I ii liiiri'! L I B RA RY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS TH V.T5 cop. "2, REMOTE STef^G^ October • 25f Sllinois ^ TECHNOGRAPH I I I' # ^ ■■J„.:_..- T^.-. in I I sin DF llUNOiS iOV 5 195£ LlBRkv -f - The shape of flight The shapes of things that fly have always been determined by the materials they are made of. Feathers form wings that are basically alike for all birds— and membrane forms an entirely different wing for insects. It takes thousands of years, but nature improves its materials and shapes, just as technology improves the materials and shapes of aircraft. But here, the improvements in materials are so rapid that designs become obsolete almost as soon as they are functional. Today, our aeronautical designers and missile experts work with types of materials that didn't exist just a few short years ago. Steels are probably the most important examples: United States Steel has just developed five new types of steel for the missile program. They are called "exotic" steels because they have the almost unbelievable qualities necessary for unearthly flights. The shape and the success of our space birds depend on steel. If you would like to get facts about the wide range of career possibilities in the steel industry, write to United States Steel, Personnel Division, Room 2316, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania. USS is a registered trademark United States Steel Editor Dave Ponniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Asst. — Chuck Kerr Editorial Staff George Carruthers Grenville King Jeff R. Colin Bill Andrews Ron Kurtz Mark Weston Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Production Staff George Venorsky Jack Pazdera Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock THE ILLINOIS MEMUEUS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCUATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State L^niversity, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer. Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer, Drexel Technical Jonrnal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer. Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State University Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Kn^'inLer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan T^-ln i. , Mni riesota Technolog, Missouri SI i. : . ' \. braska Blueprint, New ^M,, i ,, . : t^ Quadrangle, North Dakota Kii'-' m' ' i , \. ili westeni Engineer. Notre Dame 1 echnical Review. Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper. Purdue Engi- neer, RPl Engineer, Rochester Indicatn,. SC Engineer, Rose Technic, S.aitlMiti Khl;,- neer. Spartan Engineer, Texa^ A \ M Kn.:t- neer, Washington Engineer. \\ S( l.-di nometer, Wayne Engineer, ami W iscnnsm TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 1 October, 1959 IcMe of Contents ARTICLES: Helicopter Control Edward Rollo 18 Relative Dru Simms 20 Printed Circuit Techniques Irvin McKitfrick 22 The Scientist as a Person Samuel Lenher 28 Virtues of a Professional Man Charles D. Grigg 39 Get the Best from Your Mechanic Precis 46 Used But Not Gone Olgo Ercegovac 49 Invisible Pov^er Gerald Wheeler 52 Standardization 59 FEATURES: From the Editor's Desk 17 Science in Action Jerry Hill 25 Technocutie Photos by George Knoblock 34 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff 44 Navy Pier Page 48 Brain Teasers Edited by Steve Dilts 57 Begged, Borrowed, and . . Edited by Jack Fortner 64 Cover Barb Polan, our cover artist for this year, gives a hint of things to come when helicopters will replace cars as the every- day vehicle. For an insight into the control of such vehicles see page 1 8. Copyright, 1959, by Illini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc- tober, November, December, January, Feljruary, March, April and May) by the Ilbni Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Office 215 Engineering Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights reserved liy The Illinois Tcchnooraph. Hulibsher's Kepresentativc - I,ittell-Murray- Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, New York. o pportunities in the Petroleum Industry with Phillips New brochure describes career opportunities at Phillips PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY Bartlesville, Oklahoma This new booklet describes the un- usually fine career opportunities at Phillips Petroleum Company — a growth leader among America's in- tegrated oil companies. New projects and expansion programs at Phillips have created many attractive open- ings for young men in practically every phase of the petroleum industry. At Phillips, the production of crude oil, the refining and marketing of auto- motive and aircraft fuels and lubri- cants continue to grow. Phillips is also in the forefront of the great boom in petrochemicals, sparked by a constant stream of new developments in syn- thetic rubber, plastics, carbon black, fertilizers and other chemical products originating in Phillips research labs. Less publicized Phillips projects in- clude research, development and pro- duction programs in atomic energy ... as well as uranium mining and processing. Phillips is also the number one producer-marketer of liquefied petroleum gas in the nation. Phillips Petroleum Company's pol- icy of promotion and transfers from within is creating opportunities for young engineers and scientists who will be the key men of tomorrow. Write today to our Technical Man- power Division for your copy of this new brochure . . . and when the Phillips representative visits your campus, be sure to arrange for an interview through your Placement Office. THE TECHNOGRAPH OPPORTUNITIES DEPTH Tlirdrnnah„utto1>, y„l.m,r,j,,l cqiiipini'iit divcliipnl hi/ liniilix ,■ (III "underwater sound source" . It transmits sotind waves beneath the sea and is part of the research liisiarch Laboratories Division for use in the Bendix program of undersea acoustics research. Bendix, America's most diversified engineering organi- zation, offers challenging job opportunities in every area of man's scientific and engineering accomplish- ment — under the sea, on land, in the air and in outer space! Take, for example, the urgent problem of defense against enemy submarines. Bendix — pioneer in sonar research development, and supplier of this equipment to our government for many years — was selected to develop new techniques to increase sonar capabilities. Another important Bendix anti-submarine device is "dunked" sonar, lowered from helicopter into the sea to detect enemy submarines. The spectacular "TV eye", which enabled the crew of the nuclear-powered submarine "Skate" to observe the underside of the Polar ice pack and locate areas A thousand products for safe surfacing, was likewise a Bendix development. The real "depth" of job opportunities at Bendix can best be measured by the many and diverse scientific fields in which Bendix is engaged. For example — career opportunities are available in such fields as electronics, electromechanics, ultra- sonics, computers, automation, radar, nucleonics, combustion, air navigation, hydraulics, instrumenta- tion, propulsion, metallurgy, communications, carbu- retion, solid state physics, aerophysics and structures. At Bendix there is truly OpportuuiUj in Depth for outstanding young engineers and scientists. See your placement director for information about campus interview dates, or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corpora- tion, 1108 Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. a million ideas OCTOBER, 1959 Shooting for the moon ...and beyond General Motors positions are now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering • Industrial Engineering • Metallurgical Engineering Chemical Engineering • Aeronautical Engineering • Ceramic Engineering Mathematics • Industrial Design • Physics • Chemistry • Engineering Mechanics The High Capacity Static Inverter, latest electronic achievement from General Motors, proviiles exceptionally stabli- and precise freqneney control for poner ami guidance requirements of missiles and rockets. The minds of inquiring scientists and engineers are tlie spark that brings the wonders of tomorrow to the threshold of today. At General Motors the sky is the limit for men who work in these and other highly specialized fields. If you're looking for a place to develop your talent . . . and let your imagination soar, consider the opportunities in science and engineering at General Motors, working on products such as electronic components, automobiles, astronautics, diesels, inertial guidance systems, air- craft engines and equipment. You can grow vertically and laterally in your career at GM . . . vertically through the Division where you work, and laterally through the other Divisions of the Corporation. In addition, GM offers financial assistance to employees who wish to enter or progress in post- graduate studies. Step into a job with a real future. See your Placement Officer or write to General Motors, Salaried Personnel Placement, Personnel Staff, Detroit 2, Michigan. GENEli\L MOTORS THE TECHNOGRAPH • A missile's main engine runs only for a few seconds. To supply electric and hydraulic power for control during the entire flight a second power plant is necessary. The AiResearch APU (accessory power unit) which answers this problem is a compact, non EXCITING FIELD FOR GRADUATI Diversity and strength in a company offer the engineer a key opportunity, for with broad knowl- edge and background your chances for responsibil- ity and advancement are greater. The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its diversification, which you will experience through an orientation program lasting over a period of months, allows you the best chance of finding your most profitable area of interest. Other major fields of interest include: •Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and major supplier of centralized flight data systems air-breathing, high speed turbine engine. The unit pictured above develops 50 horsepower and weighs 30 pounds. The acknowledged leader in the field, AiResearch has designed, developed and delivered more accessory power units than any other source. S OF INTEREST E ENGINEERS and also other electronic controls and instruments. • Gas Turbine Engines — world's largest producer of small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 delivered ranging from 30 to 850 horsepower. •Environmental Control Systems — pioneer, leading developer and supplier of aircraft and spacecraft air conditioning and pressurization systems. Should you be interested in a career with The Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your College placement office. For further information write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley... THE AiResearch Manufacturing Division Los Angeles 45, Calijornia Systems, Packages and Components for: aircraft, missile, nuclear and industrial applications OCTOBER, 1959 SANDIA LABORATORY RECRUITS WITH THE BELL SYSTEM ^r Sandia Corporation is a laborato) which was established in 1949 to design atomic and nuclear weapons. It now has over 7,000 people, of whom 2,000 are professional staff, at its $ti(),n00.00() laboratory in Ibutiuorquf, iNew Mexico, and its expanding branch laboratory in Livermore, California. If you are a graduating engineer (mechanical, electrical, electronic, industrial or quality control), or if you are graduating in mathematics or the physical sciences, Sandia has an opportunity for you in one of many fields. We do research, design and development, test engineering, standards engineering, manufactur- ing relations engineering and quality control engineering. Our modern, well-equipped labora- tories, model shops, and offices com- bine w^ith liberal benefits — including our graduate educational aid pro- gram, life insurance, sickness benefits, retirement plan, and gener- ous vacations and holidays— to make Sandia an exceptionally attractive place to work. Albuquerque (a city of more than 200,000) with its exceptional climate and cosmopolitan blend of ancient and modern cultures, provides a re- laxed, informal environment for pleasant living. The location of our branch laboratory at Livermore offers the advantages of suburban living plus all the attractions of the SaiLFranciscQ Bay area. . '^^j^j^^f"^^^ Our illustrated brochure will give/ you more complete information on Sandia Corporation, its background,;'!