-divided into 
bands containing a few families each. In 
their government they display a great deal 
of human nature and seem very much 
like their white brethren. The men who 
are intellectual and "cute" influence 
those who are wanting in these qualities. 



[1874- 



Iiitiiai! C/ianu'fr/'. 



27 



They have a respect for property, too, 
and the Indian who has many furs and 
ponies and trinkets and finery is treated 
with tar more consideration than the poor 
and shiftless Indian \yho has only a blank- 
et. The truth is that the aristocratic prin- 
ciple is pretty deeply seated. But the ar- 
istocracy of the Indians is by far the best 
for it depends principally upon intellect. 
The Indians are governed by their chiefs, 
but the number of followers who attend 
to the commands of a chief will depend 
upon his wisdom, his "cuteness" and his 
courage. If he fail in his duty or gives 
his commands capriciously or shows him 
self wanting in ability, his followers soon 
become scarce and attend to the com- 
mands of some one who understands bet- 
ter what should be done. In order to 
command, a chief is obliged to study di- 
plomacy a great deal and know what to 
say and when to speak. Black Hawk 
was remarkable for his ability in this res- 
pect, and this was one of the qualities 
which gave him so great a command over 
his followers. The Indians are, as may 
well be supposed, influenced in some 
measure by what are known among us as 
demagogues ; but they are such quick 
judges of character that demagogues do 
not flourish so luxuriantly among them as 
among the whites. 

The influence of a chief depends also 
in a great measure on his ability as an 
orator. When any measure of importance 
affecting the tribe is brought forward, it 
is discussed around the council fire and 
there the chief must defend his course 
and jjlead for his measure. 

Among the whites there is no such in- 
centive to oratory. It is true that once 
every four years our orators harangue the 
people and speak to them in fiery tones 
and wheedle them with funny stories, but 
they are not expected in their harangues 
to give public matters that serious, earn- 
est and careful consideration which the 
subjects usually demand. People form 
their ideas by what they read in newspa- 
]jers and by a thousand means of which 
the Indians are totally ignorant. But 
when the Indians meet around their coun- 
cil fires they listen to whoever speaks, 
tlie\' deliberate and settle matters then 
and there. They must determine some- 
times whether thev will have war or 



peace, and the discussions of these mat- 
ters bring into fullest play the powers of 
the orator. In the history of the civil- 
ized world we know of only two countries 
where any such incentive to oratory ex- 
isted. Among the Greeks and among the 
Romans the people were governed by 
what was said upon the bema or upon the 
rostrum. The power of their orators was 
directly felt, and in this respect they were 
like our Indian tribes. The result in all of 
these cases has been to produce the most 
splendid examples of eloquence we have 
ever known. The Indian orator talks to 
people who are fine judges of human na- 
ture and who decide quickly and sharply; 
he talks to people who are free and inde- 
pendent and who live in the open air, 
and in order to influence them he uses 
the imagery which occurs to him from his 
experience with things in nature. He is 
familiar with the rivers, the forests and 
the prairies ; he has heard the thunder 
and seen the lightning; in his speeches he 
explains his ideas and enforces his argu- 
ments by referring to these things in 
nature, and the people are moved by the 
power and wild beauty of his oratory. 

The condition of the women among 
the Indians is not enviable. They bear 
all the burdens ; they must not only at- 
tend to the wigwam but they must do al- 
most everything except hunting, fishing 
and fighting, and perhaps some of these. 
They are in some measure the slaves of 
their husbands; nevertheless they seem to 
get along without difliculty and appear 
very contented. 

The civilization of a people is shown 
pretty clearly by the condition of the 
women. This is a truth long since ac- 
knowledged. An Indian maiden is oc- 
casionally allowed some choice as to 
whom her husband shall be ; neverthe 
less he is usually obliged to pay for her 
and she is considered his propert)-. But 
her marriage with him is celebrated b\- 
some kind of ceremony which would 
show a certain degree of consideration 
for her. 

With regard to the languages of the 
Indians the writer is not very well <iuali- 
fied to speak. Each tribe has its language 
or dialect. This difference of language 
is due to the fact that the different tribes 
mingle with each other very little or not 



2.S 



Co//egi' Heroes. 



[F. 



Cl). 



at all. Some of the Indian dialects are 
very prettv and smooth. This is the case 
with the Pottawottamie tongue; but the 
Winnebago tongue, on the contrary is 
harsh and unpleasant. 

The Indians have been driven west- 
ward, and it is a matter of some curiosity 
as to what shall become of them. We 
may be certain that America will be in 
time entireh' occupied by a civilized race. 



and the uncivilized race must give way. 
Man must dig or die. There is no waj 
oi escaping the matter. Some Indians 
may in time learn to dig and preserve 
themselves from gradual extermination. 
We may admire the Indian's courage, 
pride and high spirit, but the humble in- 
dustry of the cowardly John Chinaman 
will better stand the test of time. 



CULLEGK HEROES. 



May there not be Jicrors in sc-.holastic 
toil, endurance, and achievement? We 
all alike c(^\'\x\t(\. grandeur with heroism. 
Ill the life and deeds of a hero must be 
something grand, something higher than 
c-ouunon])lace, some glimpse of '' mightv 
stature," or some out-raying of the 
■• mind and spirit invincible." But to 
talk of grandeur in a student's life is, 
to some, but nonsense — " No more oi 
\(>ur non.sense, Mr. Quilp." To them. 
onl\ the petty side of such a life is visi- 
ble, k'or there is such a side to every, 
even the grandest, life. Caesar could 
shake with ague and cry, ••Titinius, 
bring me some drink." Alexander pro- 
claimed himself Jove ; but he was taken 
sick, and, like any other mortal, was bled 
b\' the doctor. To the unhapp} friends 
just mentioned, the student-life is a per- 
petual advertisement of blanching, yawn- 
ing, puny, ill-starred, chilling existence. 
Warmth and cheer and power in it thev 
never can see. The .scholar, in their 
eyes, is always either a sickly, sentimen- 
tal Werther, or a steel-visaged Dr. Blim- 
ber. But sonic discern the niagnitinlc of 
that existence that' culminates in the dis- 
coxery of unixersal gra\ itation ; the siil>- 
liniily (jf that intellectual elevation that 
o\erlot)ks the history of time, and strikes 
the chords of the niusic of ages in the 
Paradise Lost; the moral poiurr of a life 
that feeds itself on secret springs of truth, 
unheeding political change and commer- 
cial strife, until it has wrought out what 
l-'ichte calls the highest work of genius, a 



pcrj'tct nij^ra I character. Heroes are not 
all noisy, (irand characters are not al- 
ways conspicuous. Do they Jloiirish in 
flic schools / Heroism manifests itself in 
overcoming. Hercules is the ancient 
model. Are there obstacles internal to 
the soul to be overcome by high purpose ? 
Are there rewards self-proposed, to be se- 
cured bv an enthusiasm self-sustained, 
through unseen and unapjjreciated toil ? 
If there are such, may not the heroic ele- 
ments therein be a higher type and purer 
stulT than that which shows itself in. over- 
coming the outward -and visible, and in 
securing patent and conspicuous rewards ? 
Exposure to peril, confronting danger, 
enduring hardship, and ultimate success, 
make the heroes of adventure and of war. 
Mav not the same element in a student's 
life make him a hero, too ?■' What shall 
we say of the young man who has no 
money, but resolves to educate himself; 
has no fame, but intends to accjuire the 
habit of l)eing useful ? who puts into 
recpiisition the energies of brain and 
hands, and sustains himself through a col- 
lege course, often at the hardest ; some- 
times living on c rusts and water ; often 
submitting to menial toil for bread ; tak- 
ing his very life in his hand b\' late 
hours of study at night, so that the da)- 
may be employed in remunerative labor? 
Have vou seen suc:h ? If so, you have 
marked his straw hat, his seedy coat, his 
patched pants and bocjts. N'ou've ob- 
served with what care he reserves for spe- 
cial occasions the one "ood suit of clotlies 



i874.] 



Co/Zi'^i' Heroes 



that he owns. You've noticed that he is 
never seen at concerts and festivals. He 
can not afford it. But he contrives, by 
et:onomy, to save enough to pay his way 
to a vahiable lecture. I remember such 
a youth. He was past twenty-one years 
of age, the son of a farmer, muscular, 
hardy, resolute, and eager for a part in 
liinnan affairs. He was conscientious 
and religious, fond of discussion and pub- 
lic address, and looking forward to a 
place at the bar. His father, a man of 
narrow views, having three sons and two 
tlaughters — whether ignorant of the value 
(jf education, or thinking he had not the 
ability to educate so many, whatever the 
reason — stubbornly refused to aid his 
sons in getting an education, as well as 
to give them their time before majority. 
Therefore, when the two eldest had 
reached their majority, they appeared at 
the seat of a universit\" and knocked at 
its doors tor admission. They were 
among the roughest-looking candidates 
for matriculation. Ikit, happily, no 
St vie of dress or manner can be the cre- 
dential of a student. Manhood alone, 
and purpose, open the halls of learning. 
The eldest of these two was the leader. 
His purpose evidently marked out the 
wav of the two. His will became re- 
sponsible for the success of both. They 
rented a little room for a time, .\fter 
about six months th(,'y built a cottage 
(shanty) with their own hands, and occu- 
pied it — two rooms and a shed. Their 
labors were wood-sawing, ditch- digging, 
house-framing, crop-raising — any thing 
that offered. Strong and willing and 
ambitious, nothing was above them, noth- 
ing beneath them. 

.\fter a vear a thinl brother, having 
reached the manly age, was sheltered 
within the rough-board cottage, plodding 



in Herodotus and Legendre. Time 
passed, and a sister joined them ; and 
another room was added to the shanty. 
Summers witnessed them all protital)ly en- 
gaged in teaching or in other toil. Fall, 
winter, and spring saw them deep in their 
books. They took, especially the eldest, 
a high rank among the students. He 
that toiled most with his hands, and bore 
the chief responsibility of this youthful 
household, stood highest, likewise, in his 
classes. During his Senior year it be- 
came necessary he should have for one 
term, four studies, one term five, and one 
term six. Said the professor to him, 
"You can not accomplish this, can you ?" 
'T can try," was the answer; and there 
was no need of further collocjuy. The 
look of his eye showed what he would 
do. He diminished not the toil of his 
hands nor his care for others. But he ac- 
complished his studies. He graduated 
with distinction in his class. He com- 
manded public confidence. He vvent out 
to prepare for his profession. He taught 
for a while, in order to meet some pecu- 
niary obligations, at the same time pre- 
paring for the law. He forgot not to aid 
brothers and sisters yet at college. But 
his gigantic frame yielded, at length, to 
the things which could never subdue his 
will. His health failed, and he sank 
speedily to his grave — loved and honored 
by all that knew him. Shall the two 
(ireek boys that drew their mother in a 
cart to Here's festival be honored while 
time lasts? Shall Casablanca, '"little 
Bennie," and the "drummer-boy" be 
remembered in tale and in song ? And 
shall not this young man — and many 
another like him^be honored with the 
heroic yjalm ? — Dr. GodiiuDi in Jf. C. 
Advocate. 



Vel, it may be, more lofly courage dwells 

In one weak heart which braves an adverse fate. 

Than his, whose ardent soul indignant swells, 

Wurm'd bv the tight, or chccr'd through high debate. 

—Mrs. 



.Wirtoii s Dream. 



.'/// Aiii^i'l in a Saloon. 



[I'Vl 



AN ANGEL IN A SALOON. 



A iKUE incidp:nt. 



One afternoon in the niontli of June, 
i860, a lady in deep mourning, followed 
by a child, entered one of the fashiona- 
ble saloons in the city of N . The 

writer happened to be ))assingat the time, 
and, impelled by curiosity, followed her 
in to see what would ensue. Stepping 
up to the bar and addressing the propri- 
etor, who happened to be present, she 
said : 

"Sir, can you assist me? I have no 
home, no friends, and am unable to work. 

He glanced at her, and then at the 
child, with a mingled look of curiosity 
and pity. Evidently he was much sur- 
prised to see a woman in such a place 
begging, but without asking any ques- 
tions, gave her some change, and turning 
to those present he said : 

"Gentlemen here is a lady in distress. 
Can't some of you assist her a little?" 
They all cheerfully acceded to the re- 
quest, and soon a purse of two dollars 
was raised and put in her hand. 

"Madam," said the gentleman who 
gave her the money, "why do you come 
to a saloon ? It isn't a very proper place 
for a lady, and wh)' are you driven to 
such a step?" 

"Sir, I know it isn't a proper place for 
me to be in, and you ask why I am driven 
to such a step. I will tell you in one short 
word," pointing to a bottle behind the 
counter labeled " whisky," "that is what 
brought me here — whisky I" 

"I was once happy and surrounded by 
all the luxuries that wealth could procure, 
with a fond and indulgent husband. But 
in an evil hour he was tempted, and not 
possessing the will to resist that tempta- 
tion, fell, and in one short year my dream 
(;f happiness was over, my home forever 
broken and desolated, and the kind hus- 
band and the wealth, once called mine, 
lost, lost, never to return, and all by the 
accursed wine cup. 

"You see before you only a wreck of 
my former self, homeless and friendless; 
and with nothing left me in this world 
but this little child," and weeping bit- 



terly, she affectionately caressed the gold- 
en curls that shaded a face of exquisite 
loveliness. Regaining her composure, 
and turning to the proprietor of the sa- 
loon, she continued : 

"Sir, the reason I occasionally enter a 
saloon like this is to im]jlore those who 
deal in the deadly poison to desist, to 
stop a business that spreads desolation, 
ruin, poverty and starvation. Think one 
moment of your own loved ones, and 
tlien imagine them in the situation I am 
in. 1 apjieal to your better nature, 1 ap- 
peal to , your heart, for 1 know you pos- 
sess a kind one, to retire from a business 
so ruinous to your patrons. 

"Did you know that the money you 
receive across this bar is the same as 
taking the bread from out of the mouths 
of the famished wives and children of 
your customers? That it strips the clothes 
from their backs, deprives them of all 
the comforts of life, and throws unhappi- 
ness, misery, crime and desolation into 
their once happy homes. Oh, sir, I im- 
plore, beseech and pray you to retire from 
a business you blush to own you are en- 
gaged in before your fellow men, and en- 
ter one that will not only be profitable to 
yourself, but to your fellow creatures also. 
You will excuse me if I have spoken too 
plainly, but I could not help it when [ 
thought of the misery and unhappiness it 
has caused me." 

"iMadam, I am not offended," he an- 
swered in a voice husky with emotion, 
"but thank you from my heart for what 
you have said." 

"Mamma," said the child — who mean- 
time had been spoken to by some of the 
gentlemen present — taking hold of her 
mother's hand, "these gentlemen wish 
metosing 'Little Bessie' for them. Shall 
I do so ?''' 

"Yes, darling, if they wish you to." 

They all joined in the request, and 
placing her in a chair, she sang in a sweet, 
childish voice the following beautiful 
sone : 



1874-] 



An .-///iv/ /// it Saloon. 



31 



Out in llie gloomy night >ailly 1 roam, 
I have no mother dear, no pleasant home ; 
No one cares for me, no one would cry, 
Even if ]ioor little Bessie should die. 
Wearv and tired I've been wandering all day, 
Asking for work, but I'm too small, they say. 
<J\\ the damp ground I must now lay my head, 
!-"atlier's a drunkard, and mother is dead. 

We were so hapjiy till father drank rum. 
Then all our sorrow and trouble begun; 
Mother grew pale and wept every day — 
Baby and I were too hungry to jilay ; 
Slowly they faded, till one summer night 
Found their dead faces all silent and while ; 
Then with big tears slowly dropping I said, 
"Father's a drunkard and mother is dead !" 

( )h I if the teni]V ranee men would only find 
I'oor wretched father and talk very kind ; 
If they would stop him from drinking, then 
I should be so very happy again I 
Is it too late, temperance men ? Please try. 
Or ])oor little Bessie must soon starve and die ; 
All the day long r\e been I'egging for bread — 
Father's a drunkard and mother is dead I 

The games of billiards were left unfin- 
ished, the cards were thrown aside, and 
the unemptied glasses remained on the 
coimter ; all liad pressed near, some with 
curiosity, some with sadness, and some 
with pity beaming from their eyes, en- 
tranced with the musical voice and beauty 
of the child, who seemed better fitted to 
be with angels above than in .such a place. 

The scene I shall never forget to my 
dving day, and the sweet cadence of her 
musical voice still rings in my ears, and 
every word of the song, as it dropped 
from her lips, sank deep in the hearts of 
those gathered around her. 

With her golden hair falling carelessly 
around her little shoulders, her face of 
almost ethereal beauty, and looking so 
trustingly and comfortingly upon the men 
around, her beautiful blue eyes ilhmiined 
with a light that seemed not of earth, 
formed a picture of purity and innocence 
worthy the genius of a poet or painter. 

At the close of the song many were 
weeping ; men who had not shed a tear 
for years now wept like children. One 
young man who had resisted with scorn 
the pleadings of a loving mother, and the 
entreaties of friends to strive to live a 
better life, to desist from a course that 
was wasting his fortune and ruining his 
health, now approached the child and 



taking both her little hands in Ihs, while 
tears streamed down his pale cheeks, ex- 
claimed, with deep emotion : 

"God bless you, my little angel 1 you 
have saved me from ruin and disgrace, 
from poverty and a drunkard's grave. 
If there were ever angels on earth, you 
are one ; God bless you, God bless you I" 
and putting a bill into the hand of the 
mother, said, "Please accept this trifle 
as a token of my regarci and esteem, for 
your little girl has done me a kindness I 
can never repay. And remember, when- 
ever you are in want, you will ever find 
in me a true friend," at the same time 
giving her his name and address. 

Taking her child by the hand, she 
turned to go, but pausing at the door, 
said : 

"God l)less you, gentlemen ! Accept 
the heartfelt thanks of a poor, friendless 
woman, for the kindness and courtesy 
you have shown me." Before any one 
could reply, she was gone. 

A silence of several minutes ensued, 
which was at last broken up by the pro- 
prietor, who exclaimed : 

"Gentlemen, that lady is right, and I 
have sold my last glass of whisky ; if any 
of you want more, you will have to go 
elsewhere." 

"xAnd I have drank my last glass of 
whisky," said a young man who had long 
been given \\\) as utterly beyond the reach 
of those who had a deep interest in his 
welfare as sunk too low even to reform. 
"There is a temperance organization in 
this city called the 'Temple of Honor,' 
and at their next meeting I shall .send w\\ 
my name to be admitted. Who will go 
with me ?" 

"I — I — I, and I," several exclaimed 
in a chorus, and fifteen names were added 
to his. 

True to his word, the ovvner of the sa- 
loon where this strange scene was enact- 
ed, disposed of his entire stock the next 
day. and is now engaged in an lionora- 
ble business. Would to Heaven that 
lady with her little one could have gone 
into every hamlet, town and city through- 
out our country, and met with like re- 
sults. — Laramie Sentinel. 



32 



Jfnr/cs. [V\■\^ 



\y R !•: ( • K S . 

I. 

Tin- wrecks tiity drift o'er all ilu- ^e-is, 

From icy north to southern /one ; 
They sway and shift to every hree/e, 

While ilcialin;:; on alone, alone. 

Anchor, rudder, and ]iennon all. 
Chart and compass, the laden siore. 

Captain and crew, beneath the ]xill, 
Of ocean billows, evermore. 

Masts aie broken, the sails are j^one ; 

The sjilintered decks no fool e'er treads ; 
Over their sides, at eve, at dawn, 

'I'he ri<;;i;incT hani^s in trailing shre<ls. 

Their rotting jilanks drop slow away ; 

Ice-bound they chafe the i^rindin<j floe ; 
Rank sea-weeds on them tjrow, and s\\ av, 

As into warmer seas the\' go. 

Closed are the eyes tliat strained to see 
The wished-for sail come (j'er tlie main ; 

Hearts chilled in death, that longed lo be 
Pressed by the lost, returned again. 

( )n helpless wrecks, the hungry waves 
Still hang like woKes to fallen prey ; 

Waiting release from deep-sea graves. 
Love sits on ■.-old rocks far away. 

Aloft, the "Watch," from stately shijis, 

Sings out, anon, the startling call 
" .\ wreck I a wreck I" She rolls and liips 

" To lee astern,'" — and that is all. 

'I'he ships sail on ; they sink at last. 

Or lodge on shoals o'er-heaped with sand ; 

Or, driven reef-ward by the blast, 
(lo scattered wide ujion the strand. 

II. 

.'so, o'er the seas of human life, 

.\re drifting wrecks, that nevermore 

In calm, or in the tempest strife 

( )f waves, will come to port, or shore. 

Alone they drift in chilling seas, 
Or, where the milder currents flow, 

The sport of every changing breeze. 
No rest, no course, no ])ilot now. 

In sight, upon their mournful wa\- 

They sadly come, then disappear ; 
'; A wreck I" with baited lireath we say, 

As on our hopeful course we steer. 

Alone, alone, upon the shore. 

Are streaming eyes that fade with lenrs ; 
True hearts that <//<• of grieving sore. 

Or break with woes beyond their years. 

(_)h I storm-tossed souls, in danger ciy 
"Master we perish I" Then the shrill 

\N'inds instant hush, the billows die, 
And calm, is born of "l^eace be still." 

—Rev. n. Skeel, in X. C. .1,/rom/c. 



[iS74. 



iiiiis 



BELLES LETTRES SOCIETY DEPARTMENT 



E. M. HEAFER, Editor. 



GIRLS. 



LIBBIE LAWRENCE. 



An essay to write — not an original idea- 
m y brain on a strike. What is to be done? 
Well I am going to do just what older 
and wiser people sometimes do, when 
anything goes wrong, — lecture the girls. 
Of course they always need it, — you can- 
not hit them amiss. 

With those shining lights — Susan B. 
Anthony and Victoria Woodhull to lead 
them on to glory and renown, they yet 
seem joined to their idols, fashion, fol- 
ly and flirtation. "Uselessly, aimlessly 
drifting through life, anxiously waiting 
to be somebody's wife." And the mo- 
ment they are indulged in a dress of ap- 
propriate length, there is a grand rush 
for the matrimonial market, where the 
supply so far exceeds the demand that 
the first offer is readily accepted. 

To be sure it is for better or worse, but 
then if it proves worse, as it is quite like- 
ly to, there is such a thing as backing out 
b}' the way of Indiana or Chicago. 

Now who admires that prospect? Well 
then make, yourself independent of any 
such compromise with dignity and self- 
respect. Have some object in life beside 
that one chance in the world's lottery. 
Be self-sustaining, and then, should the 
time come when you are afloat on the 
great ocean of life, you have a life pre- 
server and will not sink. 

Your father may be a millionaire ; what 
of that ? His sons are taught something 
useful, and expect to share in the individ- 
ual responsibilities of life, and why not 
you as well ? 

The swiftly revolving wheel of fortune 
is ever bringing one up and another down. 
\V^ealth changes hands in an hour some- 
times, or vanishes in smoke, as many a 
man in Chicago or Boston will tell you. 

—5 



And if accident of birth placed you on 
the lower round in the social ladder, do 
not think you must always remain there, 
or wait for some fortunate fellow far above 
to stoop and help you up, for he is not 
likely to do it. And should such an in- 
sane desire prompt him, let him see that 
you can help yourself. It will be hard 
work, but never say fail. With "Excelsior" 
for your motto, you may yet stand se- 
curely on the topmost round. 

What has been accomplished can be 
again, and in democratic America, no one 
dare .say to you "thus far and no farther." 
It is for you to decide, how high your 
mark shall be, and then, girl though you 
are, strive until you attain it. Do not 
fold your white hands and wait, while 
every self-confident gentleman of your 
acquaintance thinks he has but to whistle 
for you and you are his, and will thank 
liim most sincerely for the honor of bear- 
ing his distinguished name, and the priv- 
ilege of ministering to his personal com- 
fort, ad injinituin. 

But you may not have such a golden 
opportunity, even though you wait pa- 
tiently and long. Those wise individuals 
to whom you say "Will you walk into my 
parlor?" are thinking all the time of the 
"spider and the fly" and keep a sharp 
lookout for silken webs, that are spread 
for the unwary. These gentlemen are 
very good judges of human nature, of 
woman nature as well, and see through 
your little game at a glance ; so take 
council from caution, and let them alone. 
They have very little respect for girls at 
best. But you do not believe that do you ? 
Well, do they not say of a dandy, who 
spends most of his time before a mirror, 
admiring himself and practicing graceful 



34 



A 'True Life. 



[Feb., 



positions and killing expressions, that he 
is just one remove from an idiot, and 
ought to have been a girl? And do they 
not tell the ugliest girl of their acquain- 
tance, that she is beautiful, and make her 
believe it too / And do they not say to you 
that you are the bright guiding-star oi 
their destiny ? 

O yes, to be sure, only their guiding- 
stars chance to be as numerous as those in 



the heavens above them. "But where ig- 
norance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise." 
So be blindfolded and humbugged thro' 
life, if you will, 

But a> for me, 
ril k-t thein see 
riiat a girl can be 
Always maiden, fancy free, 
Lovintr only cats ami tea. 



A TkukLikk. — While gazing upon the 
celestial, star-.set donie, there suddenly flit- 
ted before my vision, the form of one of 
heavenly cast, hokling an object of daz- 
zling brightness and transcendent beauty, 
symmetrical in form and perfect in its 
entire structure, possessing a power of 
fascination such as I never before had ex- 
perienced. Its composition seemed of 
the purest gold, and its outlines were as 
if shaped by angel's touch. Irresistibly 
attracted by the sight, I with reverence re- 
quested the mysterious being to define the 
the strange object in his possession, which 
was to me a cause of so much wonder. 
Surprised, he asked, "Art thou a resident 
of earth, and recognize this not ? Is 
not that home of thine teeming with hu- 
manity, replete with objects, such ? Alas, 
for earth, if it is not; for stranger," said 
he, "this is the representation of true life, 
like which do all such lives appear to 
those who look upon them." Then came 
the hesitating reply, "How could I recog- 
nize that view since I reside in a world so 
turned from truth that nearly all we see 
shines with a borrowed light? 

Free thought and individual opinion 
form the true glory and are the indices to 
the essential characteristic of American- 
ism. Let it be in reference to subjects di- 
vine or undivine, it is all the same. With 
this vital principle crushed. Liberty has no 
force of meaning, or the meaning exists 
only in the imagination. Man's respon- 
sibility ceases and he has no duty to per- 
form, can commit no sin and consequent- 
ly cannot be held to suffer any penalty 
therefor. Christian or Infidel, let us be 
consistent, and not deny to others the 
]jrivileges we claim for ourselves." 



With a sad heart the angel vanished, 
leaving me engrossed in gloomy medita- 
tions concerning human woe. But Hope, 
advancing, brightened this darksome view 
by pointing backward to a time when 
thus it was not ; for man came forth from 
the creative hand jjcrfect, entire and true. 
As man once was may he not become 
again ? For that day do I with eagerness 
wait ; then will the mantle of darkness 
that now envelops earth be severed full 
in twain. Then will hearts, now bleeding, 
crushed and torn, look up with quiet joy, 
sustained by the noble, true and kind. 
Then will the house of mourning be 
transformed into a scene of delight; the 
desert places be madeglad, and the wilder- 
ness blossom as the rose. Mav that time, 
oh, messenger of light, be speedily waft- 
ed here, when, if again thou dost exhibit 
that treasure in thy possession, it will not 
appear as strange, but only reflect what 
everywhere I see, in all my walks through- 
out rejoicing earth. 

— Among those lately elected honorary 
members of the Society, Pres't Fallows 
appears the most prominent. His note 
of acceptance of honorary membership 
has already been received, and the Socie- 
ty expects soon to welcome him to their 
hall, and to be entertained by one of his 
inimitable and eloquent addresses. 

— Let any one who believes that there 
are no poets in "the land of the free and 
the home of the brave," read some of 
the home productions to be found in the 
Leader from time to time. For instance, 
the "Tribute of Admiration" to Camilla 
Urso, and we guarantee that he will be 
speedily convinced of his error. 



I S 7 4 • 1 SihinhrrF s Philoxoprdr. 



SCHNITZKRL'S PHIl.OSOrKDK 

P.V HANS BREITMANN. 

Herr Schnitzerl make a philosopedc. 

Von of de newest kind ; 
U vent mitout a vheel in fmnl. 

And hadn't none]iehind. 
\'on vheel vas in tlie mittel, dt)Uijh, 

And it vent as shure ash ecks, 
For he shtraddled on de axel dree 

Mit der vheel petween his leeks. 



01 



I'nd ven he vanl to shtart id oH 

He paddled mit his veet, 
Und soon he cot to.go so fast 

Dat avery dings he peat. 
He run her out on Broader >htrfed, 

He shkected like der vind, 
Hei 1 how he bassed de vancy chaps, 

And lef dem all pehind I 

De vellers mit de trotting nags, 

Pooled oop to see him bass ; 
De Deutschers all erstanished saidl : 

'-Ptoztausendl Wal isli das .'" 
Boot vashter shtill der Schnitzer! fiewed 

On — mit a ghastly smile ; 
He tidn't touch de dirt a tall 

Not vonce in half a mile. 

Oh, vat ish all di> eartly pliss ? 

Oh, vat ish man's soocksess ? 
Oh, vot ish various kinds of dings ? 

Und vot ish hoppiness ? 
We find a pank note in de shtreedt. 

Next dings der pank ish preak ; 
We foils and knocks our outsides in, 

Ven ve a ten-shtrike make. 

So vas it mit der Schnitzerl in 

On his philosopede. 
His feet both shlipped outsideward shonst 

Vhcn at his extra shpeed. 
He felled upohn der vheel of coorse , 

De vheel like blitzen flew 1 
Und Schnitzerl he vos schnitz in vact. 

For it shlished him grod in two. 

Und as for his philosopede. 

Id cot so shkared, men say. 
It pounded onward till it vent 

Ganz teufelwards afay. 
Boot vhere ish now der Schnitzerl's soul ? 

Vhere does his shpirit pide ? 
In Himmel, troo de endless plue, 

It takes a medeor ride. 



36 The ro-awr (>J W'catlh. [''<-'l'.j 



THE POWER OF WEALTH. 

LlBlilE ESTES. 

" Will you share my princely mansion ?" said pompous Mr. Grey 

To sweet and lowly Jennie, in the cottasj^e o'er the way. 

"'Tis a distini^uished honor to preside in such a home; 

Whv, the pictures are the rarest from Florence and from Rome." 

" Oh, no, no I" said foolish Jennie, " to ask me is in vain, 

I love my lowly cottage, and think I will remain." 

'• I'm sure you must be weary of such a lowly life ; 
Just think once of the jewels that will adorn my wife — 
The shimmering silks and satins, the velvet and the lace, 
That give to form and feature an added charm and grace." 
" Oh, no, no I" said timid Jennie, " for I have heard it said 
That for love, and not for splendor, should we consent to wed.'' 

" Well then, my artless little girl, supposing this i^ true, 
Let me prove the warm affection I have ever felt for you, 
Bv sharing now my fortune and aristocratic name 
With one not of our circle, and all unknown to fame." 
"Oh, no, no!" said truthful Jennie, "kind sir, that cannot he, 
I've heard who's in your circle and do not wish to see." 

But the old man, though rheumatic, was artful and was wise, 

.\nd knew that flattery and wealth were sure to win the prize. 

He made her costly presents, and told her every day 

Of the splendor of that mansion just across the way, 

And how her blooming beauty would grace each festive throng 

Of that exclusive circle to which she should belong, 

Till dazzled by the prospect, she became the old man's bride. 
The envy of the other girls — of that grand home the pride; 
But the hollow life grew irksome, and the cottage o'er the way, 
With the old ccjntent and peacefulness, seemed dearer every day— 
For home is where the heart is, and sure it matters not 
If it chance to be a palace, or if it be a cot. 

"Tis true that you may sell your hand for jewels and for gold. 
But a throbliing human heart was never bought or sold; 
And in the highest walks of life, where fashion rules supreme, 
There's many a broken idol and many a vanished dream 
Securely locked within the heart that seems so dead and cold, 
Since h.appiness and purest love were canceled out for gold. 

Wealth is the ruling power in this, our mighty land ; 
'Twill purchase truth and honor, why not an empty hand? 
And what do hearts amount to I they're troublesome at best, 
And love is an old-fashioned and most unwelcomed guest ; 
So, if you would be happy and ever free and gay. 
Just take to petting poodles — " each dog must have his day." 

There'll be no one to grumble if the steak is overdone. 
To hurry up the breakfast, and keep us on the run 
For thimble and for buttons, for coat and brush and hat, 
Or tell us that their mothers did better far than that, 
And always kept their linen in a superior style — 
Do let the dear old ladiex just keep it all the while .' 



I874-] 



Mind, ihc E/cnial Heritage of Mankind. 



37 



MUNSELLIAN SOCIETY DEPARTMENT 



W. S. MARQUIS, Editor. 



MIND, THE ETERNAL HERITACIE OE MANKIND. 

(;. E. SCRIMGER. 



Behold the surging multitudes, as with 
muscles strained to their highest tension, 
and nerves quivering with intensest ex- 
citement, they rush recklessly on, obliv- 
ious to all else, but the one great absorb- 
ing interest, the accumulation of material 
wealth. See them sacrificing at its gold- 
en altar, health, happiness, talent, honor, 
the best impulses and highest aspirations 
of the human soul, yea, heaven itself. 
As a lover of our race, we would lift our 
voice in most earnest protest. We would 
beseech the people to turn their gaze 
within, and behold there a priceless gem 
whose infinite value defies the power of 
numbers to express. We would direct 
the mind back along the meandering path 
of history to that bright morn when amid 
Eden's loveliness the Great Father, tak- 
ing up in his loving arms the lump of 
(lay in human form, breathed into it the 
l)reath of his own Omnipotence, and say 
behold in that spark of Divinity, that 
Crod-given and God-like intellect, the 
eternal heritage of our race, the crown- 
ing glory of mankind. It is one of the 
first principles of political economy, that 
intrinsic value is increased by the appli- 
cation of human effort. So it is with 
this, the greatest of God's gifts. Though 
possessing an intrinsic value far transcend- 
ing all other gifts of nature, as it comes 
from the hand of its Creator, yet it is not 
until it receives the proper direction, the 
])olishingof human touch and effort, that 
its fullest value is realized, and it becomes 
a blessing to ourselves and others. To 
its cultivation we must bring the most 
vigorous discipline, the highest culture, 
all the facilities of which we may avail 
ourselves, using the thoughts of others 
not as ends, but as means, as tools in the 



development of our own resources. We 
should count the severest drill of four 
or six years, but a short apprenticeship in 
which to learn simply how to think, how 
to bring out the wealth of this exhaustless 
mine ; for it is a mine well worth the 
working, and no other of nature's gifts, 
whether earth, water, wind, or metal, so 
well repays our toil as this most princely 
heritage, the human intellect. Is the pur- 
chasing power of any possession, the fa- 
cility with which it may be exchanged for 
some other commodity, a measure of its 
value ? True, mind as a faculty, is unex- 
changeable. But when do we ask the 
power of any possession to gratify desires ? 
Only as it contains the effort of mind, 
thought, as it manifests a delight, an 
adaptation to meet some want of human 
nature. Remove thought from all our 
commodities, and by one fell stroke you 
destroy the very life and essence of all 
exchangeable value. Thought is the cre- 
ator of value. As the human form, while 
it lay a mere atom, compared with the 
great universe of matter, was powerless 
until the living Father thrilled with his 
own precious breath, so the great world of 
matter about us is dead, comparatively 
valueless, until man, breathing into it the 
inspiration of his all-quickening intellect, 
sends this matter forth in its various forms 
to administer to his wealth and happiness, 
to fulfill its intended mission. Why 
should man blindly seek the philosopher's 
stone, when he possesses a treasure far 
more potent than this fancy of the brain, 
at whose magic touch not only the baser 
metals are made equivalent to gold, but 
every element of the universe is clothed 
with value as it administers to his welfare 
and happiness. At mind's inspiring touch 



\S 



Mind, ///(• Eternal Heritage of Mankind. 



[F 



.-el). 



the metals that have idly reposed in the 
embrace of mother earth for centuries, 
spring into action, as, wrought into uten- 
sils and complicated machinery, they 
supply our multiform wants, making life 
pleasant and desirable. Mind says to the 
giant of the forest, as it stands in its 
majesty, idly boasting of its strength: 
"The power which you have been accu- 
mulating for years is useless unemployed. 
I will try the services of your giant arms, 
the endurance of your stately trunk," and 
}'onder upon the heaving billows, as that 
jjroud ship defies the raging elements, 
l)earing its precious cargo of merchandise, 
and far more precious cargo of human 
lives, safely from continent to continent. 
the test is made. If in the adiustment of 
value it is determined by the ability to 
gratify human desire, surely that Avhich in 
every case creates this ability is of infinite 
value. Is that possession which is ever 
increasing, re-duplicating itself, a valuea- 
ble possession ? What else can be com- 
pared with mind in this respect ? See the 
child, as wonderingly it steps into life, 
possessing but sufficient understanding to 
attend to its absolute wants. Watch it as 
its mind gradually increases in compre- 
hension and power, grasping principle 
after principle until in the glory of ripened 
manhood, he grasps the sublime mechan- 
ism of the universe, and holds converse 
with the stars. What an unparalleled rate 
of increase ! The millionare of to-day 
may, on the morrow, find his possessions 
almost valueless ; every conceivable pos- 
session may depreciate in value ; the firm 
foundations of our national credit may 
prove unable to resist the shock of some 
tmforeseen calamity; the commercial world 
may be thrown into chaotic confusion, 
but mind — triumphant mind — defies the 
vicissitudes of life in the very disasters that 
render our property valueless, it finds ma- 
terial which adds to its wealth and power. 
With increased caution gained from sad 
experience, it gathers the shattered wrecks 
of our ruined fortune, and framing it into 
a new enterprise sends it forth to try again 
life's boisterous sea. 

Thus mind unaffected by the fluctuations 
that depreciate the value of other posses- 
sions, ever increasing in value, is a most 
valuable possession. Is durability an ele- 
ment of value? Mind is eternal. Of 



what, that is material beneath heaven's 
wide arch, can this be said ; we spend 
the strength of our manhood in collecting 
the glittering gold, when just as the fru- 
ition of our hopes is dawning upon us, 
when having transformed our gold into 
princely homes and commercial palaces, 
we stand with the sweat of toil still on 
our brow pointingwith pride to the tower 
of our strength, lo ! the fire fiend burst- 
ing his chains springs with greedy bounds 
upon our fair possessions, and amid the 
ashes of the fearful sacrifice to the terri- 
ble fire demon, we sit upon the tomb of 
our buried hopes But if by tireless vig- 
ilance we retain our wealth through life's 
brief journev, yet death's cold hand will 
stri]) us of It all, and send us as we came 
— without a farthing into the boundless 
future.-. 

But mind endures. The scorching 
fury of the fire ; the mighty surgings of 
the deep ; the terrible sweep of the fierce 
tornado cannot destroy it. It is ever with 
us, whether in the heart of civilization, 
or on the wild frontier ; on the mountain 
or in the valley, in sunshine or shadow, 
our faithful companion, the bright, guid- 
ing star of our destiny. And when we 
come down to the shadowy vale, we will 
not be separated, for death's cold hand 
cannot quench this eternal fire. The grim 
ferryman beholds and must honor the seal 
of Omnipotence, which tells him that it 
is destined for an immortality, where its 
powers shall ever live and grow. Then 
go tell the dying philosopher, as he mourns 
because he has gathered but pebbles along 
the shore of the vast ocean of thought, 
tell him there is a bright shore where the 
on-rolling waves of eternity will ever toss 
at his feet, not pebbles, but glittering 
pearls of priceless knowledge. Where in 
the wide opening field's of God's eternal 
truth he may wander forever, and gather 
richest treasures, yea, the very thoughts 
of Deity. 

Glorious treasure, eternal, all-conquer- 
ing mind 1 As we contemplate thy 
mighty achievements in the past, and con- 
template thy coming victories, we are 
overwhelmed with a sense of thy majesty 
and infinite value. How can we fitly 
honor thee ? In the presence of thy ra- 
diant splendor the wreath we have woven 
for thy brow fades into a shapeless, life- 



1874.] 



Throiigli Dijfictiltics to thr Stars. 



less thing. But we would point to this 
verdant earth, clothed in thought's bright 
robes, with its buzzing, whirling machin- 
ery, its temples of learning and art, its 
ocean, swhispering man's wishes from con- 
tinent tocontinent, and say, behold mind's 
grand trophy. We would point to the 
stars above us, and say, behold yon bright 
worlds plucked from the great ocean of 
space to sparkle as gems forever in mind's 
eternal coronet, while standing on time's 
remotest bound with all mind's possible 



earthly conquests behind us, still we 
would point out over eternity's billows to 
that immortal clime where mind untram- 
melled shall go forth to still more glorious 
victories, as the wealth of Infinite wisdom 
shall dawn upon its horizon, while the on- 
coming ages as they sweep the chords of 
the soul will ever awaken harmonious re- 
sponses of innocent gratitude to Him 
who granted lieaven's best gift in bestow- 
ing mind as the eternal heritage of man- 
kind. 



THROUGH DIFFICULTIES TO THE STARS. 



MARY K.UHL. 



It seems to be in the nature ai man to 
tlesire to do the most he can with the least 
possible work. He is willing to undertake 
great things, if he may be able to accom- 
plish them with but little effort ; but if it 
requires all his powers to complete them, 
he falters, often when he would be sure 
of success, if he would but make this one 
last great effort. Many a one thus fails 
to make his life a success, when, in meet- 
ing with some seemingly insurmountable 
obstacle, he grows weary and gives up the 
case, there still are many who do struggle 
on in spite of many hindrances, and they 
are the successful ones in life. Man was 
not placed upon this earth to live his al- 
lotted number of years in ease and com- 
fort, as so many appear to think, A far 
grander and nobler desire should fill our 
souls. The great Creator has bestowed 
upon us most wonderful gifts, and by the 
proper use of them we can indeed accom- 
plish mighty things. It is a solemn duty 
and should be a great pleasure to cultivate 
these powers to the utmost, and thus 
make of ourselves what it was designed 
we should. And, though difficulties sur- 
eound us on every side, and our hopes of 
success are but few and faint, we still 
have no right to give up, but we should 
struggle ever onward, endeavoring to 
overcome every difficulty, and thus gain 
power ; since each obstacle overcome 



makes us stronger and better prepai'e us to 
meet the next. It is possible that we will 
fail at times to do all we had desired and 
had attempted to do. But even failure in 
such a case is better than not. to have 
made the attempt ; we have gained in 
making the effort and will be better pre- 
pared the next time we try it, because of 
our previous experience. If we try to 
avoid difficulties which may come in our 
way, we are just as likely to meet with 
others even worse than those we have 
avoided. If we are sure we are pursuing 
a right course we should proceed steadily 
onward, allowing nothing to cause us to 
turn from it. 

Christian antl his two companions, as is 
related by Bunyan, came to the foot of a 
steep and rugged hill. Christian, feeling 
assured he was on the right road, pro- 
ceeded upward. His companions, how- 
ever, observing roads on either side 
around the foot of the hill, which ap- 
peared far easier to travel, and thinking 
they would meet with Christian on the 
other side, the one proceeded to the right 
the other to the left. The former is soon 
lost in a great wood, the latter among 
dark and lofty mountains, where he stum- 
bles and falls to rise no more. 

If we aim at anything great and noble 
we must not expect it to be an easy thing 
to reach, that we will have a smooth and 



40 



Misccllain 



[Fd)., 



even path to travel ; we will be sure to 
meet with difficulties of some kind. We 
have on the pages of history innumerable 
examples of men who have made their 
lives a success. Bjt if we examine the 
records of their lives we will be sure to 
read of difficulties they were obliged to 
i-ncountcr and overcome before the\' were 
able to reach that success. 

From among the many that might be 
siiven we cite that of Columbus. He felt 
that new worlds were to be discovered, 
and the great desire of his heart was to 
make that discovery. But j)overty and 
opposition seemed insurmountable obsta- 
cles to his carrying out his desires. He 
was refused assistance by his native coun- 
try and by the Portuguese, he then asked 
aid of the King and Queen of Spain, and 
was at first likewise refused, and having 
started on his way to the French, with 
the same object in view, he was called 



back. Having obtained this assistance, 
he started on his journey westward ; even 
then he was not free from trouble, but he 
still proceeded onward undaunted, and 
was at length well rewarded when he heard 
the cry of "Land Ahead." Can we 
imagine his feelings of triumph at that 
moment ? Even we, as college students, 
who have not yet participated in the real 
duties of life, and have not yet met with 
the opposition and other difficulties which 
it will probably be our- lot to meet, even 
we may feel similar triumphs when we 
have succeeded in overcoming some diffi- 
cult task set before us, and this we ma)- 
often feel if we go bravely to work, never 
yielding until we have accomplished it ; 
remembering only "Through difficulties 
to the stars," and the promise that "to 
him that, overcometh will be awarded a 
crown of life." 



MISCELLANY. 



— The average attendance at the col- 
lege this term has been i8o ; about 200 
names are enrolled. 

— After enduring for so long a time 
the rough and smutty blackboards in the 
old college, the hard, smooth ones of tiie 
new building are highly appreciated by 
the students. 

— The man\- friends of Miss Mary 
Dent will be pained to hear that during 
the recent vacation she was attacked with 
a disease of the eyes which has not only 
forbidden her return to school, but even 
threatens her with the loss of sight. 

— Not a little excitement was awakened 
at the college one morning in the early 
jjart of this term by the ca])sizing of a 
stove in the southeast room of the new 
building, known as Prof. Crow's recita- 
tion room. By prompt action the fire 
was soon put out, so that no damage was 
done ; but the {^\\ marks on the wall and 
charred spots in the floor indicate what 
might have been the frightful results. 

— A certain Sophomore of this college 
relates his first experience in essay work 
as follows : " You see when I came here 



I was a regular green hand at Literarv 
business, but that wasn't any excuse for 
the professors ; write an essay I must and 
write one I did. The first sentence in it 
was " The memories of ' Auld Lang 
Syne,' come over me," but I was so 
scared thai I read it " The memories of 
(31d Lane's Swine come over me." To 
this day the professor admires my ])oeti- 
cal turn of mind." 

— Married, October 23d, 1873, ^^ the 
residence of Mayor B. F. Funk, by Rev. 
J. A. Wood, Mr! W. E. P. Anderson to 
Miss Nellie Hamilton. The happy 
c-ouple left on the night train via Chica- 
go for an extensive tour through the 
principal cities of the F^ast. Mr. Ander- 
son is a former student of tlie ^Veslevan, 
and is at present located at Carlin ville, 
where he has a large and lucrative prac- 
tice in law. The wedding was a grand 
affair, and was largely attended. Amt)ng 
the invited guests was Hon. .\. S. Wilson, 
a graduate of the Wesleyan. who occu- 
jjies a Judge's seat in Kansas, also M. L. 
Keplinger, a rising young lawyer of Car- 
linville, who has been eminentlysuccessful 
in liis chosen profe.ssion. 



IS74-] 



Miscellany. 



41 



CRYSTALS. 

— To understand truth one must live 
it. — Anon. 

— Beware of substituting quantity for 
(juality in education. 

— Excess of politeness becomes impo- 
liteness. — Japanese Proverb. 

— A man may as well expect to grow 
stronger by ahvays eating, as wiser by al- 
ways reading. — Collier. 

— Things are not to be done by the ef- 
fort of the moment, but by the prepara- 
tion of past moments. — Cecil. 