^ work, and the cities ih which it ia '' located. Write for your copy to Staff Employment SeCtic New Horizons FOR GRADUATING ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS ORPC/l^ATION ■ VTi'^ This photograph depicts the view from 10,800 feet above sea level at the crest of the Sandia Mountains, looking westward across the Rio Grande Valley and the northern limits of the city of Albuquerque. THE TECHNOGRAPH Raytheon Gi;aduate Program FOR STUDY AT HARVARD MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IN 1960-61 MASs.uHrsims imstitltic of TIU lL\OLUaY The Raytheon Graduate Program has been established to contribute to the technical development of scientists and engineers at Raytheon. It provides the opportunity to selected persons employed by Raytheon, who are accepted as graduate students by Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology, to pursue at Raytheon's ex- pense, regular courses of study leading to a master's or doctor's degree in science or engineering in the institu- tion of their choice. The Program requires, in general, two or three semesters of study, depending on circumstances, with the summer months spent in the Company's research, engineering, or manufacturing divisions. It includes full tuition, fees, book allowances and a salary while at school. Students are eligible for health, accident, retirement and life insur- ance benefits, annual vacation and other privileges of full-time Raytheon employees. To be considered for the Program, applicants must have a bachelor's degree in science or engineering, and should have outstanding student records, show technical prom- ise, and possess mature personal characteristics. They may apply for admission to the Program in anticipation of becoming employees of Raytheon. YOU ARE INVITED TO ADDRESS YOUR INQUIRY to Dr. Ivan A. Getting, Vice President, Engineering and Research, outlining your technical background, academic record, school preference, and field of interest, prior to December 1, 1959. RAYTHEON COMPANY, Waltham 54, Mass. CALIFORNIA h\'^lin II OF TECHNOLOGY Excellence in Electronics RAYTHEON OCTOBER, 1959 REVOLUTIONARY NEW MARS-LUMOGRAPH LEAD HOLDER! RETAIL PRICE H^^i^ It's MARS-LUMOGRAPH quality! It loads from the rear or from the front! H It has a lightweight plastic barrel! It has the new super-knurled MARS finger grip! It's simple and sturdy! PRECISION QUALITY AT AN AMAZING PRICE! See this handsome drafting instrument at your College bookstore today H J. S. STA E DT L E R. INC. NEW JERSEY THE TECHNOGRAPH DOUGHNUTS YOU CAN'T DUNK These bizarre-looking underpinnings have taken a lot of the risk out of ticklish over- water helicopter operations. Tough and lightweight, they can be inflated in a few seconds. They're made of neoprene-coated nylon fabric. This year nylon, product of Du Pont re- search, is 20 years old. Since its discovery, hundreds of new jobs have been created. To improve it in the laboratory. To make it in the plant. To find new uses. To advertise it across the nation. To sell it in world markets. These new jobs range from trainee to administrator. At Du Pont, our business is to discover the undiscovered. We don't find a nylon every year, but we come out with new prod- ucts often exciting in their degree of im- provement over the old. New plastics like "Teflon"* fluorocarbon resins, new fin- ishes like "Lucite"* acrylic automotive finishes, new families of products like the polvesters — '"Dacron"* polyester fiber, "Mylar"* polyester fihn, "Cronar"'* poly- ester film base. How does all this affect you? When you join Du Pont you and your future are backed by research, and its prom- ise of growth. Each year more jobs are cre- ated, all the way to the top. At the bottom rung of the technical grad- uate's ladder, you are given an actual proj- ect assignment almost at once and begin to learn your job by doing it. All training is personalized — tailored to your background and interests. It permits periodic evalua- tion of your performance. Our promotion policies are based on the conviction that you should work at the top of your ability. It stands to reason, then, that the better your training, the more rapid your rise is likely to be . . . and the brighter your future. If you would like to know more about career opportunities where growth through research has been ihe history and continues as the objective, see your placement officer for literature, or write E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co (Inc.), 2420 Nemours Build- ing, Wilmington 98, Delaware. * Registered Du Pont Trademarks WM Better Things for Better Living . . . fhrough Chemistry OCTOBER, 1959 LONG GERMANIUM DENDRITES, grown by a new technique developed In the Westinghouse Solid State Physics Laboratory, are here inspected by Dr. A. I. Bennett, research physicist. The Solid State Lab helps you when your idea needs a new semiconductor The Solid State Physics Laboratory helps Westinghouse engineers exploit the rich phenomena of the solid state. Problems are solved in low temperature and semicon- ductor physics, and magnetic and ferroelectric materials. If an engineer's idea requires a new kind of sernicon- ductor, this group may be able to develop it for him. This laboratory is staffed by 27 Ph.D.'s, 4 M.S.'s, and 7 B.S. junior engineers. Here's one way it ties in with work at operating divisions: The Air Arm Division is now developing super- miniaturized electronic systems Our Youngwood plant is designing the new devices needed for these systems The Solid State Physics Lab is perfecting a method for growing the dendritic material needed to make these devices The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to know all of the answers. Our work is often too advanced 10 for that. Each man's work is backed up by specialists- like the men in this Solid State Physics Lab. Even tough problems are easier to solve with this kind of help. If you've ambition and real abiUty, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportunities for talented engineers. Want more information? Write to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Dept., Ardmore & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pa. you CAN BE SURE... IF ITS ^^^stinghouse WATCH WESTINGHOUSE LUCILLE BALL-DESl ARNAZ SHOWS CBS-TV FRIDAYS THE TECHNOGRAPH He's an Allis-Chalmers Engineer He has confidence born of knowing where he's going and how he's going to get there. The graduate training program at Allis-Chalmers helped him decide on a specific career — and he had a choice of many. He knows his future is bright because Allis-Chalmers serves the growth industries of the world . . . produces the widest range of industrial equipment. He is confident of success because he is following a suc- cessful pattern set by Allis-Chalmers management. Here is a partial list of the unsurpassed variety of ca- reer opportunities at Allis- Chalmers: Types of jobs Research Design Developmeni Manufoctufing Application Industries Agriculture Cement Che Construction Electric Power Nuclear Power Paper Petroleum Steel ALLIS-CHALMERS fftCl Equipment Steam Turbines Hydraulic Turbines Switchgeor Transformers Electronics Reactors Kilns Crushers Tractors Earth Movers Motors Control Pumps Engines Diesel Fields Metallurgy Stress Analysis Process Engineering Mechanical Design High Voltage Phenomena Nucleonics Electronics Hydraulics Insulation, Electrical Thermodynamics from GTC to "VIP" The graduate training course helps you decide on your "Very Important Position," by giving you up to two years of theoretical and practical training. This course has helped set the pattern of ex- ecutive progress since 1904. For details write to Allis-Chalmers, Graduate Training Section, Mil- waukee 1, Wisconsin. OCTOBER, 1959 11 A RESUME IS A TWO-PARTY AFFAIR Throughout your engineering career, the name of the first employer appearing on your resume can be as significant as your education. But, in selecting that first employer, you should also consider his resume. ITT is the largest American-owned world-wide electronic and telecommunication enterprise. To give you an idea of the breadth of our activity . . . there are 80 research and manu- facturing units and 14 operating companies in the ITT System playing a vital role in projects of great national significance in electronics and telecommunications research, development, production, service and operation. The scope and volume of work entrusted to us by industry and the government opens a broad range of highly diversified engineering and technical positions in all areas of our work . . . from tiny diodes to complex digital computer systems and a massive network of global communications. In addition to the opportunities for work and association with distinguished engineers and scientists, our graduate education tuition re- fund program encourages engineers to continue their formal training . . . and the facilities for graduate work near ITT locations are superior. This is an all too brief resume. It would be hard to associate yourself with a company that offers the engineer greater choice of assign- ment. Write us about your interests — or see our representatives when they visit your campus. INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION 67 Broad Street, New York 4, N. Y. TTl FEDERAL ELECTRIC CORPORATION • INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CORPORATION • ITT COMPONENTS DIVISION • ITT FEDERAL DIVISION • ITT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS DIVISION • ITT LABORATORIES • INTELEX SYSTEMS, INC. • INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ELECTRIC CORPORATION • ITT KELLOGG DIVISION • ROYAL ELECTRIC CORPORATION • AMERICAN CABLE AND RADIO CORPORATION • LABORATORIES AND MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN 20 FREE-WORLD COUNTRIES 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH MOBIL OIL CO., MOBIL INTERNATIONAL OIL CO. Divisions of SOCONY MOBIL OIL CO., INC. AFFILIATED COMPANIES: General Petroleum Corp., Magnolia Petroleum Co. OCTOBER, 1959 13 Examples of numerical systems reading clockwise from bottom left: Babylonian Sexagesimal Sys- tem, Mayan Vigesimal System, Chinese-Japanese Numeral System, Egyptian Hieroglyphic System undetermined Oniultipliers Ideas never go begging at Sylvania. They are taken up in 22 laboratories and 45 plants, examined rigorously and put to test. Should they fail, they fail for lack of merit and not from neglect. ^ >}; In our organization, a vast fund of ideas build up — ideas on electroluminescence, on information theory and data transmission for space flight application, on the properties of matter that will extend semiconductor device operational parameters, and tlie ultimate conductivity of alloys in supercold environments. These are our undetermined multipliers — theories and methods which, when proved and put to use, multiply man's capabilities and leisure. H^ H^ If you would work in this algebra of human creativeness — in areas that may hold promise of fruition for future generations, as well as in fields where goals are much nearer — if you would do this, focus on Sylvania, now embarking on new programs of expansion enhanced by its recent merger with General Telephone Corporation. Graduates at all degree levels in science & engineering will discover Administration, Research, Development, Manufacturing and Marketing careers at Sylvania in: LIGHTING • RADIO • TELEVISION . HI-FI • ECM • ELECTRONICS . SEMICONDUCTORS • PLASTICS • PHOTOGRAPHY . AIRBORNE DEFENSE • RADAR • COMMUNICATIONS & NAVIGATION SYSTEMS • MISSILES . COMPUTERS « CHEMICALS • METALS & WIRE . PHOSPHORS LIGHTING . TELEVISION-RADIO • ELECTRONICS Sylvania's laboratories and plants are situ- ated in 13 states across the nation. Salaries are excellent, benefits are intelligently broad and include wide opportunity for advanced schooling. To learn more about these opportunities, see your College Placement Officer or write us for a copy of "Today & Tomorrow with Sylvania." ^SYLVANIA Subsidiary of ('ceneraT) GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS \*S*7 730 Third Avenue -New York 17. N. Y. PHOTOGRAPHY • CHEMISTRY . METALLURGY 14 THE TECHNOGRAPH Since its inception nearly 23 years ago, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has given the free world its first tactical guided mis- sile system, its first earth satellite, and its first lunar probe. In the future, underthe direction of the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration, pioneering on the space fron- YOUR TASK FOR THE FUTURE tier will advance at an accelerated rate. The preliminary instrument explora- tions that have already been made only seem to define how much there is yet to be learned. During the next few years, payloads will become larger, trajectories will become more precise, and distances covered will become greater. Inspections will be made of the moon and the plan- ets and of the vast distances of Inter- planetary space; hard and soft landings will be made in preparation for the time when man at last sets foot on new worlds. In this program, the task of JPL Is to gather new information for a better un- derstanding of the World and Universe. "We do these ibings because of the unquenchable curiosity of Man, The scientist is continually asking himself questions and then setting out to find the answers. In the course of getting these answers, he has provided practical benefits to man that have sometimes surprised even the scientist. "Who can tell what we will find when we get to the planets ? Who at this present time, to man exisi in this enterpn racy what we will find as v first with instruments, then on predict what potential benefits e ? No one con say with any occu- ? fly farther away from the earth, vith man. It seems to me that we are obligated to do these things, as human beings^ DR. W. H. PICKERING, Dii dor, JPL CALIFORMIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JET PROPULSION LABORATORY A Research Facility opcralecJ for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Employment opportunities for Engineers and Scientists interested in basic and applied research in these fields: INFRA-RED • OPTICS • MICROWAVE • SERVOMECHANISMS • COMPUTERS • LIQUID AND SOLID PROPULSION • ENGINEERING MECHANICS STRUCTURES • CHEMISTRY • INSTRUMENTATION • MATHEMATICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS Send professional resume for our immediate consideration. Interviews may be arranged on Campus or at the Laboratory. OCTOBER, 1959 15 Rene Descartes... on tne li^nt of reason Hence we must believe that all the sciences are so interconnected, that it is much easier to study them all together than to isolate one from all the others. Therefore, if anyone wishes to search out the truth of things in earnest, he should not select any one special science ; for all the sciences are con- joined with each other and interdependent: let him think only about how to increase the natural light of reason, not in order to solve this or that difficulty of a scholastic nature, but that his under- standing may direct his will to its proper choice in every contingency of life. -— Rcgu/fp ad Direclionem Ingenii, 1629 THE RAND CORPORATION, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA A nonprofit organization engaged in research on problems related to national security and the public interest 16 THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Editor's Desk Take It From Click . . . Picture Prof. Glick buried amid a maze of wiring and expensive equipment. He has a stack of notes and data sheets, a two-day growth of beard, and a budget of $200 thousand for his research project. Halfway through one of the most intricate steps of procedure in synchronizing his ap- paratus, Glick is tapped on the shoulder by a little guy with horn-rimmed glasses and a note- book. Glick jumps in surprise and his setting is lost. At least an hour has been wasted. Hold- ing his temper as best he can, Glick gently removes the villian from the premises. A week later the episode is forgotten; however, the repercussions have not yet begun. It isn't until a year later that Glick gets his come-upponce. His budget for research is cut to such a figure that little work con be done and his project is terminated. With a certainty that the gods are against him, he goes to his director and discovers that the budget was cut due to a lack of sponsors. This little episode could go on, however, it would be best to stop and go back a way. Remember the little guy, with the glasses and the sneaky way about him? He was an engineer- ing writer and it was his job to publicize Glick's project. Although his method of approach was not the best, his purpose was, for with publicity, funds can be acquired for further projects. Why is he necessary? Because most people in research are too busy in their lab to take time to tell others about their work. While this provides a livelihood for engineers who ghost-write, it speaks poorly for those who do the actual research. For the man with the clearest knowledge of a specific project is the research director himself. If he would not limit himself to the lab alone but include the field of writing, his reports as well as publicity releases would be of wider scope and interest. All this centers around one point. Being an engineer or scientist does not exempt an indi- vidual from the necessity of expressing himself in written form. We may joke all we like about Advanced Remedial Writing for Experts, (Rhetoric 200); however, in the final analysis the pen and the typewriter must be used to complement the slide rule. OCTOBER, 1959 17 HELICOPTER CONTROL By Edward Rollo Tlu' purpose of tin's report is to ex- plain, in a basic and general way, the accomplishment of successful helicopter flight. Hy successful flight is meant the unlimited ability of the helicopter to maneuver under ail practical flight re- quirements. This must, of course, lead to an explanation of the physical con- trol methods in the three planes of mo- rion, and to an explanation of how the prime nio\er, the rotor, is controlled to accomplish stable motion in these di- rections. Since the aerodynamics and mathematics of rotor blade theory are rather complicated, it is the purpose of this report to present this material in a manner readily \uiderstandable to the layman. The proper references for those interesteii in a more detailed anahsis are included in the reference section. The general requirements of a heli- copter are much the same as in con- ventional aircraft. This is, it nuist be able to produce thrust and lift and con- trol these forces in six directions. The operator must be able to control the helicopter in a vertical, directional, lat- eral, and longitudinal maneuver along with combinations of these. Vertical control or lift control is probably the easiest to accomplish since this can be obtained by throttle adiust- ments and pitch movements of the rotor blade much the same as thrust is con- trolled in a conventional aircraft pro- peller. Since the rotor blades are air- foils much the same as a conventional wing increasing the pitch is merely in- creasing the angle of attack of the blade which in turn increases the lift of the blade. Coupled with this increase or de- crease in pitch there must be a propor- tional increase or decrease in rotor rpm. The increased angle of attack of the blades causes greater blade resistance tending to reduce the rpm thereb\ hold- ing the lift force constant. (See Fig. 1.) Vertical control immediately intro- duces directional control. The turning rotor, which is rather large in compari- son to the fuselage, creates a large torque on the drive shaft. This is in turn transmitted to the fuselage in a manner tending to rotate the whole fuselage in a direction opposite that of the rotation of the rotor. (See Fig. II.) This is in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, which states "for every action there is an equal and op- posite reaction." Several methods of con- trol have been developed, and four of medium pitcii the fu.selage remains sta- tionary', and in high pitch the fuselage turns in the direction of the rotor. This is similar to the yawing condition in conventional winged aircraft. See Fig. IV^. ) The anti-torque tail rotor coidd be operated independently of the main Figure I. As the angle of attack increases, the drag increases tending to slow down the rotor. Therefore, additional power must be applied to pro- duce constant rpm and increase lift. the most common are as follows : ( 1 ) mounting two counter-rotating rotors on the same axis (coaxial), (2) install- ing a vane in the slipstream, (3) tan- dem-type double mounting with coun- ter-rotating rotors, and (4) the anti- torque rotor. These are all illustrated ui Fig. III. By far the most common method, par- ticularly on small helicopters, is to rotor, but the simplest method is to drive it through a power take-off in the transmission of the main rotor at some fixed ratio of speed to the main rotor. In order to complete the picture of directional control, it must be pointed out that although the tail rotor counter- acts the torque of the main rotor, it also produces an unbalaced thrust force, which in turn is ofifset by a slight tilt of Figure II mount a small rotating anti-torque pro- peller perpendicular to the plane of the rotor, at a given distance from the cen- ter of gravity, and precalculated to cause a moment equalizing the rotor torque. Directional control is then achieved by varying the tail propeller pitch. In low pitch the tail swings as if there were no counteracting moment, in the main rotor. (See Fig. V.) Rotor tilt on a small single-rotor type helicopter is necessary for lateral con- trol and this motion is similar to the roll- ing condition on conventional winged aircraft. On a side-by-side type heli- copter the thrust of either or both rotors can be adjusted to produce a pure mo- ment in a lateral direction, (See Fig. THE TECHNOGRAPH VI.) wliere as on a si njjlc- rotor t\ pr helicopter both a moment and side force are produced. This side force is not necessarily a hindrance since wfneralh' a lateral motion or roll proceeds motion intended in the direction of roll. Lonjiitudinal control is similar to pitch control in the conventional winged aircraft and is attained much the same way as lateral control. Fig. VII illus- trates several methods of longitudinal control for tandem-and single-rotor heli- copters. In (a) either the thrust of each stick. \i\ the direction he wishes to go and the main rotor tilts in that direc- tion. Rudder pedals are also provided in a helicopter for directional control. The pilot pushes the right pedal to go right and the left pedal to turn left. Pushing of the pedals increases and decreases the pitch of the anti-torque rotor, thereby allowing the helicopter to swing in the direction desired. The pitch le\er or thrust control lever is operated by one hand while the control stick is operated b\- the other. Moving the pitch control Figure III rotor is adjusted or the rotors are tilted. In (b) rotor pitch is periodically in- creased at some part of the rotor path to create greater lift on one side of the rotor than the other. In (c) rotor tilt is the main control mechanism. In (d) the anti-torque rotor produces the pitch- ing moment. In (e) a combination of Figure IV rotor thrust and offset flopping hinges jiroduce longitudinal control. The ability to control the helicopter in each of the previous discussed maneuvers and directions must be put in the pilot's hands through some sort of control mechanism. A relatively sim- ple illustration of the control mechan- ism linking the pilot and the helicopter is shown in Fig. VIII. The most coor- dinating and effective method of control is that found in a conventional aircraft, and for this reason they are adapted as closely as possible in a helicopter. As in a conventional aircraft, the control stick is located in front of the pilot and is used to control lateral and longitudin- al motion. Tile pilot merely pushes the up or down changes the pitch of the rotor blade, and upward motion of the stick produces increased lift and \ertical ascent, whereas pushing the pitch con- trol stick down produces decreased lift or vertical descent. A throttle coiitrol mechanism is located near the pitch con- trol lever or is mounted on the pitch lever and is controlled by twisting the grip much the same as a motorcycle throttle control. In some helicopters the pilot merely controls either the pitch or the throttle and the other control is automatically adjusted for by rotor governors in order to maintain constant rotor speed. In order to make the helicopter go in the direction desired, a force must somehow be produced in that direction. (On other \ehicles of motion such as the airplane, automobile, and the boat, a way is provided by having a propeller in that direction, friction transmitting force in the desired direction, or ;igain a propeller transmitting force in the di- rection desired. The famous "Juan De La Cierva" autogyro produced thrust in a forward direction with a separate propeller and engine provided for this function alone. But under these condi- tions, the aircraft becomes bulky and impractical in view of the competition from winged airciaft. In a helicopter, in order to keep it ,is light and as simple as possible, a di- rectional force must somehow be ac- quired from the lifting rotor. The best way to accomplish this is to tilt the path of the rotor blade tips (referred to hereafter as tip-path plane) and acquire a component of the thrust in the direc- tion it is wished to go (See Fig. IX.) This invohes the controlling of ini^een forces and moments and leads to an explanation of how the rotor itself is controlled. Ill order that the helicopter be stable under all flying conditions and ma- neuvers, the rotor must be a very ver- satile piece of equipment and must be able to compensate for changing con- ditions. It must be controllable when tilted, in a cro.ss wind, in forward flight, etc. Por this reason the first thing to be controlled is the lift of the individual blades themselves. An example is as fol- lows: suppose the rotor is operating at some counter clockwise constant speed and it is wished to go forward. Assume that so far no adequate way has been provided to do this, and the rotor and shaft must be tipped together. When the rotor is tipped forward from the pilot's .seat, the blades coming into the left side have an increasing angle of attack and the blades on the right have a decreasing angle of attack. This causes a force greater on the left than on the right tending to roll the craft over. This effect is also present in a cross wind where the blades approaching head on into the wind have greater lift than those retreating with the wind, and this same effect is also very noticeable in forward flight. There are two basic w.iys to oxer- come this effect and allow control of the rotor. These were both mentioned ear- lier when lateral and longitudinal con- trol were discussed. One wa>' is to be able to periodically control the pitch of the blades and the other is to allow the blades to flap. Both methods have been adequateh' de\eloped, but by far the more common method is to hinue the Figure V bl.i.lcs either at the shaft Inib or .it some short distance from the hub and allow them to flap. A hinged blade in rotation is in balance by the action of the centrifugal force and the lift of the blade. Since the blade is hinged ( no moments can be transferred through a hinge) unequal lift forces cannot be transmitted to the helicopter body itself. This therefore eliminates the rolling effect due to tilting and wind conditions. ((Jon/iniiiv! nn Ptuic 41) OCTOBER, 1959 19 Relative . . . By Dru Simms Lane switched the railio-transmitter buttoii oft. "Still no sound," he said to Clark, the other half of the rocket's crew. They exchanged grim looks. A landing without contact with an earth base would be almost impossible. It seemed ironical that after their year i)f orbit around that now-far-distant dog-star, Sirius. the\ should come so close and yet fail. Lane's thoughts turned to Clail, his girl — a year ago. He wondered if he woidd ever see her again. Or, if they did make if down, woidd she be wait- ing' , As it was planned, their trip — the first into another galaxy — was to have lasted six months. But, as they ap- proached Sirius, something went hay- wire. All their instruments jammed. Their velocity meter registered the un- believable speed of 03,(HH) miles per sec- ond, one-half the speed of light. At first they panicked but everything went smoothly. Time seemed to stand still. And since there was so much to be ob- served at this frontier of speed and space, they decided to extend their or- bital journey to a \ear. There was no fuel problem as their sleek ship was powereil by an inexhaustible source — nuclear power. And now, back in the earth's atmos- phere, every instrument was functioning properly except the radio. They went through the deceleration process mechanically, knowing it was probably hopeless. Lane was again let- ting his mind wander to Gail when he heard a sputtering from the radio. "Earth base Number Sixty to un- known rocket, altitude 81 miles, speed 25,110 mph. Please identify yourself. Over." Lane looked at Clark, and grinned. They explained their situation as brief- ly as possible, then requested landing instructions. The earth-bound radiomen seemed confused but, after placing sev- eral calls, agreed to wait for further explanation until the ship landed. Ten minutes before their scheduled landing, with their speed down to 4,S(K) miles per hour, everything was going well. From there on in it was routine. A huge crowd was gathered by the time the tuo men crawled out of the hatch. Standing a little apart were sev- eral men in uniform, all strangers to Lane, and . . . "Gail!" He ran toward her, but stop- ped short when she extended a hand and said politely, "^L■. Roth! You look exactly like the pictures. You haven't aged a bit! Congratulations on making quite a stu- pendous space voyage'" Lane looked at her blankly. "Gail . . ." He began again. "Mr. Roth, are you all right? I'm not Gail." She laughed lightly, "Lm sorry. Of course, you wouldn't know. I'm Jane, Jane Williams, Gail's daugh- ter." The impact of the words staggered Lane a step backwards. "Daughter!" He echoed the word. A frown puckered the girl's hiow and she looked at him intently. "^L-. Roth, how long do you think \()u've been up there in space?" Lane looked up at the sky, then back at the girl. His answer came hesitating- ly. "One year." He straightened his shoulders. "How long . . .?" She answered his unfinished question. "Twentv-three vears." 