— If you have a bright thought, ex- 
press it in the simplest language possible. 
A diamond should have a plain setting. 
— Anon. 

CROSS WORD ENIGMA, 

My tirst is in March, but is not in yune. 

Snn holds my next, but not so with aMooii. 

The third is in then, but is not in thai. 

In s/iarp seek my fourth, for 'tis not in JIaL 

Ed uses my fifth, but dolphin does not. 

And pail takes the sixth, yet never does pol. 

The seventh in sell, noi purchase is found. 

And silence the eighth needs, but never does 

sound. 
Can holds the ninth, which leaks out of cup. 
While do'ii'n knows the tenth, unacquainted with 

up. 
Now })lease spell me out, you'll find that my 

name, 
Several students in this college claim. 

We do not offer $500 reward for the 
solution of the above enigma ; but any- 
one thinking they have solved it, will be 
informed whether they are right or not, 
by the editor of the Munsellian Depart- 
ment. 

— A colored man in Peoria has written 
a pamphlet containing twenty-one pages 
giving a "Sketch of the History of the 
Colored Race in the United States, and 
a Reminiscence of Slavery." The author 
is so well pleased with this production of 
his pen that he contemplates mounting 
the lecture platform, where he may give 
his genius scope. 

MuLTUM IN Parvo. — "Young men did 
it ever occur to you what you are and 
whither you are going? That beautiful 
body of yours, in whose construction in- 
finite wisdom exhausted the resources of 
its ingenuity, is the temple of a soul that 

—6 



shall live forever, a companion of angels, 
a searcher into the deep things of God, 
a being allied in essence to the divine. T 
say the body is the temple, or tabernacle 
of such a being as this ; novv what do 
you think of stuffing the front door of 
such a building as this full of the most 
disgusting weeds you can find, or setting 
a slow match to it, or filling its chim- 
neys with snuff? It looks to me nmch 
like an endeavor to smoke out the tenant, 
or to insult him in such a manner as to 
induce him to quit the premises. You 
really ought to be ashamed of such be- 
havior. A clean mouth, a sweet breath, 
unstained teeth, and inoffensive clothing 
— are these not treasures worth preserv- 
ing? Then throw away tobacco, and all 
thoughts of it at once and forever. Be a 
man, be decent, and be thankful to me 
for talking so plainly to you." 

— Dr. Holland. 

A HARD Spell. — In looking over an old 
paper the other day we came across the 
following list of difficult words, and in- 
sert it, thinking it may meet the eye of 
our professors, and save them the trou- 
ble of looking any farther for a lesson 
for their classes. These words were given 
out at a teachers' meeting in Newbury, 
N. Y., and of the ninety-four teachers 
present not one succeeded in spelling all 
correctly. The one nearest right failed 
on but two words, while the " dunce " of 
the convention missed forty-five out of 
the fifty. In the ninety-four papers ex- 
amined there were 2,663 mistakes! The 
word •' cachinnation " was the sorest trial 
of all, there being no less than fifty dif- 
ferent spellings, The following is the 
list : Intermittent, heresy, bilious, coer- 
cion, ecstacy, clarionet, surcingle, par- 
alize, licorice, trafficking, suspicious, 
ellipsis, apostasy, deleble, mortgaging, 
singeing, skilfully, subpcena, allegeable, 
ignitible, phosphorescence, jeopardize, 
ebullition, reronautic. sybylline, cachin- 
nation, vaccillation, bacchanalian, fasci- 
nation, crystallize, catechise, trisyllable, 
tyrannize, apologize, guaging, .saccharine, 
hemorrhage, rendezvous, Fahrenheit, 
Galilean, Sadducee, er\'sipelas, hiero- 
glyphics, apocrypha, daguerreotype, idi- 
osyncrasy, canaille, cannibal, mignonette, 
kaleidoscope. 



42 



Alumni yoiinial Drawer. 



[Feb., 



ALUMNI JOURNAL DRAWF:R. 



Books are the windows through 
which the soul looks out. A house 
without books is like a room without 
windows. 



The Union Era, an illustrated re- 
ligious journal, published by the Church 
Union Association of New York, has 
made its appearance at our table. We 
welcome this new visitor and hope it may 
become constant in its visits. It is full 
of good things of a literary and religious 
character,, while the six full-page illustra- 
tions add much to its attractiveness. 



The Sunday-school work in McLean 
county, under the skillful direction of 
H. G. Reeves, President of the McLean 
County Sunday-school Association, has 
reached a degree of organization and ef- 
ficiency which is truly gratifying to all 
who feel any interest in the cause. The 
present prosperous state of this work in 
our county is largely due to the personal 
efforts of a few earnest Sunday-school 
men. By holding township conventions, 
at which some, who teel a deep interest in 
the success of the cause, and have had 
experience in this especial work, were 
present to assist in mapping out the field 
for future operation ; the earnest sympa- 
thies and efforts of the people have been 
more fully enlisted in behalf of this great 
interest, and the whole county has been 
thoroughly organized, thus placing the 
work upon a practical working basis, 
which promises more immediate and 
abundant fruit than any irregular or mis- 
directed efforts would warrant. 



"Boss Tweed," upon entering into 
his new business relations, gave his age as 
sixty-two and his occupation as a states- 
man. He reported as being void of any 
especial religious sentiments, a fact in re- 
gard to his moral status already well 
known to the public. The fate of this 
arch stealer ought to be a warning to all 
whose greed of gain may tempt to hoard 
ill-gotten wealth. Especially should those 
of "^x^ profession, whose impulse may in- 



cline the clutching fingers toward the 
public crib, beware lest in some unguarded 
moment retribution swift and sure may 
meet them in their crooked ways. We 
heartily regret the dire necessity which 
compels a law-abiding people to bring the 
lofty from his perch of power, and make 
him tread the menial walks of a common 
convict, and yet in our heart, we are glad 
that money did not foil justice in this 
case, and let the guilty go unpunished 
and this great crime go unrebuked. Surely 
and trulv '"The way of the transgressor 
is hard.'"' 



The naain building of the Illinois In- 
dustrial University was dedicated Dec. 
loth. Though the day was unpropitious 
a large audience was present in the spa- 
cious auditorium of the building. The 
exercises were of a very interesting char- 
acter. A Historical Address by the Re- 
gent, Dr. Gregory, was an able review of 
the work of the L^'niversity and its friends 
since 1867. Governor Beveridge was 
present and gave some wholesome advice 
to the Board of Supervisors of Champaign 
county in reference to their act repudi- 
ating the subscription of $115,000 by the 
County to the endowment of the Univer- 
sity in order to secure its location. 
Among other speakers who indulged in 
short addresses was President Fallows of 
our own University. The Dr. fully sus- 
tained his high reputation as a vigorous 
thinker and ready and eloquent speaker, 
coming out not a whit behind the best 
on the programme. With the aid which 
the Illinois Industrial Universitv deserves 
it is destined to become one of the great 
educational centers of the AVest. We bid 
it God speed in its noble mission. 



The Penn Monthlv is also among 
the strange visitors at our table. The 
number before us gives evidence of brain 
power in the preparation of its matter 
and excellent taste and skill in its publi- 
cation. Among its leading articles are 
" The Communisms of the Old World," 
"Relative Influence of Citv and Coun- 



1874-] 



Alumni J^ournal Drawer. 



43 



try Life," and "Siegfried, the Dragon- S3-5o, the Song Messenger is sent free 

Killer," We will gladly welcome its for one year. Address Geo. F. Root & 

cheerful countenance each returning Sons, 109 State St., Chicago, 
month. 



The Song Messenger, published by 
Geo. F. Root and Sons, is an excellent 
monthly devoted to the cause of musical 
education. Its especial object is thus set 
forth in the prospectus for 1874 : 

"In our opinion, the time has come 
when the people want and will support an 
exclusively musical journal ; not merely 
a combination of vocal or instrumental 
music, with items clipped from the gen ■ 
eral press, but a leading, authoritative 
publication, involving brains, labor and 
original thought on the subject taken as 
its specialty. Believing ourselves to be 
in a position to supply what we conceive 
to be a real lack in American journalism, 
the Song Messenger, until further notice, 
will take an unique position to the extent 
of excluding the merely literary, dra- 
matic and art matters, love stories, house- 
hold recipes, &c., with which it is cus- 
tomary in some instances to eke out the 
space ostensibly devoted to music, and 
will give its readers the best reviews, cor- 
respondence, &c., &c., that it can origi- 
nate and procure. 

Dr. Geo. F. Root will continue his fa- 
miliar and popular "Corner;" P. P. 
Bliss, James R. Murray, O. Blackman, 
E. E. Whittemore, and other prominent 
musicians, will be regular contributors, 
and will make the Song Messetiger their 
especial organ of communication with 
the public. 

For humor, in addition to our well 
known Pro Phundo Basso, and occasional 
contributions from other sources, we 
have secured the services of the great 
American Singing Master and Com- 
poser, "P. Benson, sr.," and the famous 
Teutonic author, " Carl Pretzel." In 
the critiques and musical discussions of 
these two great minds we can promise 
our readers something rich." 

They offer liberal premiums to all new 
subscribers. The price of the Song Mes- 
senger is only ^i.oo per year, and yet the 
publishers give as a premium fifty cents 
worth of music to each subscriber ; or to 
any one ordering music to the amount of 



Victoria C. Woodhull has visited 
our city. She would come, she was deter- 
mined to speak, she did speak. Not in 
Durley Hall, however, because, as we un- 
derstand it, her agent had not secured the 
hall, and if he had, it was under false pre- 
tenses, and then, there is no Durley Ball 
in Bloomington in which Victoria C. 
Woodhull can speak. The above is about 
the state of the case as we caught it from 
the whispering of Madam Rumor. We 
did not hear Mrs. Woodhull, — we were 
otherwise engaged. Just then we were 
in the midst of a very interesting religious 
revival in the University Charge, one of 
the organizations which Victoria chooses 
to denounce as being the abettors of all 
the evil on the earth, and the cloak for 
crimes unmentionable. For all that, we 
were persuaded that by aiding this reli- 
gious work we could do more toward 
staying the tide of corruption in political 
circles against which Mrs. W. so loudly 
declaims, — more toward emancipating 
woman from the thralldom of servitude in 
which she has no doubt too long been 
held, and elevating her to her proper 
sphere, — more toward banishing the great 
social evils which, alas, are too prevalent 
among the masses of the people, — more 
toward aiding truth in its triumphant 
march through this crooked, scarred and 
sin-cursed world and bringing humanity 
up to that plain of intellectual <and moral 
culture to which all must come before the 
many ills, of which Mrs. Woodhull so 
bitterly complains, will cease to be the 
heritage of our race, — do better service 
for all the above noble and praiseworthy 
objects by lending our influence and giv- 
ing our time to an old-fashioned Meth- 
odist protracted meeting than by listening 
to the bitter and merciless arraignment 
of those institutions, to which we as a peo- 
ple owe so much, by one who sees only 
the evils in the social, civil, political and 
religious world. 



Dowling's Sunday-School Banking 
System. — One of the greatest troubles in 
our Sunday-school work, during its entire 



44 



Agassh 



[Feb., 



history, has been that of meeting the 
necessary expenses, and having anything 
left for missionary purposes. This has 
not arisen from inability on the part of 
the members of the school to pay the re- 
quired amount, but from the fact that no 
system of systematic giving has been 
adopted. The result of this want has 
been a constant tendency to debt on the 
part of schools, which has necessarily 
been met by a few liberal souls who would 
])ush forward the Sunday-school work at 
all hazards. To meet this great defi- 
ciency; the above system has been de- 
vised, and the many flattering testimo- 
nials which come from those who have 
given it a trial give unmistakable evidence 
of its efficiency. The machinery of the 
system is simple, and may be briefly ex- 
plained as follows : 

I. Accountant's Record Book. — 
This is a blank book prepared for an al- 
])habetic register of the names of all the 
members of the school, — a weekly re- 
cord of each class, — minutes of the work 
of each Sunday, — cash accounts — quar- 
terly and yearly reports. 

II. Class Cards. — These cards take 
the place of the old style of class books. 
Each card is designed for use three 
months, and is large enough for all neces- 
sary reports of a proper sized class. 

ill. The Treasury Bank. — This is 
a substantial little box, neatly made, on 
which is painted, "The Sunday-School 
Treasury Bank." This bank contains 
all the money of the school ; together 
with all it§ property in the way of checks, 
notes, receipts, &c. It should occupy a 
conspicuous position before the school 
during every session. 

IV. The Checks of Promise. — 
These are very pretty engraved cards, 



printed in a beautiful color, which an- 
swer the double purpose of note and re- 
ceipt. 

At the beginning of the quarter a 
check is given to each member of the 
school, who fills blanks specifying the 
amount to be paid every Sunday. These 
checks, or notes, are deposited in the 
bank, where they remain during the quar- 
ter. If, at the end of the quarter, the 
amount pledged shall have been paid \n 
full, the blank receipt on the check card 
will be signed by the accountant, and 
all returned to the member giving it. 

This makes a nice card to be kept, and 
answers the purpose of a reward and a re- 
ceipt for money given to the Sundav- 
school department of the Lord's Treasury. 

All necessary directions for the u.se of 
the syste;n accompany every outfit. 

From the many endorsements which 
the system has received we produce a sin- 
gle one : 

"Messrs. Dowling & Taylor: 

We have been using your Sunday- 
School Banking System for nearly a year, 
and its utility has far surpassed our most 
sanguine expectations. Before its intro- 
duction the balance was small after de- 
ducting the expenses of our school from 
our collections. This year we pay all ex- 
penses and will have $400 for the mis- 
sionary treasury. It has increased the 
interest and efficiency of our work in 
other directions. E. P. Penniman, 

Accountant 1st uM. E. Sundav-Schoot.'" 
Bloomington, 111., Sept. 25, 1873." 

Those desiring the above outfit for 
Sunday-school work can be supplied by 
addressing K. P. Taylor, whose card is 
found on our first page. 



AGASSIZ. 



■ The sudden death of Prof. Agassiz is 
a loss not alone to the nation of his adop- 
tion, but to the world. His eminence as 
a naturalist and his worth as a man are 



universally recognized. The pulpit and 
the press everywhere have testified, and 
are still testifying, how deeply his loss is 
felt. While the American public mourns 



i874.] 



Agassis. 



45 



the decease of an adopted yet thoroughly 
Americanized son, the learned societies 
of the entire world lament with no less 
sincerity the departure of one of their 
brightest lights. And no slight testimo- 
ny as to his true greatness is given us in 
the fact that he possessed to a remarkable 
degree the exceedingly rare faculty of en- 
dearing himself to all with whom he came 
in contact, the lowly as well as the ex- 
alted, the illiterate as well as the learned. 
It is said that, for the real love of him, 
fishermen would at any time pull for 
miles to secure a rare fish, or perform for 
him any labor he might desire. It is also 
said that to this day the old savants who 
frequent the Garden of Plants in Pans 
speak of the quarters of Ce chcr Agassiz, 
though more than a quarter of a century 
has elapsed since he labored there under 
the leadership of Cuvier, Humboldt, 
Valenciennes and others of equal note. 

His whole life has been one of un- 
ceasing and unostentatious labor. His 
great eminence is but a grand monument 
to the " genius of labor," and it was only 
to overwork that his iron constitution 
finally yielded. Yet had it been in his 
nature to be what is called prudent, he 
never would have been what he was. 
Constant activity was his normal condi- 
tion, and he could be at ease in no other. 
In 1869, when his constitution first gave 
evidence of wear, he said one day, as the 
tears began to roll down his cheeks, 
" Brown-Sequard tells me I must not 
think. Nobody can ever know the tor- 
tures I endure in trying to stop think- 
ing." But he rallied, worked four years 
longer and then fell, — suddenly and in 
the glory of his jjower. 

The Magenta, speaking of his funeral, 
says : 

" The college chapel was very fittingly 
decorated for the funeral services of 
Professor Agassiz. The laurel cross and 
wreaths surmounting the black hangings, 
behind and above the pulpit, and the 
dark drapery festooned along the galler- 
ies and caught up alternately by boughs 
of evergreen and by calla-lilies, gave to 
the whole chapel an air of mourning, 
and yet of hopeful and of almost trium- 
phant mourning, which every one there 
must have felt to be most appropriate. 



The form of service used at King's 
Chapel — the one which Agassiz himself 
preferred, we believe — was read by the 
Rev. Dr. Peabody. The singing, under 
the direction of Mr. Paine, was by the 
Glee Club ; they sang, and very impres- 
sively, Cherubini's Pic jf^esu, and a hymn 
for which the music was composed by 
Mr. Paine. Iw the seats reserved for the 
family and friends there were many dis- 
tinguished men, who had come from dis- 
tant parts of the country to pay the tri- 
bute of their presence to the memory of 
Agassiz. At the conclusion of the short 
and simple service, the body was carried 
to Mount Auburn, where a burial service 
was read by Dr. Peabody. The number 
of people in the chapel was very great ; 
but there was no crowding or confusion, 
and the perfect silence of the large as- 
sembly was a good evidence of its grief 
for the death of Agassiz, and its earnest 
wish to pay him the last sad honors." 

Another, writing of the same event, 
says : " We buried him from the chapel 
that stands among the cottage elms. The 
students laid a wreath of laurel on his 
bier, and their manly voices sang his re- 
quiem ; for he had been a student all his 
life long, and when he died he was 
younger than any of them. ' ' 

In the Journal for March, '72, we 
gave a sketch of his early life which it is 
unnecessary to reproduce here. In clos- 
ing that article we wrote as follows : 

This old man who "has not time to 
make money," will die poor as regards 
that which the world looks upon as 
wealth, yet has not his life thus far been 
a triumphant success ? When he dies the 
world will mourn, — mourn with a far 
deeper sorrow than could be felt at the 
death of an Astor, a Stewart or a Roths- 
child ; he will leave to it an enduring le- 
gacy that its combined wealth could not 
purchase. Yes ; though poor he will die 
rich, when the Master shall call — rich in 
the admiration and love of the civilized 
world, and rich in the abundant improve- 
ment of the "ten talents" assigned him. 

He has indeed died rich and was borne 
to the grave by such friends and admirers 
as kings might hope for in vain. 

Since so much is being written con- 
cerning Agassiz and his relations to the 



46 



Agassiz. 



[Feb., 



present materialistic tendencies of scien- 
tific investigations, a word with reference 
to his moral and religious character may 
not be amiss. As a scientist he was ex- 
ceptionally great, and not less noble and 
praiseworthy was he as a man. Those 
who knew him most intimately, learned 
to most admire him for his truly manly 
qualities. Humble, patient, nobly disin- 
terested, truly philanthropic, he readily 
won his way to the affections of all, and 
showed himself the devoted, loving child 
of nature that he was. But in all his in- 
vestigations of her laws he never failed 
to "look through nature up to nature's 
God," and even showed himself the not 
unworthy son of seven unbroken genera- 
tions of ministers of the gospel. 

That he was a believer in the existence 
of a superior intelligence and in a future 
life, the following extracts from his writ- 
ings bear sufficient evidence : 

May I not add that a fut^ure life, in 
which man should be deprived of that 
great source of enjoyment and intellectual 
and moral improvement, which result 
from the contemplation of the harmonies 
of an organic world, would involve a la- 
mental)le loss ; and may we not look to a 
spiritual concert of the combined worlds 
and all their inhabitants in presence of 
their Creator, as the highest occupation 
of Paradise ? — ''^^Essav on Classification 
p. 66. 

Shall we, by any false argumentation, 
allow ourselves to deny the intervention 
of a Supreme Intellect in calling into ex- 
istence combinations in nature, by the 
side of which all human conceptions are 
child's play? If I have succeeded, even 
very imperfectly, in showing that the va- 
rious relations observed between animals 
and the physical world, as well as between 
ourselves, exhibit thought, it follows that 
the whole has an Intelligent Author. — 
Ibid, p. 130. 

As evidence of his devout faith, we 
would quote the following touching and 
interesting incident, which has just been 
published : 

Agassiz, when a young man, became 
anxious to investigate Mesmerism and, dis- 
trusting somewhat the reports of others 
upon that subject, he decided to make 
experiments in regard to it upon himself. 
An opportunity occurred for him to place 



himself under the mesmeric influence of 
Rev. Chauncey Hare Townsend, author 
of "Facts in Mesmerism." In the last 
edition of Townsend's work is published 
an account written by Agassiz, in 1839, of 
the experiments which were made, and of 
his sensations while under mesmeric in- 
fluence. He was then, as always, a seeker 
after truth, and he feared greatly lest he 
might not be able to report correctly the 
result. He says in his account .• 

"I was firmly resolved to arrive at a 
knowledge of the truth whatever it might 
be ; and, therefore, the moment I saw 
him endeavoring to exert an action upon 
me, I silently addressed the Author of all 
things, beseeching Him to give me the 
power to resist the influence, and to be 
conscientious in regard to the facts." 

This simple incident gives the key to 
his whole life. With the same reverent 
spirit he pursued all his investigations 
and, with the same devout exercise of si- 
lent prayer, he consecrated that culmina- 
tion of his life-work, the school at 
Penikese. What he did for science is not 
more worthy of remembrance than what 
he did for religion ; and Christianity will 
long have reason to be grateful for the 
services which he rendered it, in the midst 
of a skeptical and materialistic age. 

The evolutionists, technically so called, 
have never had a more bold aiid unman- 
ageable opponent. His very last effort 
indeed was a solid, crushing shot deliv- 
ered against their somewhat popular 
theory. Yet, while his robust, genial, 
noble nature reposed in an implicit faith 
in God, may we not well hesitate to claim 
that he was a Christian in the Bible ac- 
ceptation of the term ? That he was a 
most devout, unsentimental theist, none 
can deny ; yet as far as we know he has 
left no evidence as to his beliefs or dis- 
beliefs concerning the need of repentance 
and faith in Christ. The whole tone of 
his writings, and the beautifully reverent 
temper of his life, completely set at rest 
all question as to his infidelity, and his 
consistent persistency in demanding that 
science and theology shall each occupy 
only its own especial field, has made him 
reticent concerning his religious views, 
and left us only to infer his relations to 
the Father of us all. 



I874-] 



Editorial Notes. 



47 



EDITORIAL NOTES. 



_T T Trice, formerly a student of the Uni- 
versity, is now County Superintendent of Pul.lic 
Schools in Hamilt..n County, Nebraska. 

-Persons wishing a fi,-st-class cabinet organ 
at a bargain will find it to their interest to apply 
to the Alumni Journal before purchasing. 

_A set of Chamber's Cyclopedia, lo volumes, 
bound in sheep, can be obtained at a greatly re- 
duced pnce, by applying soon to the editois of 
the Alumni Journal. 

_A recent note from W. H. Wylder, of '73. 
brin^^s the gratifving intelligence that he is in tie 
midrt of a^raciou^ revival of religion, on hi. 
charge, near Champaign. 

_A private letter from his son, Prof. C H. 
Wricrht, brings the sad intelligence of the death 
of President Vnght, of Purdy University, Ten^ 
nessee, December 12th. The bereaved family 
have the heartfelt sympathy of their many fnend. 
and acquaintances in Central Illinois. 

-The full page advertisement of Fit/william 
& Sons, in this issue, simply means that they 
have a large supply of the best goods m then 
line ".nd they mean to let the people know that 
they can be had cheap for cash. (We mean the 
goods, not the men. ) Call and see them. 

-Look out for R. S. Green's advertisement 
next month. He has already in stock new .tyles 
of fine dress and business hats, made expressly 
for his trade, bv the best Philadelphia makers. 
The spring stvle silk hat is ready, and all inter- 
ested Should call and see him at his sto,-e 
No. 104 W. Washington street, sign of Golden 
Hat. 

—Married, at Jacksonville, on the 23d of De- 
cember, 1873, Rev. W. H. DeMotte A. M. 
President of the Illinois Female College, and 
Miss Anna Graves, Teacher of Music in the same 
Institution. We wish the happy couple a long, 
prosperous and companional)le voyage on the 
matrimonial sea. 

—One of the boys writing from Memphis, 
Tenn., says of the JOURNAL, "Its monthly visits 
have been missed "by me for some time, and I 
assure you that the late January number dropped 
into my office like an old school campanion. Al- 
ways be sure and send it to me, for it is about 
the onlv means I have of hearing from my Alma 
Mater, and anvthing belonging to, or concerning 
the old University is of great interest to me. 

—They will have it! Hear what another 
one says, "My Alumni Journal has never 
made its appearance since I came to this place ; 
I miss it ever so much, and can more than ever 
appreciate its value, now that I am some distance 



away. I have had no college news since I came 
here, and I assure you if some newsboy were to 
call out on the street, 'Here's your Alumni 
Journal,' he would find one ready purchaser at 
anv reasonable i^rice. Send it along, and I will 
send you my subscription and the money soon for 
next year." So we send it along 10 make glad 
another heart— and only wish we had a thousand 
more who would welcome the same panacea for 
their ills. 

We take pleasure, this month, in introduc- 
ing to our friends and patrons, H. C. Davis, 
agent of the Singer Sewing Machine. On our 
outside page will be found his advertisement 
which we leave to speak for itself. Having tried 
the Singer Machine for years, we can heartily 
lecomniend it as one of the best. Persons who 
may wish a first-class machine, and who may 
want to purchase of an accommodating agent, 
should call at once, at No. 404 N. Main street, 
Piloomington, Ills. 

—The attendance at the University the present 
term is most gratifying. The work moves on 
smoothly and harmoniously, and all feel that the 
prospects were never moie encouraging. The 
number in attendance exceeds that of any pre- 
vious Winter Term, and the various departments 
were never more thoroughly organized, and ac- 
complishing more satisfactory work than now. 
With a clear conscience and no want of zeal, we 
can recommend to the young men and women of 
our Stale, who desire thorough cuUure, the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University. 

—The fourth lecture of the Law Course de- 
livered by J. H. Rowell, Esq., on Thursday, Dec. 
4th, upon "The Study of Law as a Science," 
was a masterly production, and was received with 
universal satisfaction and applause by the audi- 
ence. The speaker maintained that the study of 
the law should constitute a part of the regular 
college curriculum. The authorities of the Uni- 
versity have already recognized this fact, and 
consequently have introduced as a part of the 
collegiate work the fundamental principles of 
constitutional and international law. 

—We feel grateful for the many words of good 
cheer and, even compliments, which our friends 
have bestowed upon the Journal m its new 
dress, and we shall do all we can to make it fu ly 
merit the high position assigned it among the lit- 
erary publications of the West. Though it has 
been considerablv enlarged, thus materially in- 
creasing the cost of publication, the price re- 
mains the same. We trust our former friends and 
patrons will renew their subscriptions at once, and 
induce as many others as they can to "go and do 

likewise." " 

Subscription price, $1 per annum. Single copy, 

ID cents. 



48 



Book Table. 



[Feb., 



— We are glad to have the opportunity of again 
placing before our readers the card of J. M. 
Long, grocer, No. 508 X. Main street. By ex- 
amining our fourth page of cover the reader will 
learn something which every head of a family 
ought to know. 

— Zion's Herald says President P'allows, of the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, dedicated the new 
Methodist Church at Roslindale, Boston. Jan- 
uary 16. Bishop Wiley and the prominent Meth- 
odist clergy of the city were in attendance. The 
sermon of Dr. Fallows is spoken of in terms of 
very high commendation. 

This recognition of the growing importance of 
the center by our friends on the borders we duly 
appreciate, and count it more than a straw to 
show in what direction the current of thought is 
now turning. For one, whose interests and edu- 
cation are thoroughly Western, to be called upon 
to officiate in the presence of the dignitaries, 
clerical and professional, of the so-called Athens 
of the Union, is a significant sign of the times. 



— As an inducement to our friends to aid in 
securing subscribers for the Journ.\l, we are of- 
fering as a premium for clubs of ten, any one of 
the superb chromos, -'Mt. Blanc," "Monongahela 
Valley," "Riverside Cottage," "Brauenfeltz." 
These chromos are mounted on stretchers, and are 
fully equal in quality of work and design to many 
which are sold at prices varying from S5 to J 10. A 
little effort on the part of a few of our friends will 
give us a large increase on our subscription rolls, 
and at the same time secure to those making the 
effort a magnificent prize. We also give a beau- 
tiful Flower Piece chromo, 15^ by 21 inches, 
for clubs of five subscribers. Those who are 
working for premiums need not wait to secure all 
the subscriptions before sending. If they will 
notify us of the fact when names are sent they 
will be placed to their credit, and the premium 
sent when the clul) is full. To secure a premium 
the money must in all cases accompany the sub- 
scription. 

Send in your lists at once, we want to secure 
at least 1,000 more subscriptions for 1874. 



V 



OUR BOOK TABLE. 



NEW MUSIC: 

The following pieces of sheet music, from the 
the popular music house of Geo. F. Root & Sons, 
have reached our table: 

"I know a Maiden fair." Song and choru* by 
H.R. Palmer; sprightly, pleasing and not diffi- 
cult. 

"Meet me at the Fountain," Song and chorus, 
by P, P. Bliss; a beautiful and simple melody, 
which will wake responsive echoes, if there is any 
nmsic in the soul. 

"When Earth and Heaven Meet." Song by 
Geo. F. Root ; peculiar and yet attractive. 

"Hear, hear the Shout." Song and chorus, by 
the same author; a rousing farmer's song. Also 
two pleasing instrumental pieces, "Prairie Belle 
Polka," bv F. W. Root, and "Normandy Waltz," 
by C. F. Root. 

Parties wishing any of these pieces can secure 
them by ordering of the nearest dealer, or direct 
of Geo. F. Root & Sons, Chicago, Ills. 

ROPP'S RAPID RECKONER AND COM- 
MERCIAL CALCULATOR. 
A new edition of this convenient and useful 
little book has been placed upon our table. It 
contains, as it claims, a practical and scientific 
system of calculation, noted for simplicity, brev- 
ity and accuracy, and is of especial advantage to 
Inisiness men. By short, simple and accurate 
methods, the same results are reached which the 
more intricate and elaborate methods taught in 
our schools give. Its practical adaptability to 
the wants of the great farming class, to wliom 
the book is respectfully dedicated, will insure it 
a rapid and extensive sale. Like all works from 
the Methodist Book Concern, it is presented to 
the public in a neat and substantial form. Parties 



desiring to obtain copies can be supplied by ad- 
dressing the author, Christian Ropp, Blooming- 
ton, 111. 

A CONDENSED BOTANY, by J. A. Sewall. 

Published by Sherwood & Co., Chicago. 

The publishers have our thanks for this beau- 
tiful little work, placed upon our table. In its 
mechanical execution, especially, it is a little gem. 
It is very seldom that we see a scientific work 
for our schools prepared with such marked suc- 
cess, especially in its illustrations, and it should 
gain for the publishers a large share of patronage. 
It is a little octavo volume, of almost one hun- 
dred pages, largely occupied by the illustrations 
which are taken from nature, by that excellent 
artist, Mrs. ¥. P. Smith, formerly of our city, and 
which serve almost as good a purpose as the 
presence of the ol)jects themselves. Printed, as 
they are, upon tinted paper, they make a very 
beautiful and attractive appearance, and well il- 
lustrate the text. 

The author has aimed to use but few words, 
believing that if concise and exact statements and 
definitions are carefully studied, the subjects 
treated of may be fully understood. With this 
book and the aid of a skillful teacher the pupil 
should become greatly interested in the study of 
forms. From the examination we have been 
able to give the work we would judge it to be 
quite free from errors. We might possibly ques- 
tion as to whether the illustration of the obovate 
leaf on page 23 will convey to the mind of the 
pupil an accurate idea of the form indicated by 
name, yet this is decidedly an exceptional case. 
The suggestions and examples given in the ap- 
pendix are excellent, and teachers will find in 
them valuable assistance. 



T H E 



IlUMNI JlJOURNAL, 



OF THE 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UXIVERSITY. 



Vol IV. 



MARCH, 1874. 



No. 3. 



OUR DICTIONARIES. 



The American people have great reason 
to congratulate themselves in reference to 
lexicography. Two mammoth c^uarto 
volumes, either of which well graces the 
table of the most erudite, have been 
given to the nation b_v two of her devo- 
ted sons ; and after numerous revisions 
these works have reached a degree of per- 
fection which places them in the foremost 
rank as authority in questions pertaining 
to the English language. The question 
is frequently asked "Which do you pre- 
fer ? Webster or Worcester. Which do 
you recommend to students? Which is 
the superior work, as to real merit, as to 
binding, as to definition, as to pictorial 
illustration, as to special or new-coined 
words? Which contains the greatest 
number of words?" and so on almost 
without limitation. And we have given 
these questions some consideration, and 
at cimes have almost summoned sufficient 
courage to attempt a critical comparison, 
with a view of giving the public the ben-, 
efit of the investigation. But why need 
we spend time in such work when others, 
whose facilities for such a comparison are 
far superior to ours, have done this same 
thing, and the results of their labors have 
been placed before the public. True, 
these results are far from being uniformly 



in favor of either book ; they differ wide- 
ly, as to which shall bear the palm, or 
wear the laurel. So, in all probability, 
should we attempt the herculean task 
of a critical comparison, our efforts would 
prove unavailing in effecting even a truce 
in this war of words. Possibly we may 
do well to let these aspirants for superi- 
ority tell their own story in our columns, 
and leave our readers to decide each for 
himself. 

In some circulars which have found 
their way to our desk, the following are 
given as 

REASONS FOR BUYING WORCESTER. 

1. ^tcz.w%t. \l\'~,z.thoroui::;h and accurate 
work, every one of the words and subjects 
contained in it having been independent- 
ly and carefully examined. 

2. Because it is one of the inost com- 
plete and elaborate dictionaries of the 
English language ever published. 

3. Because it gives the correct mode of 
spelling and of pronouncing words, and 
presents, in cases of dispute or of doubt, 
the different methods and opinions of all 
those who have given special attention to 
these subjects. 

4. Because of its accuracy in regard to 
the origin and derivation of words, pre- 



5° 



Oil 7- Dictionai ics. 



[March, 



senting, in cases of uncertainty, the 
opinions of all eminent philologists and 
scholars. 

5. Because of the fullness with which 
the grammatical forms and inflections of 
words are given. 

6. Because its definitions arc complete, • 
accurate, and concise, and are amply sup- 
ported by citations from the best authors, 
both ancient and modern ; not only aptly 
illustrating the significations, but also 
constituting a rich collection of the 
maxims and gems of the language. 

7. Because it contains nearly iioo sep- 
arate articles on synonyms, in which the 
distinctions between more than 500 sy- 
nonymous words are accurately and con- 
cisely stated, and illustrated by short and 
well-chosen examples. 

8. Because it is amp/y illustrated hy ad- 
mirably executed wood-cuts, drawn ex- 
})ressly for the work, and inserted in their 
proper places in the pages. 

9. Because in Natural History, Science 
and Art, it not only includes accurate de- 
scriptions and definitions of objects, 
words, and terms, formerly known or 
used, but also of those recently discover- 
ed, invented, or introduced. 

10. Because, in words of old English, 
in local and provincial words and expres- 
sions, both English and American, in 
phrases, in modern words and significa- 
tions, /// technical and commercial words 
and terms, it is far more complete than 
any previous work. 

11. Because there are numerous notes 
scattered throughout the volume, contain- 
ing rare, valuable, and interesting infor- 
mation on various imi)orlant subjects, as 
well as critical remarks on the orthogra- 
phy, the pronunciation, the etymology, 
the grammatical form and construction, 
and on the peculiar, technical, provincial, 
and American uses of words. 

12. Because it contains copious pro- 
nouncing vocabularies of geographical and 
proper names, both ancient and mod- 
ern, a full collection of phrases and 
quotations from foreign languages, a key 
to the pronunciation of classical and 
Scripture proper names, and a complete 
list of abbreviations used in writing and 
printing. 

13. Because it contains elaborate, in- 
telligible, and practical treatises on the 



origin, formation, and etymology of the 
English language, on orthography, pro- 
nunciation, English grammar, and other 
important subjects. 

14. Because all the subjects included in 
its various departments are treated with 
good faith and strict impartiality towards 
all men and all sects. 

The above would seem to afford con- 
clusive proof of the superiority of Worces- 
ter'sdictionary overall others, should one, 
like a certain German magistrate, insist 
upon hearing but one side of the case 
stated, lest he might be biased in his de- 
cision. But turning to another pile of 
circulars, setting forth the claims of the 
opposition, we find, in substance, the 
following 

REASONS FOR BUYING WEBSTER. 

1. Its vocabuhuy is more complete in 
well authorized words than that of any 
other similar work. 

2. Its definitions are more full, clear, 
and precise. 

3. Its orthography is that on which the 
leading school books of the country are 
based. 

4. Its system of projiunciation is simple 
and intelligible, in accordance with pure 
usage and free from gross errors, or the 
evil of attempting to teach the eye that 
which can only be learned by the ear. 

5. It is the dictionary used by the mass 
of the people, its sales exceeding in num- 
ber those of all other dictionaries com- 
bined. 

6. It contains a greater number of pic- 
torial illustrations than any other similar 
work, and these are executed in superior 
style. 

7. It is superior to all other dictiona- 
ries in its tables of synonyms. 

8. It has by far the more universal en- 
dorsement of educated men. 

9. It is the standard authority in most 
of our institutions of learning. 

10. It is constantly cited and relied 
upon in our courts of justice. 

11. Most of the principal publishing 
houses of the country adopt Webster as 
their standard in orthography. 

12. It is used as the standard authority 
in the Government Printing Office at 
Washington. 

13. Over three hundred thousand sheep 



iS74.] 



FJci/i IVatc/i Factorv. 



have been divested of their skins to furnish 
covering for Webster's Dictionaries. (Pos- 
sibly this ought not to be urged as a rea- 
son for purchasing, as an increased de- 
mand will only multiply the slaughter of 
the innocents ; besides, it may subject the 
work to the imputation of being a ivolf 
in sheep's clothing). 

And we might continue this enumera- 
tion, but we forbear. 

If what is claimed by the advocates of 
Worcester's Dictionary be true, it cer- 
tainly is a very superior work; and /<?//-;-- 



"That there should spring up a brisk 
competition between two rival works, is 
to be expected. And, as a generous rival- 
ry must tend to the improvement of the 
works themselves, so an honorable com- 
petition must tend to increase the sale and 
circulation of both. There is no occa- 
sion for hostility ; much less for a war of 
extermination. It will not do, it is true, 
to have more than one Bible, in a Chris- 
tian country. But in respect to diction- 
aries, there may be greater toleration. 
However desirable may be uniformity, 



teen years of companionship, during whether in matters of faith or of spelling, 
which time its pages have been frequently there always has been, and always will be, 
consulted, only tend to strengthen our diversity in respect to both. To enforce 



conviction as to the truth of what is as- 
serted in its favor. It surely is a very 
superior work and worthy a prominent 
place on the desk of every scholar, or of 
any one who- is striving to become such. 
But if what is claimed by the advocates 
of Webster's Dictionary be true, it also 
must be a very superior work. The 
merest glance at its pages, without a single 
argument, would convince one that this is 
true. We are glad that we can have them 
both to aid us in our labors. They are 
true friends of every earnest student of 



uniformity is impossible. So far as the 
the two dictionaries differ on certain 
doubtful or disputed points, there exist 
corresponding differences of opinion, or 
of taste, in the community, to give a 
basis of friendship for each. And so far 
as each possesses characteristic or peculiar 
excellencies not belonging to the other, 
scholars, and those who have the most 
occasion to use a dictionary, will, ac- 
cording to their wants, be inclined to 
become possessors of both. The country 
is broad enough, and the wants of the 



our language, and as such we highly prize community urgent and various enough. 



them. They have their peculiar traits, 
their separate points of excellence and 
superiority, and we think we speak ad- 
visedly when we say ''Worcester for Or- 
thography and Pronunciation ; Webster 
for Definition and Illustration." We 
heartilv endorse the following from tlie 



to tolerate, if not to welcome, the two. 
Let there be, then, no quarrel between 
them. The man is well enough off, per- 
haps, who possesses either; and he is to 
be congratulated who is able to own 
both." '" 



jVeui Englandtr . 



THE LIBRARY 

OF THE 

mUMMilir JIE HUifil 



ELGIN WATCH FACTORY. 



Our visit to the Elgin Watch Factory 
reminded us of time that was and is and 
is not , for while we are registering it, it 
has gone, never to return. 

It was a happy thought of some inven- 
ventive genius to make a water wheel 
register the flight of time. History says, 
'•'a little vvheel was introduced, on which 
the water fell drop by drop, turning it. 



and thus communicating motion to hands 
upon a dial." It may be that we shall 
yet call upon the tides and waves of old 
Neptune, the currents of rivers and the 
steam-power, with all the regulating gov- 
ernors, to mark what springs, weights 
and pendulums are now doing. In the 
meantime, we must be content to take the 
"train of wheels" attached to coiled 



Elgin Watch 



'factory. 



[March, 



springs moving a compensation balance, 
laving aside the "old barrel and fusee." 
and depend more upon the performance 
of the timepiece, from fine pivots and 
good jeweling, than larger and coarser 
machinery. On a certain "blue Mon- 
day," a friend with me captured a domi- 
nie and suggested a trip to Elgin. Of 
course this included a trip to our wonder- 
ful Elgin National Watch Factory, which 
is beautifully situated on the banks of the 
Fox River. Though not a stranger, we 
must have the necessary pass and the fore- 
man of each room to guide us tlirongh 
his ward. 

We met here our friend Moyon, who 
has worked on "escape pinions" so long 
that what there is in this e.Kact science he 
seems to know. He showed us a mi- 



cate steel pinions. And thi§ good na- 
tured man, who meets us with such a 
pleasant smile, has worked up more pre- 
cious stones than adorn the state robes 
in the Kremlin at Moscow. Ruby, sap- 
phire, Spanish topaz, garnet, chrysolite 
and aqea-marine are among those gener- 
ally used. Here it must be emphatically 
"diamond cut diamond," though, I be- 
lieve, no process has yet been discovered 
by which diamonds proper can be worked 
to advantage into jewels. The process, 
as we learned was thus : A rough stone, 
perhaps as large as a pea, is fastened 
upon a metallic ])late with quick cement, 
and then applied to a gang of circular 
saws, made of tin and diamond dust. 
Quickly they are cut into slabs or rather 
boards. These are cemented again to 




ELGIN WATCH FACTORY, 



croscopic piece of steel and said "This 
is a lady's escape pinion." In a mo- 
ment the dominie by our side quaintly 
remarked that he had heard of a lady's 
escaped opinion more ponderous than 
this little point of steel. We have bot- 
tled the delicate treasure fthe steel one 
we mean) and put it among the seven 
wonders of our home. But it is a real 
curiosity. Under the microscope it 
shows a barrel, seven distinct bevels, the 
two pinions and a polish of silvery bright- 
ness. A few minutes before it was a 
piece of steel wire. 

We find Mr. Adams, who seems to un- 
derstand all about fitting jewels to deli- 



other disks, ground to a thickness and 
polished on both sides, then taken back 
again and sawed into little pieces resem- 
bling fine shoe pegs, after which they go 
to the lathe . for turning. Diamond 
pointed chisels of the most delicate pat- 
tern are used. It is a little painful to a 
nervous person to hear that sharp scream, 
as you come near where the forces are at 
work, but that work must be done, and 
we w^atch a garnet peg spinning around 
so rapidly that it seems to be perfectly 
still ; and we see the diamond chisel cut- 
ting away until by and by a little flake 
falls off, about the size, though somewhat 
thicker, than the scale of a minnow. 



I874-] 



Elgin Watch Factory. 



3J 



These are carried to a room below, and 
as we enter we hear the same sound, 
though much finer now. 

Workmen are here drilling capillary 
holes through these jewels, and with steel 
wires charged with diamond dust they 
polish these holes, the jewel revolving 
one way and the wire the other, at the 
rate of 15,000 revolutions per minute. 
Passing through another process, the rim 
of the jewel is covered by a setting of 
brass, worked by a machine of remarka- 
l)le mechanism. Next the jewels must 
be assorted and registered according to 
the size of the hole, and this must be de- 
termined according to the ten thousandth 
part of an inch. Along tapering needle 
picks up the jewel, which runs down 
until it stops on the larger part, then a 
register is applied, which will measure 
the thirty thousandth part of an inch, 
and determine the size of the needle and 
the hole at the same instant. The jewel 
is now ready for the pivot. No wonder 
the Cornelia of old thought much of her 
jewels, if they were as highly wrought as 
those we have tried to describe. But 
what labor it takes to finish these ready 
for their settings. One man worked all 
day on a few specks which might easily 
be placed on a small pearl button. 

From these rooms we go to the balance 
department. The expansion balance con- 
sists of a rim of equal parts of brass and 
steel, whose different expansive properties 
correct each other. Thirty different ma- 
chines are re(]uired to make these, the 
smallest one making the fine golden screws 
for the rim of the balance. Had we time 
we would walk with you through the 
spring room and see steel "piit up on its 
metal" as nowhere else in the world. 
The correctness of those quivering beats 
in the heart of a watch, depend upon the 
powers here generated. The rolling, cut- 
ting, tempering and polishing process, all 
must be done with the greatest exactness. 
Before we leave these five hundred work- 
men we must see the most wonderful of 
all things, "those tiny screws." Here, 
indeed, we find the renowned region of 
the fairies, and things more marvelous 
than the reported cases of "witchcraft" 
at which the "blue laws of old Connecti- 
cut" were hurled. "Puck may put a gir- 
dle around the world in forty minutes," 



but these machines will cut a perfect 
screw in one second, so fine that it would 
take five hundred threads to make an inch. 
"To kick the beam" of a pound weight 
it takes one hundred and forty-four thou- 
sand of these microscopic screws. One 
pound of these delicate twisters is actu- 
ally worth six pounds of gold. 

From here we go into the dial room 
and find a score of busy people ruling, 
marking, mixing a sort of paste, and 
watching the last process. We are con- 
ducted to a little side room and find, 
after the door is closed, that the temper- 
ature is nearly to a burning point. Of 
course this is too near the regions of 
Pluto, which we have been told to shun ; 
and so, with a hasty glance at those 
glowing furnaces we pronounce it very 
nice and gladly retire. The superin- 
tendent of this department has attained 
remarkable success. Look at the dial 
plate of a "Lady Elgin Watch" and im- 
agine, if you can, the skill requisite to 
form by hand those fine lines and letters, 
with brushes so small that they resemble 
needle points. Not only in the works 
of these watches, but on the hands and 
dial plate great skill is shown, and no 
poor work is allowed to pass. Before 
leaving the factory the entire make up 
is put through a crucial test, under a va- 
ried temperature, from a bake oven to 
that of an iceberg. Here comes the ad- 
vantage of the compensation balance, 
and the measured beat of 18,000 strokes 
per hour, in the B. W. Raymond move- 
ment, shows it is a "fast train" well "ad- 
justed," and "warranted" not to run ofl" 
with time, off from abridge, or "ditch" 
a train for a conductor. 

There is a great piece of folly in sup- 
posing that foreign high-priced watches 
are the best time-keepers. An English 
Frodsham, costing $400 in gold, or 
L'Brequet, a French watch, made for 
aristocratic families of wealth, and cost- 
ing 400 francs each, or a Jules Jurgen- 
sen, selling in the United States for $400 
in gold, have all been tested by the 
American watches and our superiority 
over them all, decided. And the watches 
made in this country cost only about one- 
fourth the price of those named.' — Young 
Fo/ks Rural. 



Eiliication. 



[March, 



EDUCATION. 



KEV. I. 



MONTGOMERY. 



'1'hk importance of a right develop- 
ment of man's mind and heart appears 
more prominently from a religious stand- 
point, perhaps, than from any other. 