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH Problem: how to have fun while doing something constructive in your limited spare time Solution: Join Technograph! Whatever your interests, there's a place for you with The Tech, including: Writing Taking photos Drawing cartoons Designing the layout Handling correspondence Working with ad agencies Copy-rewriting Preparing covers Proofreading Skimming industrial releases Stop by our office .... 215 Civil Eng. Hall OCTOBER, 1959 PRINTED CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES Introduction Ihcic is :i L'onuniiji myth among many technicians anil some engineers that printed circuits are nothing but a weh ot troubles hoKling components to- gether. This is the result of coming in contact only with the problems and never with the processes. There have been considerable discussions between major electronic companies regarding the merits ot printed circuit techniques. The contro\ersy regards the problems encountered in servicing printed circuits after manufacture. I was recenth' in- volved in the production of a telephone nudtiplex equipment system which used printed circuits throughout. When test- ting and trouble shooting this system, which in\'olved the use of over 1,000 printeil circuit boards, I failed to find that 1 could agree with many of the 'omplaints about servicing. For exam- ple, I foiuid it much easier to check M)lder connections on the surface of a board rather than dig through a maze i)t wires, circuit tracing was obvious loUowing conductors on the board, com- ponents w-ere not hidden or hanging in air between ternu'nal strips waiting to shake loose. In order to dispel this myth <^ i By Irvin McKittrick of troubles, let us look at some of the significant advantages of printed circuits and how the.se circuits are produced. Engineering faces circuit problems in certain areas which no other system but the printed techniques can ,^olve. How else can we reduce the size and weight of missile, satellite, and space-vehicle as- semblies? What other system allows us e\'en to approach the automatic assem- bly of equipment into rejilaceable units? What a Printed Circuit is These are some of the far-reaching possibilities of printed circuits, which re- place conventional hand-soldered wiring with condLicting strips of copper bonded to a Hat sheet of insulating base ma- terial, with conductors on one side and components mounted on the other. Actu- ally the conductors are obtained by etching or eating away undesired sec- tions of a foil coating which originally covered the board. Although silver and ahiminum foils might be useable from a conductivity standpoint, copper is move readily available, lower in cost, and easier to solder. The component leads are passed through hole-; in the hoard and ;ire all sohlercd .it once b\ lightly dippling the conductor surface of the board into molten solder. The term "printed circuit" is some- times u.sed to include both components and conductors, whereas printed wiring applies to conductors only. In this article it refers primarily to the wiring, with which components such as resistors, coils, ami capacitors are connected. Once we have decided to design a given elec- tronic circuit for printed production, the requirements for the circuit must be consiilered. Information on environmen- tal conditions in which the unit will operate, maintenance requirements, and physical size of the equipment must be considered. Knowledge of these condi- tions will define design req\iirenients. Methods of Manufacture There are two general systems of producing printed circiutry today. One adds metal to an insulated base, and the other removes a portion of a thin metal layer which has been bonded to the base. Current methods of the first system are vacuum processing, chemical deposition, die stamping, or molding. .All of these additive methods require a considerable set-up cost and are ad- (3) FIGURE 1 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH \antageous for particular applications to circuit problems. The removal, or sub- tractive process, is accomplished b\' etch- ing; unwanted material in an acid bath. The etched circuit is probably the most widely used form of printed wiring today. The circuit process is flexible, re- liable, and easily produced, with new techniques adding to its present popular- ity. In order to produce an etched cir- cuit board, three basic problems must be considered: circuit design, base ma- terial selection, and process selection. Circuit Design First, the circuit must be designed for printed conductors. Since every printed circuit board is different in all electri- cal and mechanical problems, a stead- fast rule of layout cannot be given. For example, compare a board which is to be used in aircraft systems subject to vibration, temperature, and pressure clianges with a stationary computer ap- plication which is temperature and hu- midity controlled. Therefore, each board must be designed to meet the particular requirements of the circuit involved. From the schematic diagram of the cir- cuit, the components must be laid out on the board. Rather than actual compo- nents, plastic replicas of standard com- ponents are used. Various arrangements of circuit com- ponents are then tried until the desired comiections can be made with the mini- mum of crossed leads. This is largely a trial and error process, and each circuit design will pose new problems in cross- oxer minimization. Ordinarily, cross over of conductors is necessary to pro- duce the desired circvn't. Sometimes this can be accomplished by using compo- nents, otherwise a wire strap is used on the component side of the board to make the necessary connections. The layout is done on tracing paper which is placed over an expanded underlay grid pattern of ten squares to the inch. This pattern may originally be two to seven times oversized, and is later reduced by pho- tographic means. To allow uniform lay- out and a board which can be assem- bled by automatic machinery, all com- ponent mounting holes, except clustered ones such as tube sockets, are placed to fall on intersections of the grid pattern. The use of slotted or oblong holes for component or hardware moimting should be avoided if possible to reduce die cost. Xon-circular holes can be used, but where there is a choice, cost considera- tions point toward round holes. After the hole layout is decided upon and connections are sketched in, exter- nal circuit connections such as ground- ing systems and shielding can be added. A complete ground system is neces- sary, since the usual metal chassis which often serves as a common ground has been eliminated. The ground system connecting such hardware as tube sock- ets and shields, also serves as shielding between conductors to reduce stra\- pick- up. ^ Conductor width and spacing are de- pendent on current loads and break- down voltage respectively. A 1/16" spacing, usually considered a minimum, is necessary for a SOOV DC working level. Figure ( 1 ) shows some of the layout principles which are used. When mak- ing 90° turns, the conductor should fol- low a smooth curve as in (A) to re- duce the possibility of conductor damage in handling and provide a smoother solder flow path during soldering. The terminal connection or "land" need not be completed if spacing requirements are critical, as shown in the same figure. If a large area of shielding is required as in (B), a bar grid technique should he used to prevent blisteriiv: of copper during soldering. cal strength plus e.xxellent moisture and insulation qualities. The Teflon glass grade is excellent electrically but very expensive ; it is used primarily in low- loss microwave applications. Along with the electrical character- istics of these base materials, we must consider the demands of fabrication. Be- fore final assembly, the board may have to be pierced, drilled, milled, routed, or sheared. The majority of the [ihe- nolic-base laminates are hot-punching materials, which means that the ma- terial must be raised above room tem- perature in order to be punched or sheared without cracking or chipping. Some cold-punch phenolics are avail- able, but they are more susceptible to heat and sometimes warp under dip sol- dering. The glass-base materials nresent less of a problem in fabrication, in that they do not easil\- chip or crack, but are abrasi\e and cause higher tool wear than the phenolic-base materials. The TABLE 1 \E]VIA Grade Moisture Resistance Insulation Resistance Tool Wear Mechanical Strength Punch Ability Cost Factor XXXP=1 P Poor Fair Excellent Good Good .7 XXXP Good Good Good Good Fair 1 EPOXY GLASS Very good Excellent Poor Good Fair 4 TEFLON GLASS Excellent Excellent Poor Good Cjood 13 After the sketched layout is complete, it is usually traced on glass cloth and the conductor pattern is inked in. A tape system can be used instead of ink- ing, but is less stable dimensionally and is ordinarily not used where close toler- ances are desired. The tracing repre- sents a master art work which can be photographically scaled to the reqiu'red size, and then negatives can be pro- duced to he used for one of the various proce.s.ses of etching. Base Material The printed circuit base material is a special problem in itself. The laminate may be a paper or cloth-base phenolic, or one of various fiber-glass combination laminates, as shown in Table 1. The NEMA type XXXP is the most widely used grade of material, having high insulation resistance and low dielectric losses. It is mechanically strong and low in cost. The low cost t\pe P is used in models or prototype circuitry where good electrical proper- ties and long life are not so important. When lower moisture ab.sorption and increased insulation qualities are need- ed, a glass base material is necessary, of which Epo.xy glass is the most widely used. This laminate has good mechani- copper foil may be obtained in .several thicknesses, of which .00135 or .0027 inch are the most common. The thick- ness used is dependent on current ca- pacity, which is decided upon when the circuit is designed. The foil is bonded to the base with heat and pressure. The bond strength or force in poiuids re- quired to pull back a 1" wide strip of the foil varies slightly with the differ- ent base materials. Most reputable man- ufacturers provide necessary information on the bond strength of their products. Standard tests are proposed by RET- MA for adhesion of printed wiring if theie is any question of qualitx' or dur- ability. Process Selection After the circuit has been designed and the base material selected, the final step is to select the process to be used in etching away the unwanted material. One popular procedure for etched cir- cuitry involves a photo-resist system such as would be used by a photo engraver. Because it is expensive, this system is used principally for short runs or sam- ple production. Normally, fifty boards would be considered an economical upper limit of this process. For produc- tion quantities in the thousands, an off- OCTOBER, 1959 23 COPPER CLAD LAMINATE SCREENED ETCHED INK REMOVED , H B , INK I I INSULATED BASE ■■ CONDUCTOR FIGURE 2 set piintinj: procedure can he used wirli considerable economy. The large gap be- tween the short run and full-scale pro- duction techniques is filled by the silk screen process. This will be explained in detail, as it covers the widest range of 1 U H ■ 'W/^ 1 usage at the present time. First, for any process it is necessary to clean the board to obtain a bright surface. This can be done b\- using water, a good cleansing liowder, and a rotary brush. The board is then rinsed and completely dried. To prevent warpage, the use of hot water in cleaning or warm air drying should ne\er raise the board temperature abo\e IS()°F. The board is now ready to be printed with an acid resistant ink. Fig- ure (2) shows a surface buildup view of the various steps in the silk screen process. The circuit pattern to be used must be a negative, allowing the resist ink to cover the circuit conductor areas, while all other parts of the board are unpio- tected. The construction of a dimension- ally adjustable silk screen is slunxn in Figure (3). The screws on the sides allow the circuit pattern to be adjusted for cor- rect position on the board. When the board is screened it must be held per- fectly flat, usually by means of a vacu- um jilate specially designed for this inn- pose. The silk screen must be carefulh handled to avoid damage. Even a pin hole in the wrong place can cause trou- ble. After screening, the board is ready for etching by ferric chloride or other bath. This will remove all copper not protected by the ink. Carefid control of the time the board is in the etchant is important to pre\ent over oi' under etch. After the board has been etched, it must at once be thoroughly cleaned to halt the etching process. The cleaning procedure consists of a water rinse, a solvent rinse to remove the screening ink, and neutralization. The board is then dried and visually inspected before release for production. Conclusion A recent sur\ey by the Institute of Printed Circuits found that the chief complaint about printed circuit boards in radio and television equipment was difHcidty in pinpointing component fail- ures. Other complaints were about ac- cessibility and conductor lift during servicing. In general, such service complaints have been the thorns in the side of print- ed circuits. Personal experience in the inspection, test, and repair of hundreds of bo.irds used in multiplexing equip- iiK-iit leads one to believe this is largely a problem of education. Although technicians are not prone to immediately accept changes in service techniques, the electronics industry is spending large sums of money on train- ing. There is no doubt that care and common sense are still required in serv- icing printed circ\iits, though in the fu- ture disposable modules are likely, which would eliminate the need for repair. 1 he ncirness of this time will be de- termined (jnly hy how rapidU the art of printed circuitry can be advanced. Fhe funue holds many prospects for printed circuitry, but let us also con- sider the advantages over con\entional wiring which it provides today. Advantages By use of printed circuits, metal cha>- is, brackets, terminal strips, and other hardware can be reduced if not com- pletely eliminated. The RETMA Sym- posium on Printed Circuits mentions one radio which was re-designed to use printed circuit techniques. Hardware was reduced from 55 to 33 pieces, 21 of which were the same as used in the con- ventional receiver. A mention of size reduction in the Symposium relates an assembly consist- ing of IS tubes, 150 components, and associated hardware in a 50 Cu. inch package. Another example is that of a four tube amplifier compacted to 1" bv 2" by 3". In his book on printed circuits. Lytel describes a printed circuit microwave re- ceiver, the weight of which was reduced from 32 to 5 pounds. At the same time, costs were also reduced. There are definitely important sav- ings in the direct labor required to build a printed unit. As.sembly and soldering can be done automatically, eliminating 80% of the hand labor involved. The less evident savings come in other areas. Inspection and test pro- cedures may cost 40' J to bO'^c less. The drawing required is often reduced 50'~f over conventional wired circuits. As an engineer, the next circuit de- vice you produce, consider the three fac- tors : cost, size, and weight. Consider them carefully and then consider the printed circuit. REFERENCES .Anderson, K. W., et al. cds. Iloiv In Di- iiijn and Specify Printed Circuits. Chicago: The Institute of Printed Circuits, 1958. DcRose, R. Ed. Printed Circuits Informa- tion and Practices. Chicago; Kellogg Switch- ho.ird and Supply, 1957. Lytel, .Allan. Printed Circuitry. Pittsburgh: Instruments Publishing Company, 1957. Swiggett, Robert I,. Introduction to Printed Circuits. New York: John F. Rider, 1956. Symposium on Printed Circuits. New York: Engineering Publishers, 1955. E. C. McClintock, Technical .Assistance. 24 THE TECHNOGRAPH THE NEXT TWO PAGES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE INTERESTED IN APPLIED SCIENCE THE STAFF OCTOBER, 1959 25 11 fLO»0 VEIOCITY changes" ^NJo T^O OBJK75(^M OCCUPY TM£ 26 THE TECHNOGRAPH ♦Action.'/ A6ODYlMM0T»0NTeM0sT0 ACT]POOf»Of4 BYsoHf Equilibrium- two exACTivopPQiire PUtf AT TM€ tA^^e- TfNft^^ OCTOBER, 1959 27 e m t * V The Scientist as a Person By Samuel Lenher Editor's \'()t(: Mr. Liiilur is via- l>nsidcnt and director of E. I. diiFont dr S^c/iiours and (^o/iipiiny. The attention of the public recentl)' has been directed, in an unusual degree, toward the American scientist. The launching of a Russian sputnik ahead of our own satellite has raised a ques- tion whether the Ignited States may lag beliind the Communists in research and technology. This in turn has led to an examination of our educational system, and w^e find issues in the political arena which previously had only been debated within the cloisters, relatively speaking, of education and industry. Those of us who for some years have been occupied with the theme of this conference — research administration — have participated in an intensive search for an answer to the question of what kind of person, and what kind of train- ing, will make a good scientist. It seems to me the time has come, now that the spotlight of public and political atten- tion has been focused upon research, to reverse the field and examine what the scientist is like as a person. The reason 1 think this nught be timely is perfectly simple. We have con- siderable reason — for the most part em- pirical, it is true — to believe there is widespread misunderstanding of the sci- entist as a person. As a former chemist now engaged in management responsi- bilities, I of course recognize there is no litmus test to disclose exact shades of public opinion, nor have any scales been devised to weigh precisely what may be burdening the human mind. The evidence, however, of public confusion over the true nature of the scientist seems to me sulTlciently strong to con- vince an average American jury, and that is enough to be alarming. I would like to cite some of this evidence. In our modern society, the newspaper or magazine cartoon frequently is a re- vealing indication of what many Ameri- cans may be thinking. A popular maga- zine which has one of the largest nation- al circulations published a cartoon a few weeks ago which is to the point. It por- trayed a cocktail party with two guests in the foreground. The feminine guest was a type all too frequently encount- ered at such an occasion. Obviously she had just been introduced to a be- wildered-looking individual with a mus- tache and goatee, a bald head wifli Mow- ing locks below the neckline, wearing a string bow tie and wing collar, as well as a pince-nez. The lady was saying, "Oh, you're a scientist. I've always vcanted to meet a genuine fathead." Of course no one but a cartoon char- acter would mistake an egghead for a fathead. But more seriously, a widely published article by a top writer for the Associated Press reports that "in the potboilers of movies and television, the basic research scientist almost invari- ably is: single-tracked, unworldly, mis- understood, ridiculed by everyone (ex- cept his faithful, tiptoeing wife who keeps tiying to get him to eat a sand- wich), self-sacrificing, a dedicated saint who was born with a vision only he can see, suffers hell pm'suing it and — Eure- ka! — in the last two reels finally finds a cure for the monstrous plague, just when he was down to his last two test tubes." Now I should add, of course, that the Associated Press did its commendable best to dispel such an impression of the scientist by giving the facts about a living, breathing, and intensely human and likeable research chemist at Yale l'niversit\-. Nevertheless, the fact that this great news vcrvice saw reader inter- OCTOBER, 1959 29 est ill MH'li ;i >t(ir\ Iciuls cc)n>iilfrahlc wfiglit ti) tui) ai.;i(lc'iiiic suivt-ys whicli indicate tlu' public's image of the scien- tist, especially among young people, is alariningl\' distorted. .-\ poll ot high school students by I'urdue L'niversit\- in I'^'^h found that 14 per cent thought there was some- thing evil about scientists; IQ per cent said scientists are more likely than other people to be mentally ill ; 20 per cent thoiight scientists h;i\c little regard for humanity; .?4 per cent believed scien- tists cannot have a normal family life; .?8 per cent thought scientists are will- ing to sacrifice the welfare of others to further their own interests; and 78 per cent felt science had its place but there are many thiiiijs which can never be understood by the human mind. No doubt man\ of you are also fa- miliar with the stud\' coiiducteil bv I^rs. Margaret Mead and Rhola Metra\i\ for the American Association for the .Advancement of Science, entitled "The Image of the Scientist .Among High School Students." Here students in more than 120 high schools were asked to write essays on what they thought about science and scientists. Out of this came what the authors described as tliree images — the shared, the positive, and the negative. If only the first two had emerged, there would be no necessity for niy discussion, but Drs. Alead and Metrau.v concluded that "this image in all its aspects, the shared, the positive, and the negative, is one which is likely to invoke a negative attitude as far as personal career or marriage choice is concerned." As might be expected, there have been challenges to the validity of this con- clusion. I have neither desire nor com- petence to enter that controversy, but 1 do feel very strongly that the nega- tive image, and the extent to which it discourages young people from seeking scientific careers, is of very serious con- cern to all of us. and indeed, to the future welfare of the United States. It may be true, as some authorities maintain, that our national problem to- day is not a shortage of scientists and engineers, but a lack of sufficiently good scientists and engineers. While this too may be debatable, there can be no argu- ment that if we are to have true na- tional security, and if we are to main- tain and improve our standard of living in the face of population growth, de- pletion of natural resources, and indus- trialization of countries which hitherto have been agrarian, our technological progress will require a vast increase in the number of technically trained peo- ple in the generations just ahead. Kqual- h important is the development of a wholesome popular attitude toward sci- ence and scientists. For this reason, I think it is import- ant til HHitc the iu-gati\e unage which Drs. .\Ieail and .Metraiix tcel uill dis- courage young men and uomen from entering science. ;uul 1 quote it in full: "The scientist is a brain. He spends his days indoors, sitting in a laboratory, pouring things from one test tube into another. His work is um'nteresting, dull, monotonous, tedious, time consuming, and though he works for years, he may see no results or may fail, and he is likel\ to receive neither adequate re- compense nor recognition. He may live in ;i cold-water H.it ; lu's laboratory may be ding\. "If he woiks b\ himself, he is alone and has heavy expenses. If he works for a big company, he has to do as he is told, anil his discoveries must be turned n\cr to the company and may not be used ; he is just a cog in a ma- chine. If he works for the government, he has to keep dangerous secrets ; he is endangered by what he does and by constant surveillance and by continual iinestigations. If he loses touch with people, he may lose the public's confi- dence — as did Oppenheimer. If he works for mone\' or self-glory, he may take credit for the work of others — as some tried to do to Salk. He may e\en sell secrets to the enemy. "His work may he dangerous. Chemi- cals may explode. He may be hurt by radiation, or may die. If he does medi- cal research, he may bring home di.sease, or may u.se himself as a guinea pig, or may even accidentally kill someone. "He may not believe in (lod, or may lose his religion. His belief that man is descended from animals is disgusting. "He is a brain; he is so involved in his work that he doesn't know what is going on in the world. He has no other interests and neglects his body for his mind. He can only talk, eat, breathe ;ind sleep science. "He neglects his familv — pa\s no at- tention to his wife, never plays with his children. He has no social life, no other intellectual interest, no hobbies or relaxations. He bores his wife, his chil- dren and their friends — for he has no friends of his own or knows only other scientists — with incessant talk that no one can understand ; or el.se he pays no attention or has secrets he cannot share. He is never home. He is always read- ing a book. He brings home work and also bugs and creepy things. He is al- ways running off to his laboratory. He may force his children to become scien- tists also. "A scientist should not m.iir\. No one wants to be such a scieiuist or to marry him. " To call such an image unpleasant would onl\' he redundancN'. I might at- tempt to shatter it by licscribing some of m\- neighbors and former laboratorx associates in Wilniiiigton, hut I'm afraid that would not be enough. So in an efiort to get the facts about the scien- tist as a person, a personal research unit conducted a sociological study of about half of the 2,401) technically trained peo- ple who are engaged in research for the Du Pont Company. A questionnaire asked them to list their family status, educational qualifi- cations, and non-scientific activities in high school, college, and after leaving college. The anonymity of their replies was guaranteed, and the response was remarkable as such things go. More than 75 per cent of the questionnaires were answered and returned, contrar\' to the expectations of some of our research administrators. An analysis showed the responding group was typical of the company's scientific population as to age distribution and company service, al- though by chance we had a slightly higher representation of Ph.D.'s. There was no attempt to distinguish between those engaged in basic and applied re- search . In the realm of \ital statistics, 23 per cent are between the ages of 21 and 29; 61 per cent are between 30 and 44, and 14 per cent are between 45 and 65. They come from 44 of the 48 states, the District of Columbia, and 25 foreign countries. Thirty-four per cent come from the Midwest, 31 per cent from the Atlantic seaboard, and seven per cent from the Northeast. States with the highest