One of the greatest obstacles, if not 
the greatest altogether, in the way of the 
Gospel's influence is ignorance, — ignor- 
ance in the form of superstition and big- 
otry. — ignorance in self-conceit — ignor- 
ance of God, of the Bible, and of our- 
selves. Hence the importance of a 
wholesome education — an education that 
draws out in symmetrical proportions 
both the powers of the mind and the af- 
fections of the soul. 

No class of men have seen and felt the 
necessity of a "wholesome education" 
more than "itinerant preachers'' who 
have been thrown into all classes and 
conditions of society — and have seen the 
sad condition where ignorance predomi- 
nates ; as well as the beauty, refinement, 
and much desired advantages, where our 
people are educated. And this accounts 
for the fact that preachers are the fast 
friends of schools and colleges. 

Much is being said in private circles, 
and written in weekly journals about the 
growth and prosperity of the church. 
Numbers and figures are piled up, and 
we shout and rejoice because of this won- 
derful advancement in church affairs. 
But what about our educational facilities ? 
He who holds this pen can look back over 
nearly half a century and see the growth 
and onward march of education in our 
country. 

When I was a boy a very common 
practice prevailed in families of no- 
ticing or marking the growth of the chil- 
dren. We stood up somewhere about 
the house and our height was marked ; 
children would grow from one and a half 
to two, or perhaps, nearly three inches a 
year. Precisely in this way we look 
at our educational growth. By com- 
paring our present condition with years 
gone by, that growth becomes apparent. 
There are three points of comparison, 
the school house, the teachers, and the 
books. 

The cabin, or hewed-log school-house, 



and backless seats of forty years ago, 
taking the country generally, have given 
way to splendid school edifices. Could 
a score of those old school houses be 
brought and placed around one of our 
colleges, or city ward school houses even, 
the contrast would be so striking that one 
might exclaim, "beautiful for situation," 
grand and magnificent in adaptation I 

Teachers may be looked at. Formerly 
teaching was not a regular business, as 
now. No one claimed to bean "edu- 
cator." A few were educated up to the 
then advantages, but many were not. 

Two or three things were essential to a 
teacher. A sharp pen knife with which 
to make and mend all the pens, a dic- 
tionary to know how to pronounce all 
the words, and a good "hickory," as it 
was then called. We say "switch," but 
it vvas mostly longer 2iX\di Ingger, to use old 
style language, than a switch. This last 
article gave the coats a good dusting 
quite frequently, when they were not re- 
quired to be taken off for the purpose of 
making the boy more lively, — whether 
out of respect to the coat or student I 
leave the reader to supply. 

Mr. Lewis, Superintendent of Com- 
mon Schools in Ohio, some thirty-five 
years ago, in a speech before one of the 
sessions of the Pittsburgh Conference, 
told us, among other things, that he in- 
quired of a teacher: "Do you teach 
grammar and geography in your school ?" 
"No," said the teacher, "we don't teach 
any of the classics ^ 

The books. They were few then, 
many now. A spelling book — one reader 
— one arithmetic — Murray's grammar, as 
hard as the "nether millstone" — and a 
small copy of Walker's dictionary formed 
the school books forty-five or fifty years 
ago ; now our books are without number. 

If our young people do not make fine 
scholars now, with the advantages they 
have, it will certainly be their own fault, 
unless some good "Educator," who sees 
their movements more closely than I can, 
concludes that too much dust remains in 
their coats. 



i874,] 



Necj-olflgy for 1873. 



55 



THE LAND OF BOOKS. 

J. B. T. 

The land of books is not to me 

A land of the silent dead, 
Whose volumes are their epitaphs 

To tell what once they said. 

Hut 'tis a land whence voices come 

From spirits bright and high 
Who have found in drafts of Helicon 

An immortality. 

'Tis the better land of genius, 
Where thy life's span prolong, 

There the sages still their wisdom speak ; 
There the poet sings his song. 

What scenes of living beauty there. 

With rapturous eyes I see I 
What sweet-voiced spirits come and go, 

Scatt'ring thought-flowers o'er the lea! 

And this paradise of letters has 

Not one forliidden tree. 
No guardian stands with flaming sworri ; 

Its golden fruits are free. 

'Tis a land of fruits and springing flowers, 

How beauteous to see ! 
"Tis a land of voice, and song, and lifc^ 

This land of books — to me. 



NECROLOGY FOR 1873. 



Thf: following interesting review of 
1873 i^ taken from a sermon, delivered 
Dec. 28, 1873, ^^y Rev. D. L. Leonard, 
of the Congregational Church, Normal, 
Ills. : 

"The mortality among men known to 
fame has been unusually great. The stage 
has lost its Macready, its Davenport, and 
Laura Keene. Lovers of art lament the 
departure out of life of three favorites, 
Kensett ; Landseer, whose dogs and deer 
are seen in almost every house; and Hiram 
Powers, second to no sculptor of this 
generation. Five, who mingled in the 
clash of arms, have gone where the sound 
of war is never heard ; McCook, falling 
by the hand of an assassin \ Can by, a 
Christian fighter, like Havelock, a victim 



of Modoc treachery; Delafield, for twelve 
years a Superintendent at West Point ; 
Hardee, of 'Tactics' fame ; and Admiral 
Winslow, whose guns ended the career of 
the Alabama. Philosophy has lost one, 
but he a master in that realm, — John 
Stuart Mill ; an intellectual giant, a writer 
most vigorous and profoimd in criticism, 
in logic, social science, political economy 
and mental philosophy. In the ranks of 
physical science serious gaps have been 
made. Capt. Hall died away up among 
the icebergs. How sad the circumstances 
of his death, and how almost incredible 
the story of the escape of his companions! 
Col. Foster, geologist and ethologist, 
author of 'The Mississippi Valley* and 
'Pre-Historic Races of the United States,' 



56 



Necrologv for 1S7- 



[Marrh, 



Lieut. Maury, best known by his book, 
"Physical Geography of the Sea;" Prof. 
John Torrey, of Cohniibia College ; 
Prof. Coffin, chief authority on the laws 
of winds ; Donati, discoverer of the fa- 
mous comet of 1859 ; Baron Liebig, pos- 
sessed of a remarkable genius for chem- 
istry. Another name suggests how great 
a loss to the world ; — .-^gassiz, so widely 
admired and loved, who added so much 
to the stock of human knowledge, the 
scientific father of .such a troop of young 
men, and taken away from the beginning 
of two important projects. Cassidy has 
left the office* of the Albany Ari;;us, and 
Joshua Leavitt of the Indcpenderit. Seven 
others have laid down their pens forever : 
Caroline Cheseborough, Lewis Gaylord 
Clark, Louisa Muhlbach, Thierry and Gi- 
rardin, French historians, and Von Rau- 
mer, German historian, and Edward 
Bulwer Lytton. 

These men from the political sphere 
have had the last of honor and office : 
the Emperor of Morocco ; King John of 
Saxony ; Abd El Kader ; and Napoleon 
III, who, though dying without throne or 
country, had been for years more talked 
about and feared than any other sover- 
eign ; Ratazzi, the Italian patriot ; and 
Rochefort, French editor and agitator, 



caught among the Communists and sen- 
tenced to perpetual banishment in New 
Caledonia. At home, Orr has been 
taken, and Meredith, and Mallory, 
Confederate Secretary of the Navy; 
James Brooks and Oakes Ames ; Yates, 
our efficient War Governor and Senator, 
generous, public sjjirited, but dying a 
wreck, a dishonored victim of strong 
drink; John P. Hale, an anti-slavery 
standard-bearer; Nelson, of the Supreme 
Court, a model judge ; and Salmon Port- 
land Chase, among the ablest and purest 
of our Treasury, organized victory as ef- 
fectually as Lincoln, or Stanton or Grant, 
by furnishing in abundance the sinews 
of war. 

The church has been sa^y bereaved. 
Two shining lights have gone out in 
Scotlancl, Guthrie and Candish, both 
eminent for scholarship, pulpit talents, 
piety and good works. England has lost 
her Baptist Noel, and Samuel Wilber- 
force, Bishop of Winchester. In our 
land two bishops have been laid to rest, — 
Armitage, of Wisconsin, and Mcllvaine, 
of Ohio ; as also these four veterans in 
Christ's army, Chancellor Ferris, Dr. 
Todd of Pittsfield, Dr. Storrs of Brain- 
tree, and Gardiner Spring. What a har- 
vest the King of Shadows has gathered. 



Must I then forward only look for death ? 
Backward I turn mine eye, and find him there : 
Man is a self-survivor every year. 
Man, like a stream, is in perpetual flow. 
Death's a destroyer of quotidian prey. 
My youth, my noon-tide his ; my yesterday, 
The bold invader shares the present hour. 
Each moment on the former shuts the grave. 
While man is growing, life is in decrease ; 
And cradles rock us nearer to the tomb. 
Our birth is nothing but our death begun ; 
As tapers waste, that instant they take fire. 
Shall we then fear, lest that should come to pass, 
Which comes to pass each moment of our lives ? 
If fear we must, let that death turn us pale, 
Which mufders strength and ardor; what remains 
Should rather call on death, than dread his call. 

Youtig's Ni^ht Thoughts. 



1.S74.] 



Opporfiiiiiiics for Ejjoii. 



57 



MUNSELLIAN SOCIETY DEPARTMENT 



^V. S. MARQUIS, Editor. 



OPPORTUNITIES FOR EFFORT. 



.M. \. CRUMIJAKEK. 



^VHE^ (io(l created man and sent him 
forth, the crowning work of creation, 
endoMed with facilities many and dis- 
similar, which are capable of beipg de- 
veloped to an indefinite extent, He sent 
him forth to labor, recognizing the fact 
that in effort man attains his true nobili- 
ty. And to afford opportvmities for 
effort. He spread out before him the 
universe — boundless in extent, rich in 
diversity, exhaustless in resources — which 
invites man to enter, and from its rich 
mines to gather truths which shall sparkle 
as gems in the eternal coronet of pro- 
gress. Many are the gems which have 
been collected by the true nobility of 
earth ; who, improving the opportunities 
which they have enjoyed, have dared, 
through effort, to assert their dominion 
over the works of creation. These shine 
forth through the gloom and darkness 
which would otherwise surround us, like 
stars from a cloudless sky, illuminating 
our pathway and beckoning us on to 
effort and success ; for every principle 
discovered, every work accomplished is 
a key to admit us to realms yet unex- 
plored, and thus affords new opportuni- 
ties for effort. 

We gaze upon the great results which 
have been accomplished, in the various 
departments of science, art, literature, 
and religion, and we cannot but admire 
the great minds and noble hearts bv 
whose efforts they have been accom- 
plished. But admire them as we may, 
on account of application and genius, 
we must ever look upon their works as 
the exj)ression of the opportunities which 
they have employed and improved. Great 
have been their opportunities ; great are 
the works which they have accomplished. 
Let us then, as we admire these works of 
—8 



goodness and greatness, standing in the 
light of advancing civilization, ask what 
are our opportunities? 

As we look around us, preparatory to 
answering this question, we see spread 
out before us the field for effort almost 
untouched. 

In every de])artment where excellency 
has been gained by our predecessors, od- 
portunities many and great present them- 
selves to us. 

Have others enjoyed great advantages 
as statesmen, by means of which they 
have been enabled to inscribe their names 
on the scroll of Fame ? Never before 
have there existed such opportunities for 
effort in this direction as are held forth 
in our own country. With such a diver- 
sity of climate, which tends to produce 
diversity of tastes and manners; with 
such a conglomeration of citizens ; with 
the complicated relations and dissimilar 
interests which exist between the difter- 
ent departments of industry, the subject 
of legislation becomes one of such im- 
portance as to call forth genius of the 
highest order. 

Was the ancient orator, such as Demos- 
thenes, called upon to hurl his thunder- 
bolts of eloquence, charged with anathe- 
mas and curses, against the evils and 
corruptions of his age ? Behold evil, in 
its multitudinous forms, stalks forth un- 
der the broad sunlight of heaven, carry- 
ing ruin in its path ; and corruption, 
that huge monster of destruction, comes 
forth robed in the habiliments of royaltv. 
and, climbing to the highest positions in 
society, sits enthroned, a god. His devo- 
tees are numbered by thousands, who, in 
obedience to the mandates of their deity, 
hold their bacchanalian revelries around 
the mangled body of virtue and truth, 



58 



Siliiit Cifi 



('i . 



[March, 



while liiimanity, with pleading tongue and 
streaming eyes, calls upon those whose 
tongues have been touched with the fire 
of eloc^uence, to speak forth in her be- 
half. 

Have you the power of orator)' ? Then 
in the name of God and humanity, lift 
u]) your voice, and with burning words 
arouse the people from their lethargy, 
that they may see the danger, and, with 
united effort, may hurl this mighty mon- 
ster from his throne, ere he brings upon 
us ruin and destruction. 

Philosophy, which has engaged the 
great minds of the age, has depths which 
the plummet line of thought has never 
fathomed ; heights which the loftiest 
flight of cultured imagination has never 
reached ; mysteries which the most care- 
ful observations and experiments have 
never explained ; errors which the most 
thorough investigations have never de- 
tected. 

Astronomy, with its limitless expanse, 
illuminated with blazing orbs, fossilized 
thoughts of divinity, invites us to enter 
its unexplored fields, and there read, in 
lines of living light, the glories of the 
Creator. 

Christianity, best boon to mortals 
given, calls for men of true hearts and 
ready hands, who, with culture broad 



and deep, shall be able to meet infidelity, 
with the allied powers of darkness, upon 
her own chosen field, and there, with 
arms of divine forging, win victories for 
(lod and the right. 

But why enumerate instances ? 'i'he 
whole universe is teeming with opportu- 
nities'; the earth, with its undeveloped 
resources, bids us work ; the air, as it 
kindly consents to do the work which 
was once man's drudgerv. as it rises in 
its might and sweeps across our praries, 
reveals powers which are yet to be sub- 
dued and utilized by the imperial mind 
of man. Old Ocean speaks to us of op- 
portunities, in accents unmistakable, 
when, lashed into a rage by the strong 
arm of Boreas, he rushes with foam -cap- 
ped wave over the frail foundering bark 
of mail's imperfect construction. 

God, speaking to us through his word 
and by his spirit, bids us, through our 
works, honor Him. 

And shall we, who enjoy opportunities 
so propitious — the great results of the 
past lifting us up where we may look out 
into the future — shall we fold our arms 
and complain of the hardship of our lot ? 
No, but in the strength of our manhood, 
with the divine approbation upon our 
efforts, let us go forward to vigorous, 
manly action. 



SILENT CITIES, 



lOSIE HALL. 



Well has it been remarked, that "if 
speech and sound are but the voice of 
longing, so is silence, rightly understood, 
the voice of wailing." How true this is 
when the silence is that of a citv where 
desolation holds her dreary court. 

" Where tower, and hall, and citadel, 
And lofty roof, and barrier gate, 
And tower and turret bow to fate." 

What sad thoughts come stealing 
through the mind of the traveler as he 
wanders through a deserted city, and 
marks the towers of strength, now 
crumbled dust ; the halls of mirth, now 
wasted ruins. W'hat does this sdence 



say to him ? Where are the busy people, 
that once filled these streets with life and 
activity? Where are the massive walls, 
the marble domes, the beautiful temples 
graced by wealth and genius ? What has 
wrought this desolation ? Ah, he needs 
not to be told the destroyer's name. The 
tyrant, Time, speaks to us : 

" Give one glance o'er the tombs around yc, 
Mountains of ruin piled by me, alone : 
I did it; — I smote yesterday, — to-morrow 
I await to smite your cities, — you : go bonow 
Safety and strength, — they ■ shall avail you 
naught 1" 

Are his boasts in vain ? ^\'e have 



IS74-] 



S/7(-/if Cities 



59 



abundant proof to the contrary. He laid 
his hand on Egypt, and she passed into 
the tomb of nations, leaving splendid 
monuments to attest the grandeur of her 
civilization. Egypt now lives in the 
past. Ex])loration's persevering hand has 
brought to light many ancient cities, 
once buried beneath the arid sands of the 
desert. And what lessons these ruins 
teach us ! Many of the arts practiced by 
us, considered as modern, we find were 
known to these ancients. We discover 
that this country once possessed thousands 
of miles of canal. "A device of a railroad 
for the movement of a battering ram in 
attacking a city is seen upon a slab found 
in the ruins of Ninevah, a city buried 
about 510 B. C." Thesame writer says : 
"Railroads were quite common in military 
operations. Among the ruins of Nine- 
vah the elements of a printing press 
have also been found, showing that this 
art was known and lost." Then the an- 
cients possessed a knowledge of many 
things unknown to us — the art of em- 
balming, dyeing, and painting, and mov- 
ing heavy bodies of stone. In Egypt 
paintings still exist in all their beauty, 
having survived two or three thousand 
years. Yet this nation, that once ex- 
celled us, disappeared at the command 
of Time. Neither do her cities stand 
alone ; the most complete destruction has 
overtaken Babylon, of whose walls, four- 
teen miles along each face, three hun- 
dred and fifty feet high, and eighty-seven 
feet thick, no trace is left. 

Passing on rapidly, we will notice the 
dreadful fate of Pompeii, when Vesuvius, 
which had threatened so long, burst all 
bonds, and one mighty river of red 
hot lava poured down its steep sides, 
covering the unhappy city with a mass of 
molten rock and ashes twenty feet deep. 
Seventeen hundred years after this sad 
burial the black pall of lava was lifted, 
and we have all heard of the wonders the 
excavators brought to light. Other cities 
were destroyed at or about the same 
time, and in the same manner, but it is 
needless to mention them, their sad fate 
is known. And Rome, Athens, Car- 
thage — where are they ? 

" Spoiled heritage, successive prey, 
As new nations press their onward way. 
The passing waves, that bathed their towers. 
Now niin-niin- hv tlieir irrnves. 



Of their ancient grandeur all is pasi 

That seemed eternal, franiefl to last. 

Where the capilol raised its brow 

\'oii gaze on desert glades; 

Drambles grow o'er the crushetl arcades; 

livery where you read the nothingness of human 

pride. 
Why dost thou build thy halls, son of the winged 

days ? 
Thou lookest from thy tower to-day ; 
Yet a few years and the blast of the desert comes; 
It howls in thy empty courts." 

One more silent city we will notice. 
As you pass along its wide avenues, lofty 
strtictures rise on every side. The bur- 
nished door-plates bear 

" Prt)ud names who once the reins of empire 

held; 
In wars who triumphed, or in arts excelled ; 
Chiefs, graced with scars and prodigal of blood ; 
Just men, Ijy whom impartial laws were given; 
And saints who taught and led the way to 

heaven." 

Beside these are the dwellings of earth's 
humble ones. Eor in this mysterious 
city no distinction is made. The birds 
sing as sweetly, the flowers bloom as 
brightly by the dwellings of one as of 
another. You cannot call this a deserted 
city. Carriages are constantly passing 
up and down the broad road that leads 
through its center. The footpath, over 
which the branches droop so lovingly, is 
often crowded with persons visiting here. 
And yet what silence pervades through- 
out its every part ? F2ach tread is muf- 
tied ; all tones are hushed. Observe, 
also, that every countenance bears the 
impress of sorrow. The mystery is solved; 
you are in the silent city of the dead. 
This is the last great resting place of 
earth ; the "threshold of eternity." 

Now to you the brook is chanting a 
mournful dirge ; the bird's song seems a 
plaintive cry of distress — 

"And each floral bell tolls its jjerfume on the 
passing air." 

Even the gently waving grass seems 
something sacred. Oh, does not this 
silent city speak with a voice of wailing ; 
and does riot love respond to the mute 
appeal ? Oh, yes ! here is weeping and 
mourning. Soine, in the anguish of their 
spirit, receive no consolation ; others 
find sweet peace. They know that Death 
has triumphed over Life ; that their lovetl 
ones have gone from them forever. But 
thev see another conflict. Death shall 



6o 



/;/•///- // 'ooj. 



[iVlar<h, 



be banished 'mid his own gloom ; their 
spirits will come in gladness to put on 
the robes of immortality. Alas for those 
who have no enduring hope ; no love 
higher and holier than that of earth ; for 
on the distant shores of Time these slum- 
bering waves shall again awake. Beyond 



that mystic vale the thoughts, the words 
and deeds of the present, will again meet 
us. 

'• Dream iiol with death to shiiUle oft the coil ; 
h lakes fresh life, starts atjaiii for further toil , 
And oil it t/oes — forever, ever on." 



DRin^WOOD. 



— A new 
Steal Go's. 



name for raihouds. Iron \: 



— If all men knew wliat others said of 
them, tliere would not l)e four friends in 
tlic world. — Pascal. 

— The President's office, the first room 
to the left as you enter the College, has 
been improved, in comfort and appear- 
ance, by a handsome Brussels carpet. 

Monthly Examinations. — The last 
week of January saw the introduction of 
a wtw feature in the former college rou- 
tine, viz: written monthly examinations. 
The new departure was debated pro and 
con by the students in general. Some, 
we noticed who argued pro at first, 
changed their tune to con after passing 
one or two examinations, although all 
admit that it is just the thing to secure 
efficient work. 

ORifiiN OF Common Quotations. — 

Among the quotations in constant use, 
"Dark as pitch," " Every tub must stand 
on its own bottom," are found in Bun- 
yan ; "By hook or crook," "Through 
tliick and thin," are used by Spenser in 
the •* Eairy Queen ;" •' Smell a rat," is 
employed by Ben. Jonson and Butler in 
" Hudibras:" " Wrong sow by the ear" 
is used by Ben. Jonson; "Turn over a 
new leaf" occurs in Middleton's play, 
" Anything for a Qtnet Life." — Sclcctrd. 

— Muscle as well as brain should have 
a chance to develop, wisely think the 
faculty, and accordingly they have under- 
taken the establishment of a gymnasium 
in the University. At a recent meeting 
of the faculty and students, a committee, 
consisting of Professors Crow and Wil- 



ling, Mi.ss Ross, and Messrs. Cilbreath 
and Heafer, was appointed to carry for- 
ward the work. On Wednesday, the 
17th inst., this committee reported that 
they liad let the contract to remove 
the rubbish, put in doors, and lay floor 
in basement room designated for gymna- 
sium, the work to begin at once. The 
cost of the work, they stated, will be 
;^i5o, and for the proper furnishing of 
the room a similar amount will be re- 
quired. In order to obtain this money, 
each member of the above committee has 
been made a solicitor, with the chairman 
as treasurer, and to this force were added 
the following persons as special solicitors : 
Mrs. Prof. Potter, Mrs. Prof. DeMotte, 
Miss Kate Graves, Mr. A. Y. Morriss. 

arithmetical puzzlf:. 



i 



The figures from i to 16, inclusive, 
may be arranged in the above scjuares in 
such a manner that each horizontal, ver- 
tical and diagonal column will sum uj) 
34. The four figures of the central 
square will ecpial 34, and the four figures 
of each tjuarter of the whole square will 
eciual 34. These are a few- of the methods 
in which 34 mav be reached : there are 
twentv in all. 



:S74.] 



The Offices of tlie Inti'llecf in Religion. 



6 1 



BELLES LEITRES SOCIE'IT DEPARTMEiNT 



ALHERl" WALKLEY, Editor. 



THE OFFICES OF THE INTELLECT IN RELKUON. 



There are those who think it next to 
blasphemy to attempt to strengthen re- 
vealed truth by natural truth. We might, 
however, reply to these by asking them 
to what test they would put the claims o'i 
one who said he was inspired by God ; 
and by quoting to them the passage 
found in Romans I. 20: "For the in- 
visible things of God are clearly seen 
from the creation of the world, being 
understood by the things which are made, 
even his eternal power and God-head." 
Undoubtedly the heart, or the emotional 
part of man, plays an important part in 
our religious experience, but that which 
is grasped by the intellect is the basis 
upon which all is built. 

The belief in the existence of a first 
cause is intuitive, yet it is not grasped by 
all with equal clearness, and it also ad- 
mits of proof. I need say nothing con- 
cerning the first statement, except, that 
man cannot by any act of the imagina- 
tion, conceive for a moment, the non-ex- 
istence of an ultimate cause, be that 
what it may. The second of these state- 
ments all will admit ; for we have only to 
read in order to become acquainted with 
the various ideas men have and had of 
the First Cause. To the red man of 
America he is a good spirit, to the Hin- 
doo he is practically non-existence, eter- 
nal sleep. To one philosopher, the First 
Cause is water, to another air, to an- 
other fire. One endows his First Cause 
with a soul, or with feeling, another with 
intelligence, or thought. Step "by step 
man has climbed the lofty height ; little 
by little he has grasped the idea of one 
all-wise, eternal God. But when he has 
planted his foot firmly upon this height, 
he stands upon a granite rock, and may 
look down in wonder uj^on the dark 



clouds of doubt which roll beneath him. 
When he has firmly grasped this idea, he 
has found a resting place for his mind, a 
([uiet haven, free from the wild waves 
that roll over the outer ocean. We, by 
the aid of reason and revelation, stand 
upon this granite rock and look down in 
wonder upon the stranger notions of the 
ancients and of the present heathen. 
Inch by inch the ground has been con- 
tested, and inch by inch it has been con- 
quered. 

The third statement is, that the ex- 
istence of a First Cause admits of proof. 
We see about us events which demand an 
adequate cause. We exist, the universe 
exists ; neither accounts for the existence 
of the other : there must be some- 
thing back of these, and that must be 
spirit ; for the only two things invested 
with po^^er are matter and spirit, and 
who is wild enough to say that matter is 
the cause of spirit? W'e are endowed 
with intelligence, therefore the one who 
endowed us with it must himself be an 
intelligent being. "l-ndoubtedly the 
ultimate cause transcends in his modes of 
being, all our conceptions of intelligence 
and will, nevertheless the intelligible and 
benificent order of the universe shows 
those modes to be in accordance with our 
idea of intelligence." Man is mind, 
finite. God is mind, infinite. The belief 
then in tlie existence of an infinite, all- 
wise, and eternal God can and must be as- 
sented to by the intellect. This is the 
first office of the intellect. 

If, then, there be a God, without doubt 
there exist certain relations between us 
and him ; and of course the created de- 
pends upon the creator. It then becomes 
us, as his creatures, to acknowledge this 
dependence, and to bend our minds in 



Aliulainr Parepa-Rosa. 



[March, 



adoration of the great eternal One. 



Nor 



can I conceive of any act on the part of 
man more sublime, more noble, more di- 
vine, than that of one kneeling humbl)- 
before his creator, his lips closed. No 
ear hears, no eye sees, not a whisper 
breaks the silence ; but created mind 
talks with uncreated mind, the ••'^^ within 



talks, not by words, but by thought with 
the I AM of the universe. This act 
speaks to me of the divinity of man. 
This, then, is the second office of the in- 
tellect. The third is for it to receive 
communications from its creator, wit- 
nessing that it has been accepted of him. 



MADAME PAREPA-ROSA. 



K-\TE B. ROSS. 



" If you would learn Death's character, attend ; 
All caste of conduct, all degree of health, 
All dies of fortune, and all dates of age, 
Together shook in his impartial urn, 
Come forth at random ; "■■" ■•" ••' - ." 

In the year just passed the Death Angel 
has knocked at the doors of many known 
to fame, and in response, names distin- 
guished in literature, art and science, of 
eminent divines and educators, of men 
known in political circles, of those well 
known in the military and naval profes- 
sion, and of many others — even' the 
names of rovaltv — appear upon the death- 
roll. 

And now, thus early in the new year, 
we are called to mourn the loss of one 
who charmed the world with song. 
Madame Euprosyne Parejja-Rosa was 
born in Edinburg, Scotland, in 1S39. At 
an early age she gave evidence of her 
great talent, which was evidently inher- 
ited from her mother, who was a cele- 
brated singer. Vet it was with difficulty 
that the parents of Parepa were induced 
to allow her to appear on the stage. At 
the age of seventeen she made her debut 
on the operatic stage, in the island of 
Malta, in 1856. From that time she 
took her place as an artiste. She ap- 
peared in England in 1858, and after- 
wards made a tour of Crreat Britain, 
where she was everywhere well received. 
In 1866 she came to America. The con- 
cert company with which she was identi- 
fied, under the management of Mr. Bate- 
man, included Carl Rosa, whom she af- 
terwards married. In widely sejjarated 



quarters of the globe she was universally 
admired and respected — in England, 
Italy and the United States — but in no 
country, perhaps, had she more admirers 
than in our own, where six years of travel 
throughout the principal cities and towns 
won her many warm, personal friends and 
made her name a household word from 
east to west. Her first appearance here 
was in Boston, in September of the year 
in which she arrived, where she at once 
won the praise and admiration of the 
critics. At the first Peace Jubilee, in 
1869, all who heard her were astonished 
at her splendid voice which rose distinct 
above the mighty chorus and the roaring 
of the drums. To Madame Parepa and 
Mr. Carl Rosa we owe the elevation of 
the English Opera to a place higher than 
it had before occupied in this countrv or 
elsewhere. The modern English ballads 
she sang with such power and pathos that 
they deeply moved the hearts of the com- 
mon people who had not yet learned to 
find pleasure in a higher style of music. 
Nature bestowed upon Parepa one of the 
most exquisite voices ever listened to 
upon the stage, and culture carried it to 
as high a degree of perfection as anything 
human could attain. It astonished by 
its power, it thrilled by its sweetness. To 
the long neglected music of Handel she 
turned, and filled with the spirit of the 
grand old master, poured forth the tri- 
umphant strains of "Let the bright Se- 
raphim," and the more lofty ones of 
'■The Messiah" and -'Sampson," with a 



iS74-] 



n. L. S. Editor s Q 



onicr. 



majesty America had never before heard. 
Fame and fortune followed her, but her 
truest glory lies in the fact that she hon- 
ored her profession by elevating and re- 
fining the taste of the people and open- 
ing their minds to new conceptions of 
art. "What Theodore Thomas has done 
with the orchestra she did with the ora- 
torio, the opera, and the ballad." 

The private life of Madame Rosa was 
filled with unaffected goodness and gentle 
deeds, and was that of a true and noble 
woman. It is said that she was so be- 
loved by the members of her company 
that they never wearied watching an op- 
portunity to do the "Madame" a kind- 
ness. She was highly educated, speaking 
and writing several different languages. 
Her union with Carl Rosa is said to have 



been most hapi)y, being one of love on 
both sides. Those who knew her in j)ri- 
vate life loved her, and her attachments 
were strong and lasting. 

She who has stood before vast multi- 
tudes, so ([uiet, so easy, so unaffected, 
while song seemed to flow from her lips 
without an effort and without premedita- 
tion, who never lowered her art to suit 
the tastes of the people, but constantly 
drew them u}) to the appreciation of a 
higher style and charmed and sometimes 
even moved to tears by the absolute per- 
fection of her voice, will never more on 
earth sing, "I know that my Redeemer 
liveth." The melody of that matchle.ss 
voice no longer echoes on the shores of 
Time, for she has gone to join the grand- 
er chorus of the skies. 



B. L. S. EDITOR'S CORNER. 



— It is said that an American artist 
painted a snow-storm so natural that, up- 
on sitting beside it with his coat off, he 
caught cold. 

Prof. — Mr. , which is the more 

acute, the sense of seeing or feeling ? 

Soph. — Well, I cannot say; but yet I 
know my room-mate persists in saying he 
can feci his mustache, but I have never 
seen it. 

— The poem in this department, in 
last month's issue of the Alumni Jour- 
nal, entitled the "Power of Wealth," 
and accredited to Miss Libbie Estes, 
should have been accredited to Miss 
Libbie Lawrence. 

Etymoloc.v of Copenhac;en. — Axel, 
Bishop of London, having constructed a 
fort at an excellent harbor on the east 
side of Zealand, in order to protect mer- 
chant's ships from pirates, settled some 
fishermen in cottages beside it in 1165, 
and called it Klopman's haven, (the mer- 
chant's harbor), which we call Copen-. 
hagen. 

— The Bishop of Litchfield once noticed 



two men talking earnestly over an old 
black pot. He asked one of them what was 
the i-rtatter. He answered that they had 
found said pot, and that the one who 
told the biggest lie was to have it. The 
good bishop spoke to them earnestly con- 
cerning the sin of lying. He said that 
he was so impressed with the sinfulness 
of lying that he never told a lie. They 
both cried out, " Give him the pot !" 

— A curious work was published in 
England in 1811, entitled " Etymologi- 
con Universale," in which the author 
attempts to prove that the word earth, 
under its different meanings, contains the 
fundamental idea of language, and that it 
is formed, from the operations, accidents 
and properties appertaining to earth. We 
will give here a few illustrations. The 
terms bank and bench of earth belong to 
each other, and denote a seat. Thus the 
monied men have their real or imaginary 
property in Ininks, which belong to banks 
of earth ; or in the funds, which belong 
to the fundus, land or ground ; or in the 
stocks, which he says brings us to the 
stuinp or stem of a tree. Lettres, belles- 



64 



B. L. S. Editor s Conur. 



[March, 



Icftrcs, he contends are nothing but liauh- 
ings of dirt. Litenc means letters, which 
he says is the same as litura, a daubing, 
a smearing. It is well for the gentleman 
that he lived some time ago, and not 
near Hloomington in 1874. The Latin 
scribo, and Greek grapho, belong to 
scrape. If a man revolves anything in 
his mind he is only wallowing in the 
dirt, from volvo, to wallow, to roll. Let 
our students in philology decide whether 
he be correct or not. Yet the idea is 
rather ingenious. 

— The fourteenth annual exhibition of 
the Belles Lettres Society will be given 
on the 24th inst., in Amie Chapel. This 
is the annual treat of the Rloomington 
people, if we are to judge by the warm 
ap]jreciation and crowded houses of past 
exhibitions. Such a reputation, built up 
by fourteen years of earnest literary work, 
is not to be thrown away by hasty pre- 
})aration on our part. Recognizing this 
fact, those on duty for that occasion are 
making careful preparation, and no doubt 
will eijual or surpass any previous effort. 
While we do not wish to be considered 
as bowing down entirely to the demansd 
of some to give a programme more pleas- 
ing than profitable, yet we intend to 
make it entertaining as well as instruc- 
tive, and pay good heed to the old proverb 
that "all work and no play makes Jack a 
dull boy." The exercises will consist of 
orations, essay, debate, declamation, a 
paper and the usual variety of good 
music. A cordial invitation is extended 
to our old friends, and as many new ones 
as may desire to spend a pleasant even- 
ing with us. 

— " Lessons in German, English and 
Hungarian, given at moderate rates, by 

L. Kossuth." 

Underneath these words the Frankfort 
Gazt'ttr goes on to speak of Kossuth's 
poverty and loneliness. The article was 
translated for Appleton' s Journal, and 
has been copied by most of our papers. 
But Mr. Louis Rultkny, who says he is a 
cousin of L. Kossuth, writes to the Chi- 
cago Tribune, from Des Moines, Iowa, 
correcting the statement published by 
the Frankfort paper. He says he is in 
frequent communication with Kossuth, 



and adds : " Kossuth does not advertise 
for, or give lessons in, languages, for the 
two best reasons in the world — there is 
no need he should, and he does not feel 
inclined. He is, I am happy to say, very 
far removed from indigence, having 
enough to live upon snugly, comfortably 
and pleasantly." He further says: "Two 
of his sons are living, who are civil engi- 
neers. He is by no means forgotten by 
his country. On the contrary, though 
not in accord with the late accommoda- 
tion between Hungary and Austria, he is 
continually receiving the most gratifying 
and tender tokens of their unchanged 
affection for, and unshaken confidence 
in, him. The whole tenor of the con- 
versation attributed to Kossuth is a pal- 
pable fraud to whoever is at all conver- 
sant with his circumstances, or has any 
real appreciation of his character." 

—The Messrs. G. W. & P. M. Stub- 
blefield, formerly members of this socie- 
ty, started the 9th ult. for France. When 
last heard from they were on board the 
steamer Australia, at New York, bound 
for London, where they expect to remain 
a short time before going to Paris. They 
will return about the first of May. 

— Men are surcharged with power. 
They are not recipients alone. They are 
susceptible of influence. Men give forth 
power, one upon another : and human 
life is an endless scene of giving and re- 
ceiving — of interchanging cerebral influ- 
ence, in thoughts and feelings, and ac- 
tions, which are but the interpretations 
thereof. — Beecher. 

— The patrons of art in Chicago have 
enjoyed a real feast of soul in the recent 
exhibition of Dubufe's great painting en- 
titled "The Prodigal Son." The art 
critics are very positive in their praise of 
this great masterpiece, — and masterpiece 
it is in two respects. The canvass is 
twenty by forty-five feet, probably the 
largest work of the kind in the world, 
and then the painting is a marvel. Du- 
bufe gave twenty years to the work, and 
judging from the popularity of the paint- 
ing, this certainly was well invested 
time. Such w'orks of art are exceeding- 
ly rare. 



1874-] 



Aluiiim louriial Drawer. 



65 



ALUMNI JOURNAL DRAWER. 



The new constitution of Pennsylvania 
permits women to be elected as school 
directors. 



President Bascom, of the University 
of Wisconsin, is in hearty sympathy with 
the co-education movement. 



Such is the marvelous ductility of gold 
that a single ounce of the pure metal may 
be drawn out into a wire thirty-three 



miles in length. 



The Supreme Court of Massachusetts 
has decided that the women elected as 
members of the Boston School Board are 
entitled to their seats. That is an emi- 
nentlv sound decision. 



The university at Melbourne. Austral- 
ia, has been opened to both sexes. The 
mother country must follow the daugh- 
ter's example. Oxford and Cambridge 
will be compelled soon to open their 
doors to women. 



The university reporter of the State 
University of Iowa says : " The address 
of welcome by Hon. R. M. Benjamin to 
the teachers of Illinois, at their late 
meeting in Bloomington, was a scholarly, 
powerful and elaborate effort." 



We are all interested in the late dis- 
patches from the frontiers. It seems that 
a real Indian war is rapidly developing 
in the West. It is reported that some 
fourteen thousand warriors are moving 
from the Big Horn country toward the 
Platte settlements. We entertain' the 
hope that they may be arrested in their 
blood-thirsty and treacherous raid ere 
they perpetrate the outrages and crimes 
the thoughts of which now urge them on 
to this work of slaughter and death. The 
government is taking very active meas- 
ures -to bring these warlike tribes under 
subjection. 



tette club, with the accomplished vocal- 
ist, Mrs. Weston, and the Camilla Urso 
concert company, all stand high in clas- 
sic musical circles. The appearance of 
this latter troupe will long be remem- 
bered by our music-loving citizens on ac- 
count of the wonderful violin solos. 
Mme. Urso is a perfect master of that 
most perfect of instruments. In breadth 
of style, accuracy of intonation, and 
command of the bow, she far surpasses 
all violinists who have appeared in our 
city during this .season. In addition to 
these entertainments we have been fa- 
vored with lectures from the following 
gentlemen of high repute: Rev. New- 
man Hall, "Bret Harte," Rev. J. G. 
Holland, and Benj. F. Taylor. 



We invite the earnest attention of our 
students to the language of President 
Eliot of Harvard University, as given 
in his last annual report, in reference to 
the need of thorough culture. It is as 
follows : 

"Over and over again, men in high 
public station have been making utter 
wrecks of their careers through their 
own dense ignorance of what it behooved 
them to know. In the prime of life, at 
the consummate instant for action, these 
men were found not only to lack the 
knowledge they needed, but to have lost 
all power to acquire or even to compre- 
hend it. For ambitious young men no 
exhortation to lay broad and deep foun- 
dations in youth is so effective as the 
spectacle of promising careers ruined, 
and great opportunities of distinction 
and usefulness lost, mainly for lack of 
thorough education. The greater the 
natural ability of the conspicuous actors 
in such scenes, the more pitiable does it 
seem, that they should fail at fifty for lack 
of the knowledge which they might easily 
have acquired at twenty-five." 



Bloomington has been especially 
favored during the season thus far with 
first-class entertainments. The Theodore 
Thomas concert ; the Mendelssohn Quin- 

—9 



Our State Legislature has passed a bill 
which enables medical students lawfully 
to obtain subjects for dissection. It pro- 
vides that the superintendent of the pen- 
itentiary, wardens of poor houses, cor- 
oners, etc., may deliver to teachers in 



66 



Aliuiiiii Journal Drawer. 



[March, 



medical colleges the remains or body of 
any deceased person under their juris- 
diction, for the purposes of medical and 
surgical study. It is provided, however, 
that the remains shall not have been reg- 
ularly interred, and shall not have been 
desired for interment by any relative or 
friend of the deceased, within forty- eight 
hours after death ; and further that the 
remains of no person known to have re- 
lations or friends shall be delivered for 
such ])urpose without the v/ritten con- 
sent of such relatives or friends. There 
are some other provisions in the bill 
which make it, all in all, eminently proper 
and himiane. We are glad to learn that 
this necessary work may be performed 
now without subjecting those who are re- 
ally laboring in the direct interest of our 
race to the undesirable charge of being 
grave-yard thieves and robbers. 



— Among the advantages offered by in- 
stitutions of learning, there is none of 
more importance and which yields a 
greater degree of culture, and is more ef- 
ficient in preparing students for the ac- 
tive duties of life than the literary socie- 
ty. In this department the student is 
called upon to depart from that course 
which consists in following the line of 
thought or argument which is laid down 
by another, which must of necessity be 
followed in the recitation room, and is 
required to invent or search out argu- 
ments for himself which he must so ex- 
press in language that others may be able 
to comprehend them. 

Here then, the student finds himself in 
a new field, in which faculties hitherto 
latent are called into exercise. A field 
in which he may bring into practical use 
the principles which he has obtained in 
the recitation room. In the recitation 
room he learns the principles of rhetoric, 
logic, &c. In the society he learns to ap- 
ply these principles, and this application 
together with the bringing into action 
his inventive genius is an efficient means 
of mental culture. To this may be ad- 
ded the pleasure to be derived from the 
exercises and associations, the knowledge 
of the manner of transacting business in 
public assemblies, the drill to be obtain- 
ed by appearing before the public, and 
the advantage of having the criticisms 
of friends. — Crumbaker. 



Rev. Nelson E. Cobleigh, D.D., 
LL. D. — Another mighty man has fallen 
at his post of duty. On February ist, 
after a brief illness, this eminent divine, 
profound scholar, successful educator and 
devoted Christian, was granted a release 
from earthly cares and called to his re- 
ward on high. 

Dr. Cobleigh was born in Littleton, 
N. H., November 24th, 1814. He grad- 
uated at the Wesleyan University, Mid- 
dletown. Conn., in 1743, and joined 
the New England Conference the next 
year. 

In 1 85 3 he accepted the chair of An- 
cient Language in McKendree College, 
Lebanon, 111. The following year he ac- 
cepted a professorship in Lawrence Uni- 
versity, Appleton, Wis., but returned to 
McKendree College in 1858 as President 
and Professor of Moral and Intellectual 
Science. In 1863 he was chosen editor 
of Zio/}' s Herald, which position he filled 
for three years. His health failing he re- 
signed, and after some months of rest 
accepted the Presidency of the East 
Tennessee Wesleyan University. At the 
last general conference he was elected 
editor of The Methodist Advocate, pub- 
lished at Atlanta, Ga., and was occupied 
with the duties of that office until death 
closed the labors of an effective life. In 
the death of Dr. Cobleigh, the Church 
has lost an earnest worker, the cause of 
education an able advocate, and hu- 
manity a bold and fearless champion. 



Schem's Statistics of the World. — 
A most valuable statistical table has been 
compiled by Professor Alexander J. 
Schem, under this title, and is to be pub- 
lished semi-annually by G. J. Moulton, 
103 Fulton street, N. Y. The first num- 
ber has just reached us, and is all its most 
sanguine friends can desire. The tables 
are practically arranged for consultation 
at a glance, giving the statistics of all 
countries of the globe in parallel columns, 
under the following headings: Area, 
form of government, head of govern- 
ment, population, expenses, public debt, 
paper money, standing army, navy, 
merchant vessels, imports and exports, 
chief. produce, coins (and their value at 
the U. S. Mint) weights (compared with 
both pounds avoirdupois and kilogram- 
mes), linear measure (compared with 



iS74.] 



Ahiinni lotinial Drawer. 



67 



both feet and metres), measures of ca- 
pacity (compared with both bushels, gal- 
lons, and metres), the population of cap- 
itals, cities, and seai^orfs, with the year 
of census. In addition to the above 
there are various side tables exhibiting 
statistics of Christianity, religious statis- 
tics of Europe and of the United States, 
railroads of the world, postal and tele- 
graph statistics of the world, the presi- 
dents of the United States, and presi- 
dential elections from 1788 to 1872, 
school statistics of the United States, etc. 
As many of the subjects embraced within 
the scope of these tables, such as form of 
government, area, population of the coun- 
try, population of the cities, imports, ex- 
l)orts, expenses, public debt, are con- 
stantly changing, the value of a work 
which furnishes the very latest informa- 
tion is obvious. These tables form an 
indispensable supplement to all historical 
and geographical works, and especially to 
cyclopeciias, and should be in the hands 
of everyone who takes an interest in the 
progress of the world. They are issued 
in oblong atlas form, bound in neat 
boards, for handy reference. Price, 50 
cents. 



The new departure in the cause of tem- 
perance appears to be the absorbing topic 
of the day. News of successive victories 
continually flash along the wires, and the 
telegraphic columns of our dailies are 
largely filled with the record of the do- 
ings of these mighty champions of the 
cause of humanity. We have watched 
the effort; we will not say experiment, for 
such it is not, with unusual interest. 
Many features of this new onslaught upon 
the immoral traffic gave us hope in the 
beginning that it was destined to accom- 
plish a grand and noble work. In 
it, under the direction of a Providence, 
which it is worse than lunacy to deny, we 
see the true method of relieving our na- 
tion of the blighting curse of intemper- 
ance. Too long already has this great 
reform been left for secret orders and 
special organizations to effect. It is high 
time that the great mass of the people, 
who regard this traffic as immoral and 
only base and hurtful in its tendencies 
and results, should arise in their majesty 
and might-, assert their rights, and i)urge 



away the evil. It is eminently proper 
that the wives and mothers, who have so 
long suffered because of this price of 
blood, should demand a cessation of 
that which brings them only anguish, 
heartaches, and poverty. And then what 
could be more appropriate than that this 
whole movement should choose as its ral- 
lying center the Christian church, and, 
as its victorious leader, the God of bat- 
tles. Prayer, all prevailing prayer, is a 
mighty power, a power which no evil can 
long withstand. The most debased, the 
most hardened, when brought under its 
immediate influence, must sooner or later 
yield to its magic spell. It is useless to 
talk about the violation of rights by these 
earnest, praying, God-fearing women in 
holding their services in the presence of 
the venders of the liquid fire of death. 
Any traffic so grossly immoral and de- 
structive to the property and lives of its 
victims should blush to claim protection 
under the laws of a humane, civilized, 
and Christian nation. xAway with such 
absurd claims, and let the law-abidi'ng, 
liberty-loving people of our country 
strengthen the hands and encourage the 
hearts of these heroines in a noble cause. 
We are more and more impressed with 
the conviction that the true method 
whereby our nation may be freed from 
this great curse has been developed in 
these latter days; and, if all who sincere- 
ly desire "a consummation so devoutly to 
be wished" will rally to the support of 
those who are already in the field, and 
earnestly unite their efforts and their 
prayers, our faith says "The set time is 
come." 



Prof. S. S. Hamill, A. M. — The ma- 
ny friends of Prof. Hamill will be pained 
to learn of his serious illness. From a 
private letter dated Hot Springs, Feb. 
i6th, we extract the following: " During 
the past two months I have been wholly 
unfit for work. Two weeks ago I ob- 
tained temporary leave of absence and 
came here. I am now gradually improv- 
ing, under the influeiice of these health - 
giving waters. In three or four weeks I 
hope to return to my duties greatly in- 
vigorated." 