representation are New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Massachusetts, and Minnesota. (It is significant, in this connection, to note that the most recent census shows New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Texas, Ohio, Michigan, California, Missouri, and Massachusetts as the leading birth- lilaces for our population as a whole.) The scientists received their educa- tion at 258 colleges and universities in the I'nited States and 34 foreign insti- tutions, with Illinois, Wisconsin, Mass- achusetts Institute of Technology, Ohio State, Cornell, Purdue, Minnesota, Del- aware, and Michigan mentioned most frequently. Sixty-eight per cent have doctorate degrees, eight out of 10 in chemistry, as might be expected. Chemi- cal engineering was next, with other fields of specialization including physics, other types of engineering, bacteriology, and biochemistry. It is interesting to note that P) per cent of them earned all their college expenses as undergraduates, while 69 per cent earned all their expenses for graduate work. Sixty-two per cent of the undergraduates and 89 per cent of the graduates earned more than half of their college expenses. The main source of income for the graduate students was from teaching, research, or both. Now let's return to some aspects of 30 THE TECHNOGRAPH the iinafif reported by Drs. Mead and Metraiix. "A scientist should not marry. No one wants to be such a scientist or to marry him." In all 88 per cent of our scientists are married, compared to 85 per cent of the general adult population as re- ported by the census. Seventy-three per cent of their wives attended college. Al- though 15 per cent do not have chil- dren, the avera-je number of children per famih' is slightly more than two, compared to one and one-half for the average American family. Three happv scientists who obviously don't spend all their time in the Du Pont laboratories are each blessed with seven children. "His work may be dangerous. Chemi- cals may explode. He may be hurt b\- radiation, or may die." Research deals with chemicals. The companv operated the Hanford atomic materials plant during the Second World War, and now is operating at Savannah River plant for the produc- tion of atomic fusion and fission ma- terials. Emphnees at all compain re- search laboratories e-tablished an injury frequency rate of only one man injured in three million exposure hours during the last five vears, which is 23 per cent lower than the over-all company rate in the same period. The latest available frequenc\ rate for all American indus- try is one man injvu'ed in 160,000 ex- posure hours. "He mav not believe in (lod, or may lose his religion." Our survey did not inquire whether scientists were church members, but ap- proximately 75 per cent mentioned church in listing their activities. The latest Census lists only 61 per cent of the general population as church mem- bers. Whereas a survey of Protestant churches generally showed only one out of four members took an active part in church affairs beyond membership or attendance, 57 per cent, or more than one out of two, scientists reported such activit\-. Twenty-three per cent men- tioned Sunday School teaching or su- pervision, 18 per cent church offices such as trustee or elder, 16 per cent member- ship in men's clubs, 16 per cent mem- bership on church committees, nine per cent choir singing, and five per cent as- sistance to youth groups. "He is a brain; he is so involved in his work that he doesn't know what is going on in the world. He has no other interests and neglects his body for his mind He has no social life, no other intellectual interest, no hob- bies or relaxations." The survey showed 37 per cent of our scientists participated in 64 differ- ent civic activities. Nineteen per cent mentioned membership in community coimcils or associations, and seven per cent were in fund-raising groups. They hold or have held 136 positions of re- sponsibility, such as president, vice presi- dent, board of governors, chairmen of committees, team captains, etc. Only two per cent of the general population in the Wilmington area has participated in civil defense work com- pared to seven per cent of the scien- tists. Other points of comparison were unavailable, but there is reason to be- lieve the participation of scientists in civic activities is considerably higher than that of other groups in the com- munity. When it comes to educational activi- ties, about one-third of the scientists participate in the work of Parent-Teach- er Associations. This is slightlv higher than the figmes for the general popula- tion in the Wilmington area. Twenty- two of the scientists surveyed were in- vol\ed in district, state, or national PTA groups, while nine were members of Board of Educafon. About one in five is active in Hov Scout work, com- pared to one in 20 adults in the Del- marva Peninsula which includes Wil- mington. Others are active in YMCA work. Twenty-one per cent are active members of fraternal organizations. It is worth noting that an analysis of 600 completed questionnaires showed that 47 of the group participate in poli- tics, 51 in military organizations, 20 in dramatics, 76 in purely social organiza- tions, and 112 in miscellaneous groups such as stamp and camera clubs, an or- chid societ\-, the Delaware Society for Natural History, the American Associ- ation for the United Nations, etc. When it comes to music, the scientists listed 54 different activities with 22 per cent participating in either vocal or in- strumental groups both within and out- side the companv. I might interject here a personal recollection of a lively Dixie- land jazz band known as "The Rhythm Doctors" because its members were Ph.D.'s engaged in research. Few scientists can be said to neglect their bodies for their minds. Seventy per cent of them engage actively in 42 different sports, as anyone who visited a golf course in Delaware woidd quick- ly discover. Naturally — to the surprise of some of my tennis-playing friends — golf is the most popular, with bowling second. Teiuiis is third, followed by fishing, Softball, swimming, hunting, basketball, and sailing. Other favored leisure-time pursuits in- clude gardening, woodworking, pho- tography, bridge, dancing, and organ- ized reading in some 34 different fields. The variety of such activities is amaz- ing. To give you a sample of the va- riety of interests reported by various scientists, their returns mentioned cook- ing, collecting Civil War items, knit- ting, bird watching, archaeology field work, painting, sewing, tutoring, tele- scope building, writing, rocket design, music theory, sports cars, antique re- finishing, electronics, hi-fi, chess, and learning languages. Perhaps some of you may be wonder- ing whether the collaterial interests of scientists leave them much time for re- search. If so, let me quickly assure you they usually spend an eight-hour, five- day week in the laboratory, and do a lot of thinking about their work at home. Moreover, 72 per cent of them have published at least one paper in scientific journals, while 57 per cent have presented at least one paper before technical audiences. "His work is uninteresting, dull mo- notonous, tedious, time consuming, and, though he works for years, he may see no results or may fail, and he is likely to receive neither adequate recompense nor recognition. He may live in a cold- water flat ; his laboratory may be dingy." Research is time-consuming, but few scientists find it dull. As one of them wrote on his questionnaire, "Most peo- ple don't appreciate the fact that sci- ence is a way of life. Frequently re- search problems become so engrossing that one can think of nothing else." Another said of his colleagues, "These scientists are among the most stimulat- ing people in the world. They continual- ly seek to discover something new, to improve something already invented, to learn the 'why' of various phenomena — always seeking, always learning. One must admire this attitude." One out of four scientists decided upon his career before reaching the age of 15. The reasons included a strong personal interest in the field, courses in elementary or high schools, influence and encouragement of teachers or mem- bers of the family — and this may be a surprise — experience with home or toy chemistry sets. The scientists were not asked whether they felt their salaries were adequate, but 43 per cent said they decided to go into industry because of its financial re- wards. It is almost unnecessary to add that starting salaries, at least, for sci- tentists in industry are much higher than those fov young people who start life in other jobs. I know of no scien- tist around Wilmington who lives in a cold-water flat; in fact, one of the favorite sales arguments of the real estate agents is to mention that "this house was owned by a chemist — or en- gineer — so you know it is in good shape." "If he works by himself, he is alone and has heavy expenses. If he works for a big company, he has to do as he is told, and his discoveries must be turned over to the company and may not be used ; he is just a cog in a machine." (Continued on Page 43) OCTOBER, 1959 31 Checking Einstein ivith Purilx \'\u\- llir^'hes Proilucts Division engineer checks seiniconducwr materials to insure purity. Exit cones capable of wit/islanding temperatures of 6000° F. represent one example of advanced engineering being performed by the Hughes Plastics Laboratory. an atomic clock in orbit To test Einstein's general theory of relativity, scien- tists at the Hughes research laboratories are devel- oping a thirty pound atomic maser clock (see photo at left) under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Orbiting in a satellite, a maser clock would be compared with another on the ground to check Einstein's proposition that time flows faster as gravitational pull decreases. Working from the new research center in Malibu, California. Hughes engineers will develop a MASER (Microwave Amplification through Stimulated Emission of Radiation) clock so accurate that it will neither gain nor lose a single second in 1000 years. This clock, one of three types contracted for by NASA, will measure time directly from the vibrations of the atoms in ammonia molecules. Before launching, an atomic clock will be syn- chronized with another on the ground. Each clock would generate a highly stable current with a frequency of billions of cycles per second. Elec- tronic circuitry would reduce the rapid oscillations to a slower rate in order to make precise laboratory measurements. The time "ticks" from the orbiting clock would then be transmitted by radio to com- pare with the time of the clock on earth. By meas- uring the difference, scientists will be able to check Einstein's theories. In other engineering activities at Hughes, research and development work is being performed on such projects as advanced airborne systems, advanced data handling and display systems, global and spa- tial communications systems, nuclear electronics, advanced radar systems, infrared devices, ballistic missile systems... just to name a few. The rapid growth of Hughes reflects the continuous advance in Hughes capabilities — providing an ideal environment for the engineer or physicist, whatever his field of interest. Members of our staff will conduct CAMPUS INTERVIEWS NOVEMBER 10 and 11 For interview appointment or informational literature consult your College Placement Director. HUGHES AM M=T COMPANY The West's leader in advanced ELECTRONICS I HUGHES I I J HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY Culver City, El Segundo, Fullerton, Newport Beach Malibu and Los Angeles, California; Tucson, Arizona Photos by George Knoblock JUDY STEPHENSON T E C H N O C U T I E 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH Engineers, take note! "All eligible bachelors are hid- ing out in engineering." October Technocutie, Judy Stephenson, has the engineers on campus pegged in this manner. The 18-year-old, 5'2" sopho- more in elementary education has definite ideas on men in her life. Judy thinks manners are one important requisite. She doesn't limit herself to one type of man; she likes varied person- alities. Judy's ideas on a nice date are dancing, movies or parties; but she definitely prefers lemon- ade to beer. Originally from Lockport, Judy now lives at the Delta Gamma house on campus. A thinking beauty, Judy made Alpha Lambda Delta last year as well as Star & Scroll Queen, lllio beauty, and the Sports Car Queen finals. She likes waterskiing, bowl- ing, sports cars, the Kingston Trio, chocolate ice cream and steak. The best part, and the most profitable for all engineers is that Judy is open for dotes. All eligible bachelors, coll at the DG house. - • • * « >^ ^\ • •I* .•«••'•■' «' • •••«, tti»"M» ^m.^y'^^^Mju^^'^^'^m^-^ *-i.. OCTOBER, 1959 35 W.E. DEFENSE PROJECTS ENGINEERS are often faced with challenging assign- ments such as systems testing for the SAGE continental air defense network. ENGINEERS explore exciting frontiers at Western Electric It guided missiles, electronic switching systems and telephones of the future sound like exciting fields to you, a career at Western Electric may be just what you're after. Western Electric handles both telephone work and defense assignments . . . and engineers are right in the thick of it. Defense projects include the Nike and Terrier guided missile systems . . . advanced air, sea and land radar . . . the SAGE continental air defense system . . . DEW Line and White Alice in the Arctic. These and other defense jobs offer wide-ranging opportunities for all kinds of engineers. In our main job as manufacturing and supply unit of the Bell System, Western Electric engineers discover an even wider range of opportunity. Here they flourish in such new and growing fields as electronic switching, microwave radio relay, min- iaturization. They engineer the installation of tele- phone central offices, plan the distribution of equip- ment and supplies . . . and enjoy, with their defense teammates, the rewards that spring from an engi- neering career with Western Electric. Western Electric technical fields include me- chanical, electrical, chemical, civil and industrial engineering, plus the physical sciences. For more detailed information pick up a copy of "Consider a Career at Western Electric" from your Placement Officer. Or write College Relations. Room 200D, Western Electric Company, 195 Broadway. New York 7, N. Y. And sign up for a Western Electric interview when the Bell System Interviewing Team visits your campus. MANUFACTUR UNIT Of THE Principal manufacturing locations at Chicago, III.; Kearny. N J.; Baltimore. Md.