In speaking of the Hot Springs, the 
professor says : 



68 



Aliinini Journal Drintur. 



[March, 



"They are located about sixty-five 
miles southwest of Little Rock, in the 
new county of Garlan. Hot Springs 
Village, the county seat of this new coun- 
ty, is situated in a narrow valley, between 
two mountain peaks. At the north end 
this valley is not more than twenty-five 
feet wide. It gradually increases until it 
attains a width of three hundred feet. 
For three-quarters of a mile this is about 
its average width ; it then expands south- 
ward indefinitely. Along this valley, on 
both sides of a narrow, crooked street, 
the town is built. On the east side of 
the street, and under many of the houses, 
a stream of water runs. This spring is 
considerably swollen by the numerous 
springs which discharge daily 700,000 
gallons of water. 

" These thermo-medical waters have a 
temperature ranging from 138° to 160°, 
and contain silicic acid, sesqui-oxide of 
iron, alumina, magnesia, chlorine, carbo- 
nic acid, potassa, soda, iodine, bromine, 
and highly volatile qualities which as yet 
chemists have been unable to analyze. 
Their medical properties are tonic, depu- 
rative, alterative, diluent, corrective, ant- 
acid and thermo-electric. 

"The town has a resident population 
of from 800 to 1,000, and a transient 
population of from 1,000 to 5,000. As 
the land upon which both the town and 
.springs are located has never been put into 
market, and as there is heavy litigation 
still pending respecting the title, which 
may be settled in a month and yet mav 
not be decided in twenty years, the build- 
ings are all of a temporary character. A 
few boards set up edgewise, a roof, a few 
windows, a door, a floor, no lathing or 
plastering — these constitute a business 
house. Dwellings of the better class are 
papered. People here make greater pre- 
paration for keeping cool than for keep- 
ing warm. During the war nearly every 
house here was burned, hence everything 
is new and unfinished. The town re- 
sembles a ninety-day railroad town. 

"The chief business of the inhabitants 
is 'entertainment lor man and beast,' 
(not four-footed beasts either); hence 
hotels and boarding houses abound. There 
are sixteen hotels, and boarding houses 
innumerable. The rates of first-class ho- 
tels are <,a, per day. or .'^75 per month. 



At these houses the wealthy, fashionable 
and sporting visitors stop. At a second- 
class house as good accommodations can 
be had for $50 per month. Here the 
better class of people are found." 

We hope to receive another letter from 
the professor before he leaves the Hot 
Springs, with permission to put the above 
in print, and from which another inter- 
esting extract may be taken. 



From circular No. 5. issued by the Bu- 
reau of Education, at Washington, D. 

C, containing a detailed account of col- 
lege commencements in the Western 
and Southern States, we glean the follow- 
ing facts: So far as the reports show, our 
own State conferred twenty-four honor- 
ary and 574 /// a^fri'/^ degrees, making a 
total of 298. Of these the Northwestern 
University is responsible for the greatest 
number conferred by any one institution, 
having affixed titles to seventy-six names. 
Of this number, however, forty-three 
were graduates of the Chicago Medical 
College, and eight graduates of the Gar- 
rett Biblical Institute. Monmouth Col- 
lege stands next in rank as to numbers, 
having reached fifty. St. Ignatius Col- 
lege bears the least responsibility in this 
matter, having conferred but one degree, 
and that an honorary A. M. Our own 
university issued sixteen parchments. 

The summary of degrees conferred in 
1873, throughout the United States, so 
far as has been reported to the Bureau, is 
as follows: Letters, 2,738; Science, 
646; Art, 5; Philosophy, 143; Theolo- 
gy, 189 ; Medicine, 509; Law, 588. Of 
these 376 were honorary. In the de- 
partment of Letters there are seven de- 
grees mentioned ; Master of Arts (A. M.); 
Bachelor of Arts (A. B. ) ; Sister of Arts 
fA. S.) ; Laureate of Arts (A. L.) ; Bach- 
elor of Letters (L. B.) ; Master of Eng- 
lish Literature (L. A. M.), and Normal 
Graduate (Nor. Gr.). In Philosophy 
two degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. 

D. ), and Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph. 
B.). In science eleven degrees, Bachelor 
of Science (Sc. B. ) ; Master of Science 
(Sc. M. ) ; Doctor of Science (Sc. D.) ; 
Analytical Chemist (An. Ch. ) ; Bachelor 
of Agriculture (Agr. B.); Bachelor of 
Civil Engineering fB. C. E.) ; Civil En- 
gineer rC. E. ) ; Bachelor of Mining En- 



I874-] 



Alumni 'jFoiirnal Drawer. 



6y 



gineering (B. M. E. ) ; Mining Engineer 
(M. E.)j Civil and Mining Engineer (C. 
& M. E.); Dynamic Engineer (^D. E.). 
In art three, Bachelor ofMusic ( Mus. B.); 
Doctor of Music (Mus. D.); Bachelor of 
Architecture (Arch. B.). In theology 
three, Bachelor of Divinity (D. B.) ; 
Doctor of Divinity, (D. V>.); Doc- 
tor of Sacred Theology (S. T. D.), 
In Medicine six, Pharmaceutical Chem- 
ist (Phar. C.) ; Master of Pharmacy 
(Phar. M.); Bachelor of Medicine (M. 
B.; ; Doctor of Medicine (M. D.); Doc- 
tor of Dental Medicine (D. D. M. ), and 
in law three. Bachelor of Laws (LL. B. j ; 
Doctor of Laws, (LL. D.); Doctor of 
Civil Law, (D. C. L.) 

Should the rage and race for titles con- 
tinue long, new editions of Webster and 
Worcester will be required, in which the 
whole list of titles shall be fully defined 
and the philological abridgements by 
which some of these monstrous titles are 
indicated scientifically explained. No 
wonder that the funny man of the Inter- 
Ocean should see something ludicrous in 
this formidable array of handles ready to 
be attached to an army of names annu- 
ally and perpetrate the following: 

"There is a funny side to these myste- 
rious letters of mark. Sisters of Art are 
called A. S. We should suppose that S. 
L S. might be a more appropriate distin- 
guishing badge. We have ever imagined 
that our fair sisterhood were sufficiently 
mistresses of art by nature as to have ac- 
quired a degree of perfection as a legacy 
from our first mother. The most amusing 
fellows are the 'Mus. B.s' and the 'Arch. 
B.S.' We should have taken the latter 
for Arch-bishops, and, as to the first, in 
the event of journalism becoming, as is 
proposed, a chair at our colleges, we pre- 
sume a graduate in that department would 
be dubbed a 'News B.,' or a 'Sens. B.,' 
which would not imply a sensible boy by 
any means, but a sensational bachelor. 
We have a great interest in these Agr. 
B.s, agricultural bachelors, and trust, be- 
fore they have planted their first crop, and 
enlisted beneath the banner of the gran- 
gers, they will take unto themselves an 
Agr. W., agricultural wife, or widow, as 
the case may be." 



fully drawn maps and charts indicates the 
dangerous dwelling places of New York 
and Brooklyn, consequent upon old water 
courses, marshes and ponds, and points 
out the criminally dangerous progress of 
public works, which do not comprehend 
sub-surface drainage. The sanitary neces- 
sities seem to be so imperfectly understood 
among civil engineers generally, that 
much credit is due Gen. Viele tor having 
combined with his knowledge of civil en- 
gineering that most important considera- 
tion — healthful occupancy. In the laying 
out of railroads, highways, canals, or 
other internal improvements, through 
any section of country, natural drainage 
streams are constantly obstructed, and 
stagnant ponds formed, which inevitabl)' 
poison the inhabitants dwelling adjacent 
to tlieni. 



Our young friends of the graded ami 
high schools, who design entering upon a 
more extended course of study as soon as 
they have completed their present work, 
will be pleased to learn from the follow- 
ing circular that the University opens its 
doors to all such and invites them to its 
halls without requiring them to pass the 
dread ordeal of an examination upon 
studies which have been pursued and 
passed upon months and, even years pre- 
vious. For full explanation read the fol- 
lowing circular letter, which the Univer- 
sity designs sending to all the principals, 
teachers of the graded and high schools 
of the State : 

Illinois Wkslevan University, 

Bloomington, Illinois. 



The Sanitarian for March, bv care- 



Dear Sir : 

Recognizing the inti- 
mate relation and sympathy which should 
exist between the public schools and our 
higher institutions of learning, and wish- 
ing to offer inducements to the youth oi 
our graded and high schools to enter up- 
on and prosecute to its completion, a 
thorough collegiate course of study, the 
Illinois Wesleyan University will receive 
graduates from the graded and high 
schools of the State, into the Freshman 
Class, Scientific Department, or into the 
Sub-Freshman Class, Classical Depart- 
ment, without further examination, if 



7° 



Editorial Notes. 



[March, 



they passed a satisfactory examination at 
their several schools in the following 
branches, viz : Arithmetic, Algebra to 
Quadratics, Plane Geometry, English 
(iranimar, English Analysis, Descriptive 
and Physical Geography, History of the 
United States, Natural Philosophy and 
Elementary Chemistry. 

The examination shall be certified to by 
the [)rincipals of such schools, according 
to the appended form. Students who 
complete more or less than the above 
course of study will be given full credit 
therefor, at the University, upon presen- 
tation of the proper certificate. 

Believing that our facilities for furnish- 
ing a tliorough education are not surpass- 
ed by any institution in the West, we 
would earnestly urge you to direct the 
young men and women under. your charge 
to our halls. 

In behalf of the Trustees and Faculty, 
Rev. .SAM'L FALLOWS, D. D., 

President. 
[form.] 

School. County, 111., 

. 187-. 

This is to certify that , a mem- 
ber, in good standing, of this school, has 
passed a satisfactory examination in the 



following studies, 

and that to the best of my knowledge and 
belief, the examination has been fairly 

conducted. Signed, 

Principal. 



I SPEAK as a man of the world to men 
of the world ; and I say to you, search 
the Scriptures. The Bible is the book of 
all others to be read at all ages and in all 
conditions of human life ; not to be read 
once or twice, or thrice through, and 
then laid aside, but to be read in small 
portions of one or two chapters every 
day, and never to be intermitted, unless 
by some overruling necessity. * * * 
So great is my veneration for the Bible, 
that the earlier my children begin to read 
it, the Qiore confident will be my hopes 
that they will prove useful citizens to 
their country, and respected members of 
society. — -John Quincy Adams. 



Two Milesians were standing at the 
Fairmount water-works in Philadelphia, 
watching the big wheels splashing the 
water in every direction, when one of 
them remarked: "Mike, isn't this a 
quare counthr\', where they have to grind 
their water before thev can use it?" 



EDITORIAL NOTES. 



— Rev. G. W. Gue, of the Central Illinois Con- 
ference, recently visited the University and made 
arrangements to pursue a course of study prepar- 
atoiy to graduation. 

— The elegant Brussels carpet, which adds so 
much to the cheerfulness, comfort, and home-like 
appearance of the reception room, is from the 
popular dry goods house of FitzwilJiam & Sons, 
in our city. 

— I'he Ctienoa Monitor is a spicy, readable 
sheet, and a welcome weekly visitor at our table. 
No wonder, however, when it is remembered that 
C. H. John, associate editor and proprietor, was 
at one time a student in the University. 

— President Eliot, of Harvard, is now in Eu- 
rope, for the purpose of investigating the educa- 
tional systems of Oxford and Cambridge. We 
earnestly ho])e that the result of his investigations 



may be given to the educators of our 
upon his return. 



nation 



— We hope in our ne.xt issue to be able to place 
before those of our readers who aspire to literary 
attainments, several courses of study, for the sat- 
isfactory completion of any one of which the 
University will confer an appropriate degree. 

— Subscriptions to the Journal still continue 
to be received, and yet, like an omnibus, our list 
is never full. Our friends who are so materially 
aiding in extending our circulation have our sin- 
cere thanks. 

— E. C. Hyde, well known to the people of 
Bloomington and vicinity as a popular merchant 
tailor, has opened a new stock of goods at No. 
109 North Main street. Please read what he 
says in our advertising columns before purchas- 
ing elsewhere. 



I874-] 



Editorial Notes. 



— Some Eastern papers mention the name of 
Dr. Bannister, of the Garrett Bibhcal Institute, 
Evauston,Ills., in connection with the presidency 
of the Wesleyan University, at Middletown, 
Conn., but his more intimate friends seem to 
think it is only gossip. 

— \V. E. Barns, of '72, has gone to New Or- 
leans to take a position in the office of the Soiith- 
luestern Advocate. He is there at the solicitation 
of Rev. J. C. Hartzell, of '68, who, in addition 
to his duties as Presiding Elder, is one of the 
editors of the above named excellent paper. 

— Paul Vandervoort, formerly a student of the 
University, and well and favorably known by all 
the members of Co. G, 68th Reg. 111. Vol., has 
lately received the appointment of Chief Head 
Clerk of the Railway Mail Service, and will re- 
port at once at headquarters, Omaha, Nebraska. 

— The Book Committee of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, at a recent session, elected Rev. E. 
(1. Fuller, D. D., editor of the Methodist Advo- 
eate, published at Atlanta, Ga., to succeed the 
late Rev. Dr. Cobleigh. The salary of Dr. Cob- 
leigh is to be continued till June, for the benefit 
of his family. 

— Those who desire an ink that flows freely, 
does not corrode the pen, is not injured by freez- 
ing, has no sediment, and, in fact, that is superior 
to all other brands in the market, should pur 
chase "MaxwelPs Record and Copying Ink,''' 
manufactured by the Western Ink Co., Bloom- 
ington. 111. See advertisement. 

— We still have a few bound copies of the 
back volumes of the Alumni Journal, which 
we will send pre-paid to any address for $1.25 
per volume. The volumes I. and II. are in one 
binding, so the complete set, volumes I., II. and 
III. we furnish for S2.50. Those wishing copies 
will please order soon, as the supply is limited. 

— Elsewhere may be found a half-page adver- 
tisement of the Daily and Weekly Leader, the 
cheapest newspaper in Central Illinois — only 
Si. 50 per annum in advance for the weekly, and 
S7.50 per annum for the daily. As a specimen 
of the work done in the Leader Job Office we 
present our readers and patrons the Alumni 

JOURNAI.. 

— The elegantly slated boards in the University 
are the work of that prince of blackboard men, 
J. Davis Wilder. Chicago. At the suggestion of 
the faculty, in regard to color, green was chosen 
instead of black, and the boards thus present a 
much pleasanter appearance. They are really 
charming and are the delight of the classes in 
all departments. 

— The labors of the present prosperous term 
will close on Wednesday, March 25th. Professors 
and students have been unusually busy and feel 
highly gratified with the results of their eftbrts. 
Order, harmony and good will prevail, and never 
in the historj' of the University were its pros- 
pects more flattering. The spring term will be- 
gin March 31st. 



— The attractive advertisement of M. Bush, in 
our columns, speaks for itself. In addition to his 
regular business as an experienced watchmaker, 
Mr. Bush has the agency of the Florence Sew- 
ing Machine. This machine has some novelties 
and attractions which those in search of a sewing 
machine may be interested in examining. The 
agent will take great pleasure in giving full ex- 
planations to any who may favor him with a call. 

— We call attention to the card of F. Nier- 
garth, dealer in boots and shoes, 409 N. Main 
street, which may be found in our advertising 
columns. Those desiring an excellent article at 
the lowest cash price, will find it to their interest 
to give him a call before purchasing. He is also 
prepared to furnish to order, of the very best 
quality and latest style, custom made boots, war- 
ranting a fit in every case or no sale. We speak 
from experience when we say his custom-made 
boots are a luxury. 

— On the evening of the loth ult. Mrs. Mettle 
Chase Waughop gave one of her popular reatl- 
ings in the University Chapel, under the auspices 
of the "University Guards." Those who were 
fortunate enough to be present were highly en - 
tertained, some of the selections being rendered 
in the highest style of the art. The stage was 
handsomel)' and appn)priately decorated with the 
national colors, several" stands of arms and a 
large monogram "U. G." (University Guards). 
For these handsome designs and decorations the 
Guards are largely indebted to their Captain, ^^^ 
H. Graves. 

— L. W. Keplinger, of "68, has been favoring 
his Bloomington friends with a visit. We were 
gratified to be among those who had an opportu- 
nity to shake his friendly hand again. After a 
survey of the new university building and an in- 
troduction to those members of the faculty who 
have been added since he passed from among us 
bearing the honors of his Alma Mater, he ex- 
pressed himself as being highly gratified with 
the present prosperous condition and flattering 
prospects of the institution. He returns soon to 
his home at Humboldt, Kansas, where he is suc- 
cessfully engaged in the practice of the law. He 
bears with him the good wishes of his many 
friends in our city, with the hope that he may 
visit us at the next annual re-union. 

— A beautiful lithograph of the new universitv 
building has been ordered, and will be ready 
for delivery about the first of March. It is to be 
12x16 inches, and executed in the best style of 
the art. The sketch was drawn by L. C, Cor- 
wine, whose ability as an artist is weil known to 
many of our citziens, and if the lithograph i> a 
fac simile of his artistic work it will certainly 
please the most critical. The proceeds of the 
sale of these lithographs will he applied in finish- 
ing and furnishing the gymnasium and reception 
room in the new building. We ask all the 
friends of the University to hold themselves in 
readiness to purchase one or more copies as soon 
as an opportunity offers. Parties at a distance 
can be supplied by mail, by remitting one dollar 
to the publishers of the Alumni Journal. 



72 



Book Table. 



[Mar. , 



— Rev. E. O. Haven, D. D., Secretary of the 
Board of Education of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, will probably be called to the presidency 
of the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 
to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation 
of Rev. Dr. Cumniings. So say the Eastern sec- 
ular papers. 



— We shall be pleased to receive items of in- 
terest in regard to members of the Alumni So- 
ciety of the University, for our columns. If, as 
is contemplated, the University publishes a tri- 
ennial catalogue the present year, items of in- 
formation in our columns will materially aid in 
its jireparation. 



BOOK 

THE FIXED STARS. Maps for out-door study, 
by Elias Colukrt. Published by Geor(;e 
Shkrwooi) & Co., Chicago, 111. 
This little pamjihlet, in flexible cloth covers, 
though containing the maps of Colbert's Astron- 
omy, will be found to be a convenient hand-book 
for out-door study of the stars, in connection 
with any other text-book. We have been inter- 
ested in examining the work, and can recommend 
it as being reliable and much more convenient 
and less expensive than the more extensive ge- 
ographies of the heavens. 

TRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DIFFER- 
ENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS, 
by William G. Peck', LL. D. Published by 
A. S. Barnes & Co., New York and Chicago. 
A perusal of the pages of the above practical 
text-book is truly refreshing, after one has been 
wading through ponderous volumes which claim 
to be prepared expressly for recitation work, but 
wliich, in reality, appear to be but the medium 
through which is revealed to the bewildered stu- 
dent his own dullness, and the author's mysteri- 
ous powers as a mathematician. This work is 
intended for those who study the calculus for 
])ractical ends, and, in its jireparation, care has 
l>een taken to avoid superfluous matter. The 
method of infinilesimals is adopted because of 
its simplicity and ready application in practical 
work. We are so well pleased with "Peck's 
Practical Calculus" that we shall practically test 
its merits in the recitation room with our next 
class. 

THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW. Six 
times a year. 

We are glad to welcome this new candidate for 
popular favor to our book table. 

It is designed to occupy an intermediate posi- 
tion between the monthly and the quarterly mag- 
azines. Its pages are to contain articles upon 
the living questions of the day, by the best 
writers of America and Europe. A long list of 
distinguished names is already announced as 
pledged to contribute communications. The 
present number contains "Our Late Panic" ; 
"Fires in American Cities," by Rev. Dr. Pea- 
body, Cambridge. Mass. ; "Deep Sea Explora- 
tion's," by Prof. Wm. B. Carpenter, M. D., LL. 
D., London; "Universal Education," by Ray 
Palmer, D. D., New York; "The Prussian 
Church I,aw," by Baron Von Holtzendorff, LL. 
D., Munich ; " International Arbitration," by 



TABLE. 

Theodore D. Woolsey, 1). D., LL. 1).. New Ha- 
ven, and notices of books. 

We hope the magazine will receive a lil)eral 
support, for it well deserves it. Published by A. 
S. Barnes & Co., New York. Terms, 55 per 
year. 

LANGUAGE LESSONS. An Introductory 
Grammar and Composition for Intermediate 
and Grammar Grades, by William Swinton, 
A. M. Published by Harper Brothers, 
New York ; 176 pages, 50 cents. 

This is the second book in a series of four, 
i^repared by Professor Swinton, and is uni(]ue 
and original in its design and methods. It con- 
sists of tifty-six lessons, in which the fundamen- 
tal princi])les of English Grammar are gradually 
and clearly explained and illustrated. The au- 
thor has adopted the analytic method as being 
better suited for introducing any science in the 
plainest and most interesting manner. This little 
book is well worthy a careful examination by 
teachers of intermediate and grammar grades. 

W^e have before us from the same house, and 
by the same author 

SCHOOL COMPOSITION; 120 pp., 50 cents. 

In keeping with the other books of the series 
by Professor Swinton, this is evidently intended 
for practical uses. That pupils must first be 
taught lioiv to lorite at all, beiore they can be 
shown how to write xvell, is the maxim upon 
which the author bases his "School Composi- 
tion." The manual is divided into five parts: 

In Part I. the scholar is initiated into the con- 
struction and combination of sentences. 

In Part II. it is sought to extend his resources 
of expression by accustoming him to vary both 
the structure and the phraseology of sentences. 

Part III. is an application of the principles al- 
ready learned to easy composition exercise from 
outlines. 

In Part IV. what can advantageously be taught 
to boys and girls respecting STYLE is presented in 
a form which is both fresh and fruitful. 

Part V. deals with the composition of Themes 
and Essays, on motlels adapted to a fair estimate 
of the pupil's cajjacity. 

The author is unjsretentious in his claims for 
this book, but accomplishes what he proposes in 
the preface, with a faithfulness seldom equaled 
by writers of the present day. 



TH E 



JSlumni JJournal, 



OK THK 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY 



Vol IV. 



APRIL, 1874. 



No. 4. 



HOW TO READ. 

prop:. JENNIE F. WILLING, A. I\I. 



Wise people may skip this article. By 
wise people, I mean those who know 
what mental food they can get most work- 
ing force from — by what methods thought 
is dug out of books and coined into usable 
currency. I would give a few plain di- 
rections to those who stand upon the lit- 
erary threshold, like emigrants upon an 
American wharf, knowing that this wide, 
wonderful, new world holds wealth for 
them ; certain, also, that there are many 
dangers to be shunned. Well for us and 
them if, like Castle Garden officials, we 
start them toward the fertile fields and 
rich mines that await their toil. 

You must read by rule. If you read in 
a promiscuous, haphazard way, nibbling 
and browsing, indiscriminately and in- 
definitely, you cannot have mental health 
and growth, any more than you can have 
good digestion, if you eat in the same 
careless manner. Do not attempt to read 
everything. Your "course" must be nar- 
row, but let there be no waste in it. You 
must have religious reading to keep up 
your spiritual vigor, and nothing can be 
compared with the Bible for this. You 
must read "the news," that you may be 
en- rapport \\\\\\. the people about you. If 
you have a business, trade, or profession, 



as you ought to have, be you man or wo- 
man, rich or poor, you must read what is 
written of its changing channels, that you 
may keep, up with its progress. You need 
history that you may comprehend events; 
biography, that you may know people ; 
poetry, to open your eyes to the beauty 
that lies, like a benediction of God, upon 
all common things. 

To begin, where most people begin and 
end, with news-reading. The newspaper 
is a grand educator, yet students cannot 
afford to have much to do with it. You 
may pay twenty-five or fift}' dollars a year 
for periodicals, and have very little that 
is worth keeping in your head or your 
library. Reading so much that is assert- 
ed one day, and denied the next, and 
that, from its lack of classification, can- 
not be remembered, is an anti-mnemonic 
exercise ; it cultivates a habit of inatten- 
tion. One sharp-eyed, honest editor is 
worth the whole of them. He will put 
your finger on the artery that you may 
know how the great, busy heart of hu- 
manity beats. It is his business to read, 
select, condense. He has all helps and 
experience. You may as well employ him 
to do this for you, just as you pay another 
to make your hat, or build your house. 



74 



Jhno to Read. 



[April, 



instead of wasting time and material by 
your own slow attempts. I wonder peo- 
ple do not help themselves through this 
Herculean business of general reading, by 
"changing works," as farmers do when 
they have heavy jobs on hand. For in- 
stance : three young ministers read three 
new books in a given time, each reading 
one, and giving the others an abstract 
when they come together. Three young 
women decide upon certain books they 
would all like to read. One says, "Art 
criticism is in your line. You can read 
it for all of us." Mary says she is in Mot- 
ley's Dutch Republic. I am busy with 
Jowitt's Plato. Let us come together the 
first Wednesday of each month, and com- 
pare notes. 

The very fact that we are reading for 
others will cultivate our analytical powers, 
attention and memory. The discussion 
that would naturally accompany such 
a method of giving and receiving the 
substance of books, would fi.\ it in the 
mind. 

Read studiously. Seneca says, "Read 
much, but read few books." Many peo- 
ple go through books as parvenus go 
through Europe, — a great ado about 
dress, and passage, and trunks, followed 
by a blindfold run through all places of 
real interest. Read only the best authors. 
It hurts one far less to associate with 
coarse, vulgar people, than to read poor 
books. The best writers must be read 
most studiously. Their style is usually 
clear ; but their thought is many-sided 
and deep. If great writers had only su- 
perficial readers, there would be an end 
of their greatness. America lay this side 
the sea, grand and affluent, and no Eu- 
ropean the richer for it, till the brave, 
patient Columbus steered toward it, 
through storm and mutiny. Shakespeare 
waited two centuries for his Columbus. 

Only smooth waters mirror the heavens. 
The thoughts of a great author^cannot im- 
age itself upon your soul while you are in 
a puff and worry to get to the end of his 
book. You must follow him to his haunts, 
whether, like Victor Hugo, he takes you 
among the entanglements of Les Misera- 
ble s, or, like Tennyson, to the quaint old 
Round Table days, or, like Elizabeth 
Barrett Browning, into the still depths of 
the human soul. Yon must pick up the 



crumpled sentences he drops, and straight- 
en them out to find their rare, rich mean- 
ing. He is self-involved. He thinks 
only half aloud. You must understand 
his glance, his tone, his dark sayings. 
They cannot be learned in a day. 

Let us open this volume of Tennyson, 
and read together a scrap of his poetry ; 
not as connoiseurs, comparing its rhythm, 
and depth, and imagery Avith those of 
Browning, Woodsworth, or any other 
poet, — but as simple beginners, who 
may, in time, come to know the taste of 
the real nectar. Four plain, little verses. 
Let us see what we can find in them : 

" Break, break, break, 

On thy cold, grey stones, O sea I 
And I would that my tongue could utter 
The thoughts that come to me. 

O, well for the fisherman's boy 

That he shouts with his sister at play. 

O, well for the sailor lad 

That he sings in his boat on the bay. 

And the stately ships go on 

To the haven, under the hill. 
But O, for the touch of a vanished hand, 

And the sound of a voice that is still I 

Break, break, break, 

At the foot of thy crags, O, sea I 
But the tender grace of a day that is dead 

Will never come back to me !" 

To read this carelessly, is like looking 
through a fence at a flower garden. You 
see a wealth of color, and freshness, and 
beauty. You get a sniff of perfume, catch 
a few bird notes, and go away, saying, 
" It must certainly be glorious ;" but you 
have hardly the faintest idea of the del- 
icacy of the rare, hidden flowers, nor of 
the skill and taste that planned this mar- 
vel of beauty. You do not carry away a 
single flower, to make your own life the 
sweeter. Now suppose we give this poem 
the time that might take us through twenty 
or thirty pages, at the usual, careless pace. 
Note its simplicity. Not a polysyllable in 
it. Short, plain, Saxon words, — just such 
as we use in every day speech. One reason 
why it speaks so directly to us, we do not 
have to translate it. Bend your ear to 
its rhythm. Simple, sweet and sad, as 
the anthem of the waves. After the very 
first sentence, you find yourself upon a 
craggy beach, looking off over the wide, 
lone sea. A sense of your littleness be- 
side its immensity, the fleetness of your 



t874,] 



Cotripulsory Education. 



75 



life, beside the centuries that have swept 
over its gray old forehead, the narrow- 
ness of your horizon, in contrast with the 
wide, glorious lands lapped by its waters; 
these thoughts, and a thousand others, 
more beautiful and sad, press upon you, 
and you have no words for them. You 
can only wish "that your tongue could 
utter' ' them. Your thought swings wearily 
away, attracted by the shout of the fish- 
erman's children, and the song of the 
sailor lad. You are gloomily glad that 
these infinite, sorrowful mysteries have 
not yet touched their careless lives. But 
you turn again to the sea, and look at the 
"stately ships," that "go on to their ha- 
ven," and you can but think of those 
that have drifted out of your sight, to the 
land that is very far off. Your heart cries 
out "for the touch of a vanished hand, and 
the sound of a voice that is still !" As 
the thought comes back to the breaking 
of the surf, what an exquisite pathos is 
there in its hopeless sob. 

"Tlie tender grace of a day that is dead, 
Will never come back to me !"' 

How much of this sweet little poem will 
stay with us, even from this poor reading! 
It is like a picture delicately traced. 



sketched from life. We have Jiung it 
where we can look at it, when we are in 
its mood, for years to come. Like a bunch 
of flowers, full of dear, sad memories, its 
perfume will remain, even after its leaves 
and petals have dropped from sight. 

We have learned some lessons from 
seeing how these lines are put together, 
that a careless reading would never have 
given us. First, simple, Saxon words are 
like plain, strong fabrics, the best for ev- 
ery day wear, and, though plain and 
strong, they may be fine and elegant. 
Second, the abrupt turns from the real to 
the imaginative, from the outer to the 
inner, that we find in each verse teach us 
that we may trust the good sense of our 
readers to follow our thought, if it is 
worth following. We need not spell out 
all our little fancies. And third, our 
finest thoughts are usually sad. This leads 
us into a moral range, as wide as our sins, 
and as earnest as our need of Christ. It 
is the best of social life to be able to hold 
a few, brave, pure souls, as our sure friends. 
There can be nothing better for our in- 
tellectual life, than that we be perfectly 
at home with a few beautiful, robust, hon- 
est thinkers. 



COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 



From the report of the Committee on 
Education of the New York City Coun- 
cil of Political Reform we make the fol- 
lowing extended extracts, believing that 
a careful perusal and study of the plain 
facts therein contained will be of value 
to every true American citizen : 

"In a Democratic Republic like ours, 
where all political power resides in and 
springs from the people ; where, to use 
the language of Abraham Lincoln, "///.^ 
government is of the people., for the people, 
and by the people,'''' no subject can be pre- 
sented to the citizens for their considera- 
tion more important than the education 
of the youth. 

UNIVERSAL EDUCATION ESSENTIAL TO 
FREE GOVERNMENT. 

"Intelligence in the rulers is essential 
to good government : with us the rulers 



are the voters, hence the necessity of fit- 
ting them by education to rule. With 
intelligent voters, our form of govern- 
ment is the best yet devised ; but with 
ignorant voters, it is one of the worst. 
An intelligent people seek freedom, and 
an ignorant one despotism, just as natu- 
rally and certainly as the needle points to 
the magnetic pole. 

"The founders of our free institutions 
two hundred and fifty years ago saw this, 
and scarcely had they completed the log 
cabins for their families, when they be- 
gan the log school house for the school 
and schoolmaster. * *" * 

THREE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN 
LIBERTY. 

"These three cardinal principles our 
forefathers never lost sight of, viz., a free 
State, a free School, and a free Church. 



76 



Cotiiptt I so 1 1 • Ed'Jialion . 



[April, 



Self-preservation imposes upon our gov- 
ernment the duty of educating the peo- 
ple sufficiently to qualify them to exer- 
cise intelligently- the right of suffrage. 
Conscious of this, every free State estab 
lished a system of free schools. 

"So great and benificent has been their 
influence upon the people, that the ma- 
terial ])rosperity, intellectual and moral 
development, respect for law and obedi- 
ence to it, in each State, may be rela- 
tively measured and calculated by the 
condition of the free public schools. 

WHAT THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IS DO- 
ING FOR EDUCATION. 

"The National Ciovernment has already 
set aside for educational purposes one 
hundred and forty millions (140,000,000) 
of acres of public lands ; and the ques- 
tion of devoting to education the whole 
proceeds of the public lands still undis- 
posed of, is discussed. In the last Con- 
gress the Committee on Education and 
Labor in the House of Representatives. 
reported favorably a bill for this purpose, 
and after a careful debate and considera- 
tion, it passed that body and was sent to 
the Senate. It has established a Bureau 
of Education as a permanent part of the 
Government, with a Commissioner of 
Education at its head. His annual re- 
port is one of the most interesting, in- 
structive, valuable and important docu- 
ments that issues from the Government 
press. Evay legislator and every school 
officer in the United States should study 
its contents and heed its facts. 

MAGNITUDE OF THE SCHOOL INTEREST. 

"We have in the United States over 
fourteen and a half millions (14,500,000) 
of children of the school age ; we ex- 
pend annually for schools over ninety- 
five millions (95,000,000) of dollars, 
which is equal to one-third of one per 
cent, of the value of the property, real 
and personal, of the whole country, as 
returned by the last census ; and we em- 
ploy two hundred and twenty-one thou- 
sand (221,000) teachers. This is our 
standing army, and those are our raw re- 
cruits. Their arms are the pen and the 
slate pencil ; their munitions of war the 
text-books ; their forts and arsenals the 
school houses ; and the enemy they are 
enlisted to conquer, ignorance and bigo- 
try. Through the munificenre of the 



Government, the finest building that 
springs up in every village in our new 
States and Territories is the public school 
house. Like the light of heaven and the 
water of the earth, it is open and free 
alike to rich and poor. * * * 

"The citizen, however humble, has 
only to send his child to the public 
school, and Government furnishes him, 
there, free of cost, an educational palace, 
warmed and lighted, the best text-books 
and apparatus, and the most skillful 
teachers. 

*'Stevvart and Astor, with their hun- 
dred millions of property and no cliil- 
dren in the public schools, like true- 
hearted American citizens, gladly pay 
the school taxes that educate the sons and 
daughters of thousands of poor laborers 
who have"" no property to be taxed. Aid- 
ed by the free school, the greatest wealth 
and the highest honors and offices in this 
broad land are within the reach of the 
humblest workman. 

THE PROPERTY SHOULD EDUCATE THE 
CHILDREN. 

"The American doctrine is, that '■the 
property of the State shall educate the chil- 
dren of the State. ' This benefits equally 
the rich and the poor. It decreases 
crime,- reduces taxes, improves labor, in- 
creases the value of property, and ele- 
vates the whole community. One of the 
first and decisive questions asked in seek- 
ing a permanent location for one's family 
is : What are the means provided for 
education ? A village, town or State, 
with good free schools, is the resort of 
families ; without them it is the home of 
criminals. * ^ * * =;-- =i= 

CRIME THE CONSEQUENCE OF IGNORANCE. 

"In France, from 1867 to 1869, one- 
half the inhabitants could neither read 
nor write ; and this one-half furnished 
ninety-five per cent, of the persons ar- 
rested for crime, and eighty-seven per 
cent, of those convicted. In other words, 
an ignorant person, on the average, com-, 
mitted seven times the number of crimes 
that one not ignorant did. 

"In the six New England States of our 
own country only seven per cent, of the 
inhabitants, above the age of ten years, 
can neither read nor write, yet eighty 
per cent, of the crime in those States is 
committed bv this small minoritv ; in 



i874.] 



Compulsory Eilucation. 



77 



other words, a person there without edu- 
cation commits fifty-three times as many 
crimes as one with education. 

"In New York and Pennsylvania an 
ignorant person commits on the average 
seven times the number of crimes that 
one who can read and write commits, 
and in tlie whole United States the illit- 
erate person commits ten times the num- 
ber of crimes that the educated one does. 
"The above facts are derived from of- 
ficial statistics. * '^" 

"Those unerring guides of the states- 
i^-^an— statistics— d^emonstrate that the 
most economical, eff'ective and powerful 
preventive of crime is the free common 
school. Universal education tends to 
universal morality. 

THE SCHOOL THE PREVENTIVE OF PAU- 
PERISM. 

"An examination of the statistics of 
England, Scotland, Ireland, and of the 
different countries of Europe, indicate 
•that, other things being equal, pauperism 
is in the inverse ratio of the education of 
the mass of the people ; that is, as edu- 
cation increases, pauperism decreases, 
and as education decreases, pauperism in- 
creases. The same rule holds good in 
our country. 

"Taking the three States of Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio and Illinois for illustration, 
we find that of the illiterate persons one 
in ten is a pauper; while of the rest of 
the population only one in three hundred 
is a pauper. In other words, a given num- 
ber of persons suffered to grow up in ig- 
norance furnish on the average thirty times 
as many paupers ds the same persons would 
if required to get such an education as 
our free public schools afford. Add to 
this that they furnish also ten times the 
number of criminals, and the right as well 
as the duty of Government, as the pro- 
tector of society, to enforce general edu- 
cation is clear, for it is the plain obliga- 
tion of Government to protect society 
against pauperism and crime. 

EDUCATION, THEN, SHOULD BE COMPUL- 
SORY. 

"Government should prevent both 
crime and pauperism by extirpating the 
cause of each, to-wit, ignorance. An ed- 
ucated citizen is of more value to him- 
self, to society, and to the country than 
an ignorant one. 



"An examination covering prominent 
points or centres of labor in twenty States, 
made three years ago, developed the fact 
that even such education as our free com- 
mon schools afford, adds on the average 
fifty per cent, to the producing capacity 
of 'the citizen; while a higher training 
increases it two or three hundred per cent. 
"He can do more and better work, 
from the street scavenger up to the most 
skilled mechanic, with the same expendi- 
ture of time and force, from the mere 
fact of possessing knowledge. 

"A well-educated commonwealth, how- 
ever narrow its borders or poor its soil, 
soon becomes rich and powerful ; while 
an ignorant one, even under the happiest 
circumstances of land and sky, falls a 
prey to anarchy, poverty and despotism. 
"Government is making ample provis- 
ion for the secular education of all. Has 
it not a right, then; to require all to be ed- 
ucated, either in the public schools at 
public expense, or in private schools at 
private expense ? We think it has, and 
that secular education sufficient for the 
common aff"airs of every-day life, and to 
enable the citizen to vote with intelli- 
gence, should be compulsory. 

"Prussia and many other German States 
have tried it for years, with the happiest 
results. It is her vigorous system of com- 
pulsory education that in sixty years has 
raised her from a bankrupt and conquered 
petty kingdom to the ruling empire of 
Europe, and made her the seat and home 
of intelligence, industry and wealth. 
Boston has had such a law for twenty 
vears, and in the last ten they have re- 
duced truancy from school sixty per cent. 
New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Is- 
land and Michigan have now adopted it. 
England has given her school boards 
power to adopt it, and in London they 
have. The eff'ect is to increase the at- 
tendance at school, and decrease die 
number of delinquents. "^ ''' 

"Wherever compulsory attendance has 
. been tried long enough to determine 
Its effect, the result has been so satisfac- 
tory that it has become a fixed and set- 
tled policy. Prussia, Saxony and Demo- 
cratic Switzerland testify to its excellence. 
It is in harmony with the true spirit of a 
Democratic Republic to require every cit- 
izen to qualify himself for the right ot 
suffrage and for earning an independent 



78 



Compulsory Education. 



LApnl, 



living. The tax-payers who furnish the 
money to educate all the people have a 
right to requirt' that all shall he cducatnl, 
in order that crime and pauperism, and 
the public burdens caused by the same 
may be reduced to a minimum, and the 
ballot wielded only by intelligent voters. 

"The ballot, in the hands of a corrupt 
and ignorant populace, is the torch of rhe 
political incendiary ; but with an intelli- 
gent people, is the bulwark of liberty. 

"'An ounce of preventive is worth a 
pound of cure." It costs far less to pre- 
vent crime, pauperism and civil commo- 
tions, by educating the whole people, 
than it does to punish criminals, support 
paupers and maintain armies to repress 
an ignorant and vicious population. * * 

'•The class most in need of school 
training seldom attend school at all, to 
wit : those whose parents, through igno- 
rance, poverty, avarice or crime, give 
them little or no home education. This 
class can be resched only by the aid of a 
compulsory and searching statute. Every 
other remedy has been tried without cur- 
ing the disease. 

"By a judicious law, firmly but kindly 
enforced, compelling attendance during 
school hours upon some school, either 
public or private, the streets of our large 
cities could be cleared of the thousands 
of youthful vagrants from whose ranks 
now our army of criminals is almost en- 
tirely recruited. Such a law in a single 
generation would work a moral and in- 
tellectual reformation and regeneration of 
our criminal and pauper classes, and save 
millions of money in the departments of 
police, charities and corrections, and 
largely increase the wealth, influence and 
producing power of the State. 

"The wisdom of developing and per- 
fecting our free schools is admitted by the 
great majority of the community. A small 
minority oppose them on the ground that 
their religion is not specially and author- 
itatively taught therein. 

OUR GOVERNMEXT CAXNOT AND SHOULD 
NOT TEACH RELIGION. 

"Our Government cannot give relgious 
education ; because while protecting each 
citizen in the undisturbed enjoyment of 
his own religion, as a sacred matter be- 
tween him and his Maker, and thus tol- 
erating all religions, it has none of its 



own and cannot favor any sect or denom- 
ination or class. 

"The whole letter and spirit of the 
constitution of the United States as well 
as of the several States, prohibits the es- 
tablishment either directly or indirectlv 
of a State Religion ; or the showing anv 
favor or giving any protection, privileges, 
or financial support to one religions sect 
more than to another. Protection to all 
equally, but support to none, is on this 
point, the organic law of America. 

"If the churches would not interfere 
with the Government's secular education, 
but would devote the whole of the i r 
strength to giving, in their own places 
and manner, religious education, they 
and thf Government, though working in 
different spheres and in difterent build- 
ings, wouM act in entire harmony, and 
would in the end produce the best possi- 
ble general result. By simply protecting 
religion, but not teaching it, Government 
is, as matter of fact., giving the utmost 
genuine vitality and strength to the re- 
ligious element. 

BUT ONE SECT OPPOSED TO FREE SCHOOLS. 

"This American doctrine of free non- 
sectarian schools is substantially accepted 
and adopted by all religious sects save 
one. That one, however, is large, enthu- 
siastic, well drilled and ably and power- 
fully led ; and though its members are 
chiefly of foreign birth, yet, having be- 
come citizens, they are entitled to the 
same voice and rights and privileges as 
natives are in this matter. The leader of 
this sect, though a foreign ruler, has or- 
dered the destruction of our free, non-sec- 
tarian system of popular education and the 
substitution of his own system of church or 
parochial schools,that is, schools whose text 
books and teachers are selected, appointed 
and controlled by the church, though the 
State may be permitted to pay all the bills. 
In the city of New York, through State 
and mnnicipal legislation, the following 
amounts of money were obtained in the 
last five years from the public treasury for 
sectarian institutions, such as churches, 
church-schools, and church charities, viz : 
1869..S767.815 of which this sect rec'vd 5651,191 
1870.. 861,326 " •' " 711,436 

1871.. 634,088 •' - " 552,718 

1872.. 419,149 " •• " 252,110 

I87 3-- 324.284 '' '• " 306 ,193 

Total S3.01 7.362 $2,373. 648 



I874-] 



Compulsory Education. 



79 



"If this is a better system than ours, 
we should adopt it, for we want the best ; 
but if it is a worse, we should reject it. 

THE PAROCHIAL SYSTEM PRODUCES MORE 
ILLITERATES, PAUPERS AN'D CRIMINALS 
THAN OURS. 

"It has been tried for centuries; and 
in some countries, as Italy and Spain, un- 
der the most favorable auspices, for there 
this sect has had despotic power, both 
civil and religious, and so could carry its 
system out to its highest perfection. 

"What, then, are its fruits? We may 
say, its necessary and inevitable fruits? 
By its fruits it should be judged. They 
are as follows : 

(i.) A highly educated few; but among 
the masses general ignorance, instead of 
general enlightenment. 

(2.) A low grade of morality. 
(3.) A large pauper and criminal class. 
(4.1 A tendency to despotism and to 
official selfishness and corruption. 

(:;.) A lack of national progress and 
development. 

"These statements are made, first, from 
a personal knowledge of the facts gained 
by investigation in those countries — hav- 
ing visited them before they rejected that 
system, for the purpose of studying this 
very question : and secondly, they are 
made from a careful analysis of statistics. 
"The fruits of the two systems also ex- 
ist side by side in our own country. 

"There are with us five-and-a- half mil- 
lions of foreign-born inhabitants, the 
greater portion of whom came from coun- 
tries, as Ireland and England for example, 
that have have had the parochial or church 
system of schools ; hence they may be 
iustlv taken infcUechially and morally as 
the fair average product of that method 
of education. 

Of these, the illiterates above the age of 
ten, are fourteen per cent, of the whole 
number ; the paupers are four and one- 
tenth per cent., and the criminals one 
and six-tenths per ceiit. 

While on the other hand, in the twen- 
tv-one of our States having the American 
system of non-sectarian, free public 
schools there is a native population of 
twenty millions. This native population 
has been educated in this system of 
schools, and in like manner may be just- 



ly taken, intellectually and morally, as 
the fair average product of this method 
of education. 

" Of these, the illiterates above the age 
of ten are only three and one-half per 
cent, of the whole number ; the paupers 
only one and seven-tenths per cent, and 
tlfc criminals only three-fourths of one 
per cent. 

"In other words, from every 10,000 
inhabitants, the parochial or church sys- 
tem of education turns out 1,400 illiter- 
ates, '410 paupers, and 160 criminals; 
while the non-sectarian free public school 
system turns out 350 illiterates, 170 pau- 
pers, 75 criminals. Or, if we take Mas- 
sachusetts by itself, which has the type or 
model of our free public school system, 
with its 1,104,032 native inhabitants, the 
number is still less, viz., 71 illiterates, 49 
paupers, 11 criminals. 

" That is, we are asked b}' these friends 
who have come here and joined us, and 
whose zeal and energy, if rightly direct- 
ed, will be of great service both to them- 
selves and the country, to abolish our own 
well-tried system of education and adopt 
the one to which they, in their former 
homes, became accustomed, though that 
one, on the average, producesyj?///- times 
as many illiterates, tiuo and a ^a^y" times 
as many paupers, and more than twice as 
manv criminals as ours. Or if we take 
Massachusetts as a fair sample of our sys- 
tem, we are asked to adopt one that will 
give societv twentx times as manv illiter- 
ates, eight times as many pqupers. and 
fourteen times as many criminals. 

"We cannot do this, and when they 
come to understand thoroughly the facts 
thev will not wish us to do it ; for the 
welfare of their children is just as dear 
to them as that of ours is to us, and they, 
equally with us, desire to diminish ignor- 
ance, pauperism and crime, and to make 
the country of their adoption and the 
home of their descendants intelligent, 
prosperous, powerful and happy. 

" The whole future of our country and 
the very existence of our free govern- 
ment is ^Tapped up in the common 
school. Promote and develop that, and 
every department of industry and intelli- 
gence will flourish like a tree well water- 
ed and nourished at its roots. Destroy 
the common school, and ignorance, pov- 



So 



OU Times. 