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Allentown and Laureldale. Pa.; Burlington, Greensboro and Winston-Salem, N. C; Buffalo, N. Y.; North Andover, Mass.; Lincoln and Omaha Neb.; Kansas City, Mo.; Columbus, Ohio; Oklahoma City, Okla.; Teletype Corporation, Chicago, III. and Little Rock, Ark. Also Western Electric Distribution Centers in 32 cities and Installation headquarters in 16 cities. General headquarters: 195 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. OCTOBER, 1959 37 C: A DOOR IS OPEN AT ALLIED CHEMICAL TO Opportunities for professional recognition If you feel, as we do, that the publication of technical papers adds to the professional stature of the individual employee and his worth to his company, you will see why Allied encourages its people to put their tindings in print. Some recent contributions from our technical statf are shown below. It's interesting to speculate on what you might publish as a chemist at one of our 12 research laboratories and development centers. The possibilities are virtually limit- less, because Allied makes over 3,000 products— chemi- cals, plastics, fibers— products that offer careers with a future for chemists, chemistry majors and engineers. Why not write today for a newly revised copy of "Your Future in Allied Chemical." Or ask our interviewer about Allied when he next visits your campus. Your placement office can tell you when he'll be there. Allied Chemical, Department 109-R2 61 Broadway, New York 6, New York SOME RECENT TECHNICAL PAPERS AND TALKS BY ALLIED CHEMICAL PEOPLE "What is a Foam?" Donald S. Otto, National Aniline Division American Management Association Seminar on Polymeric Packaging Materials "Electrically Insulating, Flexible Inorganic Coatings on Metal Produced by Gaseous Fluorine Reactions" Dr. Robert W. Mason, General Chemical Research Laboratory American Ceramic Society Meeting, Electronic Division "Gas Chromatographic Separations of Closing Boiling Isomers" Dr. A. R. Paterson. Central Research Laboratory Second International Symposium on Gas Chromatography at Michigan State University "Correlation of Structure and Coating Properties of Polyurethane Copolymers" Dr. Maurice E. Bailey, G. C. Toone, G. S. Wooster, National Aniline Division; E. G. Bobaiek, Case In- stitute of Technology and Consultant on Organic Coatings Gordon Research Conference on Organic Coatings "Corrosion of Metals by Chromic Acid Solutions" Ted M. Swain, Solvay Process Division Annual Conference of tlie National Association of Corrosion Engineers "Use of Polyethylene Emulsions in Textile Applications" "Sulfur Hexafluoride" "Isocyanate Resins" Leslie M. Faichney, National Aniline Division Modern Plastics Encyclopedia "Concentration of Sulphide Ore by Air Float Tables- Gossan Mines" R. H. Dickinson, Wilbert J. Trepp, J. O. Nichols, General Chemical Division Engineering and Mining Journal "Urethane Foams" Dr. Maurice E. Bailey, National Aniline Division For publication in a hook on modern plastics by Herbert R. Simonds "The Booming Polyesters" James E. Sayre and Paul A. Elias, Plastics and Coal Chemicals Division Chemical & Engineering News "T, 2', 4'— Trimethoxyflavone" Dr. Sydney M. Spatz and Dr. Marvin Koral, Na- tional Aniline Division Journal of Organic Chemistry "Physical Properties of Perfluoropropane" James A. Brown, General Chemical Research Lab- oratory Journal of Physical Chemistry Robert Rosenbaum, Semet-Solvay Division D. D. Gagliardi, Gagliardi Research Corporation American Association of Textile Colorists & Chemists Dr. Whitney H. Mears, General Chemical Research Laboratory Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology BASIC TO AMERICA'S PROGRESS DIVISIONS: BARRETT • GENERAL CHEMICAL • NATIONAL ANILINE • NITROGEN • PLASTICS AND COAL CHEMICALS • SEMET-SOLVAY- SOLVAY PROCESS ■INTERNATIONAL 38 THE TECHNOGRAPH Tau Beta Pi Essay THE VIRTUES OF A PROFESSIONAL MAN By Charles D. Grigg Most >'oung men of today e\Tntnally come to a crossroads or intersection, better known as high school graduation. Then they must carefully choose the di- rection in which to travel. Faced with this decision, the young man must ex- amine a multitude of options; to con- tinue his education, to begin in some type of emploii'ment, to join the armed forces, and numerous other choices all beckon to him. What causes a young man to choose a field where professional performance is a necessity? In doing so, he must be well acquainted with the basic require- ments that differentiate the routine worker and technician from the profes- sional man. The essential criteria of the profession will allow a young man to decide whether he wants to work at a level of employment where professional performance is demanded. The first criterion of professional per- formance is that it usually reflects a formal and somewhat standardized training. This does not mean that the profession can be entered only via special college training. However, it does mean that complete understanding of certain fields of knowledge is to be regarded as essential to the successful practitioner. A large area of widely accepted stand- ard practice is implied by professional performance. This means that certain techniques, measures, and methods have achieved widespread approval and ac- ceptance. The regular and formalized exchange of information and experience among practitioners is usually presumed in pro- fessional performance. These exchanges are facilitated in the professions by sev- eral methods. Professional associations and conferences, on local, regional, and national levels are utilized by partici- |iants in exchanging information and learning of new developments. Special- ized periodic literature is used in which leports of research, experiment, and ex- perience are spread throughout the field. This attitude of free exchange con- trasts greatly with the old philosophy of patented procedures. The most essential feature in facili- tating this free exchange of professional information is undoubtedly the profes- sional association. These associations are composed of individual practitioners and are controlled democratically by the members. The association prescribes standards of training, knowledge, ex- perience, and skill which must be met by those who are admitted to member- sliip. Professional performance implies the knowledge of and familiarity with a continually growing field of professional literature. Such literature includes standard texts and specialized periodical publications, supported and maintained by members of the profession and pro- viding a means of reporting research, ex- periment, and experience. Continued research is always reflect- ed by professional performance. Profes- sional fields show continual change in theory and practice as a direct result of this research and the incorporation of research into current knowledge. This research receives from practitioners their active cooperation and participation as well as their continued moral and fi- nancial support. Professional performance is guided by an accepted systef of profe.ssional ethics and a strong sense of public responsibil- ity. The special responsibility arising out of their advisory and consultative function must be recognized by profes- sional men. They can afiford to be per- sistent in their concern for ethical con- siderations and the public interest, be- cause their special knowledge insures a maximum degree of independence and security. They are employed for what they know. Therefore, the professional man can afford to be a "no man," rather than a "yes man," to a degree that is not to be expected of a non-professional employee. The most important distinctive char- acteristic of the professional man is that suggested by the designation of "learn- ed professions" — a continuing attitude of learning. The professional continual- ly searches for new knowledge and a greater and more penetrating under- >tanding in a lifetime spent in study and learning. His training is designed to urge upon him habits of continuous edu- cation. From this never-ending drive arises his interest in research, his par- ticipation in professional associations and conferences, his study of current liter- ature, and his overall striving to im- pnne his profession. This attitude of learning is the very essence of the truly professional man. These are the basic criteria of pro- fessional performance, the creed of the professional man. It was earlier asked what causes a young man to choose a professional career. The basic purpose of a man's life — to leave the world a better place in which to live than when he entered it — is well supported by these criteria of the professional. There is little question that the professional man is an essential element in the con- tinual enhancement of society. OCTOBER, 1959 39 Best mdmdual effort. . . i Nv'V.'t:^?"', •iSilPULSION STRUCTURES & WTS. OPERATIONS RES. >» -y ff . . . best combinafton of meas At Convair-Fort Worth, you'll find a new outlook ... a new perspective in the engi- neering organization . . . one whose objective is to provide a framework from which each engineer can contribute his best individual effort toward achieving the best combination of ideas. This is one reason why so many experienced, well-trained men with creative ability and inquiring minds are taking a close look at the advantages of joining a team whose advanced thinking is so vividly portrayed by the all-new B-58, America's first and fastest supersonic bomber. Living in Fort Worth has its advantages, too. There is no state income or sales tax, ade- quate housing in all price ranges, no com- muting problem. Descriptive literature will be supplied on request, or send a complete res- ume' of your training and experience for care- ful evaluation by engineers in the areas best suited to your qualifications. To be assured of prompt attention and strict confidence, address your inquiry to P. O. Box 748C. CONVAIR-FORT WORTH A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS 40 THE TECHNOGRAPH HELICOPTER CONTROL (Continiud jioin Page l^) This means that the blades merely flap up and down to always maintain a zero niomeiit about the hinges. This flapping due to an unbalance of the lift and cen- trifugal forces also always tends to align the tip path plane perpendicidar to the control axis when a tilt of the blades is desired. Since this balance tends to lag the tilt momentarily, a lag in the di- rection of motion is momentarily noticed. One might conclude then that the problem of control of the rotor is soKed. Hut if the helicopter were de- veloped with vertical flapping hinges alone, during flight testing it would be observed that either the flapping motion was retarded or that forces were acting tending to snap off the blades in the in-plane direction. To the pilot this might remain a great mystery, but to Figure VI Figure VII 'Collective pilch sleeve (moves up and down while rololing with shaft) Flopping axis Blade thrust bearing Lower swash plate (mounted on gimbals which allow it 10 hit but not to rotate or to move vertically) Gear case fphonton\l fixed to fuselage Upper link (adjustable for tracking blades) Rotating rocker arm (upper links move up together when I ,_, center of rocker arms is moved up Lower link ^ ,, '. , .. , v by collechv&pitch sleeve, and move cyclically when swash plates are tilted^ ; Pilot's collective pitch lever Throttle twist grip the mathematician or engineer this ac- tion must remain an inherent part of the system as long as the blades are designed to flap \crtically onh'. To vmderstand this action a little knowledge of angular momentum is required. Angular mo- mentum is a product of the mass of the blades M, the radius of the center of gravity squared R-, and the angular velocity W. In other words it is MR-'W. This product always tends to remain constant, but as the blades flap up and down the distance from the blade center of gravity to the axis of rotation changes and something else must change to hold the MR-'W con- stant. Since the mass cannot change the angular velocity of the blades must cliange, and since the blades are rigidly mounted in the in-plane direction, this results in a whipping action on the blades with a tendency to prevent verti- cal flapping. It therefore becomes ob\i- ous that something else must be done to o\ercome this, and the answer lies in hinging the blades in the in-plane direc- tion also. Now as the blades flap up and down tliey can also speed up and slow ilown Figure IX to hold the angular momentum con- stant and the problem is solved. This is known as a full-flapping universally- movuited rotor. 1 his explanation was based essential- ly on a single-rotor type helicopter and examples of other variations were intro- duced. The basic control methods in- volved are best illustrated by the single rotor, with an anti torque rotor, but they are applicable to all helicopters. The main control requirements are therefore, (1) directional control, (2) pilot control and (3) rotor control; and these are essentially accomplished b\' ( 1 ) rotor tilt and anti-torque devises, (2) mechanical controls similar to those in conventional aircraft with an added pitch stick, and (3) the full-flapping universally-mounted rotoi'. 