[April, 



erty, despotism and bigotry will soon 
pervade the whole land. 

" Generalizations drawn like the above 
from the official statistics of twenty-five 
millions of people are unerring guides. 
They settle the tpiestion as to the com- 
parative excellence of the two systems of 
education. They are intellectual, inohis- 
trial and moral beacons, that direct with 
certainty and safety the statesman and 
the philanthropist. They point out un- 
mistakably to the legislator the duty of en- 
aeting a law requiring attendanee upon 



sehools, during the school age and the 
school terms, of all the children in the 
State, unless legally and for good and 
sufficient reasons temporarily excused. 

The preservation of free government 
requires this. Protection of society against 
pauperism and crime demand it. The 
material development of our country calls 
for it. The success and happiness in life 
of the children of the poor, the ignorant 
and the vicious can be secured only by 
such a statute. 



"OLD TIMES." 



Thkki-'s a Ijcauteous song on the slumberous 
air, 

That drifts through the valley of dreams ; 
It comes from a clime where the roses were, 
And a tuneful heart and bright brown hair, 

That waves in the morning lieams. 

Soft eyes of azure and eyes of brown, 
And snow-white foreheads are there ; 

A glimmering Cross and a glittering crown, 

A thorny bed and a couch of down, 
Lost hopes and leaflets of prayer. 

A breath of Spring in the breezy woods, 

Sweet wafts from the quivering pines — 
Blue violet eyes beneath green hoods, 
A bubble of brooklets, a scent of buds. 
Bird warblers and clambering vines. 

A rosy wreath and dimpled hand ; 

A ring and a slighted vow — • 
Three golden links of a broken band, 
A tiny track on the snow-white sand, 

A tear and a sinless brow. 

There's a tincture of grief in the beautiful song. 

That throbs on the slumbering air, 
And loneliness felt in the festive throng, 
Sinks down on the soul as it trembles along. 
From a clime where the roses were. 

We heard it first at the dawn of day. 
And it mingled with matin chimes, 
But years have distanced the iieautiful lay, 
Anrl its melody floweth from far away. 
And we call it now " Old Times." 

—Ex. 



I874-] 



Ills Sandwich Islands and King Ltinalilo, 



8i 



BELLES LETTRES SOCiETY DEPARTMENT 



ALBERT WALKLEY, Editor. • 



THE SANDWICH ISLANDS AND KING LUNALILO. 



These islands, which are of volcanic 
origin, number thirteen, eight of which 
are inhabited. They are immediately 
south of the Tropic of Cancer, and are 
arranged in a curve of about three hun- 
dred miles from north-west to south-east, 
with Hawaii, the largest in the southern 
extremity, and Oahu, containing the cap- 
ital, Honolulu with its 13,000 inhabitants. 
The group contains about six thousand 
square miles of land, being about three 
quarters as much as Massachusetts. The 
whole population of the islands is now 
about 57,000 Natives, 2,500 Americans, 
who, as a matter of course, manage the 
political, business, and educational affairs, 
and 2,000 Chinese, who make excellent 
servants. 

According to the constitution of 1852, 
should Kamehameha IV and V have 
died without issue, the latter was to name 
his succe.ssor. Neither of these left an 
heir, and the latter one, dying Dec. 11, 
1872, failed to nominate any one as his 
successor ; so, in accordance with th e 
constitution, it devolved upon the Legis- 
lature to elect a successor. However, be- 
fore the Legislature convened, the people 
designated as their choice, Lunalilo. They 
almost voted in mass for him, there being 
few willing to espouse the cause of his op- 
ponent, David Kalakana. The Legisla- 
ture met Jan. 8th, 1873, according to the 
constitution of Kamehameha, to vote for 
his successor, or rather to ratify in con- 
stitutional way the popular voice, which 
had already declared so unanimously for 
Lunalilo. 

Lunalilo was born Jan. 31st, 1833. He 
was of "chief" blood, and was also of 
higher blood than his two predecessors. 
It is said he was fond of good societv ; 
was naturally of a fine mind, of an ele- 
1 1 — 



gant figure, graceful address, and of an 
amiable disposition. But we are sorry to 
say, that he was given to intemperance, 
and had for a score of years exhibited 
himself in the streets, theatre, palace, and 
legislative assembly, in all stages of in- 
toxication. He was a friend to the for- 
eigner, and showed marked and unusual 
attention to the elder missionaries. He 
sought good advice, and honestly strug- 
gled to overcome his great failing. Hav- 
ing given away to his great infirmity, he 
slept out doors during the night, and as 
a consequence took cold, which resulted 
in a slow fever, an incurable decline, and 
finally in his death at 10 minutes to 9 p. 
m., the 3d of last February. It is said 
he passed away quietly and suddenly, and 
that after death he looked calm and un- 
disturbed, and as though he had fallen 
asleep. 

Lunalilo failed to name his successor, 
though urgently and repeatedly recpested 
to do so ; hence, the legislative assembly 
will again be called upon to elect a king. 
Already there are two candidates in the 
field, David Kalakana, who was also a 
candidate when Lunalilo was elected, 
and Emma, widow of Kamehameha IV. 
Of these two it is altogether probable that 
Kalakana will be elected, if he is not 
already elected. He is a man of the world, 
and is said to be a shrewd politician, as 
may be seen in the last election, which re- 
sulted in the election of natives almost 
entirely, and which is said to have been 
accomplished by his quiet and steady 
workings against the foreigners. He says 
he is friendly to the great Republic, but 
his actions give the lie to his words. 
With his accession will die the last glim- 
mering hope of reciprocity between Ha- 
waii and the United States. 



The M'oniaii s Crusade. 



[■\; 



jnl 



THE WOMAN'S CRUSADE. 

J. H, WORTH. 



This movement which l^egan in the 
little town of Washington, Ohio, only a 
few months ago and is now spread over 
fourteen Slates, and become the one sub- 
ject of discussion throughout the length 
and breadth of our land, and even agi- 
tates the thinking mind of the old world, 
is well worthy to be considered in the 
light of philosophy. 

There are three classes of persons who 
go to make up the human race. Two of 
them have the cjuality of radicalism in 
common ; but in all other respects differ 
as widely as the third class does from 
either. The first class are the persons 
who move the world, ever taking radical 
grounds in advance of all other classes. 
'I'hesecond classalso take radical grounds, 
but in direct opposition to the first, and 
thus hang as weights on the wheels of 
j)rogress; while the third class occupies a 
position between the two, and their char- 
acteristic is conservatism. 

Each of these classes is a necessary el- 
ement in the social structure. Were it 
not for the second, the first would hasten 
us on to certain ruin by. their untimely 
reforms. Were it not for the first the 
second woulci drag us back to barbarism, 
while the third class serves as a rallying 
jjoint for the extremes, and thus the best 
possible results are obtained. 

In the "Woman's Crusade" I recog- 
nize the workings of all three elements. 
The leaders in the "Woman's Franchise 
Movement" represent the first class; their 
bitter opponents, the second, while those 
who are willing to accord to woman al- 
most anything except the ballot, make up 
the third. 

The constant interchange of opinion 
between these classes has taught the wo- 
men of our land to think ; and the exer- 
cise of this power has lifted them from 
that quiescent state chey formally occu- 
pied and convinced them that there is 
something nobler to which it is, not only 
their privilege, but their duty to aspire. 
It has taught them to rely upon them- 
selves. 



This self-reliance we now see embodied 
in this crusade upon that evil which has 
so long cursed our otherwise happy land. 

Instigated, it is true, by Dio Tewis, 
yet, where it first made itself felt (Wash- 
ington, Ohio,") a woman was at the head ; 
and in every place where any work has 
been done, all has been accomplished by 
the women. Lectures, in abundance, 
have been delivered by Lewis and others; 
nor would I detract one iota from their 
usefulness, but there is no lack of proof 
that where lectures alone have been read 
very little has been accomplished. God 
is in this movement teaching a lesson to 
the "lords of creation," as well as re- 
moving a curse from our land. What 
man, so lost to the best part of his nature^ 
with a country freed from the iucubus of 
intemperanceby the hand of God through 
the medium of woman, will not gain a 
clearer and nobler conception of her 
oflice in the economy of nature ! No 
longer ostracized ; and with knowledge 
of life sufficient to keep her from excess- 
es ; woman will go on to the completion 
of the work so nobly begun, till every 
vestage of those glaring evils, that form 
so prominent a feature in some parts of 
our country, shall be forever banished 
from its social fabric. 

Fitting indeed, will it be, for those who 
have ever borne the approbrium of being 
the cause of all the evils by which man 
has suffered, to ever, hereafter, be crown- 
ed with the laurel wreath of victory over 
those same evils. That this will be the 
final result, who can for a moment doubt? 
Everything that man could invent has 
been tried and has failed ; and those who 
hope for help must look to some higher 
power for direction. That God\\di^ chosen 
man's helpmeet to perform this mighty 
work, who can doubt, when he considers 
the rapid progress it has made ? 

Those who fear the results will not be 
lasting, forget that the same power that 
is able to thus commence such work, 
against unforeseen ditificulties, and by un- 
tried means, is equally able to carry it on 



rS74.] 



B. L. S. Kditor s Cor/icr. 



after those means have been found effi- 
cient. That other places where the in- 
toxicating dram can be obtained will 
spring up to take the place of those which 
have been closed, no one need fear, for 
the wisdom that directs this movement is 
too profound to ever fail to keep watch 
over the field so" hardlv won. 



Each succeeding year will see public 
sentiment fenced about with stronger 
walls against this nefarious practice ; and 
in no great length of time, hardened, in- 
deed, will be the man who can pursue a 
business against which the world is so 
bitterly opposed. 



B. L. S. EDITOR'S CORNER. 



A WORD IN SEASON. 

Thk literary society is a place of prep- 
aration, and while it is able to do, and 
does many things for our advancement, it 
at the same time demands in return a 
corresponding effort on our part to utilize 
the advantage it affords. In other words, 
it demands that we shall be prepared on 
every occasion to perform the duty as- 
signed us. 

It has a right to demand of us prepar- 
ation, and we owe it to ourselves to pre- 
pare. 

If we fail to prepare in the most thor- 
ough manner for the performance of our 
duty in the society, we have no reason to 
expect that when we come to meet the 
responsibilities of active life that we will 
be able to cope with them ; because it is 
utterly impossible for a person to do some 
great thing well, who has, all through 
the preparatory department of life, failed 
to do minor things well. It is only by 
long and persistent use of the means em- 
ployed for the development of the mus- 
cles that one becomes able to lift great 
weights ; and what is true of physical 
economy, is also true of mental labor. 
If a person of Webster's intellect could 
not deliver 2l fifteen minutes speech with- 
out first preparing, how very absurd it is 
for men of ordinary calibre to undertake 
to interest an intelligent audience with- 
out first making the most thorough prep- 
aration ; and yet, we see this very thing 
attempted, not by men of ordinary ca- 
pacity alone, but by mere boys, so far as 
knowledge of life is concerned. 

Rather than be guilty of so base a thing, 



let our every energy be put forth ; let us 
arouse from the torpor into which we have 
fallen; awake from this "Rip Van 
Winkle" sleep to a just conception of 
what there is to do, and the amount of 
energy required to accomplish it. If we 
would be men, this must be our course ; 
but if we are content to occupy a lower 
sphere, then we may keep on in the same 
way, and shortly, and without effort, our 
desire shall be realized. 

But no ! we are not so lost to the best 
part of our nature ; we will arouse and 
gird on the armor, and in every trial of 
prowess, be thoroughly prepared to do 
good battling for truth and right ; and 
when we go from our hall carry with us 
the consciousness that the Belles Lettres 
Society has lost nothing of prestige or 
ability by our being members of it. 

This each and every one of us may do 
if he will always, to the extent of his 
ability, let each be thoroughly prepared. 

J. H. Worth. 

FROM OUR INDEX RERUM. 

— "I, too," says Goethe, "have wan- 
dered into every department of knowl- 
edge and science, but have come back 
sorrowing and disappointed ; life, too, I 
have tried under its varied aspects, and 
have always returned defeated and disap- 
pointed." 

— "Those," says Dixon, "who make 
history seldom write it. Those who per- 
form noble deeds are never the men to 
emblazon them." 

—"God is love," "God is light," 
emotional and intellectual. 



.S4 



B. L. S. JuiHors Corner . 



[April, 



— I believe we are progressing. I am 
trying to lay one stone in the great tower 
by which we may ascend to the moral 
heights above us. Man once tried, in op- 
position to God, to build a tower that 
should reach to the heavens, but failed. 
Our tower already looks down upon Babel 
and shall continue to go upward, until 
man mav stand upon its summit, and 
from it enter heaven ; for God assists. 

KACTS, ETC. 

— Lord Belgrave having clinched a 
speech in the House of Commons with a 
great quotation ; Sheridan in reply ad- 
mitted the force of the quotation so far 
as it went, "but," said he, "had the no- 
ble Lord proceeded a little farther and 
completed the passage, he would have 
seen that it applied the other way," 
Sheridan then spouted something ore 
rotiindo, which had all the ois, ais, (?//jand 
kous that give the world assurance of a 
Greek quotation ; upon which Lord Bel- 
grave complimented the Honorable mem- 
ber and admitted that the continuation 
of the passage had the tendency ascribed 
to it by Sheridan. On the breaking up 
of the House, Fox, who prided himself 
on having some Greek, asked Sheridan 
how he was so ready with that pas- 
sage? It is unnecessary to observe, 
there was no Greek at all in Sheridan's 
impromptu. 



— The first poem ever written, though 
not by woman, was about her. It is the 
address of Lamech to his wives. Gen. iv. 
When John Wesley was single, he wrote 

" I have no sharer of my heart, 
To rolj my Saviour of a part." 

But after he became acquainted with Mrs. 
Vizeille, he left that verse out of his pil- 
grim hymn. So Dr. Watts fell in love 
with Elizabeth Singer, afterwards Mrs. 
Rowe. He was rejected. He was a man 
of very large soul, but of small stature, 
and not very attractive in person ; she 
told him, "she loved the jewel, but could 
not admire the casket." The good doc- 
tor was quite grieved, and a little spunky, 
and said : 

"Were I so tall to reach the pole, 
Qr grasp the ocean with my span, 
I mtist be measured by my soul, 

The mind's the standard of the man." 

After a while you hear him mourning out, 

"How vain are all things here below. 
How false, and yet how fair." 

I have not found a first-class poem from 
woman on the birth of Jesus, iior a first- 
class cradle hymn. I find them from 
Ephraim Syrus, a monk, from Martin 
Luther, another monk ; from Watts, Wes- 
ley, and that loving old bachelor, James 
Montgomery. The best cradle hymn 
was written by a monk and not a mother. 
{Leeture on Female Hymnists, by Rev. 
Dr. Atmitage). 



BOg 



Resolutions of Respect. — Resolu- 
tions adopted by B. L. S., Friday, 13th of 
March, upon the death of John N. Hughes, 
formerly a member of this Society : 

Whereas, It has pleased our Heaven- 
ly Father, in His infinite wisdom, to re- 
move from among us, our esteemed 
friend and brother, John N. Hughes : 
Therefore be it resolved. 

First, That we, the Belles Lettres So- 
ciety, recognize in his death, the loss of a 
beloved fellow-student, a Christian gentle- 
man and a valuable member of our society. 

Second, That we extend to the grief- 
stricken family in this the hour of their 
sorrow, our heartfelt sympathy. 

Third, That as an apjiropriate expres- 
sion of respect our hall be draped in 



Fourth, That these resolutions be 
spread upon the records of our Society, 
and also that copies be furnished to the 
Alumni Journal, and the city papers for 
publication, and that a copy be forwarded 
to the family. 

J. M. Blazer, \ 

A. Walkley, - Committee. 

Walter Graves, ) 

Our brother was born December 8th, 
1845, near Jersey ville, Jersey Co., 111., 
and died the 9th of last month, in this 
city. He was a fine speaker and an able 
debater. It rejoices us to believe, that the 
voice now silent in our hall, joins the an- 
gelic chorus in strains so sweet, that 
mortal ears cannot hear it. 



mourning. 



iS74.] 



'I'lir Oini'itrd A/a/r/i of Mi//,/. 



S5 



MUNSELLIAN SOClE'l'Y DEPARTMKiNT 



W. S. MARQUIS, KDiTok 



THE ONWARD MARCH Ol- MIND. 



■I'. I. COIjLTAS. 



"Onward, onward, onward, ever. 
Human progress none can stay. 
All who make the vain endeavor 
Shall like chaff be swept away." 

The true patriot, who, in the hour of 
his country's peril, under the guidance of 
duty and disinterested zeal, enters into 
battle for his country's security, is worthy 
the loftiest eulogies. Canvas should be 
animated with deeds of his bravery ; elo- 
quence, poetry and music should be em- 
ployed in rendering to him greatful hom- 
age ; his name should be underscored as 
it appears on history's page; he should 
ever live in the hearts of a greatful pos- 
terity. • Much more, however, should he 
be honored who enters into life' s fierce 
battles, and contends for the enthrone- 
ment of intellect as earth's great king. 

Humanity, banded together in one 
solid phalanx, marshalled under the gen- 
eralship of intellect, is marching forward 
to certain and glorious victory. Already 
has this army passed triumphantly through 
many fierce battles. Though thousands 
of her brave warriors have fallen, yet 
many victories have been achieved. And, 
to-day, standing on the mountain emi- 
nence, in the light of the brilliant suns 
of science, she looks over, and contem- 
plates the victories of the past, marshall- 
ed for battle with her face to the foe. 
And as in the past, success has followed 
her every effort, so the prospect of suc- 
cessive victories looms up in the future, 
until soon human progress will terminate 
in human perfection, and the flagstaff of 
virtue and intelligence will be finally 
planted on every ruined city of ignorance 
and vice. Mind is marching forward. 
Mind, that which gives power and energy 
to the elastic springs of life ; that which 



is an emination of life and light from tlie 
bosom of the Eternal ; that which was 
born in heaven, delegated to earthly me- 
diums, beginning from the time when 
"know thyself" was first inscribed on the 
temple of reason, with restless anxiety to 
break over and go beyond the narrow 
limit that bounds man's horizon, stretches 
away into the unending unseen. 

Man contends for mind's supremacy. 
There may be angels, archangels, seraph- 
im, but they are far beyond our sympathy. 
The struggles they have endured, the con- 
flicts they have had, the opposition they 
have encountered, may be but imperfectly 
expressed by any eulogies we could utter. 
We know them not ; we never saw such 
a one. We never saw a book ot their 
writing, action of their performing, life 
that they lived or death that they died. 
But we have seen heroic men contending 
for the freedom and enthronement of 
mind, through struggle and weariness, 
pain and death, soaring to knowledge, to 
virtue, to heaven. Through lowly studies, 
through the trampled fires of passion, 
through mortal infirmity, through oppo- 
sition thick strewn upon their path, still 
mounting to the loftiest heights of true 
eminence. 

Mind is mastering mysteries and march- 
ing on to mightiness. Every exhibition 
of progress in civilization is an achieve- 
ment of mind. The crusades, the feudal 
system, the reformation, are but the off- 
springs of minds influenced by circum- 
stances and providence. Every epoch 
that transpires but forms a new link in 
the chain of mind's achievements, which 
from Eden's bowers stretches away into 
infinity. Not long ago this i/iighty giai/t, 
mind, was in his infancy. His childhood 



86 



The Onward AJiirch of Mi'nJ. 



[April, 



and his early growth were watched as with 
a mother's eye and guarded as with a fath- 
er's care. And, as we review the past, in 
many instances, we can see the print of 
Jehovah's fingers in his development. As 
the youthful strippling has stepped upon 
the battle-field contending against the 
mighty Goliah, how often have the min- 
isters of providence hovered o'er him, in 
whose life was garnered the welfare if not 
the very existence of humanity. He soon 
will tread with youthful step the halls of 
learning, when his development becomes 
more sure and more rapid. He went on, 
and although his path for a time led him 
through obscurity and silence, as the dark 
veil of the middle ages enshrouded him, 
yet the elements around, the very unfa- 
vorableness of his surroundings, contrib- 
uted to his collecting treasures, and the 
golden ray of heaven falling upon him 
ripened his expanding faculties, until in 
this his hour of glory he stands forth em- 
bodied in the tbrm of living, command- 
ing, irresistable intellect. Thus has mind 
progressed from infant's thought, to a 
mighty energy heaving in the breast of 
the present age. And as nature, provi- 
dence, and invention not only demand 
but positively force from us activity, its 
development for the future is still more 
certain. When we consider the victories 
and achievements of the past, we are 
prone to say certainly every foe is van- 
quished, and mind has reached its zenith. 
We behold the powers of steam drawing 
the ponderous train over our prairies; 
darting on telegraphic wires above our 
heads are the powers of electricity bear- 
ing living thoughts hundreds of miles in 
an instant, making this great earth as one 
vast whispering gallery, around which 
thoughts circulate as freely as sunbeams ; 
we consider the wide fields of science al- 
ready explored ; the rich pearls of inven- 
tion that have been brought forth from 
the ocean of mystery, all these offsprings 
of mind, all these with many evidences 
of progress, and we are prone to say "«<? 
phis ultra. '" Rut the dying words of a 



great scientist apply with equal force to 
humanity in general as to himself "that 
which I know is limited ; that which 1 
know not is infinite." 

And, in proportion as further growth is 
possible, so are there incentives to pro- 
gress. Nature in every department of 
life contributes to man's activity. Man 
must work; and not only must he 
work, but he must think. It is a mistake 
that the peasant's mind must necessarily 
be akin to the clod on which he treads, 
and his life a dull unthinking, unimproving 
toil. The intellectual laborer finds in his 
vocation, not only facilities for a liveli- 
hood, but a chemistry in the soil, a 
chemistry in the air, and science every- 
where. To him the great page of nature 
is spread out. What better school, what 
holier santtuary could there be for man 
than this ? So with the work-shop. In- 
tellect, invention, skill, dexterity are here 
brought into the most adroit and brilliant 
activity. So with the merchant's calling. 
He, who is the exchanger of the pro- 
ducts of all countries, whose sails whiten 
every sea, whose influence i's felt as 
a civilizer of the nations, has certainly 
facilities afforded from his calling to 
quicken and sharpen his faculties to 
their keenest exercise. Yea, since pro- 
gress is demanded from every depart- 
ment of life, there is no more of a mira- 
cle in mind's present development, than 
there is in the towering of the pre-emi- 
nent forest tree, or on the perpetual flow- 
ing of the irresistible river. 

What can impede this onward march ? 
Indolence and inactivity have attempted 
it, but ambition and energy have come to 
the rescue. Conservatism has said "cling- 
to the old paths," but radicalism has 
loudly protested. Passion has lifted the 
arm of rebellion, but virtue has proved 
more than its equal. With heaven as its 
goal, with Deity as its director and pro- 
tector, neither the powers of earth nor 
the powers of hell can conquer intellect, 
or impede its progress. 



1 8 74-] Till- Mystery. 87 



THE MYSTERY. 

J. OLIVER WILSON. 

C), Life ! thou strange, strange mystery, 

When will tiie day appear ? 
We're wand'ring far into the night, 

In gloom, and doubt and fear. 

0, Life I we never called for thee, 

We never chose to live ; 
Then wherefore now the weight of grief 

Which thou dost choose togi\e? 

Why shroud the day in mystery 

Of night, so strangely dark ? 
Why give each meek and erring one 

Such longing, aching heart ? 

Is there no hope to cheer us on 

In the coming of the years. 
No rays of sunlight pure and bright, 

To kiss our blinding tears ? 

Is there no pathway where the thorns 

Do not await our feet, 
Which leads the weary traveler 

Unto the golden street ? 

Are there no happy, golden days. 
With those we hold most dear. 

No gentle, loving sympathy 
Our burdened hearts to cheer ? 

O, mystery of mysteries 1 

The past is all thine own ; 
The present bears the shade of nii^ht. 

The future is unknown. 

But we will cease our sad comjdaint, 

For God still rules above ; 
And though the way be dark at times, 

We know that " God is love." 

Some days of gloom must come to all, 

Some hours of sad refining ; 
But yet we know the frowning clouds 

Have still a silv'i-y lining. 

O, Father I take our storm-tossed souls 

On life's great ocean cast; 
And bring us safely o'er the sea, 

To thy bright home at last. 

Then will this strange life mystery 

Be bright and clear as day ; 
And we shall know a loving hand 

Has led us all the wav. 



88 



Drift- Woo J. 



DRIFT-WOOD. 



— The societies gave a -'reception" in 
their halls on Saturday evening the 21st. 
Large numbers of students and citizens 
of Bloomington and Normal were pres- 
ent, all of whom concur in pronouncing 
it a most pleasant and enjoyable affair. 

— " Hip, hip, hurrah !" is said to have 
originated in the Crusades, and is thought 
to be a corruption of "H. E. P." the in- 
itial letters of the Latin sentence, "Ifiej-- 
iisolyma est Perdita .''" ("Jerusalem is 
lost !") which was the motto upon Peter 
the Hermit's banner. 

— A Quodlibet is a nice point for dis- 
cussion. We append one which was a 
favorite with such logicians as Peter Lom- 
bard, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, 
and others, who lived about the 13th 
century : " When a hog is carried to 
market with a rope tied about his neck, 
which is held at the other end by a man, 
whether is the hog carried to market by 
the rope or by the nuxn ?' ' 

The Cincinnati Times, for February 
loth, contained an article entitled, 
"Flashes of Light from the Throne," 
which is interesting for its singularity, as 
well as its substance. It is a prophecy by 
John Bishop Hall, styled "The Annoint- 
cd," and begins : 

"A proclamation to the nations by the 
messenger of Jehov'ah, and promulgated 
by the command of Jehovah, the infinite 
and invisible God, and of the Ancient of 
Days, the visible Godhead of the Uni- 
verse, and of the Son of God, Jesus 
Christ the great Anointed, the King of 
Kings, and of the Holy Ghost, and of 
the Living Creature Enoch, Who is the 
holy, mighty, and glorious Gabriel, and 
of the great Archangel called the Lord 
God, unto Whom be ev-erlasting thanks- 
giving, and glory and dominion, and be- 
fore Whom all they who will not bow the 
heart shall soon bow the knee." 

He then describes how upon the 31st 
day of last October from the "Throne of 
Him who dwells in the light which no 
man can approach," from the "Central 
Sun of the Universe," the following dis- 



patch was "transmitted by the Hol\- 
Ghost": 

"The time of vengeful trouble, and of 
special plagues, and of devouring judg- 
ments which shall for forty years continue, 
shall commence on the loth day of the 
month of next September ; and on said day 
a battle shall be fought between the French 
and German forces, which shall inaugu- 
rate the impendinc; and fearful European 
war." 

And he still farther prophesies that on 
the eventful loth of September the fol- 
lowing dispatch will be sent from London 
to Cincinnati : 

London, September 10, 1874. 

' " A battle has this day been fought be- 
tween the French and German armies, 
which were incredibly large, and the 
slaughter has been great.' 

" And the foregoing dispatch will be 
in both English and German, generally 
published m this city on the nth day of 
the aforesaid month. And the said Eu- 
ropean dispatch, together with this Proc- 
lamation, will be republished in the Cin- 
cinnati Times on the 12th day of the 
month of next September." 

Those who believe in the Bishop's 
prophetic power doubtless dread the 
coming of September loth, 1874. 

Friday the 13th inst. being the last 
but one in the present term, was consti- 
tutionally the evening for election of 
officers for the ensuing term. Unusual 
interest was taken in this election ; the 
first ticket making its appearance as early 
as Tuesday, and by Friday night no less 
than six had been issued. The election- 
eering these called forth, was something 
surprising and marks certain Munsellians 
as good politicians in a broader field. 
The following persons were elected : 

Jno. Moore, Pres. ; J. O. Wilson, 
Vice Pres. ; R. McKay, Sec. ; Flor- 
ence Richards, Ass't Sec. ; J. F. Baker, 
Treas. ; Minnie Rogers, Librarian; J. M. 
Wills, Chaplain ; F. Mueller, Chorister ; 
W. S. Marquis. Attorney; Mr. Scrimger 
and Misses Kanaga and Kuhl, Court. 



I.S74-] 



Alumni Journal Drmcer. 



89 



ALUMNI JOURNAL DRAWER. 



Mark Twain, now at home, and busy 
at the work, hopes to complete his de- 
scriptive book on the manners and cus- 
toms of Englishmen, before his next visit 
to their country. 



"Picturesque America," is to be 
completed in twelve numbers more, mak- 
ing forty-eight in all, and now the Apple- 
ton's announce a companion work in 
"Picturesque Europe." Mr. Harry Fenn 
has been for some months on the other 
side sketching for it. The first work is 
among the finest ever published in this 
country, and the second will doubtless 
equal it. 



to see the rows of finely bound volumes 
almost within reach, and yet be debarred 
from entrance to the alcoves and personal 
inspection of the books. When we see a 
forlorn student scowling at an unconscious 
post-graduate browsing peacefully among 
folios and quartos, we know that the for- 
mer is consumed by envy. Who has not 
felt the indefiniteness of the catalogue 
description ; by this method the recog- 
nition of what we want is as unsatisfac- 
tory as a book ordered by mail, or a new 
suit of clothes from our tailor. Neither 
affords you half the pleasure you antici- 
pated. — Cornell Era. 



A Taste for Reading. — Make it a 
rule — never to be broken — to devote at 
least half an hour a day to the reading of 
same useful book — not stories chiefly, 
either. 

Stories are good in their places ; but 
every one needs a knowledge of history, 
the elements of science, and other useful 
subjects ; and if he has only half an hour 
to give to reading, he will be foolish to 
gfve it all to novels. Be hungry and 
thirsty after knowledge of all kinds; and 
be sure you will be none the worse, but 
all the better for it. — Al?l}oL 



Good habits of reading, like good 
methods of study, are slow to be acquir- 
ed, but when gained repay the effort by 
rich results of culture and knowledge. 
It is so easy to become the dupe of our 
own fancy, to believe that we are taking 
great strides in the field of knowledge, 
and gathering the fruits of science, when 
we are really enjoying the flowers by the 
wayside. More time is wasted by this 
species of deception than by any other 
means. Time which ought to be used in 
physical training is consumed in lounging 
over books or papers, while the attention 
vascillates between the printed page and 
the busy street before you, and the result 
is a feeling of languor and dissatisfac- 
tion, — Cornell Era. 



To THE lover of books nothing is more 
tantalizing than to enter' a large library, 

13— 



It is said that the celebrated American 
botanist, Bertram, who was at that time 
a farmer, picked in the field a wild hearts- 
ease, and carelessly commenced to tear 
it to pieces, as many thoughtless people 
do. He noticed a strange resemblance 
to an insect in the mass of the stamens, 
huddled together, took it home, exam- 
ined it carefully, became a botanist, open- 
ed a correspondence with Linnreus and 
other great naturalists of his day, and 
soon became one of the greatest, dying 
loaded with honors from almost everv 
scientific society in Europe. The field 
is still open, the laurels are not yet all 
won, the honors are not all gathered. 
We may learn much from the great vvorks 
of nature by simply cultivating a habit of 
careful, thoughtful observation. 



President White of Cornell Univer- 
sity, in a recent lecture, makes the follow- 
ing strong assertion in favor of educated 
labor: "Another great department bear- 
ing on a multitude of industries, directly 
and indirectly, is civil engineering. Take 
one among the fields of its activity. We 
have in the United States about 70,000 
miles of railway, and every year thou- 
sands of miles are added. I do not ex- 
aggerate when I say that millions of dol- 
lars are lost every year by the employment 
of half educated engineers. Proofs of 
this meet you on every side. Lines in 
wrong positions, bad grades and curves, 
tunnels cut and bridges built which might 
be avoided. All of us know the story. 



9° 



Aliotuii Journal Drawer. 



[April, 



But this is not all. Hardly a community 
which has not some story to tell of great 
losses entailed by bad engineering in 
other directions. Here is the traffic of a 
great city street interrupted for a year 
because no engineer can be found able 
to make the calculations for a 'skew arch' 
bridge, a thing which any graduate of a 
well equipped department of civil engi- 
neering can do ; there is a city subjected 
to enormous loss by the failure of its 
water supply system, because the engineer 
employed made no calculation for the 
friction of water in the pipes ; in another 
instance it is a whole district sickened by 
miasma, because a half-taught engineer 
was entrusted with its drainage. We 
must prepare men for better work and 
for every dollar thus laid out we shall 
create or save thousands." 



In our March number appeared a 
magic square to be filled with the num- 
bers from I to 1 6, inclusive. We now 
give place to the following, which may 
serve as a temporary puzzle for the curi- 
ous : 



9J 


14 


12 


100 


84 


93 


4 96 


10 


2 


16 1 


66 36 


"37" 
60 
40 
65 


■eT 

42 


75 


25 
77 
20 


81 


TT 


85 


92 


39 


61 


24 
76 
21 


78 
26 
79 


9 
94 

13 

■ 

83 


7 
88 
18 


59 


62 


23 


38 ! 64 


35 


82 


55 : oO 


48 
48 


43 


27 


73 
32 
68 
29 


72 
33 
69 

2S 


30 


86 1 45 : 52 


57 


70 


67 
31 


15 
98 


3J44 


53 


56 

46 


34 

71 


6 


liL 


47 51 


74 


95 


99 


87 


89 


1 


^-' 


8 


97 


5 


91 


11 



Here we have a magic square, contain- 
ing a lesser magic square, and this lesser 
composed of four magic squares, the 
heavy lines indicating the several dis- 
tinctions. The sum of the numbers in 
the largest square, whether counting up- 
ward, across, or diagonally, is 505 ; omit- 
ting the outside numbers, the sum is 404; 
in each of the four squares the sum is 
202. The entire square consists of the 
cardinal numbers from i to 100. Can 
any one discover the principle of ar- 
rangement ? 



the Advertiser'' s Gazette, and gladly give 
it space in our columns: 

Magazine Advertising. — There is no 
medium of advertising that is more sure 
to bring an article well and perma- 
nently before the people, as that offered 
by magazines of good circulation. 

I. — Because they are taken by the most 
cultivated, liberal and enterprising class 
of people. 

2. — Because they are thoroughly teaJ 
and carefully preserved. 

3. — Because the number of readers is 
not limited to the members of the family, 
but frequently include a whole neighbor- 
hood. 

4. — Because the advertising pages arc 
new, and the advertisements being attrac- 
tively displayed, are, for this reason, 
more likely to arrest the attention of the 
reader. 

5. — Because they carry a degree of in- 
fluence with them favorable to the adver- 
tisers. 



We heartily endorse the following from. 



St. Nicholas continues to find its way 
to our table, and always comes crowded 
with good things for our young folks. 
Instead of being filled with the light, 
trashy material that goes to make up, al ■ 
most entirely, very many of our journals 
for boys and girls, St. Nicholas has taken 
a "new departure" and is succeeding ad- 
mirably in placing before its numerous 
readers much valuable information, and 
in such a shape, too, as to be exceeding- 
ly attractive to the class of readers for 
whom it is intended. 

In the April number we find an excel- 
lent article by Donald G. Mitchell, on 
the invention of printing, illustrated by 
a large engraving of Gutenberg's statute 
at Strasburg. An article, entitled "Life- 
Saving on Our Coast," by William H. 
Rideing, gives a useful and highly inter- 
esting account of how poor shipwrecked 
sailors and passengers are saved when 
they are thrown upon our coast ; for it 
appears, they are nearly always saved: 
Four excellent illustrations accompany 
this article. Another useful paper is that 
upon "Wood Carving," illustrated by 
working designs. 

These, with the various stories, poem-o, 
etc., vi\\\, without doubt, be fully appre- 
ciated by our young friends who are so 



1874-] 



Educational. 



91 



fortunate as to be regular readers of St. 
Nicholas. "Jack-in-the-Pulpit" is un- 
usually good this month; he fairly 
sparkles with fun, and everybody, old and 
young, will be sure to have a jolly laugh 
with "Jack" for April. The Letter Box 
and other departments are full and inter- 
esting as usual. 



It may be questioned by many whether 
the following paragraph from one of our 
leading dailies gives evidence of another 
step forward in civilization. The Intcr- 
Ocean says : 

" Cremation has in this country already 
passed from the region of speculation and 
argument into that of practical experi- 
ment. Steps are being taken in New 
York to form a mutual cremation society. 
It is said that a large number of names 
has been procured, whose owners pledge 
themselves to give their best aid and in- 
fluence for the disposition of their own 
bodies after death in this manner. This 
seems certainly a good test of sincerity ; 
and now that the reform has been initi- 
ated, there can be little doubt of its be- 
coming more and more popular. The 
prejudices of custom and association once 
overcome, the prospect of quick combus- 
tion must certainly be preferred to the 
revolting decay by the mold and corrup- 
tion of the grave." 

It may be only "the prejudices of cus- 
tom and association" which cause us to 



involuntarily shrink from making such a 
disposition of the bodies of our loved 
ones, and yet are they not the "preju- 
dices" of an age of enlightened civiliza- 
tion and Christianity as compared with 
that of barbarism and superstition ? It 
may be argued that the body will just as 
certainly undergo decomposition when 
buried from our sight as if we give it to 
the flames ; and this we readily grant, 
yet, in our attempts to preserve the body 
after death, do we not simply follow that 
natural instinct or inspiration which causes 
us to yearn for its resurrection ? More 
than this, are not the very forms and cere- 
monies of the Christian burial founded 
on a strong faith in the doctrine of the 
final resurrection of the body, as taught 
in Revelation ? For our part we can not 
yet accept the conclusion so summarily 
drawn in the above paragraph that "the 
prospect of quick combustion must cer- 
tainly be preferred to the revolting decay 
by^the mold and corruption of the grave." 
Were we compelled to witness from day 
to day this slow decay, the argument 
might have more force, but so long as 
the earth like a cherishing mother re- 
ceives her own and hides, alike from 
friend and foe, the forms of those whose 
spirits wing their flight to other realms, 
we are persuaded that the truly human 
will refuse to return to the revolting cus- 
toms of a barbarous age. 



EDUCATIONAL. 



Oxford University is one thousand 
years old, and exults in an annual income 
of one million dollars and a library of 
five hundred and twenty thousand vol- 
umes. 



Union University, N. Y., recently had 
a gift of $100,000 from Mr. Anonymous. 

The Wesleyan would be happy to be 
greeted by Mr. Anonymous in the same 
substantial manner. 



good whipping is better than detention 
after school hours, "because it sets the 
blood in circulation and stimulates the 
brain." 

Such stimulants should be sparingly 
used. They cost a teacher in a neighbor- 
ing county ^25. He used rattan too free- 
ly, and set a little too 7nuch blood in cir- 
culation. A little whipping, unlike a little 
learning, is not a dangerous thing. We 
believe it often does good. But be gentle. 



The Chicago T^a^A^r believes in the old It is gratifying to know that the propo- 

fashioned use of the rod, and claims a silion of the University, offering "literary 



9^ 



Edunittona/. 



[A,.n 



honors" to ministers who satisfactorily 
complete certain prescribed courses of 
study, is meeting with such general 
favor. From all parts of our own State, 
and from other States come greetings : 
Iowa, Colorado, Missouri, Wisconsin 
and Indiana have already responded, and 
letters by the score are being received 
from those who desire to avail themselves 
of this opportunity, to formally enter the 
republic of letters. 



VVm. Wheelwright gives Si 00,000 to 
be expended for lectures before a Scien- 
tific School in Newburyport, Mass. 

Mr. Wheelwright has evidently given 
the right wheel to a part of his fortune. 
Our department of Natural Sciences 
would not be injured by having a similar 
amount wheeled righf in for use ere the 
year closes. 

Considerable interest is manifested in 
the questions of finance and excessive 
taxes in our thriving city, and some, who 
are in favor of retrenching, direct espe- 
cial attention to what is claimed to be 
unnecessary expenditures in supporting 
our excellent public schools. Without 
attempting an argument upon, or giving 
any extended discussion of, the question 
at issue, we suggest that it is the part of 
wisdom to avoid anything which will 
cripple or render in any way inefficient 
the excellent system which prevails in the 
educational work of our city. 



We do not like to take up a reproach 
against our neighbor and sincerely hope 
that the statement of Rochester Union 
and Advertiser concerning Cornell Col- 
lege, is not correct. It seems from this 
statement that a young student, by the 
name of Maconnen, who was compelled 
to work at his trade of stone-cutting to 
support himself in college, wrote as essay 
in competition for the Woodford Prize 
Medal. He was not allowed, however, 
to compete for the medal, on some pre- 
text or other ; Vice President Russell 
declaring that labor-students ought to be 
contented with graduation, and not think 
of striving after honors. 



elsewhere, to all those who may desire to 
enter upon a somewhat extended and 
systematic course of mental training. It 
is designed more especially for teachers 
and principals of schools, and graduates 
of High and Normal schools. The oV)- 
ject is not to prescribe a course of study 
suitable to fit teachers for their vocation, 
but to add to the culture, which they have 
already secured, a systematic course of 
study, to be pursued by them, and upon 
the completion of which the University 
will confer the corresponding degree. In 
our next issue we hope to present these 
courses of studv in full. 



We are happy to announce to those 
who contemplate the study of the law, 
that this important department is now 
fully org"knized and ready for work. The 
following is the Law Faculty : 

Rev. Samuel Fallows, D. D., Presi- 
dent. 

PROFES.SORS. 

Hon. Reuben M. Benjamin, A. M., 
Dean. Property, Contracts and Domes- 
tic Relations. 

Hon. Owen T. Reeves, A. M. Plead- 
ings, Evidence, and Equity Jurispru- 
dence. 

Hon. Robert E. Williams. Constitu- 
tional, International and Criminal Law. 

The appearance of the above names 
upon the roster of the Law Faculty is- 
sufficient guaranty that the University 
acts in good faith in announcing this de- 
partment. It is needless for us to com- 
ment at length upon the ability of the 
above-named gentlemen and their emi- 
nent fitness for the respective positions to 
which they have been called, and which 
they consent to occupy. We hope that 
the efforts of the University to furnish in 
our midst opportunities for legal culture 
second to none in the country, will be 
duly appreciated, and that a large class 
will enter this department the First Term, 
which will begin April 6, 1874. Fee for the 
first term, $6.00. Those wishing infor- 
mation in reference to the law depart- 
ment, will please apply to the President 
or Dean of the Law Faculty. 



The University will soon offer a profes- There are over fourteen and a half 

sional course of study corresponding to millions of children of school age in this 
the ministerial course which we publish country. The tax for their education is 



..S74.] 



liiluiatioiuil. 



9.1 



one per cent, of the real and personal 
property in the United States. We spend 
annually jsgs, 000,000 for schools. \\'e 
employ 221,000 teachers. The national 
government has already set aside for ed- 
ucational purposes 140,000.000 acres of 
public lands. 

From the above facts it will l)e seen 
that we pay liberally for the education of 
our children. But these children will 
pay back to the country, through the in- 
creased value of their services from the 
education received in the public schools, 
at least $200,000,000 per year. If pays 
to educate them. 



We invite the special attention of all 
interested parties to the following circu- 
lar. Please give it a careful reading : 

Collegiate courses of study for the 
ministers of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 
To the Ministers of the M. E. Church : 

Dear Brethren : The authorities of 
the Illinois Wesleyan University, at 
Bloomington, after due deliberation, have 
determined to offer courses of study and 
corresponding degrees to all the minis- 
ters of the M. E. Church who shall meet 
the requisite conditions. These courses 
are designed for those only who have 
passed successfully the examinations pre- 
scribed by the General Conference for 
traveling ministers, and who are or- 
dained elders in good standing. They 
can be pursued without actual attendance 
at the University, and without any inter- 
ruption of regular ministerial duties. 

A completion of the course in the na- 
tural sciences and belles-lettres, with 
special stress laid upon the English Ian 
guage and English literature, will secure 
the degree of "Bachelor of Philosophy." 

A completion of the same course with 
additional studies in Latin, or Greek, or 
German, and in natural science and math- 
ematics, will secure the degree of "Bach- 
elor of Science." For the degree of 
"Bachelor of Arts, ' ' the studies laid down 
in the catalogue of the University will be 
required, credit being given for the stu- 
dies passed in the above courses. 

The degree of "Doctor of Philoso- 
phy" will be conferred upon all classical 
graduates of colleges who shall pass the 
prescribed courses of study in either of 



the departments of philosophy, philology, 
or natural science. 

After consultation with leading educa- 
tional men in the church, a course of 
study may be laid down hereafter for the 
degree of "Doctor of Divinity." Exam- 
inations on the whole or any part of the 
course will be held at the University at 
the close of each term. Whenever a 
sufficient number of ministers within the 
bounds of any conference shall make ap- 
plication for such examinations, they will 
be held by the members of the faculty, 
during the months of July and August. 
Credit will be given for each study when 
completed, and the appropriate degrees 
will be conferred at the commencement 
following the final examination. 

Some of the reasons for this "new de- 
parture" may be briefly stated. First, 
The course of study presi-l"ibcd by the 
General Conference for our ministers is 
very valuable and extensive, and cannot 
be mastered without years of earnest 
study. With the required 'preparatory 
studies and the implied knowledge of the 
English branches before admission on 
trial, this course covers about seven years. 
Having carefully estimated the educa- 
tional value of each and all of these stu- 
dies, we cannot resist the conviction that 
the generous supplementary course we 
prescribe, with the extensive conference 
course, well deserves an academic degree. 
Second, Our plan meets the desire of 
many of our ministers, often and earnest- 
ly expressed, for a logical and well-di- 
gested course of private study, to be 
pursued systematically and continuously. 
Third, It will admit into the republic of 
letters men who are in every way worthy 
to enter it; men who would rather earn a 
degree than receive it as a mere "honor- 
ary" thing. Fourth, We believe, in pre- 
senting this plan, that we are helping our 
brethren to fulfill the command in the 
exhortation of Paul to Timothy, "study 
to show thyself approved unto God, a 
workman that needeth not to be ashamed, 
rightly dividing the word of truth." A 
small sum will be charged for examina- 
tions, and the usual fee for diplomas. 
For detailed courses of study and infor- 
mation apply to the president, 

Sam'l Fallows, D. D. 

Bloomington, III. 



94 



Sperial Courses of Stitt/y. 



[April 



SPECIAL COURSES OF STUDY OFFERED BY THE ILLINOIS WESLEYAN 

UNIYERSITY. 



Just before going to press we received 
the following courses of study, which we 
gladly give space in our columns. Since 
these courses presented recommend 
themselves to the favorable consideration 
of all friends of higher education, it is 
unnecessary for us, in any editorial com- 
ment, to urge upon those for whom these 
provisions have been made the great ad- 
vantage to be gained by availing them- 
j^elves of this opportunity to formally 
enter the republic of letters. The great 
number of applications for information 
respecting these courses of study, indi- 
cates the popularity of this "new depart- 
ure," and the great favor with which it 
is received. 

MINISTERIAL COURSE OF STUDY lOR THE 
DEGREE OF PH. B., (BACHELOR OF PHI- 
LOSOPHY.) 

English Literature, - - S/um.'. 



Science of Language, 
Esthetics, 


- Max Mailer. 
B a scorn. 


History of Philosophy, 
New Chemistry, - 
Sketches of Creation, 


Schwcgler. 

Cooke. 

Winchell. 


Geology, 


Steele. 


International Law, - 


Woolsey. 


Political Economy, 


Perry. 


Astronomy, 

Rhetoric, . - . 


Steele. 
Bain. 


The Intuitions, 


McCosh. 



Human Intellect, (abridged) - Porter. 
Christianity and Greek Philosophy, 

Cocker. 

MINISTERIAL COURSE OF STUDY FORTHEDE- 
GREE OF B. S., (^BACHELOR OF SCIENCE. ) 

For this degree, in addition to the 
course prescribed for the degree of Ph. 
B., the following studies will be required: 

Latin — Grammar and Reader, 

Bartholomew. 
Latin — Caesar's Commentaries, Hanson. 
Latin — Cicero's Orations against 

Cataline, - - - Hanson. 
Latin — Virgil's yEneid, 
Greek — Grammar and Reader, Hadley. 
Greek — New Testament, - Hadley. 
Algebra — (to series,) - - Schuyler. 



Geometry — Plane, - - - Ray. 
Physiology, - Huxley <s^ Youtnans. 

Comparative Anatomy, Agassiz 6" Gould. 
Chemical Physics, - - - Cooke. 

MINISTERIAL COURSE FOR THE DEGREE OF 
A. B., (^BACHELOR OF ARTS.; 

The requisites for this degree are the 
completion of the course for the degree 
of Bachelor of Science and additional 
studies in Latin, Greek, Mathematics and 
Natural Science. 

Credit will be given for any portion of 
the above courses, or for equivalent studies 
which may have been completed at any 
institution of higher learning on presen- 
tation of satisfactory evidence to the 
Faculty. 

After carefully comparing the courses 
we have laid down, based upon the pre- 
paratory Conference studies, with those 
prescribed in the catalogues of the best 
Eastern and Western colleges, we are safe 
in saying, that we require as great a num- 
ber and variety of studies for our degrees 
as these institutions require for theirs. 

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 

Graduates of colleges, whether minis- 
ters or otherwise, who shall satisfy the 
Faculty of the L^niversity that they have 
pursued creditably a course of study 
equivalent to that for which the degree of 
A. B. is given in the Illinois Wesle3'an 
University, naay obtain the degree of 
Master of Arts, by pursuing a course of 
study for one year after graduation, in 
any one of the following subjects : Phi- 
losophy, Philology, History, Political 
Science, Mathematics, Pedagogics, Phys- 
ics, Natural History, — and passing a thor 
ough examination therein. Candidates 
for this degree must present a satisfactory 
thesis. This degree will also be given on 
examination in the above courses or their 
equivalent, to any person suitably quali- 
fied, who may not be a graduate of any 
college. 

DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 

The degree of Ph. D. will be given to 
graduates similarly qualified who are in 



1874-] 



Special Courses of Sfiah. 



95 



professional life, and shall pursue for at 
least two years after graduation, any one 
of the subjects specified for the degree of 
A. M., shall pass a thorough examination 
therein and shall present a satisfactory 
thesis. 

The examination in Philosophy for the 
degree of Ph. D. will be upon Ancient 
and Modern Philosophy. Books of refer- 
ence : 

Ueberweg's History of Philosophy, 
Lewes " " 

Schvvegler's '•' " 

Jowett's Plato, Kant's Critique of Pure 
Reason. 

The course of study in the other sub- 
jects will be announced hereafter. 

EXAMINATIONS. 

Examinations in the whole or any part 
of these courses will be held at the Uni- 
versity at the close of each term, and cred- 
it will be given for each study when com- 
pleted. 

In conferences remote from the Uni- 
versity we would recommend the forma- 
tion of an association of ministers, who 
wish to complete any of the above courses 
of study, the officers of which shall con- 
sist of a president, secretary and treasur- 
er. The association shall designate the 
time and place where the examination, 
shall be held, and shall give due notice 
of the same to the President of the Uni- 
versity. An examiner appointed by the 
Faculty will be present, with printed 
questions, on which an examination, 
mainly written, will be held. 

In case there are not applicants enough 
to constitute an association, arrangements 
will be made for the examination of in- 
dividual candidates ator near their homes. 

CONFERRING OF DEGREES. 

The appropriate degrees will be con- 
ferred at the commencement following 
the final examination. Attendance at 
commencement though desirable will not 
be required. 

Provision will be made for the free 
entertainment of ministers in Blooming- 
ton who come to the University for ex- 
amination and degrees. 

EXPENSES. 

I'he fee for examination for the degree 
of Ph. B. and B. S. will be $io; for the 



degree of A. B. and A. M., $15 ; for the 
degree of Ph. D., §20. 

In special cases a reduction will be 
made. 

THE DEPARTMENT OF LAW. 

Elsewhere in our columns will be found 
the announcement of the organization of 
this important department and the names 
of the Faculty elect. 

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 

The course of instruction is designed 
to prepare students for admission to prac- 
tice in the highest Courts of the State. 
The recitations will be on topics careful!}' 
and logically prepared by the Professors. 
With the assignment of the topics, perti- 
nent and abundant references will be given. 

Lectures will be given by the Profes- 
sors and by other distinguished members 
of the bar. 

Moot and club courts will be regularly 
held. 

The course will cover four terms of 
about three months each, and will be con- 
tinued through a period of two years. 

I.IKRAKY. 

The Law Library, to which the stu- 
dents will have access, is considered to 
be the most complete in the West. 

It contains, in addition to the most val- 
uable works on the subject of law in gen- 
eral, the English Law Reports, and full 
Reports of all the States and Territories 
of the Union. 

TERMS OF ADMISSION. 

The sole requisites are, that the candi- 
date shall be eighteen years of age and 
of good, moral character. No previous 
course of reading is required. 

DECJREES. 

The degree of Bachelor of Laws will 
be conferred upon such sudents as shall 
pursue the prescribed course and pass the 
requisite examination. 

EXPENSES. 

The fee for tuition will be $6, only, for 
the coming term. 

The usual fee of $5 will be charged for 
the Diploma. 

For further particulars apply to the 
President or to Hon. R. M. Benjamin, 
A. M., Dean of the Faculty. 



96 



Editorial JVotrs. 



[April, 



EDITORIAL NOTES. 



— To J. C. Hartzell, of '68, we are indebted 
for a co])y of the niimites of the Louisiana An- 
nual Conference, recently held at Baton Rouge, 
La., and of which Conference Bro. Hartzell was 
secretary. By reference to the minutes we find 
that Bro. Hartzell is continued as Presiding El- 
der of the New Orleans district, and also is one 
of the Trustees of the New Orleans University. 

— The lithographs of the new university build- 
ing have been received and are now on sale. 
'I'hose having charge of this enterprise have de- 
cided to furnish them at the low price of fif/y 
icnts per copy or S4.00 ])er dozen. Now, if you 
please " only one at a time," but do not delay 
sending your order till the supply is e.xhausted. 
We hope our ministerial friends will order a 
number of dozens. Remember the proceeds of 
the sales go toward furnishing rooms in the L'ni- 
\'ersity building. 

— We have a limited sujiply of those ^>uperb 
chromos, one of which we present, to any one 
who secures a club of //-•;• or leii subscribers to 
the JouRX.\L. Those who are working to secure 
clubs need not delay sending names till the club 
is full. By notifying us, pro]ier credit will rJwnys 
be given. 

— W. H. Wylder, of '73, is ha\-ing a very sue 
cessful year in his ministerial labors. He reports 
over seventy acceasions to the church within the 
bounds' of his circuit since conference. Recently 
his people greatly surprised him by presenting 
him a purse of S87, as a donation. The relation 
between Bro. Wylder and the people whom he 
serves must be pleasant indeed. 

— Our representative in Congress, (len. |ohn 
.McNulta, reminds us that we are not forgotten 
by presenting us a copy of the speech of Hon. |. 
C Cannon, of Illinois, on the "Distribution of 
Public Documents, Etc." 

— We recently spent a Sahhath very pleasantly 
with Rev. L. Springer, at Minonk. We found 
Bro. Springer fully awake to the various interests 
in his charge ; and both pastor and people are 
moving on harmoniously in their work. Bro. 
Springer is one of the tirst to enter upon the 
course of study prescribed by the University, for 
ministers, for the completion of which the degree 
of Bachelor of Science will be conferred. We 
understand that Bro. Gue, of El Paso, and Bro. 
Bowlin, of Wenona, join Bro. Springer in this 
work. We doubt not as soon as the pcescribed 
courses of study proposed by the University can 
be formally given to the public many others will 
avail themselves of the opportunity to thus be 
formally admitted to the Republic of Letters. 

— The concert given by the Mendelssohn 
Choral Society, in Amie Chapel, March 17th, is 
spoken of in highly commendatory terms by those 
who were present. Notwithstanding a grand tem- 
perance rally was held at Durley Hall on the 
same evening, a very creditable and appreciative 
audience greeted the Society upon this, its first 
appearance before the public Under the efficient 



leadership of Prof. Parker, the work of the past 
term has been entirely satisfactory, and the So- 
ciety ])romises its friends to present something 
really .-.uperior at its ne.xt ap|iearance, which will 
probably be sometime in June. 

— Our list of subscribers is steadily increasing 
in numbers, and we feel gratified in receiving 
words of commendation from many of our friends 
in regard to the improvements we have made this 
year in our publication. If the patrons of the 
University whose interests the Al.aMNi Joprnwi, 
so lailhfully represents, will continue to lend theii- 
influence and efforts in securing new sui)scriberN 
wherever and whenever they can be obtained we 
shall 1)6 able to carry the work through the yeai- 
without financial loss or embarrassment. Send 
in your subscriptions. Only ,5i.OO per year. 

— We take pleasure in placing in our adver- 
tising columns a list of some of the popular pub 
lications (Tf John Wiley & Son, New York. 
Those desiring any of the books issued by thitt 
house can have their orders promjitly filled i)y 
addressing the jiublishcrs. 

— "The Good Old Times in McLean County. " 
by r>r. E. Duis, is the title of a very interesting 
and readable histoiy of the early settlement of 
the county, soon to be issued from the Leader 
press. It contains biographical sketches of neariv 
three hundred of the old settlers, besides much 
other valuable and interesting history. These 
sketches abounil in amusing anecdotes and iiici 
dents, which give the work a freshness and inter- 
est, not only to those per^on.illy ac(|uainted with 
the characters described, but to the general read- 
er. We predict for thi-< history a readv and ex- 
tensive sale. 

— President Fallows is making hosts (jf friends 
for himself and the University as he becomes ac- 
quainted with the pastors and people of the pat- 
ronizing conferences. Almost every Sabbath he 
is called to fill some pulpit, — Danvers, Tonica, 
Jacksonville. El Paso, and Minonk are among 
the places which he has visited. Be patient, 
brethren and friends, the Dr. has but one body 
and can consequently be in only one place at a 
time, but he is disposed to answer all your calls 
as soon as he possibly can do so in justice to his 
other duties. 

— Professor Willing has ijeen compelled to de- 
cline numerous calls to preach and lecture during 
the past term because of her \'aried duties and 
e.xcessive labors in the University. These kind 
and urgent invitations have been accepted as 
often as the exigencies of the case would permit. 

— Mr. O. Rugg, of this city, contributes to the 
Museum of the University some very singularly 
shaped monstrosities of the eggs of domestic fowls. 

Also Mr. J. Maxon gives us some very good 
specimens from our coal beds. These gentle- 
men have our thanks for their kindness. 

We would like to thank a great many more in 
just the same way. Send in your specimens and 
they shall be- duly labelled and cared for. 



THE 



iLUMNI j)OURNAL, 



OF THE 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UMVERSITY. 



Vol IV. 



MAY, 1874. 



No. 5. 



100,000 ACRES OF LAND FOR SALE, BY THE ILLINOIS WESLEYAN 

UNIVERSITY. 



The Trustees of the Illinois Wesleyan 
University have for sale One Hundred 
Thousand acres of the choicest lands in 
the west, lying in the celebrated Neosho 
Valley, Kansas. 

These lands have all been selected with 
the greatest care by the agent of the Uni- 
versity, Rev. G. W. Gue, of the Central 
Illinois Conference. Mr. Gue has had 
many years experience in the selection 
of western lands, and has made 2i personal 
examination of eveiy section of the land 
which is thus offered for sale. 

These lands are in the midst of good 
settlements, and are contiguous to rail- 
roads now in successful operation, being 
from three to fifteen miles distant. Pro- 
jected railroads also, which must be built 
sooner or later, are surveyed through 
them. The climate is mild; the atmos- 
phere dry and pure ; the soil rich and 
deep. Grain of all kinds is raised in 
abundance. The country is rapidly set- 
tling up by emigration. 

These lands range in price usually from 
$3 00 to $5.00 per acre, according to lo- 
cation, and are sold on ten years time ; 
ten per cent, at the time of purchase ; 
the interest only, the second year at 7 

—13 



per cent. ; one-tenth and the interest each 
succeeding year until paid. 

To persons of moderate means this in- 
vestment is particularly desirable. Rarely 
is such an opportunity offered of purchas- 
ing lands all of which have been selected 
with great care by a thoroughly compe- 
tent judge. 

We append a letter of the Rev. Rich- 
ard Haney, of Wenona, Central Illinois 
Conference, to the President of the Ui>i- 
versity, respecting these lands : 

Rev. SAMUEL FALLOWS, "| 

Pres. III. Wes. University, '- 

Bloomington, Illinois. ) 

Dear Sir : — Having learned that Rev. 
G. W. Gue, of the Central Illinois Con- 
ference had arranged with the Missouri, 
Kansas and Texas Railroad Co. to secure 
one hundred thousand acres of their land 
for the benefit of your University, and 
having in company with some ten of our 
most substantial citizens, recently visited 
that portion of the State of Kansas, where 
those lands are located, I have thought it 
might be of some interest to you to know 
my impression of the land and the coun- 
try in general. 

From my own observation, and by con- 



98 



Land for Sale by the University. 



[May, 



versation with the oldest and best inform- 
ed citizens, and a personal examination 
of the soil and crops, I am prepared, I 
think, to give a very fair estimate of the 
country, crops, soil, &c. 

I was most favorably disappointed my- 
self in almost every particular. The soil 
will compare favorably as a general thing 
with that of Illinois, or of any of the 
States lying east of it, for all kinds of 
crops ; corn not quite so heavy as in parts 
of Illinois, but sound and well matured. 
Wheat, both fall and spring, oats, barley, 
anti all small grains do much better than 
in this State. The climate, so far as I 
could judge, and by the information I 
could gather, is excellent. The air is dry 
and pure. Compared with Illinois, there 
is a scarcity of timber and the quality is 
not so good. But the lumber rafted down 
the Mississippi river from the pineries of 
Minnesota and Wisconsin to Hannibal, 
Missouri, and shipped thence over the 
Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway to 
these lands, makes building and fence 
material nearly as cheap as in Illinois. 
In many townships the "Stock Law" is 
in operation, so that fencing to confine 
the stock only is needed. Near the 
streams there is an abundance of grey 
limestone, and in some places fine quarries 
of magnesian limestone, unsurpassed for 
building purposes. 

The lands which we visited are directly 
west from St. Louis, and in about 125 miles 
of the east line of the State of Kansas, 
and lie on both sides of the Neosho Riv- 
er. The Neosho Valley Railroad runs 
along the Neosho Valley from Parsons to 
Junction City, and has been in success- 
ful operation for several years. 

Some of our party had purchased land 
of Mr. Gue on his personal recommenda- 
tion before seeing it, and all who did so 
were highly pleased with the selections he 
had made for them. Those, who had not 
purchased before going to sec the land, 
made selections and purchased before re- 
turning home. The lands which Mr 
Gue selected for the University, which I 



visited, lie in Morris and Wabaunsee 
counties, and I did not see a single quar- 
ter section which I did not think would 
make a good farm. I understand that 
Mr. Gue selects land of the best quality 
only, and offers terms of payment which 
will put the land in the reach of any man 
of common prudence and industry. In 
price the lands will range from $3.00 to 
$5.00 per acre, and will be sold for ten 
years time ; one tenth at time of purchase, 
the interest at 7 per cent., the second 
year ; one-tenth and the interest each 
succeeding year, until paid. 

I congratulate you and the University 
in having secured the services of Mr. Gue 
as your agent in disposing of the land. 
He has had large experience in the selec- 
tion of Western lands, and will select 
with great care the lands he proposes to 
sell for the University. You can, I think, 
safely recommend both your agent and 
your lands. Yours Truly, 

Richard Haney. 

Wenona, 111., March 26, '74. 

We count the University fortunate in 
securing the sale of this large tract of 
land on such terms as will add largely to 
the permanent funds of the institution, 
and still more fortunate in securing the 
services, as agent, of one whose natural 
business qualifications added to his exten- 
sive experience as a land commissioner 
so eminently fit him for the work. Parties 
buying land of Mr. Gue may rest assured 
that it is just what he represents it to be, 
since he sells none except what he has 
personally examined and selected. 

An opportunity is now offered to the 
friends of the University, to give mate- 
rial aid to its funds and yet so invest cap- 
ital as to realize a handsome profit on the 
investment. The plan has so many com- 
mendable features that we will not attemjit 
their enumeration now ; but we urge all 
who feel any interest in the success of the 
University to communicate with the agent, 
Rev. G. W. Gue. His address for the 
present is El Pa.so, Ills. 



iS74.] 



JJoPi/ B/ocks and Meta! Types. 



99 



WOOD BLOCKS AND METAL TYPES. 

r,V DR. E. DUIS, AUTHOR OF "''THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN m'lEAN COUNTY, 



Such must be the topics which demand 
attention, whenever the rise of printing 
is to be traced ; and to these, therefore, 
we proceed to direct the reader's mind, 
assured that, in doing so, there will be a 
reward for the effort required. 

Nearly a thousand years ago the art of 
l^rinting was known to the Chinese. 
Tung-taou, the first ruler of the Tsin 
dynasty, A. D. 937, has been considered 
the inventor of it ; but it appears from 
Chinese history, that, a few years before 
that time, the ruler Tang ordered what 
are called the "nine classics" to be en- 
graved, printed, and sold generally. As 
to the art being then practised there 
seems to be no difference of opinion ; 
but the question was discussed whether 
the books should be gratuitously delivered 
or sold, from the immense number that 
would be in demand. 

The mode of printing adopted by the 
Chinese is more simple, less expensive, 
and, until recent improvements were 
made, more expeditious than our own. 
It is that of printing by means of wood- 
blocks ; and, as their language consists 
principally of arbitrary characters, they 
have not considered it necessary either to 
cut or cast an assortment of types, which 
may be set up, distributed, and recom- 
posed, but prefer taking a block of wood 
and cutting the characters on it, so that 
there are as many of these blocks for any 
particular work as there are separate 
pages. 

To explain the process more particu- 
larly : The first part of it is to write out 
the page in the square-formed Chinfese 
character, and carefully to lay the writing 
on the block, which has already been 
smoothly planed, and covered over with 
a glutinous paste. The paper is now 
rubbed till it is quite dry, and when as 
much of it as can be got away is re- 
moved, the letters it bore are seen ad- 
hering to the wood in an inverted form. 
These, however, are somewhat dim in 
appearance; but, on oil being applied, they 
are brought out fully and vividly. 



The block being now prepared for en- 
graving, the first operation is to cut 
straight down by the sides of the letters, 
from top to bottom, and to clear the 
spaces between the lines, with the excep- 
tion of the stops. The horizontal strokes 
being engraved, the artizan now proceeds 
to the oblique, and then cuts the perpen- 
dicular ones throughout the entire line — 
a course which prevents the necessity of 
turning the block round for every letter, 
and consequently a loss of time. The 
engraver now proceeds to the central 
parts, and it is not long before the page, 
usually containing five hundred charac- 
ters, is complete. The complement for 
an ordinary artizan is one hundred char- 
acters a day, for which he obtains no 
more than twelve and a half cents. 

The printing apparatus of the Chinese 
is no less simple and curious ; it consists 
of a brush, a pot of liquid ink, and a 
piece of wood bound round with the 
fibrous parts of a species of palm, to 
serve as a rubber ; while a pile of paper 
stands on one side of the table, where 
these articles are arranged. The block, 
which we have just seen to be engraved, 
being inked with the brush, a sheet of dry 
paper is taken with the left hand, and 
placed carefully on it ; the printer then 
hastily seizes the rubber with his right 
hand, and passes it very rapidly once or 
twice over the paper. In this way the 
printed impression is produced ; on the 
removal of the first sheet, another, an- 
other, and another follow, until the whole 
number required is thrown off. A less 
complicated process than this, it is impos- 
sible to conceive. Without a wheel, a 
lever, a screw or even a wedge, a Chinese 
printer will work off no fewer than 3,000 
impressions in a day. His whole stock 
consists merely of his gravers, blocks, and 
brushes, which he may put on his shoulder 
and easily carry from place to place. He 
does not add to his burden by either 
taking with him paper or lampblack for 
his ink, as these articles may be obtained 
wherever he chooses to stop. He has only 



lOO 



Wood B/ofks and Metal Types. 



[May. 



to borrow a table ; and, thus provided, 
he may print his books by hundreds or 
thousands, just as the supply produces a 
demand, or the demand creates a supply. 
One thing is clear, he works very cheaply. 
No heavy taxes restrict his circulation. 
Ten sheets of his dewy-sized paper cost 
only one cent ; and when his pages are 
printed, they have only to be folded ex- 
actly in the middle, collated, adjusted, 
stitched, cut, and sewed ; and the whole 
he receives is but 20 cents a thousand. 

The Chinese were the earliest printers, 
using at first, as they do to the present 
day, wood blocks ; but they did not be- 
come the instructors of Europeans in 
their art. Before Vasco de Gama had 
discovered the passage to the East by the 
Cape of Good Hope, they had invented 
it for themselves. Similar wants had led 
in this instance, as in others, to similar 
means being devised for their relief; and 
wood blocks were at first used in Europe, 
as they certainly were, and are still, in 
the so-called '-'Celestial Empire." 

The earliest document concerning wood 
engraving for block-printing, is given by 
Papillon, who assigns the honor of the 
invention to two noted persons, now fa- 
miliarly called the Two Cunio. It is 
pleasing to state that they were twin 
brother and sister, the first children of 
the Count di Cunio. Their work, which 
was executed about 1285, was a represen- 
tation in eight poems, of the actions of 
Alexander the Great, with Latin verses. 

Playing-cards appear to have been used 
not only in the higher but among the 
lower ranks, in the fourteenth century. 
It has been conjectured that the earliest 
of these were produced by stencilling. A 
piece of thin metal, or pasteboard, being 
pierced according to some figure, and 
then placed on a card, the figure would 
be transferred to it, when the piece of 
metal, or pasteboard, called the stencil, 
was smeared over with a brush dipped in 
liquid color. It has also been supposed, 
from the cheapness of playing-cards at 
that period, that the outline which the 
process of stencilling filled up with color, 
was formed by some rude process of 
wood-engraving. There is evidence that 
cards were printed before the middle of 
the fifteenth century. The great card- 
makers of this period were the Germans. 



Formschneider, or figure-cutter, is a name 
they still give to a wood-engraver ; and 
it is said to occur in the town-books of 
Nuremberg as early as 1441. Cards were 
at that time in great variety ; some like 
the missals, or Mass books, that were 
used, executed with great skill, and radi- 
ant with purple and gold ; and others 
descending in appearance, until they met 
the eye with a rude outline produced by 
a wood-block, and smeared with color by 
the use of the stencil. The impressions 
of the engraved cards were taken off by 
rubbing, in the way we have already seen 
practised by the Chinese printer, and 
which is adopted to the present hour by 
the engraver on wood, who takes off 
proofs from his block to show his em- 
ployer by means of his tool, called a 
burnisher. 

In the rude efforts of art now describ- 
ed, we observe one step taken towards 
the exercise of the art of printing ; but 
there was another when the paintings of 
saints and other objects, in missals and 
Bibles, were copied in outline. Grotescjue 
as they were, they became exceedingly 
popular; and, being accompanied by a 
few words or sentences of Scripture, they 
supplied an inducement — perhaps the 
first — to the people to learn to read. The 
earliest print from a wood-block of wliicli 
we have any certain date, is in the collec- 
tion of Earl Spencer, in England, the 
possessor of so many curiosities in litera- 
ture. This print represents St. Christo- 
pher carrying the infant Savior across the 
sea. It was found pasted within one of 
the leaves of a Latin manuscript of the 
year 141 7, in one of the most ancient 
convents in Germany, and bears the date 
1423. 

Meanwhile the Italians, Germans, Flem- 
ings and Dutch began to engrave on cop- 
per as well as wood ; and books of 
images, as they were called, were now 
produced, some with, and some without, 
the text. The pages in these books were 
placed in pairs facing each other; and, 
as only one side of the leaves was im- 
pressed, the blank pages also came oppo- 
site to one another. The text corres- 
ponding to the figures is sometimes placed 
below, sometimes on the side, and not 
unfrequently it proceeds as a label from 
the mouth of the person or figure. One 



i874.] 



Reminiscences' 



lot 



of these books is called "Biblia Pauj^er- 
um," or -'Poor Man's Bible."' It con- 
sists of forty plates of small folio, which 
serve as illustrations of the sentiments 
extracted from the Scriptures, the whole 
being engraved on wood on one side of 
the leaves of paper, so that when folded 
they are placed opposite to each other. 
Each plate or page contains four busts, 
two at the top and two at the bottom, 
together with their historical subjects. 
The two upper busts represent the proph- 
ets, or other persons, whose names are 
always written beneath them ; the two 
lower busts are anonymous. The middle 
of the plates, which are all marked by 
letters of the alphabet, in the centre of 
the uppermost compartment, is occupied 
by three historical pictures, one of which 
is taken from the New Testament. This 
is the type, or principal subject, and oc- 
cupies the centre of the page, between 
the two antitypes of other subjects which 
allude to it. The inscriptions, which 
occur at the top and the bottom of the 
page, consist of texts of Scripture and 
Leonine verses, so called from Leo, the 
inventor — the ends of the verses rhyme 
to the middle. 

We have now arrived at a period of 
signal advancement. Referring to the 
year 1450, Trithemius, a contemporary 
and careful historian, says : " About this 
time the art of printing and casting single 
type was found in the city of Mentz., by 
John (Juttenberg, who, having spent his 
whole estate in the di.scovery, received 



the advice and assistance of John Faust 
and others. Having begun with cutting 
characters of the letters upon wooden 
planks, in their right order, and com- 
pleted their forms, they printed a vocab- 
ulary ; but could make no further use of 
these forms, because there was no possi- 
bility of separating the letters which were 
engraved on the planks. To this suc- 
ceeded a more ingenious invention ; for 
they found out a way of stamping every 
letter of the Latin alphabet, in what they 
called matrices, ( from which they after- 
wards cast their letters, either in copper 
or tin, hard enough to be print-ed upon,) 
which they first cut with their own hands. 
It is certain that this art met with no 
small difficulty, from the beginning of its 
invention, as I heard thirty years ago, 
from the mouth of Peter Schoeffer de 
Gernsheim, a citizen of Metz, and son- 
in-law to the first inventor of the art. 
For when they went about printing the 
Bible, before they had worked off the 
third quire, it had cost them already more 
than 4,000 florins. But the aforesaid 
Peter Schoeffer — then servant, and after- 
wards son in-law to the first inventor, 
John Faust — being a person of great in- 
genuity, discovered an easier way of cast- 
ing the letters, and perfected the art as 
we now have it." In Guttenburg, there- 
fore, rests the honor of originating the 
art of printing with separate tyjies ; to 
Schoeffer is due their improvement, while 
Faust appears to have been the friend and 
adviser of both. 



REMINISCENCES. 

The following lines, from the ])en of W. T. Collins, of '64, though pertaining 
somewhat to affairs of a local character, and prepared especially for the Winchester 
Literary Society, will not be void of interest to many of our readers : 

Near nine long years ago to day, 

Upon a cloudless, summer morn, 
By some strange fate which led my way 

Back to the place where I was born — 
I found myself amid the stir 
And din and drive of Winchester. 

True to the law which doth impel, 

Each world along its circling track ; 
Tho' wide their mighty orbits swell, 

Doth to the same place bring them back ; 
So man in life's bewild'ring race, 
Returns unto his starting place. 



102 Rmiiniscent\-s. [May, 

Tho' weary years may inteoene. 

And you are there by all forgot, 
So power the heart can fully wean 

Entirely from it> natal spot ; 
But hack to it in after years. 
We turn our eyes surcharge<l with tear?. 

From boyish hope, to manly pride. 

These nine fleet years have borne me on ; 
Their roughness I will never chide, 

Tho' glad I am that they are gone ; 
Their care, anxiety and pain 
I would not now repeat again. 
'Tis something in the race of life. 

To know your toil was not in vain; 
Some good befell you in the strife. 

As well as trouble, care and pain ; 
For such, " still holding to the plow. 
Nor looking back," I'm grateful now. 

These years, at least, have ser\"ed to teach. 

Thai tempting fruitage, ripe and fair. 
Will turn to ashes in our reach. 

And thus consign us to despnir, — 
That one must hope, not toil defer,. 
If he would be the conqueror, — 

That " offifi" which allures the youth. 

Is not a synonym for " fame^' — 
That greatness, even like the truth. 

Hath on the multitude no claim. 
But rises by it< innate force ; 
No power can check its brilliant course. 

Vet critics often do consign 

A "thing immortal" to the dust. 
That they may for the moment shine. 

E'er into nothingness they rust ; 
While forth from out the dust will rise. 
The " thing inmiortal" to the skies. 

I've learned within the last nine years. 

That nure ^' projessianf lead the v?.n ; 
That ranting hypocrites, with tears. 

Will straight defraud you if the)' can ; 
WTiile knaves aspire to make our laws. 
And topers lead the temp'rance cause. 

I've learned — a " little foreign style" 

Will oft subser^-e the place of " ■worth" 
The thing, doth not so much beguile 

Our fancy, as \\s plact of birth : 
Much better would this poem be. 
If bom beyond, or near the sea. 

I'd rather be a craven slave. 

Immured in dungeon, mine, or pit. 
Or sink into oblivion's grave. 

Than to acknowledge that the wit. 
As well as e'en the styU we sport. 
Must come from some far eastern port. 
Are not our vallejrs just as sweet. 

When shaded by the forest green, 
Onr stubborn hills, and rivers fleet. 

Our prairies, lakes, as grand a scene 
As ever human heart admired. 
Or act, or noble thought inspired ? 

Then trusting in the dice of time. 

As thrown upon the lap of Fate, 
This lovely land, this sunny clime. 

So fair, so free, so rich and great. 
Will cease to scourge, and cease to stone. 
And claim her Prophets as her own. 



1 .5 74-] 



Sifmu DiiCirvrrus of ii Practical Tjro. 



1=3 



SOME DISCO\'ERIE$ OF A PRACTICAL T^TIO- 



REV, J. V. WILLIS, OF 7I. 



Olti brief experience in practical life 
convinces trs of several things, among 
which are these that follow. Foremc-st 
is this : Whatever knowledge a people's 
man 'I use the -' -- --,,... _ 

one working v t 

mental and moral elevation.) may acqtiire 
by aid of teachers and text-books, when 
he enters the public field, he finds nirc- 
self the merest novice in the prac: _-. 
knowledge just then most needed. If 
nature has not bles- ~ "'~^ ~ ■ " " 

sational gifts, he f. 

letdown, when talking to "Smith" about 
the probable issue of the pres- 
ance crusade, for "Smith" a.. :--^ ;.. .= 
thinks he means "hay stacks" or '-Mo- 
ses," and in innocent verdancy replies. 
'•I rather t"-^-" -'- --- •• ■"- ------ 

tune has fa:.^ 

flexible manners, he finds his formal shake, 
defined bow, and "geometrical sit-t" 
are the subject of common g-Dssip _-. - 
grin in everv house along "lazv row." 
But if he be truly called to his ta^, he 
will study to be '-all things tc - -^- -." 

Again, this public t\"TO d- - nor 

only a dearth of nature's endowments and 
mental acquirements on his part, but a 
woful ignorance of human narjre's count- 
less phrases. Thongh he shouU posses- 
the remedy, he is unacquainted with the 

disease, hence 'r -.--.. — -^ ^j- 

treatment. Fr ^ - ^sses 

to the considerate few, he finds human 
nature ^' 7 ' ' ' " " " ' ^ 

narrowe^. .._-.:. _... . .,_:^.. ^ .. 

strong and commandins: ; noble, liberal 
and humble. He finds advocates of ever>- 
c -: some ^ ~- j - f 

■« bom c; 

tured amid the bias and -prejudice of the 
human mind : others pulling ai the wror.^ 
end of the string in a vain endeavor to 
reconcile the Divine with the human, the 
spiritual with the material. We have 
s::"' — ■'-"$ threshold c' — "'^ " ' "' 
J:.; _ out on this B.. 

and notions, have been forced to the con- 
viction that nothing less than wisdom Di- 



ite order oct of all 



vine c:i . 

this un- 

Hence. _ with his study to 

adapt himself to tiie exigencies of his new 
rel;- ""• - ^ - ' " needful to 

stu:- r 1 r book of 

human nature. To increase his stock of 

.polar : 

~ — - ;-.: — - -.^^i _- -on^BO' 

— :o use the Saxon. The most c- 
evidence of this want is the obstinate 

' ^-^ -'-''' ----- hold :: "■ 

, . confe;i._. 

becatse of their amiiqititi alone. 

Tme, it has be-rr -' r one 

of old time," ''5in_. ____- _-.. ; '^^p 
near shore," bat if the maxim _ _ : *-- 
ed literaUy, the world will never have 

and dare to '"go into the water" inarae- 

" ' ^- to 5-^ 



of the above lack is a 
of self conceit, or nr. 



-1 

2. want of 



- not ^ ____ ; 

with more or less truth, "ahem! bethinks 

he"- " " smart." --- 7- -" rit 

"7 - -----^^ - : ;- _ _..rcS- 

- -loQsy tor his 

own views and convictiuns. 

We - ■ "'"-.: the only rer" - w- 

erfhl c ^ save the mj-:,- ._. m 

"splitting on this rock" oS s^f'fr self-val- 
":>n. is " - ed 

-.-rt. F.: : ..:.....;_ 7-- 

lightened mir tes its own 

littleness in j r n as it rises and re- 

- . - . r er 

through untrodden fid isoi iadcie^s light. 

" - -ZV5 

---: : .. . - -tcth 

not itself," Kit s: ty. 

He ftirther finds an obstacle to bis pnr- 
- - '" ' ~^tfss, the le- 

- ^ ^nion of bias 

and bigotiy-. -\nd the reailts of this af- 
tection are any thing bat desirable, for 



I04 



Weekly Historical Calendar. 



[May, 



they shut up the royal highways of the 
heart and forbid the exercise of those af- 
fections that so unmistakably assert the 
soul's kinship to its God. To be content 
with the meagre diet furnished by a 
pinched and narrow soul whose nobler 
chords have never been swept by the 
breath of gratitude for acts of kindness 
and deeds of love, how unworthy of a 
being born to immortal possibilities, pur- 
chased by love Divine ! 

He fmds also that this is pre-eminently 



a practical age. There is a steady j)ro- 
gress of science, chiefly on ba.ses already 
determined, and the saving truths of 
Christianity arc coming to be generally 
accepted. Hence, the greater demand 
for men fitted to make practical every 
energy they possess, native or acquired ; 
men wise enough to take humanity just as 
they find it, ///<:// alter, improve or amend 
it, if necessary, even to the destruction 
of its essential identity. 



WEEKLY HISTORICAL CALENDAR.- 



[For the Aliiiniii Journal. 

-MARCH 24TH TO 3 1 ST. 



BY DR. E. DUIS, AUTHOR OF "THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN M LEAN COUNTY. 



March 24, 1603, Queen Elizabeth died 
at Richmond Palace, in the seventieth 
year of her age, and the forty-fifth of her 
reign. She had been raised from a prison 
to a throne, which she filled with con- 
siderable dignity. She was rather great 
as a politician, than either estimable as a 
moralist, or amiable as a woman ; but, 
taken altogether, tlie page of history has 
seldom to record a reign more honorable 
to the intellect and capacity of the per- 
son presiding over it, than that of Eliza- 
beth. 

March 24, 1726, Daniel Whitby, a 
learned commentator on the New Testa- 
ment, died. He was born at Rushden, 
in Northamptonshire, England, in 1638, 
and was eminent for ability and honesty 
throughout his life. 

Marcli 25, 1688, parochial charity schools 
for the education of the children of poor 
persons, were instituted in London and 
its vicinity. 

March 25, 1748, a fire broke out in 
Change- alley, Cornhill, London, which 
raged for ten hours, consuming all the 
buildings in Change-alley and Birchin- 
lane ; and in Cornhill, from Change-alley 
to St. Michael's-alley, including several 
celebrated taverns and coffee-houses, and 
many valuable shops, five of which were 
booksellers'. Eighty houses were de- 
stroyed. 



March 26, 1471, or 1474, the art of 
printing with fusible types was first in- 
troduced into England, by William Cax- 
ton. 

March 27, 1625, King James I died, 
at Theobald's, near ('heshnut, Hertz, in 
the fifty-ninth year of his age, and at the 
commencement of the twenty-third year 
of his reign in England. He had several 
good qualities, which were sullied with 
weakness, and several bad qualities, which 
were embellished by humanity. 

March 27, 1802, the brief Peace of 
Amiens Avas concluded between England 
and France. 

March 28, 1380, Gunpowder was first 
used in Europe by the Venetians against 
the Genoese. Its power was discovered 
accidentally by Berthold Schwarz ; but 
the Englishman, Roger Bacon, who died 
in 1278, was certainly acquainted with 
it. It is said to have been known in 
India so long ago as the year 690. 

March 28, 1677, Wenceslaus Hollar, 
an engraver of consideiable eminence, 
died at Westminster, London. His 
works, which are very numerous, consist- 
ing of portraits, landscapes, natural his- 
tory, etc., are now highly esteemed ; yet 
he often worked at fourpence an hour, 
and perished in poverty. 

March 28, 1766, a dreadful eruption of 
Mount Vesuvius happened. 



i«74-] 



Weekly Historical Calendat 



105 



March 28, 1801, Sir Ralph Abercrombic 
died in Egypt. He received his death- 
wound on the 2ist, during his memorable 
victory over the French in Alexandria. 

March 28, 1802, Pallas, a new planet 
of the primary order, was discovered by 
Dr. Olbers, of Bremen, in Germany. 

March 29, 13 15, Raymond Lulle, the 
most celebrated chemist and alchemist of 
his time, was stoned to death by the na- 
tives of Mauritania, whither he had gone 
on a religious mission, at the age of 
eighty. His attention was directed to 
chemistry by the power of love. A lady, 
very handsome, of whom he was passion- 
ately fond, refused to marry him. One 
day, when he renewed his solicitations, 
she showed him her bosom, inflamed by 
a cancer. Young Lulle instantly took 
leave, with the resolution to cure, and, if 
possible, to conquer the heart of his mis- 
tress. He searched with all the ardor, 
which affection and compassion could in- 
spire, into the secrets of medicine and 
chemistry, and had the good fortune to 
cure and marry her. After her death he 
attached himself to the church. 

March 29, 1772, the Hon. Efnatiuel 
S7vedenbo7-g died in London, aged 83. 
He was born at Stockholm. His father 
was Bishop of West Gotha. He was a 
man of considerable learning, and pub- 
lished many philosophical and theological 
works. His followers have since been 
established under the title of " The New 
Jerusalem Church." The baron's religious 
views are highly mystical ; and some have 
said that most of his theological works 
were written after, in consequence of a 
severe attack of fever, his understanding 
was considerably impaired. But, how- 
ever ingenious or fanciful his writings 
may appear, all acquit him of any inten- 
tion to impose or deceive. 

March 29, 1788, Charles Wesley, broth- 
er of the celelDrated John Wesley, died 
in London, aged 80. He was a humble 
Christian, a lofty patriot, an able divine, 
and a powerful preacher. He was the 
poet of Methodism. Of the 770 hymns 
in the collection now in use among the 
Methodists, 623 were written by him. 

March 29, 1833, Samuel Drew, of St. 
Austell's, Cornwall, England, died, aged 
68. Dr. Adam Clarke says: " He was a 

— 14 



man of primitive simplicity of manners, 
amiableness of disposition, piety towards 
God, and benevolence to men, seldom to 
be equaled ; and for reach of thought, 
keenness of discrimination, purity of lan- 
guage, and manly eloquence, not to be 
surpassed in any of the common walks of 
life." He commenced life as a humble 
shoemaker, and could scarcely express his 
ideas upon paper in any intelligible form ; 
but by dint of study and application he 
rose to considerable eminence as a writer, 
and was for some years editor of a popular 
monthly magazine. 

March 30, 1282, the Sicilian Vesper's 
Massacre took place. The word vesper 
means evening song, answering to the 
evening prayers in the Church of Eng- 
land. " Sicilian vespers" denote a mem- 
orable era in French history, being a 
general massacre of all the French in the 
island of Sicily, to which the first toll 
that called to vespers >vas the signal. The 
number destroyed was computed at 8,000. 
The ground of the quarrel was political. 

March 30, 1844, a meeting of upwards 
1,200 delegates from all parts of the 
United Kingdom, (England, Scotland 
and Ireland,) assembled in London as an 
"Anti-State Church Conference," to 
consider the best means of effecting a 
severance between Church and State ; it 
was resolved to hold the Conference every 
three years. 

March 31, 1654, Cock-fighting \vz.%t^xq)- 
hibited by Oliver Cromwell. This bar- 
barous amusement was practised by the 
Greeks and Romans, but the aggravated 
cruelty of the battle royal, or Welchmain, 
is peculiar to England. Happily this, 
and similar sports, are much on the de- 
cline, and many of them are now rarely 
heard of. 

March 31, 181 4, the Allied Sovereigns 
entered Paris, after having defeated the 
French army, under the command of 
Napoleon Bonaparte, on the plains of 
Waterloo. 

March 31, 1827, Ludwig von Beethoven, 
a very eminent musical composer died, 
aged 57. His peculiar merit consists in 
originality of inventions, extraordinary 
passages, and great energy of manner and 
profound scientific modulation. 



io6 



Sfaviper Qiiincy Davison. 



[May, 



STAMPER QUINCY DAVISON. 



C. S. LUDLAM. 



''Stamper Quincy Davison, son of 
James and Sarah Davison, of Myersville, 
Vermilion County, Ills., was born Sept. 
13th, 1845, ^"^^ <^li^<^ A'-ig- 27th, 1873." 

Thus runs the record, and we pause, as 
well we may, to contemplate the full 
meaning of those brief words. He who 
stood among us, and went out from us 
bearing honors, went out in the vigor of 
manhood to a future bright with promises, 
is no more. A true and noble son of the 
Wesleyan has fallen by the hand of death. 
We shall see his face and hear his voice 
no more, nor take his hand in friendly 
greeting. 

And yet he still lives, — lives in the 
memories of many whose hearts he won 
by the goodness and purity of his life 
and the generosity of his nature, — lives 
in his manifold labors of love which re- 
main as enduring monuments to perpetu- 
ate his memory and honor the very name 
he bore. 

He entered the University in 1864, at 
the age of nineteen, and pursued the 
elective scientific course with marked suc- 
cess. His scholarship was nearly perfect; 
his record of gentlemanly deportment and 
moral character was without a blot during 
his whole course. He won the esteem 
and confidence of his teachers and fel- 
low students, and among the citizens of 
Bloomington with whom he associated he 
was esteemed a universal favorite, — the 
friend of all. 

He graduated in the elective scientific 
course June i8th, 186S. Soon after this 
his health began to fail, but with unabated 
ardor he applied himself to teaching and 
the special study of Latin and Greek for 
three years, at the end of which time he 
returned to the University and received 
the degree of A. B., June 21st, 1871. 



His health failed slowly but surely. 
Consumption had seized upon his vitals 
and there was no power to stay its sure 
work. But still he labored with untiring 
zeal for the cause of Christianity and the 
advancement of his fellow men. As his 
body grew weak his soul seemed to gather 
new strength for the work before him. 
He was a member of the M. E. church, 
and lived an exemplary christian life from 
earliest childhood. In the church he filled 
successfully the several positions of super- 
intendent of Sunday school, steward, 
leader and local preacher. "As a teacher 
or superintendent of bible schools, he was 
without a peer iu Vermilion county." 
His education was not in vain. He is 
described as having been possessed of un- 
derstanding beyond his years. Rich in 
knowledge, he was rich likewise in the 
real heart culture which goes to make up 
the true Christian gentleman. He was an 
earnest and devoted friend of his Alma 
Mater, and — says his pastor — "had he 
lived the Wesleyan would have felt his 
influence." 

During the spring of 1873 ^""^ took a 
trip by wagon to the plains, hoping there- 
by to improve his health, but growing 
worse was obliged to return by rail, and 
after his return sank very .rapidly. As 
his physical powers grew weaker, he said. 
"God loves the soul and has more work 
for it than for the body, and gives it 
larger blessings." And as life sank apace 
he said, "I have finished my work here; 
God has other and higher work for me, 
and now he calls me to it." 

He retained his faculties to the last. 
His last words were, "Glory and honor," 
fitly representing his success in life, his 
triumph in death, and the glorious im- 
mortality upon which he was just entering. 



Leaves have their time to fall, 

And flowers to either at the north-wind's breath, 
And stars to set, — but all, 

Thcni hast «■// seasons for thine own, O Death I 



-Mrs. IIcDians^ 



I874-] 



Man. 



107 



MUNSELLIAN SOCIETY DEPARTMENT 



W. C. GILBREATH, Editor. 



MAN. 

W. A. SMITH. 



Man is man ; but one man is no other 
man. All men differ in their opinions 
and sentiments according to the devel- 
opment of their mental, moral and phys- 
ical natures, and their appreciation of the 
grand, the true and the beautiful. 

Some men are, indeed, "but little low- 
er than the angels," while others are but 
little hitrher than the emissaries of dark- 
ness. Hence, there is a multiplicity of 
classes possessing tastes and sentiments 
which vary with the individual. Strange 
as it may appear, there are as many worlds 
on this globe as there are individuals, * 
and as every man is the architect of his 
own fortune so every man builds, and 
lives in a world emphatically his own. 
No two persons look upon the same ob- 
ject with precisely the same view ; emo- 
tions will be excited in one which anoth- 
er never experienced ; emotions too high, 
too grand, for the conception of any 
other mind. While on the other hand 
emotions may be aroused in another so 
base, so ignoble, that they can have an 
abode in no other bosom. To one man 
all bitter things are sweet ; to another all 
sweet things are bitter. One man sees 
order and perfection where another man 
sees disorder and ruin. One man looks 
with admiration upon the lofty mountain 
as it rises in its majesty toward heaven, 
and with reeling brain strains to catch a 
glimpse of its cloud-capped summit as it 
disappears in the ether air ; another re- 
gards it as merely an impediment to trav- 
el — a most ungainly upheaval of earth. 
One man looks out upon nature with all 
her surpassing loveliness and grace, in- 
hales the odor of her fragrant flowers, lis- 
tens to the melodies of her singing birds, 
"looks through nature up to nature's 
God," while every chord of his being 



vibrates with admiration and delight ; 
another man, destitute of the finer sensi- 
bilities, beholds these same beauties with 
the great depths of his soul unstirred. 
One person regards man, — made to have 
dominion, — the created image of the Cre- 
ator — as the noblest, best work of God ; 
another regards him as the production of 
the evolution of natural force, the legiti- 
mate descendent of the monkey, the 
work of chance, with no hereafter. 

"O star-eyed science, hast thou wandered there. 
To bring us back the message of despair ?" 

One man gazes upon "the heavens" which 
"declare the glory of God," and con- 
siders how strikingly they reflect the cre- 
ative wisdom and power of him who 
stretched them forth as a curtain, and be- 
spangled them with stars innumerable ; 
another gazes upon them, but in them he 
sees no evidences of design, none of the 
beauty and power and workmanship of 
the Divine architect. In man's imagin- 
ings and speculations concerning the great 
eternal, which reaches beyond the vail 
that separates the visible from the invisi- 
ble, this same divinity is exhibited. One 
man consoles himself in the belief that 
the uncreated One is a personal God, 
who loves because he himself is love ; 
who manifests himself in our actions and 
lives; who sympathizes with, and is will- 
ing to suffer for man — the world's choicest 
conception of God — not because of his 
weakness, but because of his strength. 
Another pictures in his imagination a 
being of such boundless perfection and 
self satisfaction, so wrapped up in his own 
existence that he is exalted above all suf- 
fering and sympathy and love for human- 
ity. He grasps this idea — an idea incom- 
patible with both reason and revelation — 
gives it limitless expansion and calls it 



io8 



The 



'Two Paintings. 



[May, 



God. Aside from this ^rA/Z/z'^ difference, 
man's /W/77V///a/ diversity in tlie variety 
and dissimilarity of the elements which 
enter into his organism, is none the less 
striking. In the same being inhere qual- 
ities that are as directly opposite in char- 
acter and office as day and night. 

Here we have his physical, mental, 
moral and spiritual natures, with all their 
various subdivisions, skillfully combin- 
ed into one mysterious whole. On the 
one hand man is the victim of vile pas- 
sions, which tend to drag him down to 
lowest hell ; on the other, impulses so 
noble are implanted in his bosom that, 
by their mystic power, they triumph over 
his carnality and lead him up to highest 
heaven. On the one hand, he is but the 
creature of a day, his life but a vapor 
that soon vanishes away ; on the other, 



he is all immortal, his eternal being dif- 
fering from the immortality of Jehovah 
only in having a beginning. 

O stupendous power that could unify 
substance and faculties so widely dissimi- 
lar ! O infinite skill that could make 
them harmonize I So man is. composed, 
and so it is wisest and best, else the Cre- 
ator would have created otherwsie. It 
takes men of all character an>l of all 
creeds ; men with natures strangely com- 
plex, to constitute a world. Kach is a 
part of one inseparable whole. Each 
comes forth in weakness, grown up into 
strength, plies, till he exhausts them, all 
his acquired powers to his allotted task, 
and then goes to his reward, and leaves 
the unfinished temple for others to com- 
plete. 



THE TWO PAINTINGS. 

JAMES W, COULTAS. 

An artist once conceived the plan. 

Ere he had grown to be a man, 

To paint a picture of the one, 

The fairest e'er the sun shone on. 

The thought then came into his mind 

Where he this lovely one could find. 

With all the zeal at his command 

He journeyed o'er and o'er the land ; 

He sought abroad, until at last 

His heart was wearied with the task. 

Then he, while riding out one eve. 

His fond ideal did perceive. 

A little girl — scarce four years old — 

One sight of her enthralled his soul, — 

.So sweet, so beautifully fair, — 

With eyes of blue, and golden hair, 

.Vnd look so pure, and all the while 

Her face seemed like an angel's smile. 

He seized his brush, with raptured look, 

But one survey of her he took, 

.^nd then on canvas placed the child 

As true as life, as pure and mild. 

The picture then he bore away 

And hung it in his gallery ; 

And many came from far and near 

The lovely portrait to revere. 

Time swiftly passed, and this young man 

Grew old and gray. Again the plan 

Is firmly fixed within his mind, 

To paint one more of human kind, 

Ere he should pass from earth away. 



i874.] 



MunscUian Notes. 



109 



The person whom he would portray 

Is the most frightful, loathsome one 

That e'er the glorious sun shone on. 

Then he the task began once more. 

To seek his subject as before, 

lie entered the resorts of vice. 

Saw fiends look forth from eyes of ice, 

Saw loathsome, ghastly, sin-stained hearts, 

And all the sorrow sin imparts. 

He saw at last, O horrid sight, 

A scene which thrilled him with affright. 

It was a licdiani mad with ire, 

With fiendish looks and eyes of fire — 

She tore her hair and screamed and cursed. 

Of human sights she was the worst. 

Once more the pninter took his brush 

And painted her with every flush 

Of raging madness on her face. 

The picture then he took and placed 

just opposite the former one. 

And had the two to gaze upon. 

But O what horror thrilled his soul 

When he while viewing them was told 

//(' had poi-trayed the same one hoice : 

At first while pure, again when vice 

Had stained her soul, and she had been 

'I'hrough all the avenues of sin. 

Crime and corruption she could find. 

And finally dethroned her mind. 

O, sin, behold what thou hast done, 
And wonder not that I thee shun ; 
May heav'n protect me every hour 
And save me, save me from thy pow'r. 



MUNSELLIAN NOTES. 



tion to hold the first annual contest in 
this city. 



-C. A. Hasenwinkle, of '7 



O' 



whc 



— The Society's membership is 64. 

— J. E. Scott, of '73, is reading law 
with the law firm of McNulta & Aid rich. 

— VV. A. Smith, of '74, has entered up- 
on college and society duties again. 

— We are pleased to welcome again T. 

Sterling to all the privileges of the Soci- acquainted with Mr. Hasenwinkle predict 

ety. He has been teaching during the for him success in his chosen profession, 

fall and winter term. —Geo. W. Crum, of '73, graduated re- 

— W. H. Booth, of '73 late i)rincipal cently at the St. Louis Medical College, 

of the school at Wajnesville, is in the This is the third degree which Mr. Crum 

city, and intends to read law during the has received within a period of two years. 



since graduating, has been reading law 
with the law firm of Rowell & Hamilton, 
was among the first to enter the Law De- 
partment of the Wesleyan. Those who are 



spring and summer. He expects to enter 
the Law Department. 

— The University is largely indebted 
to J. O. Wilson and J. M. Blazer, dele- 



Verily, George must be fond of degrees 
and graduating exercises. He is at pres- 
ent assistant in tlie St. Louis Hospital. 

— At the installation of officers of the 



gates to the Inter-Collegiate Convention, Society, April 3d, Jno. Moore, of the 
for obtaining the consent of the conven- Senior class, i'resident-elect, delivered 



I lO 



Munsellian Notes. 



[May, 



an interesting and able inaugural address. 
From the earnest manner in which Mr. 
Moore has taken hold of society affairs 
and his dignity and courteousness as a 
presiding officer, we have reason to be- 
lieve that the Society will meet with rapid 
improvement under his administration. 

— Sometime since the Journal men- 
tioned the fact that efforts were being 
made to organize a gymnasium society. 
. We are glad to announce the fact that the 
organization is completed, and the Soci- 
ety is in possession of a large room which 
contains all the necessary apparatus. The 
Society is in a flourishing condition and 
owes its prosperity largely to the untiring 
labors of Prof. Crow, who has manifest- 
ed much interest in its success. The fol- 
lowing is the list of officers: Pres't, W. 
C. Gilbreath; Vice Pres't, M. V. Crum- 
baker; Sec'y, W. H. Graves; Treas., 
Prof. G. W. Crow ; Board of Directors, 
Prof Jennie F. Willing, Miss Frank 
Pound," Geo. Hutchin, J. O. Wilson, and 
J. F. McNaught. 

— It is the intention of the Senior class 
to observe the time-honored custom of 
class day. This peculiar custom, which 
belongs exclusively to the Senior class, 
has been sadly neglected by former grad- 
uating classes, but the class of ' 74 propose 
to renew this very pleasing and prom- 
inent exercise with the following pro- 
gramme : Introduction of the class by 
the President, Kate B. Ross; oration, M. 
V. Grumbaker ; class history, W. C. Gil- 
breath ; class prophecy, J. M. Blazer ; 
cane presentation to the Junior class, S. 
T. FuUenwider ; farewell address to fac- 
ulty and students, M. L. Crum ; rock or- 
ators, G. E. Scrimger and A. Y. Morriss. 
In addition to a song by the Senior class,, 
music will be furnished by the societies. 
A committee, consisting of Messrs. Graves, 
Grumbaker and Walkley have charge of 
the arrangements, and we are sure that 
under their skillful management it will 
prove successful. 

— Among those who returned to the 
Wesleyan halls at the opening of the 
spring term, was J. W. Coultas, of the 
Junior class. Mr. Coultas, during the 
past two terms, has been teaching at Au- 
burn, and from the many compliments, 



recommendations, presents and newspa- 
per reports, we judge that as a teacher 
Mr. Coultas proved a success. We sketch 
the following from the Vinfcn Record, a 
paper published near Auburn. After ^\n 
able address by Hon. Newton Bateman, 
a delegate from the students stepped for- 
ward and in glowing terms thanked Mr. 
Coultas for his faithfulness as a teacher, 
his earnest labors in endeavoring to ele- 
vate the people to a higher standard of 
moral and religious culture, and in con- 
clusion presented him with a beautiful 
album and a book as a token of their ap- 
preciation antl esteem for his most zeal- 
ous work. Mr. Coultas' remarks were 
appropriate and touching; he assured 
them that the album which contained the 
pictures of the students would be to him a 
fountain. of pleasant memories all through 
his life. His farewell address to the school 
and patrons was especially appropriate. 
Besides the above mentioned presents, he 
received a lock of each student's hair 
beautifully and artistically interwoven, 
forming a wreath ; also a certificate from 
the directors that a more successful and 
satisfactory school had never been taught 
in Auburn. 

— The Convention held at the parlors 
of the Ashley House, in this city, on the 
7th of April, was attended with great in- 
terest. Its object was to form a perma- 
nent organization of the colleges in this 
State, under the auspices of which there 
might annually be held oratorical contests. 
A full report of the proceedings of the 
Convention may be found elsewhere in 
the Journal. We feel gratified that 
Blooaiington has been chosen as the place 
for holding the first annual contest which 
will occur November 20, '74, under the 
auspices of the Illinois Wesleyan Univer- 
sity. This is the first contest in which 
the Wesleyan has jjarticipated, and it is 
to be hoped that she will show herself able 
to cope with any college in the State in 
this particular department. We may surely 
feel ourselves honored by having this con- 
test under our immediate charge. Let 
every one, who feels an interest in it, la- 
bor to make it a grand success, and satis- 
factorily demonstrate to those who in- 
trusted it to our care that we appreciate 
the honor. 



.874-] 



The Infrr-CflUei^c Contest. 



Tl I 



BELLES LETTRES SOCIETY DEPARTMEN T. 



ALBERT WALKLEY, Editor. 



THE INTER-COLLEGE CONTEST. 

JAMES M- BLAZER. 



There has been a long-felt wantamong 
the college men of the West for some 
means of profitable college intercourse ; 
not meaning at all bv this that western 
colleges have ever stood apart from each 
other in sympathetic feeling, so far as the 
great work of education is concerned, for 
in this particular they liave ever been har- 
monious in all their endeavors to give to 
the children of the prairies the inestima- 
ble advantages of a college education. 
As, however, the pioneer seculsion is now 
about worn off, the lack of a cordial so- 
cial intercourse, and of an emulation in 
the higher fields of intellectual effort, is 
seriously felt by all. Man is necessarily 
a social being, none of the enterprises he 
may undertake can be successfully carried 
on without some degree of sociality, and 
the more he mixes the amenities v)f life 
with hisevery-day occupations, the higher 
the degree of success attained. Such a 
want being recognized, the next question 
has been,- how can it be supplied ; shall 
we have a grand gymnasium and imitate 
by some land game, as well as we can, 
the inter-college regattas of the East, or 
shall we adoi>t the more sensible and less 
vicious plan of having an annual contest 
in intellectual power and culture? The 
latter idea was the one readily adopted by 
delegates from the eight principal colleges 
of Illinois, who met in convention in 
this city on the 9th of last month. The 
field for future contests was decided by 
them to be oratory. Their choice of bat- 
tling ground was certainly wise. No 
other effort is so beneficial to both par- 
ticipant and hearer, no other calls for so 
high an order of talent, so great mental 
labor and such skill in rendition. Be- 
sides, oratory smacks strongly of the prac- 
tical, and that is the quintesccnce of 



everything good in America. It is no 
small consideration in the public efforts 
of man, who though generally supposed 
to be given to theory, yet only theorizes 
to become more practical. 

The object of the annual contest in 
oratory is not only to have the represen- 
tatives of the colleges that are members 
of the association meet on the arena of 
mental conflict, but to have also the social 
element represented, and to afford the 
students of the various colleges an opjjor- 
tunity of knowing and sympathizing with 
each other. To this end it is provided 
that the college holding the annual con- 
test shall be the host of the occasion, and 
thus have an opportunity of ' offering 
many hospitalities and favors to the vis- 
itors from abroad ; the students control 
the business affairs pertaining to the asso- 
ciation, and in a thousand incidental ways 
can understand each other and appreciate 
the true work of their respective institu- 
tions ; existing prejudices will be swept 
away, foolish customs will be abolished 
or be prevented from entering as they 
naturally would where a freezing isolation 
is apparently desired, and the general 
character of all interested will be eleva- 
ted and purified. 

It may be well in this connection to 
say something about the origin of the 
"new departure." To do this it is 
necessary to refer briefly to the Galesburg 
contest of last winter. In that contest 
Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois were repre- 
sented, according to report, by able men. 
The contest, as it deserved to be, was a 
success. The first prize of $100 being 
won by T. P^dward Egbert, of the Chi- 
cago University; the second of $75 was 
bestowed with equal grace on H. C. 
Adams, of Iowa College. The unex- 



112 



Beautiful Scenery. 



[May, 



pected interest awakened by this con- 
test throughout the State encouraged its 
prime movers to suggest a contest for this 
State alone, to occur annually, and to be 
under the control of an organized asso- 
ciation. To bring this about a conven- 
tion was called to meet in this city on the 
9th of last month. The full report of 



the work of that convention is given in 
another column. 

We bid the Illinois Collegiate Associa- 
tion God speed in its mission of useful- 
ness among the colleges of our State. 
May harmony and good will prevail in 
its counsels, and success attend its every 
effort. 



BE/VUTIFUL SCENERY. 



FRANK YOUNG. 



Let me begin by asking a question. 
Does a suggestion that this article is to 
consist of pretty sentences of flowery 
words, lisping about Italy or other beau- 
tiful lands, come to you from reading its 
title ? If such a suggestion does come do 
not even give it time to alight from the 
train of thought ; do not allow it "fifteen 
minutes for refreshments," but cry "all 
aboard," at once. Thanks I I feel re 
lieved. Ah, there's nothing like being 
understood now-a-days, and with thus 
much by way of preparation, I am off for 
beautiful scenes. Where are they to be 
found ? Within the soul of every one of 
the great crowd called "world" there is 
one scene, which to that soul is beautiful. 

The view may be Italian skies or seas, 
or mountains like those ot the West, or 
woods, forests ; valleys, through which 
the rivers flow ; or, it may be a child, 
aye, even a child's grave, or a fine house 
or dress, or horse ; a duel, prizefight, or 
— yes, now I am reminded — it may be 
money. I am reminded of a certain well- 
to-do western gentleman who has long 
since attempted a much more difficult feat 
than going through the eye of a needle. 
This gentleman used to put a chair be- 
fore the open door of his money vault, 
place himself therein, and gazing into 
the receptacle for cash and cobwebs, mur- 
mur "Oh, there's scenery ! There's a 
view?" 

The most beautiful scene to each one 
of us is that scene which we love, for in 
its lines we trace the bonds which unite 



us to the" passions ; cut the bonds and joy, 
love, hope, avarice, arteries of the soul, 
quickly bleed us to death. 

To that person whom every one calls 
"the lover of nature," I have never been 
introduced, but I can imagine faintly the 
pleasure which he feels in lingering with 
his mistress, resting for hours on the warm 
earth's bosom, (we're supposing of course 
that its summer now,) gazing listlessly at 
the view, 

"Watching the sun sink down 

'Till its last ray tints the leaves, 
Then fading, is strangely gone, 

From the tops of the tall old trees.'' 

That one whose beautiful view isa child, 
I have met. You and I have met that one 
whose eyes are dimmed in looking at a 
child's grave. Hush ! Not even an apol- 
ogy for intruding ; the most considerate 
apology ever made is to quietly retire. 
Over that scene let me exercise a writer's 
privilege, and with the gentlest touch 
(now I should be a woman) draw the cur- 
tain of silence. I have met that one 
whose Yo Semite was his grand house ; 
he asked me to come and see him in it ; 
asked me so pleasantly and cordially, and 
a little commandingly, and I've really 
had so many engagements that I, &c., &c. 

This is a curious age, as every body 
knows, and we are a curious people, as we 
have often been told. Our high minded 
representatives in Congress violate the 
pledges of the nation and call it "re- 
lieving the stringency," we call theft, 
"defalcation,'^ or "temporary misappli- 



1874-] 



Belles Lettres Notes. 



ti 



cation." We call a liquor saloon a "sam- 
ple room," and so of the sample rooms 
I shall speak. I saw in one of them 
an animal with close cut hair standing 
before a picture representing two other 
animals in an approved attitude of self- 
defence. The animal in the flesh gazed 
upon that picture as the lover of nature 
would gaze upon nature ; more than this 
it is unnecessary to say. If it is anything 
to you to know what my favorite scene is, 
I will tell you. It is a grove, — yes, trees. 
There is something about trees which will 
never be described, and it is'nt the bark, 
but something which is beyond the em- 
pire of the mightiest pen. Standing 
among them in my littleness, my biggest 
trait, I listen to their whispering with 
feelings that perhaps are best unspoken, 
for spoken they cannot be. Do trees ex- 
press the company of loneliness? for the 
things within us that we fear, seem to 



have met the things of space that we 
dread, and we are grandly — awfully 
alone with what we know not. They are 
beautiful, to put it mildly — trees are, and 
pleasant things to lounge under in sum- 
mer. I believe myself in love with them. 
Ah, a lover is thinking — you cannot see 
in them what I see in mine own ; looking 
into his eyes I see, — but I will leave that 
description to him ; he does not see the 
reflection there of the things she looks 
upon. His eyes are hunting the soul, but 
after marriage, gazing into these same 
eyes, he may see reflections ; he may see 
fas Dr. Dio Lewis says) how very small 
he is there. Let him reflect on that. 

The mood, the time, the place, my 
love, these form the features in our beauti- 
ful scene ; let us be careful what we fall 
in love with ; careful that it shall be real 
and true. 



BELLES LETTRES NOTES. 



— Reading an old paper, dated Sept. 
30th, 1826, I came across this short no- 
tice : "The first Railway in America has 
been made at Quincy, Mass., and is about 
three miles in length." 

— Officers of B. L. S. for present term : 
Pres't, W. H. Graves; Vice Pres't, Miss 
Libbie Lawrence ; Sec'y, W, D. Smith ; 
Treas.. H. B. Bowman; Att'y, M. P. 
Lackland ; Librarian, Miss Mary E. Bod- 
ley ; Marshal, G. A. Crum. 

— "My room-mate," said a person I 
know, "is a very slow kind of a fellow. 
The other morning, while in bed, I 
heard him say, T am fast.' I replied, 'it 
is the first time I have ever known you to 
be so.' But he was this time fast — in 
the quilts." 

— The steward of Michigan University 
states that less than three dollars was ex- 
pended the last year for damages done 
through the carelessness or malice of the 
1,176 students connected with the insti- 
tution. The question naturally arises 
— i^ 



whether the fact that ladies are admitted 
on equal terms to all the departments of 
the university, has anything to do with 
the good order among the students which 
this report indicates. 

FROM INDEX RERUM. 

"Logic is the great torturer of his- 
tory.'" — Guizot. 

"If you would be pungent, be brief; 
words are like sunbeams, the more they 
are condensed the deeper they burn." 

— Acquire all the knowledge possible 
and arrange all under one grand summum 
genus — God. 

"Music and flowers are evangels of 
purity, redolent of God, if we but un- 
lock our hearts to their ministry ; and 
the man or woman who is impervious to 
their subtle, spiritualizing influences may 
feel assured that there is something essen- 
tially wrong in his or her organization or 
habits of life." — Augusta Ex'ans. 



114 



Belles Le tires Notes. 



[May, 



— ''Thus ever love," says Emerson, 
"which is the deification of persons, 
must become more impersonal every day. 
Of this, at first, it gives no hints. Little 
think the youth and maidens, who are 
glancing at each other across crowded 
rooms, with eyes so full of mutual intel- 
ligence, of the precious fruit long here- 
after to proceed from this new quiet ex- 
ternal stimulus. The work of vegetation 
begins first in the irritability of the bark 
and leaf buds. From exchanging glances, 
they advance to acts of courtesy, of gal- 
lantry, then to fiery passion, to plighting 
troth and marriage. Passion beholds its 
object as a perfect unit. The soul is 
wholly embodied, and the body is wholly 
ensouled." 

Young men and women fair, 
Beware I Beware ! 

The Excommunication of Spinoza. — 
He was a Jew by birth. His parents were 
merchants of Amsterdam. He began to 
study for the profession of a Jewish Rab- 
bi. When he began to think for himself 
he renounced Judaism and was excommu- 
nicated from the synagogue, the account 
of which is given as follows : "The day 
of excommunication at length arrived, 
and a vast concourse of Jews assembled 
to witness the awful ceremony. It began 
by a solemn and silent lighting of a quan- 
tity of black wax candles, and by open- 
ing the tabernacle wherein were deposi- 
ted the Books of the Law of Moses. Thus 
were the dim imaginations of the faithful 
prepared for all the horror of the scene. 
Morteira, the chief Rabbi, the ancient 
friend and master, now the fiercest en- 
emy of the condemned, was to order the 
execution of the sentence. He stood 
there, pained, but implacable. The peo- 
ple fixed their eager eyes upon him. 
High above the chanter rose and chanted 
forth in loud, lugubrious tones, the words 
of execration ; while from the opposite 
side another mingled with these curses 
the thrilling sound of the trumpet ; and 
now the black candles were reversed, and 
were made to melt, drop by drop, into a 
huge tub filled with blood. This specta- 
cle — a symbol of the most terrible faith — 
made the whole assembly shudder ; and 
when the final anathema maranatha was 
uttered, and the lights all suddenly im- 
mersed in the blood, a cry of religious 



horror and execration burst from all ; and 
in that solemn darkness, and to those 
solemn curses, they shouted Amen ! 
Amen !" 

— All true religion is a sense of want ; 
and where want goes to sleep upon pos- 
session, it becomes bewildered, and when 
occasionally opening its eyes, sees noth- 
ing with the clearness of reality. — Afar- 
tineau. 

jokes. 
— Whatever the wind may do in win- 
ter, it cannot be denied that in the spring 
" it turns over a new leaf." 

— "I'm sair fashed wi' a ringing in my 
head, John," said one man to another, 
"Do ye ken the reason o' that," asked 
the other? "No." "Weel, it's because 
it's empty," said John. "Aye, man, that's 
queer," said the first one. "Are ye ne'er 
fashed wi' a ringing in your own head, 
John?" No, never," answered John. 
"And do ye ken the reason o' that? It's 
because its crackit." 

— The ladies of a certain village in 
Ohio are serenading the saloon-keepers, 
with the following stanza of Saxe's : 

You have heard of the snake in the grass, my 

boy, 
Of the terrible snake in the grass ; 
But now you must know, 
Man's deadliest foe 
Is a snake of a different class, 

Alas ! 
'Tis the venomous snake in the i^lass. 

— Scinus, the treasurer of Dionysius, a 
man of low character, of immense wealth, 
once showed Aristippus through his 
house. While he was expatiating on the 
splendor of every part, even to the floor, 
the philosopher spat in his face. Scinus 
was furious. "Pardon me," exclaimed 
Aristippus, "there was no other place I 
could have spat with decency." One 
day, in interceding with the tyrant for a 
friend, he threw himself on his knees ; 
being reproached for such want of dig- 
nity, he answered, "Is it my fault if 
Dionysius has his ears in his feet?" One 
day he asked the Tyrant for some money; 
Dionysius made him own that a philoso- 
pher had no need of money. "Give, 
give," replied Aristippus, "and we will 
settle the question at once." Dionysius 
gave. "JVow,'' said the philosopher, "I 
have no need of mone\'. ' ' 



1874-] 



Inter- Collegiate Convention. 



115 



INTER-COLLEGIATE CONVENTION. 



Recentfa' an Inter-State College Con- 
test was held at Galesburg, in which Col- 
leges from a number of States participated, 
and as the experiment proved to be a 
grand success, both literary and financial, 
it was thought expedient to inaugurate 
an Inter-Collegiate Contest in Illinois, 
that the different institutions of learning 
in this State of LTniversities and Colleges 
might have the opportunity of meeting 
upon the platform and measuring swords 
in an oratorical combat. In pursuance of 
this plan a convention was called for 
April 7th,toenter into a permanent organ- 
ization, select the time and place for hold- 
ing the contest, and make all other neces- 
sary arrangements. As yesterday was the 
day fixed upon by the colleges for meet- 
ing, at ten o'clock the delegates met in 
the parlor of the Ashley House, and ef- 
fected a temporary organization. Mr. 
F. A. Brown, delegate from Illinois Col- 
lege, was elected temporary chairman, 
and M. S. Kaufman, delegate from 
Evanston, secretary /ri? tern. 

A committee consisting of Egbert, of 
Chicago ; Kaufman, of Evanston, and 
Moulton of Knox, were appointed to 
draft constitution. 

Messrs. Hastie, of Knox, Hume, of 
Monmouth, and Sutherland, of Chicago, 
were appointed a Committee on Nomina- 
tions. 

Day, of Illinois, Martin, of Evanston, 
and Grier, of Monmouth, were selected 
as Committee on Credentials. 

The Committee on Credentials re- 
ported the following colleges represented 
by delegates having the necessary papers : 

Evanston, Kauhnan and Martin ; Chi- 
cago, Egbert and Sutherland ; Mon- 
mouth, Grier and Hume ; Illinois, Brown 
and Day ; Industrial, Wharry and Camp- 
bell ; Shurtleff, Prim. 

The convention then adjourned till 2 
p. m., in order to visit the Wesleyan 
University. The delegates were cordial- 
ly received at the Wesleyan, and were 
present at several recitations and chapel 
service. They were also shown through 
the building, and were evidently con- 
vinced that Bloomington afforded one 



among the finest college buildings in the 
State, with ample facilities for accommo- 
dating all who choose to come here for 
proper mental training. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. 

At 2 p. m. the convention again as- 
sembled at the Ashley, and was called to 
order by the temporary chairman. 

The credentials of J- O. Wilson and 
J. M. Blazer, delegates from the Wesley- 
an, were presented and accepted, and 
they admitted to the privileges of mem- 
bers. 

The Committee on Nominations re- 
ported Mr. Wharry, of the Industrial 
University, President, and Mr. Grier, of 
Monmouth College, Secretary. The re- 
port was unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Egbert, of Chicago University, 
Chairman of the Committee on Constitu- 
tion, presented a concise and comprehen- 
sive constitution. It was adopted by 
sections, and each section was thoroughly 
discussed before being adopted, as evi- 
dently the framers designed that it should 
be explicit, and no opportunity should be 
given for any quibbling as to its meaning. 

CONSTITUTION. 

Article i. This organization shall be 
known as the Illinois Collegiate Associa- 
tion, and shall consist of the Northwest- 
ern University, University of Chicago, 
Knox College, Monmouth College, Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University, Illinois Col- 
lege, Shurtliff College, and such other 
institutions as shall be admitted bv a 
three-fourths vote of the delegates present 
at any annual convention. 

Art. 2. The object of this association 
shall be to hold prize contests in oratory 
at such times and places as shall be agreed 
upon by the association at its annual con- 
vention. In the contests of this associa- 
tion each college shall be entitled to only 
one orator who shall be an under-grad- 
uate. 

Art. 3. The officers consist of a Pres- 
ident, Vice President and Secretary, who 
shall be chosen by ballot at the annual 
convention of the association. A ma- 



ii6 



Inter- Collegiate Convention. 



[May, 



jority of the votes of the delegates shall 
constitute an election. 

Art. 4. It shall be the duty of the 
President to preside at all meetings of the 
association, and enforce its rules ; he shall 
also call special meetings of the associa- 
tion at the written request of five colleges, 
giving fifteen days' notice to each college 
of such special meeting. 

Sec. 2. The duties of Vice President 
shall be those usually pertaining to that 
office. The duties of Secretary shall be 
those usually pertaining to that office; 
besides, he shall keep the names of the 
orators contesting in each contest, the 
subject of his oration, also the names and 
individual marks of the judges, and a copy 
of each oration on file. 

Sec. 3. The contests of this association 
shall be under the control of the college 
where the contest is held. Said college 
shall pay all the expenses of the contest, 
including prizes, traveling expenses of 
the orators, all necessary expenses of the 
judges, appropriating to their own use the 
net profits of the contest. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice President 
and Secretary shall constitute an Execu- 
tive Committee, who shall each year se- 
lect three persons to act as judges of that 
year's contest, and shall notify each col- 
lege of the association of such appoint- 
ments, at least sixty days before the con- 
test. 

Art. 5. The judges shall be non-resi- 
dents of the city where the contest is held, 
and shall not be alumni nor officially 
connected with any college represented in 
the contest. Any and all of these judges 
shall be removed upon the protest of any 
college engaged in the contest, the reason 
for such protest being given. No college 
shall be allowed more than two protests. 

Art. 6. The judges shall decide upon 
the merits of the thought, composition, 
and delivery of each oration, marking 
each, in each of these particulars, upon a 
scale of ten. In case of a tie of the 
marks of any two orators, the matter 



shall be again referred to the judges for 
final decision. 

Art. 7. In the contests of this associa- 
tion, no oration shall exceed fifteen min- 
utes in delivery. 

Art. 8. The prizes offered in contests 
of this association shall be a first prize of 
$75 and a second of $50. 

Art. 9. The annual convention of this 
association shall meet at 10 o'clock a. m. 
on the date and at the place of the annual 
contest, in which convention each college 
shall be entitled to three votes. 

Art. 10. Any college of this associa- 
tion failing to send an orator to any an- 
nual contest shall forfeit its privileges in 
the association. 

Art. II. This constitution may be 
amended by a two-thirds vote of the 
delegates ^present at any regular meeting. 

The following officers were elected for 
the ensuing year : 

President — F. I. Moulton, Knox Col- 
lege. 

Vice President — W. L. Martin, North- 
western University. 

Secretary — F. A. Brown, Illinois Col- 
lege. 

November 20th was fixed upon as the 
time for holding the first inter-collegiate 
contest, and Bloomington chosen as the 
place. 

The convention was in every respect 
satisfactory and harmonious. The dele- 
gates were not boys, but men in every res- 
pect, who fully comprehended their busi- 
ness, and were zealous in the promotion 
of the object for which they had assem- 
bled, and were evidently of the opinion 
that it was a good cause in which they 
were participating, and one which would 
prove eminently successful. 

The organization has our hearty sym- 
pathy and good will, and we prophesy 
for it a brilliant future, its laudable en- 
deavors to incite to superiority in the 
broad and fruitful field of oratory. We 
anticipate a rich treat at the approaching 
contest. — Daily Leader, April hth. 



1874-] 



Eduaifional. 



117 



EDUCATIONAL. 



— San Francisco employs two teachers 
for its city reform school ; five special 
teachers of drawing ; four special teachers 
of vocal music, and one teacher of pho- 
nography. This shows a part of the 
"practical work" which that city is doing 
educationally. 

— Ralph Waldo Emerson, at the last 
meeting of the overseers of Harvard Col- 
lege, declared in favor of continuing the 
compulsory attendance of students on 
chapel prayers. He argued that prayer is 
the highest act of the human mind, and 
that it is not right to take away from, 
or let young men deprive themselves of, 
the benefits of that act. 

What think our School Board and City 
Superintendent of the following : 

"By a decision of the Boston School 
Committee, no misses under the age of 
15 years will hereafter be admitted to the 
High School. Heretofore the rule has 
been to admit pupils possessing the neces- 
sary scholarship, without regard to age ; 
and thus precocious girls have been stim- 
ulated to over-study, injurious both to 
their physical and mental health." 

— We are glad to know that those en- 
gaged in the educational work are begin- 
ning to more fully realize that there is no 
antagonism between the common school 
and the college. Indeed, the two are so 
interwoven that they are essentially co- 
operative, and the best interests of one 
can only be advanced by the most perfect 
success of the other. By offering special 
courses of study and corresponding de- 
grees to those who have already acquired 
thorough mental training in our High and 
Normal Schools, the University hopes to 
inspire those interested to higher attain- 
ments in the realms of thouglit, and at 
the same time to strengthen the bond of 
union between these common interests. 

— The Fourteenth Annual Meeting of 
the National Educational Association will 
be held in Detroit, Michigan, on the 4th, 
5th and 6th days of August, 1874. 

The Governor of the State, the Mayor 
of the city, the State and City Superin- 
tendents of Public Instruction, and the 



Board of Education of the city of De- 
troit, have extended a very cordial invi- 
tation to the association to meet in that 
place. Free use of assembly halls has 
been proffered, and every eff"ort will be 
made to secure a successful and profitable 
meeting. 

— The following from the Maine Jour- 
nal of Education pays the system of 
school superintendency in our own and 
adjoining States, a merited compliment. 
We suggest that those, who are disposed 
to find fault with what they choose to 
designate a useless and wanton expendi- 
ture of the public funds in the cause of 
education, give it a careful reading : 

' ' The Western States are fast surpass- 
ing some of their Eastern sisters, merely 
because they have adopted such a system 
of county supervision as to head in the 
many shoots that are so constantly making 
dead wood for us, instead of those shoots 
that should bear bountiful fruit in due 
season. Without supervision, the ten- 
dency of all work is to drift to the lowest 
level. So also the gratuitous services of 
our so-called school committee produces 
the poorest results ; therefore, above all 
things, pay well the superintendents, and 
demand the best results ; and with com- 
petent supervision all work tends to strug- 
gle up to the highest level of attainment. 

"Supervision in our American system 
of schools is, or should be, as follows : 
National Commissioner of Education at 
Washington ; State Superintendents of 
Public Instruction ; County Superinten- 
dents ; City Superintendents. This sys- 
tem is complete in a number of States, — 
such as Illinois, Michigan and Missouri. 

" We suffer, as many other States, for 
the lack of the ('ounty Superintendent. 
Some of our city schools are excellent 
because of a superintendent, but the rest 
and our country schools are suffering for 
want of a like supervision." 

— Let those who fear the results of the 
special courses of study offered by the 
University upon the ministry, read the 
following from Henry Ward Beecher: 

" No man can be a true preacher unless 
he take into consideration the discoveries 



Ii8 



Educational. 



[May, 



and developments of science now taking 
place. For many years I have followed 
the schools of science and gathered from 
them as much as I could, and I — the sci- 
entists do not do so — have taken the 
physical facts and looked at them under 
the light of revelation, and I reach the 
conclusion that there is nothing so ad- 
mirably constructed for, and adapted to, 
science as the gospel of Jesus Christ. If 
you study the writings of scientific men 
in the light of revelation you will see 
that they in no case disagree with the 
Gospels. I think it will ultimately be 
found that Jesus Christ is the greatest 
scientist, in respect to mind, that the 
world has ever seen. I have no fear that 
science will ever sweep away one of his 
fundamental doctrines. The more the 
discoveries made, the severer the exam- 
inations, the brighter these doctrines will 
shine." 

— Thus far all the adverse criticisms 
which we have seen upon the new courses 
of study offered by the University, and 
the plan of conferring degrees upon sat- 
isfactory examination, have been based 
upon an entire misapprehension of the 
whole scheme. It really seems strange 
that some men who usually see. things 
clearly should characterize this as a "la- 
bor-saving" plan — a plan to render col- 
leges useless, and degrees meaningless. 
To all such we would respectfully suggest : 
Come and try an examination, and thus 
determine in a practical, common sense 
way whether this whole plan is void of 
merit. Those who make application to 
the Illinois Wesleyan University for de- 
grees, and present themselves for exami- 
nation with the understanding that the 
whole scheme is simply a plan by which 
those who are anxious for some title may 
secure it without merit, will be sadly dis- 
appointed. We warn all prospective 
applicants that the committee of five ju- 
dicious examiners, chosen from the 
Alumni of the University, to act in con- 
junction with the faculty, will not suffer 
honors to be bestowed upon those un- 
worthy a place among their number. And 
when such men as Dr. Joseph Haven ate 
found upon the Board of Examiners in 
the Department of Philosophy, it will 
occur to most minds that the University 
means honest work. It is somewhat 



amusing to note the conflicting arguments 
of those who essay any opposition to this 
"New Departure." We hope ere long to 
be able to place these conflicting views 
side by side and let them be their own 
refutation, for we could offer no better, 
had we the time and disposition to make 
the attempt. To explain the design of 
the plan in a word, the University simply 
proposes to award degrees to those who. 
by a strict and thorough examination 
upon a systematic course of study, give 
conclusive evidence that they merit such 
honors. It proposes to give degrees to 
those who earn them, and not, as has 
been intimated by some of our critics, to 
those who by infiucncc or money can se- 
cure a few signatures to a recommenda- 
tion. 

— Rev. Chas. Brooks, father of the 
State Normal Schools in America, was 
asked by a teacher this question : 
"What shall I teach my pupils?" 
He answered — Teach them very thor- 
oughly these five things : 

1. To live religiously; 

2. To think comprehensively ; 

3. To reckon mathematically; 

4. To converse fluently ; and 

5. To write gramatically. 

If you successfully teach them these '(wo. 
things, you will nobly have done your 
duty to your pupils, to their parents, to 
your country, and to yourself. 

. — According to the statistics of the 
Bureau of Education, the voluntary con- 
tributions of the 40,000,000 people of 
America to the cause of education last 
year was nearly $12,000,000. This does 
not include the vast amount of money 
raised by taxation for the same cause, but 
is the spontaneous tribute which capital 
pays to intellect. In 1871 the donations 
were over $8,000,000; in 1872, nearly 
$11,000,000, and in 1873 nearly $12,- 
000,000. These are significant facts, il- 
lustrating in some degree the money 
value which an intelligent people place 
upon "higher education" for almost 
every dollar of the above went directly 
to the support of our colleges and uni- 
versities. 

— The delicious peach, once a poisoned 
almond, has become what it is by trans- 
plantation and cultivation. 



i874. 



Editorial Notes. 



119 



EDITORIAL NOTES. 



—Co tf) Roediger's, at the University Grocery, 
for your provisions. 

— Consult your best interests by consultinj^ our 
advertising columns. 

— Save your magazines by'getting them bound 
at Kemp's bindery, 216 North Centre St. Orders 
from abroad will receive prompt attention. 

— A ne-.v cabinet organ, a superior instrument, 
can be had for less than the factory price, by ad- 
dressing Alumni Journal, Bioomington, 111. 

— We have for sale an elegant full cabinet 
case Singer sewing machine, neic, which weofler 
at an astonishing discount. Consult Ai.iMNi 
Journal before purchasing. 

— Those wanting good photos, and at exceed- 
ingly low rates, should not fail to call atSwick's, 
on the south side of the sijuare, over the Home 
Bank. Try him. 

— Students who are boarding themselves, and 
townspeople too, will find the "Washington Mar- 
ket," No. 504 North Main St., a most excellent 
place to get good meat. 

— A Guide to St. Paul's Cathedral, including 
a copy of the inscriptions on the monuments, 
mailed to us by George W. Stubblefield, indi- 
cates that we are not forgotten by the boys in 
their trans-Atlantic tour. 

— None need to go "with beard uushaven and 
with hair unkempt" so long as Charley keeps his 
latch string out. He will tell you all about it, 
.at his palace hair dressing and shaving saloon in 
the Ashley House block. North Centre St. 

— C. H. Long, of '73, has just closed his labors 
for the year as principal of the school at Mack- 
inaw, Tazewell county. After a short visit with 
his college friends, he will return to his home in 
LaSalle county. 

— Messrs. J. L. Beath & Co., have a very neat 
and effective material for kindling coal fires. 
Students will find it a convenient article for that 
purpose, and not very expensive. Call and ex- 
amine for yourselves at No. 403 N. Main St. 

— The Bent Wood School Furnishing Com- 
pany, whose advertisement may be found else- 
■ where, ofFars something really superior in their 
line. We have examined samples of their Bent 
Wood Furniture, and are highly pleased with 
their work. 

— H. C. Birch, of '70, has been spending a 
few days with his friends in the city. His field 
of Labor at present is Avon and Ellisville, in Ful- 
ton county. We are always glad to meet and 
greet those who in other years so faithfully per- 
formed the daily tasks assigned in college halls. 
— The many friends of the University will be 
pleased to find that the Western Methodist Book 
Concern, Chicago, 111., and the Central Christian 
Advocate, St. Louis, Mo., each is represented in 
our advertising columns. We bespeak for the 
former large and frequent orders, and (or the 
latter long lists of subscribers. 



— Teachers, Attention I The I'niversity has 
quite a number of pieces of apjjaratus that are 
duplicates which are valuable for the purpose of 
illustrating some of the common principles of 
science. Those desiring to purchase apparatus 
for school pur])Oses will do well to address the 
Prof, of Natural Science, and secure this at 
greatly reduced rates. 

— M. Auer, of '70, called to see us at the Uni- 
versity as we were beginning the labors of the 
present term. He reports progress in his work 
at Wapella. His numerous friends surjjrised him 
not long since wiih a donation of $60. Such 
/;■//////<,' mementos have a strangely wonderful 
and mysterious influence in uniting the hearts of 
a pastor and his people. Bro. Auer is serving the 
good people of Wapella as pastor the second 
year. 

— \\\ our advertising columns will be found a 
page from Robert J. Mulligan & Co., N. Y., who 
present extraordinary inducements to any one 
desiring to purchase a sewing machine. Having 
never seen the machine which this enterprising 
firm offers to the public we cannot speak of its 
peculiar merits from personal knowledge, yet the 
reputation of the house from which this aston- 
ishing proposition comes may be taken as a guar- 
antee of the genuineness of the offer and the re- 
liability of this new friend of the seamstress. 

— Long's Patent Tellurian, which we have re- 
cently received from Dwyer's School Furnishing 
Agency, No. 21 John Street, N. Y., is an elegant 
and valuable piece of apparatus, very accurately 
illustrating many of the more complex problems 
in Astronomy and Geography. We have seldom 
seen any instrument so perfectly adjusted, and 
taking this Tellurian as a sample, we have no 
hesitancy in recommending all our friends who 
desire school supplies to order direct from this 
reliable house. For further information see card. 

— Subscribe for the Journal at once. See 
what they say of it : 

The Alianni yournal comes to us enlarged and 
boasting a new dress. It is always well filled 
with interesting matter, and stands next to the 
Reiuster among the college publications ot the 
State. Its editors do their work well and deserve 
success. We are glad to learn of the prosperity 
of the Illinois Wesleyan University, in whose in- 
terests the yournal is published. — Ileddini:; Col. 
Register, 

— We are under obligations to the editors of 
the Sonthwestern Advoeate, published in New 
Orleans, La., for a live specimen of what is con- 
sidered by some as the chamelion, but which is 
really the Green Carolina Anolis, (Anolius prin- 
cipalius). The young gentleman stepped about 
our apartments apparently as lively as though he 
had never been confined in the mail bags of Uncle 
Sam. He now reposes among his relatives of 
the past and jjresent. May their numbers in- 
crease. 



I20 



Book Table. 



[May, 



— Thanks to all our friends for their patronage. 
We still solicit subscriptions from those who have 
not yet responded to our call. Every one inter- 
ested in the University should receive the Alum- 
ni Journal regularly. We would gladly send it, 
/)vc", to all the friends and patrons of the institu- 
tion, hut the printer's bills must be paid. The 
subscription price is a small amount to any one 
and yet in the aggregate an important item to the 
jnililishers. We ask every friend and subscriber 
loaidin extending the circulation of the Journal. 

— Believing most implicitly in the Book, which 
teaches that it is not good for man to be nlone. 
Rev. G. W. Read, formerly a student of the Uni- 
versity, has taken unto himself Miss Mary Moore, 
as partner of his joys and sharer of his trials. 
The formal ceremony occurred at the residence 
of the bride's father in Normal, Ills., April 2d, 
Rev. Preston Wood, Presiding Elder of the 
Bloomington District, officiating. We wish the 
happy couple a safe and successful voyage over 
the somewhat uncertain and, at times, turbulent 
matrimonial sea. 

— We hope to be able to present to our readers, 
in our June number, a full programme of Com- 
mencement week. At this early date we can as- 
sure all the friends of the University that the ex- 
ercises will be of an unusually attractive character. 



In addition to the addresses incident upon such 
occasions, the inauguration of President F'allovys 
will add unusual interest. The probabilities now 
are that a number of eminent scholars and edu- 
cators will be present, some with the express pur- 
pose of receiving the degree of Doctor of Phi- 
losophy, upon an examination in the studies 
already prescribed for that degree. Let every 
Alumnus be present at this interesting Commence- 
ment occasion. 

— We are glad to be able to announce not only 
that the University gymnasium has been put in 
a condition such as to render it suitalile for oc- 
cupation, l)ut also that it has been furnished with 
c|uite a fair supply of apparatus with which to 
commence active operations. Before this goes 
to press we shall undoubtedly learn of wonder- 
ful feats performed both by ladies and gentlemen 
in the use of wands, Indian clubs, dund)-bells 
and the like. The committee appointed for that 
purpose hope to have everything in good work- 
ing order very soon, and will add to their pres- 
ent com}Taratively limited supply of apparatus as 
the means shall be obtained. Prof. Willing pro- 
poses to devote a portion of time regularly to the 
physical training of the young ladies exclusively, 
thereby meeting one of the great objections urged 
against the higher education of the gentler sex. 



BOOK TABLE. 



MANUAL OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 
THE UNITED STATES, by Israkl Ward 
Andrews, D, D., President of Marietta Col- 
lege, Ohio. Published by Wilson, Hinkle 
& Co., Cincinnati. 

The above work presents, in a clear and at- 
tractive style, not only a full discussion of the 
principles' of the Constitution, but a valuable 
summary of the legislative enactments and pro- 
visions in which they have been embodied. It 
supplies a want long felt by those who are called 
upon to give instruction in this department. The 
chapters upon "The Ratification of the Constitu- 
tion by the several States," "The Admission of 
New States," "Territorial Governments," and 
"Practical operation of the Constitution," em- 
bracing a full explanation of the various depart- 
ments of the general government and the State 
governments will be found of especial interest 
and value, not only to the teacher and his class, 
but to the general reader. Dr. Andrews has cer- 
tainly paid our own State a compliment by se- 
lectinir the New Constitution of Illinois as his 
model for illustrating State government. We see 
no reason why there may not be a large de- 
mand for "Andrews' Manual of the Constitution."' 
It certainlv deserves an extensive sale. 



COTTAGE RESIDENCES, by A. J. Downing. 
We have had the pleasure of examining the 
above, through the kindness of the publishers, 
John Wiley & Son, New York. It contains a 
series of designs for Rural Cottages and Cottage 
Villas, and their gardens and grounds, with a 
revised list of trees, shrubs and plants, and the 
most recent and best selected fruits ; together 
with useful hints and suggestions in regard to 
landscape gardening. This work evidently meets- 
a want long felt in this section of the country. 
Its simple, practical designs are not so elaborate 
and expensive as to place their realization en- 
tirely beyond the reach of the common people. 
The article on Architectural Suggestions is alone 
worth the price of the book. In it are discussed 
in a chaste and simple style, free from technical 
terms, utility, fitness, convenience, propriety, 
unity, beauty of form, uniformity, symmetry, har- 
mony and variety, as relates to architecture. But 
this is really one of the least valuable chapters 
in the book to those who desire assistance in de- 
signs. Any meagre review cannot possibly give 
a correct impression as to the real merits of the 
work. The book can be obtained by addressing 
fohn Wilev & Son, New York. 



THE 



J^LUMNI JOURNAL, 



OF THE 



ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 



Vol IV. 



JUNE, 1874. 



No. 6. 



ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 



From "A Guide to St. Paul's Cathedral" 
we compile the following interesting his- 
torical sketch of this massive and time 
honored edifice: 

In 6io, Ethelbert, Kingof Kent, under- 
took the building of the Church of St. 
Paul, and devoted certain manors and 
lands to its endowment. We also find 
Erkenwald, Bishop of London, who died 
about the year 686, devoting large sums 
of money toward the completion of the 
fabric. It is said to have been destroyed 
by fire in 961, and rebuilt within the fol- 
lowing year. King Athelstan endowed 
it with " divers fair lordships ;" and here 
king Ethelred was buried, and his son 
Edmond Ironside crowned. Canute, the 
Dane, who resided near St. Paul's, en- 
dowed its dean with some valuable land ; 
and, according to Knighton, it was in the 
garden of his palace here, which exten- 
ded to the river, that he rebuked his 
courtiers in their celebrated conversation 
by the rising tide. 

William the Conqueror bestowed some 
large estates upon St. Paul's. Towards 
the close of his reign, in 1086, it was 
again destroyed by fire ; and then Mau- 
rice, Bishop of London, who had been 
also Chancellor, "conceived" (says 
Stowe,) " the vast design for erecting the 
magnificent structure, which immediatelv 
—16 



preceded the present cathedral ; a work 
that men of that time judged would never 
have been finished, it was so wonderful 
for length and breadth." The work, in- 
deed, in those troublesome times, pro- 
ceeded slowly ; though some of the 
bishops devoted large sums to it, while 
much also was raised by the sale of Papal 
indulgences, and it was sufficiently ad- 
vanced to allow the consecration in it of 
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 
1096, yet it was never finally completed 
until 13 15, or 229 years after its com- 
mencement. The choir, however had 
been consecrated in 1244, at which time 
the cross aisles were not commenced. 

The old Cathedral thus completed, was 
built in the form of a cross, with north 
and south aisles, a square tower being 
attached to each side of the west front ; 
a square tower also rising from the point 
of intersection of the transept with the 
nave and the choir. The following is 
Dugdale's account of its dimensions: 





Feet. 


Length of the Church 


- 690 


Breadth - - - - 


- 130 


Height of the west part 


- 102 


Height of the Choir 


- 88 


Height of the Body 


150 


Height of the Tower 


260 


Height of the Spire 


520 



122 



S^. Paul s Cathedral, Londo)i. 



[June, 



Area of the limits, 3)^ acres ; of which, 
one and a half roods and six perches were 
covered. 

The great Clock was a splendid orna- 
ment ; the figure of an angel pointed to 
the hour, in the sight of the passers by, 
" a heavenly messenger marking the pro- 
gress of time. " 

The cathedral contained no less than 
seventy-six chantry chapels* and there 
were sixty endowed anniversary obits, 
or masses for the dead. It is supposed 
by Mr. Bradley, that there must have 
been two hundred priests belonging to it. 
In the nave stood a great cross, with a 
taper constantly burning before it ; and 
various statues of the Virgin and Saints 
in different parts, invited the oblations of 
the worshiper. 

As the Reformation dawned, the pomp 
and splendor of the cathedral ceremo- 
nial began to diminish. On the i8th of 
Sept. 1547, the Litany was first chanted at 
St. Paul's and the Epistle and Gospel 
read at High Mass, in the English lan- 
guage. Two months afterwards, the rood 
and the images of the saints were taken 
down. On Feburary 2, 1548, the bearing 
of candles in the church was discon- 
tinued. On April 6, 1549, mass was put 
down. The high altar was taken down, 
June II, 1550. Nov. i, 1552, the new 
book of Common .Prayer was first used, 
Bishop Ridley preaching at the cathedral 
on the occasion. 

In Februrary, 1445, ^^e steeple of St. 
Paul's was fired by lightning ; the injury 
was repaired, but with some delay. In 
June, 1 561, it was again set on fire 
through the negligence of a workman, 
and was never rebuilt. The body of the 
church which had greatly suffered on this 
occasion, was speedily roofed in again ; 
but the damage not being completely re- 
paired the fabric began to decay. In the 
reign of Charles I., Laud, being Bishop 
of London, there was no less than 104,- 
330/. collected to put it in repair ; but 
before the works were completed, the civil 
war broke out, and Parliament seized 
both the money and materials. The 
whole of the church except the choir, was 
then used for stables and shops for the 
accomodation of the soldiers, who also 
amused themselves in it by playing at 
nine pins and other games. 



At the restoration, a public subscrip- 
tion was collected under the auspices of 
Charles II. for repairing the edifice, but 
before the works were begun, the great 
fire broke out on the night of Sept. 2, 
1666, and this noble building was a mass 
of smouldering ruins. 

Sir Christopher Wren was the person 
fixed on to rebuild the Cathedral ; and 
in December, 1672, his designs were 
finally approved by King Charles II. 
Above 126,000/. were collected from the 
public in general, for this great national 
work; a duty on coals produced 5,000/. 
a year, and his Majesty contributed 1,000/. 
a year. Wren was to have only 200/. a 
year for superintending the works. 
Having removed 47,000 loads of rubbish, 
(the old walls being demolished with the 
battering, ram,) the first stone of the 
present Cathedral was laid, at the north 
east corner of the choir, June 21, 1675. 
The choir was opened for divine service, 
on the day of Thanksgiving for the peace 
of Ryswick, December 2, 1697, The 
last or highest stone of the building was 
laid at the top of the lantern, in 1710 ; 
the whole structure being thus completed 
in thirty-five years, by one architect, Sir 
Christopher Wren ; and by one master 
mason, Mr. T. Strong; under one pre- 
late, Dr. Compton, Bishop of London. 
Shortly afterwards Queen Anne, with the 
house of Parliament, attended Divine 
Service in the new Cathedral. 

There is an entrance both in the north 
and south transepts, each approached by a 
flight of steps of black marble, twelve in 
number, on the north side, and twenty- 
five on the south. These two porticos 
are semi- circular, and consist each of a 
dome supported by six Corinthian col- 
umns. The entablature upon the pedi- 
ment on the north side, (over the visitor's 
entrance,) presents a carving of royal 
arms, supported by angels. The south 
has a phcenix, (sculptured by Gibber, the 
father of the well known actor,) with the 
word " Resurgam^' — / shall rise again : 
for this his charge was 106/. It is said 
that when Sir Chistopher Wren was mark- 
ing out the ground to begin the edifice, 
after the great fire, a man was desired to 
bring a fiat stone from one of the heaps 
of ruins, in order to indicate where the 
center of the dome should be; and when 



I874-] 



Sf. PaiiT s Cathedral, London. 



123 



the stone had been duly placed, it was 
found to present on its surface in large 
letters the word Resurgam, which was 
regarded as a good omen, and worthy to 
be commemorated. 

The apse, or eastern end of the church, 
is semi- circular, and in a plain style of 
architecture. One of the few decorations is 
an imperial crown, with the letters, " W. 
M." beneath it, encircled in palm bran- 
ches ; commemorating the completion of 
this part of the Cathedral during the 
reign of William and Mary. 

The ground plan of the Cathedral is a 
Latin cross, with an additional arm or 
transept at the west end, to give breadth 
to the grand front ; there being also a 
semi-circular projection at the east end 
for the altar, and projections in the tran- 
septs for the north and south porticos. 
The dome rises from the intersection of 
the nave and transepts. 

The entire length of the church, from 
east to west, is 500 feet ; its breadth at 
the western entrance, 180 feet — at the 
transept 250 feet ; the general height of 
the wall, about 90 feet. The choir is 165 
feet long. The entire circumference of 
the building is 2,292 feet. The height 
of the top of the cross is 352 feet from 
the floor of the church, or 360 feet from 
the pavement in the street. The western 
towers are 222 feet high. The exterior 
diameter of the dome is 189 feet. 

The church covers upwards of 2 acres 
of ground, — 2 acres, 16 perches and 70 
feet. The cemetery, in the midst of 
which it stands, is enclosed by an iron 
balustrade, standing on a dwarf stone 
wall, and having seven gates. The bal- 
ustrades are 5 feet 6 inches in height, and 
2,500 in number, weighing 200 tons and 
81 It). ; which cost, at 6d. per pound, 11, 
202/. OS. 6d. 

The whole cost of the Cathedral, was 
747,954/. 2s. 9d. 

It is probable, that there was an ancient 
Druidic temple on the spot where the 
Cdthedral now stands, devoted to the 
worship of some idol god ; for when Sir 
Christopher Wren examined the ground, 
he found the remains of ancient Britons, 



who had been here interred, with the stone 
coffins of distinguished Saxons, and 
funeral vases and other traces of Roman 
sculpture ; whilst Stowe has recorded, 
that in digging the foundation of the 
Ladye Chapel, attached to the old Cathe- 
dral, about A. D. 1313, there were found 
many scalps of oxen or kine, " comfirm- 
ing greatly the opinion of those which 
have reported, that of old time there had 
been a temple of Jupiter, and that there 
was daily sacrifice of beasts." Be this 
as it may, the venerable Bede assures us 
that a christian church was erected here 
very soon after St. Augustine had com- 
menced his work of converting Eng- 
land. 

In 1773, Sir Joshua Reynolds, as pres- 
ident of the Royal Academy, made an 
offer, on the part of himself, and some 
other^artists, to supply gratuitously a series 
of scriptural paintings, to relieve the 
heavy appearance of the large bare walls 
and piers ; but the proposal was opposed 
by Archbishop Cornwallis, and the Bish- 
op, Dr. Tarrick, and was therefore aban- 
doned. The church remained undeco- 
rated for several years more ; the first 
monument admitted being that of How- 
ard, the philanthropist, which was thrown 
open to public inspection, Feb. 23, 1796. 

Before closing this brief account of the 
great cathedral, it may be well to men- 
tion that during the last few years the 
public have contributed largely towards 
decorating the church, and several stained 
glass windows have been given : the first, 
the great Western Window, given by 
Thos. Brown, Esq., of the firm of Long- 
man's, booksellers, the subject being the 
Conversion of St. Paul ; the second, 
given by the Drapers' Company, subject, 
the Crucifixion ; the third, given by the 
Goldsmiths' Company, subject, the Agony 
in the Garden ; the fourth given by N. 
Rogers, Esq., subject, the Resurrection : 
the three last mentioned are placed in 
the apse, or eastern end of the choir : 
also a Memorial Window to the late W. Cot- 
ton, Esq., at the eastern end of the South 
Aisle, subject, St. Stephen's Martyrdom. 



124 



The Manufacture of Locks. 



[June, 



THE MANUFACTURE OF LOCKS. 



There is much that is curious and in- 
teresting in the history of lock making, 
wliich dates back to a far more remote peri- 
od of history than is generally supposed. 
The labors of the antiquary disclose the 
fact that some of our most modern im- 
provements in the construction of locks 
are merely the accidental reproduction of 
inventions that originated many centuries 
ago. The ancient Egyptians, those silent 
custodians of more than one of the " lost 
arts," undoubtedly manufactured locks 
with tumblers which held the bolt until 
they were moved by the key, a device 
usually considered to be of modern origin. 
Amid the ruins of Thebes and in other 
localities iron keys have been found, 
evidentally designed for locks of this 
description. 

That the Romans made locks of intri- 
cate construction is evident from the 
numerous discoveries in Herculaneum and 
Pompeii, and in England there have been 
found keys which were doubtless contem- 
porary with the Roman occupation of 
Great Britain. Ages ago the Chinese 
made wooden locks which operated upon 
precisely the same principle as the famous 
Bramah lock, wliich was invented in Eng- 
land in 1784, and was regarded as the 
first great improvement in lock making. 

In the Bramah lock, so named from its 
inventor, the use of wards was dispensed 
with, and other peculiarities of con- 
struction gave it the reputation of being 
a lock which could not possibly be picked. 
For many years a lock of this kind was 
displayed in the window of the office 
in London, with a reward of two hundred 
pounds to any one that could pick it. 
This feat was finally accomplished in.iS5i 
by Mr. Hobbs, whose fir^t attempt occu- 
pied nineteen hours, owing to the break- 
ing of one of his instruments, but he 
subsequentaly repeated the operation 
three times within an hour. 

The next lock of any prominence was 
CAibbs', invented in England in 181S. 
This was also easily picked by Mr. Hobbs. 
At the London Exposition of 1851 Mr. 
Hobbs presented for the attention of me- 
chanical experts a lock made by Mr Pyes, 



which defied the ingenuity of the best 
English locksmiths, but was finally picked 
by the late Mr. Linus Yale Jr., who was 
for many years the President of the Yale 
Lock Manufacturing Company, of Stam- 
ford, Conn. This triumph of American 
skill was frankly recognized by Mr. E. B. 
Denison, the celebrated lock maker of 
London, who says that American Locks 
'•are vastly superior to any we have ever 
seen made in England ; and on the whole, 
the United States are evidentally ahead 
of us in the manufacture of both good 
and cheap locks." 

AVithin a few years past the hard- 
ware bus-iness, in' all its innumerable de- 
partments, has become an interest of 
immense importance in this country, 
and among the countless articles em- 
braced under the generic term hardware, 
locks may be regarded as one of the most 
prominent. There are of course numer- 
ous claimants for distinction in this branch 
of production, but for ingenuity of design, 
excellence of material, finished workman- 
ship, and above all, absolute security, 
none sustain a higher reputation than the 
celebrated Yale Locks above alluded 
to. 

As first manufactured nearly thirty years 
ago by their inventor, the late Mr. Linus 
Yale, Senior, these locks were a decided 
improvement over their predecessors, but 
their range of application was limited and 
their costliness prevented very general 
adoption. Some years subsequently 
Mr. Linus Yale, Jr. invented a lock of 
different and su})erior construction, hav- 
ing a flat, folding key, but his attention 
being soon directed toward bank locks, 
regarding which great interest was then 
felt, he for several years continued his 
labors to their improvement, patenting 
numerous inventions of great value. 

\n i860 Mr. Yale resumed the produc- 
tion of key locks for general use, and 
soon afterwards patented a style of lock 
which, with subsequent improvements, 
has since rendered his name so celebra- 
ted. It was of the description called a 
"pin lock." identical in some respects 
with that previously made by his father. 



I874-] 



The Manufacture of Locks. 



125 



but possessing the distinctive feature of a 
key of thin, flat steel, less than an inch 
and a half long, and weighing but a 
fraction of an ounce — as shown in the 
foUowintr cut : 




rULLSI7E OF KEY. 



All other locks then made had large, 
heavy keys, as do nearly all others now 
manufactured, and the thicker the door, 
the longer must be the key in order to 
reach the lock. 

In the Yale lock the escutcheon, or 
"tumbler case," enclosing the pins upon 
which the bits of the key operate, is 
placed near the surface of the door pro- 
jecting slightly, so that the long, clumsy 



shank of the key is dispensed with, the 
bow and bits brought closely together, 
and the depth of the escutcheon decides 
the length of the key, without regard to 
the thickness of the door. 

In general terms we may designate the 
distinctive peculiarities of the Yale lock 
as being the arrangement of the parts 
acted upon by the key, and the shape 
and size of the key itself. The form of 
the lock and many details of construction 
of course vary with the intended use, and 
may not differ essentially from those of 
other locks except in superiority of design 
and more thoroughly finished workman- 
ship. These prominent features may be 
illustrated by the description of a Yale 
mortise night latch, an escutcheon of this 
kind being applicable to almost any style 
of mortise or rim lock : flush locks — for 
drawers, desks, etc. — differing only in 
having the body of the lock contain the 
mechanism which is here enclosed in a sep- 
erate escutcheon. 



SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE ESCUTCHEON OF A VALE NIGHT LATCH, SHOWING THE PRINCI- 
PLE OF CONSTRUCTION EMBODIED IN ALL THE YALE LOCKS. 







Iig.2. 
if' 



r, 
I 

The escutcheon consists, as will be seen 
from an examination of the above cuts, of 
an exterior shell of c)lindrical form con- 
taining in its lower part a smaller cylin- 
der, from which rises a rib of metal con- 
taining the " pin chambers," and within 
which is the "plug," attached to the in- 
ner end of which is the cam that imparts 
motion to the bolt. This plug also con- 
tains the key hole. 

The escutcheon contains five holes, or 
" pin chambers," each formed partly in 
the shell and partly in the plug, therefore 
a pin which filled one of these holes 
would prevent the rotation of the plug, 
but, if the pin were cut in two, the joint 




FiS.4. 



corresponding with that between the plug 
and its hole, the plug could revolve free- 
ly, carrying with it one half of the pin, 
and leaving the other half in that 
part of the pin-chamber contained in the 
shell. Such is precisely the construction 
of the lock and its great element of secur- 
ity. 

Each pin is in two parts — the upper 
termed the "driver," the lower the "pin" 
— and above each driver is a light spring, 
tending to press drivers and pins down- 
wards. In this position the drivers inter- 
sect the joint between the shell and the 
plug, completely preventing the rotation 
of the latter. If, by the insertion of a 



126 



Week/y Historical Calendar. 



[June, 



knife blade, or other instrument in the 
key hole, the pins are all raised as high 
as they will go, it will be found that they 
bar tlie motion of the plug as effectually 
as the drivers did, or if four of the pins 
are elevated to their proper position, the 
fifth will still prevent the revolution of 
the plug. 

To open the lock therefore, all the pins 
must be raised stimultaneously, to just the 
})roper height, which can be done only 
by the right key, since a variation of one- 
fifteenth of an inch in the elevation of 
either of the pins will prevent the open- 
ing of the lock. This explains the im- 
mense variety of keys and wide range of 
permutations of which the Yale lock is 
susceptible, surpassing the capabilities of 
of any other lock now made. 

The width of the key admits of ten 
different "bittings," or depth of notches. 



therefore a lock with but one pin could be 
variously "set up," so as to be ojjened 
by ten different keys. In a lock with 
two pins the number of changes, or varie- 
ties of keys, is loo ; three pins. i,ooo,; 
four pins, 10,000; five pins, 100,000; 
six pins, 1,000,000; seven pins, 10,000,- 
000. The least number of pins contained 
in any of the Yale locks is four, as in drawer 
and desk locks ; the night latches have 
five ; the post office, heavy store door 
locks, etc., six; and the ''safe deposit" 
locks — for inside doors of safes, vaults, 
etc. — have seven pins. 

The Company manufacture a larger var- 
iety of fine locks for all purposes than 
have ever before been offered to the trade, 
but the great diversity of styles prevents 
a particular description of all. — Am. 
Commercial Times. 



WEP:KLY HISTORICAL CALENDAR.- 



[For tilt" Aluiuiii Journal. 

-APRIL isr TO 6th. 



ISV DR. E. DUIS, AUTHOR OF 

April. — April, is the fourth month in 
the year. The word is derived from 
Aprilis of opcrio, I open, or set forth, be- 
cause in this month the earth begins to 
open her bosom for the production of 
vegetables, and the whole business of 
creation begins to be resumed. The sun 
enters the sign Taurus on the 20th of 
this month. 

April I. This is vulgarly called "April 
fool day," from the practice of passing 
some joke, or deception upon children, 
and persons of rather weak intellect ; 
such as sending them to enquire for "the 
history of Eve's mother," "pigeon's 
milk," "strap oil," etc. "All fool's 
day" is said to be a corruption of auld, 
that is, old fool's day, a day named in 
the Roman calendar. 

April I, 1593, Rene Descartes, a phil- 
osopher, metaphysician and mathemat- 
ician, was born at La Faye, in Tourain. 
The philosophy of Descartes, which pre- 
vailed for a considerable part of a cen- 



THE GOOD 01, D TIMES IN M LEAN COUNTY 



tury, may be deemed a sort of stage be- 
tween the school of Aristotle and the ex- 
perimental, or modern philosophy. 

April I, 1820, Napoleon Bonaparte 
married Maria Lousia, Archduchess of 
Austria, on which occasion some of the 
waggish Parisians called him "un poisson 
d' April," a term which answers to our 
April fool. 

April 2, 1801, Lord Nelson' s victory at 
Copenhagen was obtained, when eighteen 
sail of the line, were either captured or 
destroyed. 

April 3, Good Friday. — Kept in com- 
memoration of the death of Christ. 
" Holy Friday," or "the Friday is Holy 
Week," was the more ancient and gen- 
eral appellation. The name " Good 
Friday is peculiar to the English 
Church. It is observed by many as a day 
of devotion, and is a close holiday. It 
is marked by the majority of the inhab- 
itants of London and the suburbs, by 
the use of "hot cross buns" or buns 



iS74.] 



Week/v Histoncal Calendar. 



127 



marked by a cross, for breakfast, and 
hundreds of poor persons are engaged 
in "crying" them throught the street? 
from a very early hour in the morning. 
The custom is supposed to be derived 
from the sacred cakes which were offered 
in the Arkite temple, styled boun. It is 
a high day in the Roman Catholic 
Churches. 

April 4, 1774, died the celebrated 
Oliver Goldsmith, native of Ireland. 
He was the author of "The Vicar of 
Wakefield," and other works. He had 
great powers of wit, and much learning. 
He was simple, humane, generous, and 
honest, but he was also passionate and 
peevish ; was incapable of managing the 
common affairs of life with prudence and 
was often in circumstances of poverty 
and misery. 

April 5. Easter Sunday. This is the 
festival of the anniversary of the com- 
memoration of our Savior's resurrection. 
It is distinguished by its peculiar name, 
through our Saxon ancestors, who, at this 
season of the year, held a great festival 
in honor of the Goddess Eastor probably 
the Astarte of the heathen nations. The 
French call this festival Paqiies, derived 
from the Greek Pasha, which is also de- 
rived from the Hebrew Pesech, meaning 
passover ; and whence we have the En- 
glish word paschal applicated to the lamb 
which was used at the the Jewish Passover, 
and which formed part of the evening 
meal, the last of which our Savior par- 
took before his death, with his twelve 
apostles. Easter-day is observed all 
over Christendom with peculiar rites. 
Easter-day is always the first Sunday after 
the full moon, which happens upon or 
next after, the 21st day of March ; and if 
the full moon happen upon a Sunday, 
Easter-day is the next Sunday after. 

April 5, 1603 James III left Scotland 
to ascend the English throne, under the 
title of James I, upon the death Queen 
Elizabeth, who by her will had declared 
him her successor. The letter from the 
council communicating this fact was ad- 
dressed : " Right high, right excellent, 
and mighty prince, and our dread sover- 
eign lord." 

April 5, 1605, John Stow, the anti- 
quary, died, aged eighty. He was origi- 
nally a tailor, but devoted himself to lit- 



erary pursuits. His popular work is "The 
History of London." 

April 5, 1753, the British Museum was 
established. 

April 5, 181 1 died in his native City, 
Gloucester, England, Robert Raikes, aged 
seventy six. He was the originator of 
Sunday-schools, in 1780, and spent his 
life in acts of kindness and compassion, 
promoting education as a source of hap- 
piness to his fellow beings, and bestow- 
ing his exertions and bounty to benefit 
the helpless. 

April 6. Easter Monday. This and 
the following day are renowned as "holi- 
days" throughout most manufactories 
and trades in England. The result is, 
in too many instances, much dissipation, 
profligacy, and disorder. In reference 
to the Easter holidays, a celebrated wri- 
ter says : " During Easter Monday a de- 
termined holiday-maker contrives, by the 
aid of a little, or not a little, stimulus to 
be happy in a tolerably exemplary man- 
ner. On the Tuesday he fancies himself 
happy today because he felt himself so yes- 
terday. On the Wednesday he cannot tell 
what has come to him but every ten minutes 
he wishes himself at home. On the Thurs- 
day he finds out the secret, that he is heartily 
sick of doing nothing, but is ashamed to 
confess, it; and then what is the use of 
going to work before his money is spent ? 
On Friday he declares that he is a fool for 
throzving away a great part of a quarter's 
savings without having anything to show 
for it! And on Saturday he comes to 
the conclusion that playing and drinking 
are not quite so profitable as sobriety and 
industry, and vows, perhaps, another 
time he will be more moderate in his 
pleasures and pastimes." Within the 
last few years, however, a marked im- 
provement has taken place in this respect; 
and the British Museum, the National 
Gallery and other public exhibitions of 
art and science, are crowded by opera- 
tives to their great gratification and in- 
formation. On Easter Monday and 
Tuesday, the ^//a/ sermons are preached 
in Christ church, Newgate street, London. 
The word spital,^ an abbreviation of hos- 
pital, is connected with these sermons, 
in consequence of their being preached 
for the benefit of Christ's, St Bartho- 
lomew's, St. Thomas, Bridewell, and 



I2J 



A Gem from Mi' /ton. 



[June, 



Bethlem Hospitals. The boys of Christ's 
Hospital (the Blue Coat School) to the 
number of between 700 and 800 go in 
procession to the mansion-house, where 
they are received by the Lord Mayor, a 
bun, a glass of wine, and a new silver 
shilling being given to each boy. The 
Lord Mayor, sheriffs, and other civil func- 



tionaries then go in procession to Christ 
church, where one of the bishops, or 
the Lord Mayor's chaplain, preaches the 
annual sermon. 

April 6, 1 199, died Richard I., com- 
monly called Coeur dc Lion. He was 
the first King of England who applied 
the plural term to the regal dignity. 



A GEM FROM MILTON, 

[The following sublime and affecting production was discovered among the writings 
of the great epic poet.] 

I am old and blind ! 
Men point at me as smitten by God's frown ; 
Afflicted and deserted of my kind ; 

Yet I am not cast down. 

I am weak, yet strong^; 
I murmur not that I no longer see ; 
Poor, old, and helpless, I the more belong, 

Father supreme ! to thee. 

merciful one ! 

When men are farthest, then thou art most near ; 
When friends pass by me, and my weakness shun, 
Thy chariot I hear. 

Thy gloriouss face 
Is leaning toward me; and its holy light 
.Shines in upon my lonely dwelling-place — 

And there is no more night. 

On my bended knee 
I recognize thy purpose clearly shown ; 
My vision thou hast dimmed, that I may sec 

Thyself — thyself alone. 

1 have nought to fear ; 

This darkness is the shadow of thy wing; 
lieneath it I am almost sacred ; here 
Can come no evil thing. 

O ! I seem to stand 
Trembling, where foot of mf)rtal ne'er hath been, 
Wrapp'd in the radiance of thy sinless land. 

Which eye hath never seen. 

Visions come and go : 
Shapes of resplendent beauty round me throng ; 
From angel lips I seem to hear the flow 

Of soft and holy song. 

Is it nothing now, 
When heaven is opening on my sightless eyes? 
Wlien airs from paradise refresh my brow 

The earth in darkness lies. 

» In a purer clime 

My being fills with rapture— waves of thought 
. Roll in upon my spirit — strains sublime 
Break over me unsought. 

Give me now my lyre ! 
I feel the stirrings of a gift divine : 
Within my bosom glows unearthly lire 

I.it by no skill of mine. 



i874-] m- iVesleyan Vni'veny/y — /is Latm Dt-partmcnt. 



129 



THE ILL. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY AND ITS LAW DEPARTMENT. 



C. S. LUDLAM. 



The college year of 1873-4, of the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, just draw- 
ing to a close, has been one of unparal- 
leled prosperity and success, surpassing 
the expectations, even of the most san- 
guine of its patrons and friends. Little 
by little, steadily and surely it has ex- 
panded and grown from its very humble 
beginning in 1850 until at the present 
time it stands a noble monument of the 
untiring energy and zeal of a few devoted, 
earnest men, and the generosity of an in- 
telligent christian public, — a thing of 
beauty and power, an institution which 
the jjeople of Illinois delight to honor 
and which honors them in a no less degree. 

To properly estimate the measure of its 
progress and duly appreciate its present 
high position it is well to compare the 
University of the past with that of the 
present. 

In 1850 it was first organized, and es- 
tablished as an academy or preparatory 
school in the basement of the First M. E. 
Church, of this city, with one professor. 
In 1851 it had two professors. In 1853 
it held its first Commencement with one 
graduate. In 1857 it was re-organized 
and opened in its own building (now 
known as the "Old Colllge Building,") 
as a college, with three professors and 
seventeen students. There were in at- 
tendance during the year sixty students, 
only seven of whom were in college class- 
es. It had an unfinished building ; was 
without furniture, library, museum, or 
apparatus chemical, or philosophical, and 
was burdened with indebtedness equal to, 
if not greater thani its entire assets. To- 
day it has nearly three hundred students, 
one hundred fifteen of whom are in the col- 
lege classes, and fifteen professors and in- 
structors, besides an able corps of lectur- 
ers in the department of Law and Medi- 
cine. Its buildings furnish ample accom- 
modations for seven hundred students. 
The new university building lately erect- 
ed at a cost of $120,000, is a magnificent 
structure both in point of size and finish, 
covers an area of 9,800 square feet ; is 
—17 



five stories high — including basement — 
and contains a principal chapel capable 
of seating from 1,500 to 1,800 people, a 
commodious day chapel, two society halls, 
reception room, and twenty-five other 
rooms, comprising twelve recitation 
rooms, museum, laboratory, gymnasium, 
&c. It possesses property and funds, in- 
cluding endowment, to the value of $250,- 
000, wholly unencumbered. 

Through the instrumentality of the Rev. 
G. W. Que, of the Central Illinois Con- 
ference, the Trustees of the University 
have secured the control of one hundred 
thousand acres of the choicest lands in 
the West, lying in the celebrated Neosho 
Valley, Kansas. 

Mr. Gue has been appointed agent of 
the University for the sale of these lands. 
As he has had many years practical ex- 
perience in the selection and sale of west- 
ern lands, and is a man of excellent 
judgment, the trustees may consider them- 
selves fortunate in having secured his 
services. Mr. Gue has personally exam- 
ined and carefiilly selected every section 
of land offered. He is meeting with 
admirable success, and the present rapid 
sales warrant the belief that 100,000 
acres will be disposed of during the year, 
thus netting a handsome sum to the Uni- 
versity. 

For the financial prosperity of the 
University, great credit is due to the 
Rev. Chas W. C. Munsell. He was ap- 
pointed Financial Agent in 1857, and 
ever since that time its financial manage- 
ment has been entrusted to his care. How 
much this man has done for the Univer- 
sity may never be known in this world, 
but this we do know : that for all these 
years of toil and care in its financial 
management, he has very rarely accepted 
any compensation, nor has he scrupled in 
times of great pecuniary need to apply 
his own private funds. To Rev. Chas. 
W. C. Munsell and his brother, Rev. Dr. 
O. S. Munsell, who devoted the best 
years of his life to its cause, the Univer- 
sity owes much of its present prosperity, 



130 



///. IVfslcya?! University — Its Law Department. 



[1874. 



if not its very existence. Whatever tri- 
umphs may be achieved in the future, 
these men, for their noble and generous 
devotion, will live in the hearts and me- 
mories of all who love our University. 
There are other names that deserve hon- 
orable mention, but want of space forbids. 

Until within the present year its devel- 
opment has never been rapid, but it has 
been of that peculiar character which is 
achieved only amid difficulties with great 
toil and care, and is so well calculated to 
form the foundation of a great super- 
structure. 

The foundation has been laid deep and 
broad and firm ; and now in the year of 
grace 1874 — if we mistake not the signs 
of the times — we behold the beginning 
of the end which its founders had in 
view when they procured its liberal char- 
ter; the establishment of a University in 
the highest sense of the term, embracing 
all the departments of Law, Theology, 
Medicine, Science, Art, Agriculture and 
Commerce. 

Within the present year have been es- 
tablished Ministerial and Post Graduate 
Courses, and a well organized Law De- 
partment. The Trustees and Faculty 
design at an early day to establish the 
other departments of a true University. 

There is, perhaps, no department, 
either already established or to be esta- 
blished, of greater immediate vital im- 
portance to the University and the people 
generally, than the Law Department 
which we propose here briefly to sketch. 

THE LAW COLLEGE 

of the Illinois Wesleyan University, was 
permanently organized in March, 1874. 
First term opened April 6th, 1874, with 
a goodly number of students, most of 
whom entered the Senior Class. 
The very able and efficient 

LAW FACULTY 

is composed, as follows : 

Rev. Sam"l Fallows, D. D., President. 

Professors. — Hon. R. M. Benjamin, A. 
M., Dean, Property, Contracts and Do- 
mestic Relations; Hon. Owen T. Reeves, 
A. M., Pleading, Evidence and Equity 
Jurisprudence ; Hon. Robt. E. Williams, 
Constitutional, International and Crimi- 
nal Law. 

Law Lecturers. — Hon. Thos. F. Tip- 
ton, Jas. S. Ewing, Esq., J. H. Rowell, 
Esq., and A. E. Stevenson, Esq. 



Of the President, Rev. Dr, Fallows, 
little need be said. He is well and wide- 
ly known as an efficient organizer and 
educator in every department; as Presi- 
dent of the University he has already 
achieved wonderful success, and received 
from ministry and people that endorse- 
ment and high commendation which he 
so justly merits. The professors are men 
of thorough culture and scholarly attain- 
ments, widely known and justly ranked 
among the first in their profession ; each 
excels in the department for which he 
has been chosen. 

The Course of Instruction has been 
carefully prepared, modelled after the 
best Law Schools of the United States, 
and is designed to prepare students for 
admission to practice in the highest 
courts of the state and for general prac- 
tice in the United States, and will extend 
through two years, embracing four terms 
of three months each. 

The method of instruction as devised 
by the Law Faculty, is a combination of 
what is commonly known as the "quiz " 
and "lecture" systems, combining the 
excellencies of each, and is by recitations 
upon carefully prepared topics ; by lec- 
tures and expositions ; and by moot 
courts. 

In addition, a course of lectures will 
be given in connection with the regular 
instruction, by distinguished members 
of the bar. It is designed that this Law 
School, in the thoroughness and efficien- 
cy of its course, shall be second to none 
in the United States. 

The Terms of Admission are, that the 
candidate shall be eighteen years of age, 
and of good moral character. 

No previous course of reading is re- 
quired except in case of candidates for a 
degree, who apply for admission to ad- 
vanced standing. Students who have taken 
a partial course in a law office, or some 
other law school, may enter upon any 
term of the course by passing the requi- 
site examination before the Dean of the 
Faculty, and be entitled to the regular 
degree at graduation. 

The degree of Bachelor of Laws will be 
conferred upon students who shall 
have completed the prescribed course 
and passed the requisite examinations. 

Law Commencement will be held in 
March of each year, at the close of the 



.874.] 



///. IVesleyan University — Its Lmv Department. 



131 



winter term. The first regular com- 
mencement will take place in March, 

1875. 

LIBRARIES • 

To which the students have access are : 

The Law Library, which is considered 
the most complete in the State, and one 
of the best in the Northwest. It com- 
prises all the State Reports, United States, 
Circuit and Supreme Court Reports, Eng- 
lish Common Law and Chancery Re- 
ports, American Reports, United States 
Digests, State Digests, Statutes, public 
and private, of Illinois, and the general 
Statutes of other States. 

The BlooniitigtoTi Library, one of the 
best in the State, comprising over 6,000 
volumes, chiefly standard and rare works, 
which is open every week-day from 2 to 6&: 
7 to 9 p. M. Students are admitted to all 
the privileges of members as to the use of 
books, for the trifling sum of $2.50 per 
annum, and have access, free of charge, 
to the pleasant and commodious reading 
room, which is stocked with all the lead- 
ing periodicals, newspapers and current 
literature of the day. This library is 
deservedly popular among the students. 

The University Library and reading 
room which will be open to all students 
every day except Sunday. 

COURTS 

Are held in Bloomington almost continu- 
ously throughout the college year. Many 
important cases are brought here by 
change of venue, and here, from time to 
time, the student of law may listen to the 
eloquence of the leading lawyers of the 
State, each in his chosen sphere, thus 
presenting great diversity of legal talent 
and forensic eloquence. 

ITS LOCATION 

Can scarcely be surpassed. 

Bloomington, a prosperous and rapidly 
gi-owing city, with a population of over 
20,000 inhabitants, as a seat of learning 
possesses superior advantages ; in its cen- 
tral location, its excellent railroad con- 
nections with all parts of the country, 
the enterprise, public spirit and morality 
of its citizens, the literary culture of its 
society, its delightful and healthful cli- 
mate, and the great beauty of its location. 

The great necessity for a first class Law 
College, in the midst of this vast region 
of country, with its great resources and 
its wonderful development would furnish 



sufficient reason for its establishment, 
were all other reasons wanting. The 
present age demands a high degree of 
culture in every profession, and especially 
in the law; men who half a century ago 
were competent to lead their professions 
would now find their peers in the common 
walks of life all around them. Men can- 
not reasonably expect in the present state 
of society to arrive at eminence in the 
legal profession by merely reading in an 
office, without first having obtained a 
liberal education. Considerations like 
these doubtless first led to the founding 
of this University, and like considera- 
tions, weightier now than then, have in- 
duced the present authorities to establish 
its law department and higher courses of 
learning. 

PROSPECTS. 

The two law classes already in attend- 
ance are composed of earnest young men 
most of whom are either graduates or 
under-graduates of some institution of 
learning, or have already pursued the 
study of law in offices. 

Letters are coming in from all quarters, 
from young men who design to avail 
themselves of the excellent facilities here 
offered for the study of law. 

The prospects of the University were 
never so brilliant as now. 

With a President of unflagging energy 
and wonderful executive power,"who has 
already proven himself master of the situ- 
ation ; an able Faculty, several of whom 
have stood by the institution in the most 
trying hours of its history and learned by 
experience to comprehend its every want; 
and a board of Trustees composed of men 
of ability, power and influence; it is 
winning its way by rapid strides to popu- 
larity, prosperity and power. But the 
most significant fact of all is that the 
people are taking hold of it, and when an 
intelligent people rise in the majesty of 
their united strength let skeptics stand 
aside, for the will of the people is the will 
of a sovereign. 

What the Illinois Wesleyan University 
is to be we know not, but we feel assured 
that from town and city, hamlet and farm, 
over these broad prairies, young men will 
crowd into her halls for that culture which 
the age demands, and help to build up 
here a LTniversity that will honor the 
people and the fair land which it adorns. 



132 'The Ride of Collins Graves. [.U'ly> 



THE RIDE OF COLLINS GRAVES. 

AN INCIDENT OF THE FLOOD IN MASSACHUSETTS, ON MAY 16, 1874. 

No song of a soldier riding down 

To the raging fight of Winchester town ; 

No song of a time that shook the earth 

With the nation's throes at a nation's birth ; 

But the song of a brave man, free from fear 

As Sheridan's self, or Paul Revere ; 

Who risked what they risked, — free from strife 

And its promise of glorious pay, — his life. 

The peaceful valley has waked and stirred. 
And the answering echoes of life are heard ; 
The dew still clings to the trees and grass, 
And the earlier toilers smiling pass. 
As they glance aside at the white walled homes, 
Or u]) the valley where merrily comes 
The brook that sparkles in diamond rills 
As the sun comes over the Hampshire hills. 

What was it that passed like an ominous breath ? 
Like a shiver of fear or a touch of deat>h ? 
What was it? The valley is peaceful still, 
And the leaves are afire on the top of the hill ; 
It was not a sound, nor a thing of sense — 
But a pain, like a pang in the short suspense 
That wraps the being of those who see 
At their feet the gulf of Eternity ! 

The air of the valley has felt the chill ; 
The workers pause at the door of the mill ; 
The housewife, keen to the shivering air, 
Arrests her foot on the cottage stair,; 
Instinctive taught by the mother-love. 
And thinks of the sleeping ones above ! 

Why start the listeners ? Why does the course 
Of the mill-stream widen ? Is it a horse — 
" Hark to the sounds of his hoofs," they say — 
That gallops so wildly Williamsburg way ? 

God ! What was that, like a human shriek. 
From the winding valley ? Will nobody speak ? 
Will nobody answer those women who cry 
As the awful warnings thunder by ? 

Whence come they ? Listen ! And, now they hear 

The sound of the galloping horse-hoofs near; 

They watch the trend of the vale, and see 

The rider, who thunders so menacingly, 

With waving arms and warning scream 

To the home-filled lianks of the valley stream. 

He draws no rein, but he shakes the street 

With a shout and the ring of the galloping feel. 

And this the cry that he flings to the wind : 

" To the hills for your lives ! The flood is liehiitd .'" 

He cries and is gone ; but they know the worsl — 

The treacherous Williamsburg dam has burst ! 

The basin that nourished their happy homes 

Is changed to a demon — It comes ! it comes ! 

A monster in aspect, with shaggy front 

Of shattered dwellings, to take the brunt 

Of the dwellings they shatter, — white-maned and hoarse, 

The merciless terror fills the course 

Of the narrow valley, and rushing raves, 



1 774-] O^'^ Saws Reset. 133 

With Death on the first of its hissing waves, 
Till cottage and street and crowded mill 
Are crumbled and crushed. But onward slill, 
In front of the roaring flood is heard 
The galloping horse and the warning word. 
Thank God that the brave man's life is spared 1 
From Williamsburg town he nobly dared 
To race with the flood and to take the road 
In front of the terrible swath it mowed. 
For miles it thundered and crashed behind, 
But he looked ahead with a steadfast mind : 
"They must he ivarned !" was all he said. 
As aw.^y on his terrible ride he sped. 

When heroes are called for, bring the cr(jwn 
To this Yankee rider; send him down 
On the stream of time with the Curtius old : 
His deed, as the Roman's, was brave and bold, 
And the tale can as noble a thrill awake. 
For he offered his life for the people's sake. 

— John Boyle O'Reilly, in the Boston Pilot. 



OLD SAWS RESET. 

As wet as a fish — as dry as a bone. 

As live as a bird- — as dead as a stone ; 

As plump as a partridge — as poor as a rat, 

As strong as a horse — as weak as a cat ; 

As hard as flint — as soft as a mole. 

As white as a lily — as black as a coal ; 

As plain as a pikestaff — as rough as a bear, 

As tight as a drum — as free as the air; 

As heavy as lead— as light as a feather, 

As certain as time — uncertain as weather ; 

As hot as an oven — as cool as a frog. 

As gay as a lark — as sick as a dog ; 

As slow as a tortoise — as 'swift as the wind. 

As true as the gospel — as false as mankind ; 

As thin as a herring — as fat as a pig, 

As proud as a peacock — as blithe as a gig ; 

As savage as a tiger — as mild as a dove. 

As stiff as a poker — as limp as a glove ; 

As blind as a bat — as deaf as a post. 

As cool as a cucumber — as warm as as a toast; 

As flat as a flounder — as round as a liall. 

As blunt as a hammer — as sharp as an awl ; - 

As red as a ferret — as safe as the stocks, 

As bold as a thief — as sly as a fox ; 

As straight as an arrow — as crooked as a bow. 

As yellow as saffron — as black as a sloe ; 

As brittle as glass — as tough as a gristle, 

xVs neat as my nail — as clean as a whistle ; 

As good as a feast — as bad as a witch. 

As light as day — as dark as pitch ; 

As brisk as a bee— us dull as an ass. 

As full as a tick — as solid as brass ; 

As lean as a greyhound — as rich as a Jew, 

And ten thousand similes equally new. 



M4 



A Review of one of Dr. Mtinselt s Scntices. 



[June 



BELLES LETTRES SOCIETY DEPARTMENT. 



ALBERT WALKLEY, Editor. 



A REVIEW OF ONE OF DR. MUNSELL'S SENTENCES. 



Our author, on page 62, Psychology, 
under the head of "The criteria of intui- 
tive truths," uses this language: "So far 
as the senses are concerned, the test of 
truth is necessarily the concurrent testi- 
mony of two or more special senses." 

Now the question might arise: If one 
special sense produces one sensation and 
another, another, the testimony of which 
are we to believe ? Perhaps they are both 
in a certain sense untrue — that is, that 
none gives true impressions of external 
things. If this be the case, we are only 
modifying our false impression by another 
false impression. But surely no number 
of false impressions are sufficient to con- 
stitute a true one ? 

We now ask : Do we from our sensa- 
tions know the world, per se? Our sensa- 
tions are modifications, but are these true 
copies of the modifiers. The world is a 
cause, our sensations are the effects. In 
the same manner, then, that an effect is a 
true copy of its cause, are our sensations 
true copies of the outer world. If for 
instance I place my hand in the fire, 
touch gives a sensation — heat. Is it a true 
copy of fire ? You hear the distant thun- 
der. Sound has been caused in us by our 
aural nerve reporting the effect caused by 
the electrical phenomenon called thunder. 
But is the sound a true copy of thunder ? 

The heat is not in the fire, but in us. 
Had I put a stick into the fire instead of 
my hand, the stick would have felt no 
heat ; there would have been no heat. 
So with the thunder. There were electri- 
cal discharges through the long geological 
ages of the past, but having only the 
silent rocks as auditors, there was no 
sound, and there was none until the aural 
nerve was created. Take a piece of musk, 
and did there exist naught but the oaks 
of the forest, there would be no fragrance. 
There must be an olflxctory nerve which 
may be irritated before fragrance exists. 



The fragrance exists in you, in me, in my 
consciousness, in your consciousness, and 
not in the particle of matter before us. 
Again, take a piece of sugar, and unless 
the sense of taste existed there would be 
no sweetness. Place that piece of sugar 
upon a stone, now drop a little water 
upon it, so that it melts. Is there any 
sweetness? Does the stone taste? If tlie 
sweetness, be in the sugar the stone will 
taste it. No one will in the face of these 
facts argue that pain, thunder, musk or 
sugar, exists in the thing, per se. They 
are mere effects, and only exist because 
touch, hearing, smell and taste exist. 

But if I say that sight only reveals to 
us certain attributes of things, and not 
the things themselves, some will object. 
Yet are not light and color mere attri- 
butes of fire, so that if there were no eyes 
there would be no light, no color. The 
sun had set in motion the ether, for un- 
told ages, but to the mountains which 
raised their heads high above the plain 
there was no light. There was no light 
until the eye was created, against which 
these little waves might dash themselves. 

Should you and I walk into a garden, 
and you call my attention to a rose, you 
say, it is red. Now the fact is, it is not 
red, there is no color in it at all, but it 
has the property of reflecting light in 
such a manner, that upon striking the 
retina of the eye it produces a sensation 
which we call red. 

The same is true of all the colors. Nay, 
so far is it from probable that the red 
exists in the rose, that it is a fact in i)hy- 
siology, "that there are some nerves 
especially sensitive to red, others to yel- 
low, and others again to blue light. ''' * 

Max Schulze has recently proved, that 
in the eyes, not indeed of men as yet, 
but of certain animals, there exist differ- 
ences which are observable in the nerve 
ends situated at the back of the 'retina. 



i874.] 



Pluck. 



135 



Some of these end in little red drops, 
some of them in yellow drops, and some 
of them in colorless ones. The nerves 
whose ends contain the little red drops 
are more sensitive to red color than the 



others; and so those containing yellow 
drops are more sensitive to the yellow 
color." May we not then conchule that 
we know not the world /<?/■ j-f but entirely 
through plienomena? 



PLUCK. 



F. H. GUMMING. 



In a closely-guarded tent sat a group 
of military men, whose straps and crosses 
showed them to be officers. The most 
commanding man seemed to be pointing 
out a path upon the chart lying before 
them. A period of deepest silence was 
broken by, "Sire, it is impossible." With 
gleaming eye, and form drawn to its ut- 
most height, the haughty general thun- 
dered forth, "Impossible ; it is the adjec- 
tive of fools." 

Thus were displayed the persistent 
energy, unconquerable ivill, and indomi- 
table ////'^•X', which characterized a Napo- 
leon. It was by these, that he made that 
terrible march across the Alps ; by these 
he took Moscow; by these he conquered 
Europe. 

There is incorporated into the mental 
being of every one a subtle desire, which 
incites him to brave op