1 Figure VIII Weekend Chores Eased Saturday afternoon is a good time for a game of golf, or pottering around the house, but it was not always that wa\. Hack in 1924, a Pittsburgh oil company published a booklet in which it told the car r)wner what he would have to do every weekend to keep his car in shape and listed parts that must be oiled or greased by hand. OCTOBER, 1959 41 SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC. FELLOWSHIPS FOR Doctoral & Postdoctoral Study AT THE CALIPORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OR THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY *\W\\\1A\\\\\\\\%W\\%\\\VW\\\W\\\\\\\\\\\\1.\\\\\WV SPACE TF.CHNOLOGY Fellowships have been estab- lished in recognition of the great scarcity of scientists and engineers who have the very special qualifications required for work in Systems Engineering, and of the rapidly increasing national need for such individuals. Recipients of these Fellowships will have an oppor- tunity to pursue a broad course of graduate study in the fundamental mathematics, physics, and engineering required for careers in these fields, and will also have an opportunity to associate and work with experienced engineers and scientists. Systems Engineering encompasses difficult advanced design problems of the type which involve interactions, compromises, and a high degree of optimization between portions of complex complete systems. This includes taking into account the characteristics of hu- man beings who must operate and other\vise interact with the systems. The program for each Fellow covers approximately a Uselve-month period, part of which is spent at Space Technology Laboratories, and the remainder at the California Institute of Technology or the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology working toward the Doc- tor's degree, or in post-doctoral study. Fellows in good standing may apply for renewal of the Fellowship for a second year. ELIGIBILITY The general requirements for eligibility are that the candidate be an American citizen who has completed one or more years of graduate study in mathematics, engineering or science before July, 1960, The Fellowships will also be open to persons who have already received a Doctor's degree and who wish to undertake an additional year of study focused specifi- cally on Systems Engineering. AWARDS The awards for each Fellowship granted will consist of three portions. The first will be an educa- tional grant disbursed through the Institute attended of not less than $2,000, with possible upward adjust- ment for candidates with family responsibilities. The second portion will be the salary paid to the Fellow for summer and part-time work at Space Technology Lab- oratories. The salary will depicnd upon his age and experience and the amount of time worked, but will normally be approximately $2,000. The third portion will be a grant of $2, 100 to the school to cover tuition and research expenses. APPLICATION PROCEDURE For a dacriptive booklet and application forms, write to Space Tcchnolofly Laboratories Fellowship Committee. Completed applications together with reference forms and a transcript of undcrciradiiate and graduate courses and (\radcs must be transmitted to the Committee not later than ]an. 20, 1960. SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC. P.O. BO.X 95004 LOS ANGELES 45, CALIFORNIA ® 42 THE TECHNOGRAPH The Scientist as a Person ( ('.0}iliiiiH d from Piigr .'/j 1 can't spi'ak for the scientist who works alone, and certainly one of the major [iroblenis in our society today is to preserve the individuah'ty and initia- tive of those who contribute toward a <:roup effort. It is equally true that a scientist who is paid by a big company to do research and who makes a discov- ery is expected to give the compan\' the benefit of that discovery. But let me add quickly — if the discovery provides a commercial opportunity for the com- pany, the scientist shares commensurate- 1\' in the rewards throup;h a bonus sys- tem. I ha\e been hearing rumors and have read stories for years of inventions being suppressed or kept in a deep freeze b\ business firms because development might injure an existing business. No authentic proof of this has ever come to m\ attention. Certainly the intensity of competition today would make such a step unthinkable in the chemical indus- try In our company, for example, ny'on was developed and put on the market as soon as possible after its discovery al- though we knew it v.'ould hurt our rayon business. Further, we now have in addition "Orion" acrylic fiber and "Dacron" polyester fiber which compete with n\lon in manv markets. It i> worth noting here that among those who have risen to top manage- ment, those who began in a research lab- oratory constitute 23 per cent of the members of the Executive Committ?e, 45 per cent of the general managers, 33 per cent of the assistant general mana- gers, 54 per cent of the directors of production. 38 per cent of the assistant directors of production, 33 per cent of the directors of sales, and 27 per cent of the assistant directors of sales. In numbers, 43 of the 118 top posts are held by men who began as research sci- entists. In addition, all 24 of the direc- tors and assistant directors of research in our various departments — posts which rank on the organization chart with the directors and assistant directors of production and sales — are of course scientists. It seems to me these facts demonstrate the scientist is a most desirable citizen engaged in an essential and rewarding profession. Instead of being "squares" or hermits, they have about the same in- terests as other Americans. Perhaps be- cause of their intellectual training, man\' scientists accept an even greater respon- sibility for civic and social obligations. Above all, they are proud and inde- pendent individual:. Four out of 111 of those who responded to our question- naire took advantage of an invitation to express themselves on what, if anything, should be done to alter the distorted con- cept of the research scientist. Their com- ments reflected opinions and personali- ties ranging all o\er the spectrum. Per- haps the extremes were these: "Scientists are concerned with life, government, the arts. etc.. outside their occupations. They are not necessarily mental giants, nor is their work at all mysterious. They want to participate in the commvinity. Their opinions warrant more consideration in the fields of go\- ernment and social affairs." And on the other side : "I feel verv stronglv that it is a g'eat disservice to both science and the public to try to picture scientists as 'just plain folks" who happen to do research in- stead of selling soap. Practically all of the scientists I have known have been more or less peculiar — in general, the better the scientist, the odder the man." A final comment, it seemed to me, was an articulate expression of the way the scientist himself would like to be regarded. This one urged : "Present true, creative scientists as they are: different from the ordinary people; all creative people are different from the ordinary public — it is what makes them creative. They should be respected because the\' are different, and thus contribute to the imderstanding of the v.orld around us." SEE PAGE 57 For An Important Bulletin OCTOBER, 1959 43 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff Steel-Shod Russians There was a time when Russians actually wore shoes with steel soles, American Machinist comments. This was in the 13th century, and the wear- ers were tribesmen w-ho inhabited the lower Central Ural Mountains. The soles were an inch thick, and were grooved to prevent slipping. Being abso- lutely rigid, they had no give, and prob- ably were uncomfortable. But they were economical. The shoes were passed from generation to generation, and never wore nut. Lockheed's F-104 Starfighter How much flight is there in the thin, short and sharp wings of Lockheed's F-in4 Starf^ghter? Knough to carry it successfully through about 40 years of normal serv- ice. California Di\ision of Lockheed Air- craft Corp. put the sharp, thin wing through nearly 11,000 successive, 2- hour combat flights simulated during a grueling 3j/-year-long fatigue test pro- gram. In such tests, powerful hydraulic jacks repeatedly bend and twist the part to torture it and try to make it break. In contra.st to conventional methods which applied an unvarying pattern of forces in such tests, Lockheed for the lirst time employed a new flight-by- Hight loading concept. Simulating the rapidly changing pres- sures encountered by a combat P"-104 from takeoff run through all phases of flight and back to landing, loads were applied in the sequence expected during each complete flight. Researchers used two groups of spe- cial hydraulic jacks in the tests to cre- ate the load conditions identified with both subsonic and supersonic flight ma- neuvers. The first structural failure occurred (finallv) after 10,793 "flights" involv- ing more than 1,000,000 flight-like load applications duplicating all phases of an actual operational mission. Further, the engineers reported they foiuid that even with 60 per cent of the wing-fuselage attachment rendered in- operable the wing continued to carry its design load. World's Highest Dam The Vaiont Dam across the deep, narrow gorge of the Pia\'e Ri\er in Northern Italy will be the highest in the world when completed next year. The arched concrete structure, only 623 feet wide at the top will rise 870 feet from the river bed — o\er 100 feet taller than Mauvoisin Dam in Switzerland and 144 feet higher than Hoover Dam in Col- orado. Radio Station For $25 .\ tm\ portahlf KM radio transmit- ter can be built from commercial parts costing only S25. The microphone- transmitter, powered by a standard transister radio battery, is about the size of a deck of bridge cards and has a range of about 200 feet — just right to serve as a portable public address micro- phone. Tiny Screws Provide Headaches Tiny .screws have been providing king-sized headaches for space engineers and scientists. Thinner than a fine needle, they are \ital components of the delicate instruments and controls in mis- siles and rockets. Until recently, there were no stand- ard screw sizes at those Lilliputian di- mensions, and engineers had to design their own screws for every nvw instru- ment. Now. a solution has been reached. -A publication called "American Stand- ard Uru'fied Minature Screw Threads," has been approved by the American Standards Association. It establishes a new thread series that will go a long way towards simplifying design of space-age instruments, as well as watches and other more down-to-earth miniature mechanisms. The new publication establishes four- teen standard screw thread sizes, with a standard design that covers all of them. Screws covered by this standard are so tiny that 75.000 of the smallest of them would fit in a thimble. The threads on these are invisible to the naked e>e. The diameters of the screws range from one-hundredth (0.01) inch to six one-hundredths (0.06) of an inch. Closed-Circuit Auction The Armv will auction a billion and a half dollars worth of surplus equip- ment this fall over a clo.sed-circuit tele- vision network. \Iachinery. tools and supplies stored at depots all over the East will be put before bidders at large- screen TV setups in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Columbus, Chi- cago and St. Louis. Bids will be made and accepted via two way radio. Burglar's Apprentice The "jimmy," a short crowbar often used by burglars, was invented in the Middle Ages and got its name from burglars' apprentices, who were all called "James. " When a bright crook invented the handy tool, he named his new helper after his old one, and the name stuck. Moth Fighter Compounds that are colorless, odor- less and harmless to humans now protect textiles from attack by insects. Called metabolites, the compounds — differing only slightl\' in chemical structure from vitamins — up.set the digestive system of larvae b\ causing embryonic starvation. Full-grown insects, however, recognize the difference between the compounds and real vitanuii-bearing materials and make no attempt to approach fabrics treated \M'th them. 44 THE TECHNOGRAPH New Source of Electrons Klectrnnic tubes of the future may some dav be "transistorized," according to Westin^house Electric Corporation scientists. It all depends on whetlier tliey can !"a've practical use of an effect plusicists have discovered recently by which it is possible to obtain a constant How of electrons dirccth' out of t' e surface of certain se!iiiconductor ma- terials. The latest semiconductor to yield this unique flow of electrons is silicon car- bide — a hard, crystalline solid best Irvii-.-n for its widespread use in impure 'nrm as a'l abrasive in grinding: wheels. Th" density of the electron flow o" "emission" they find, is equal to that in the average electronic tube. "In recent years, transistors and re- lated devices have replaced convention-' electronic tubes in a wide van'pf nt ■^■rlern e'ectroni'' equipn-'ent." Dr. '^la'-euc Zener, director of W-stin' to do if \(iu go about it the right way. Unless you've worked with cars most of your life, you should trust your auto- mobile to the professional of the busi- ness — your neighborhood mechanic. If you're not an expert, resist the tempta- tion to sa\e a couple of dollars by doing it \()urself. One slip of the hand can ruin an expensive part. Poor adjust- ment of a vital function such as igni- tion timing can cost you money in poor performance, high gasoline consumption and reduced engine life. Pick a mechanic with a reputation for fair liealing and good work, and then stick with him. He's had rigorous train- ing for his job. If he specializes in a particular make of car, he's probably attended training courses run by the manufacturer. If he repairs all makes, there's a good chance that he has had formal mechanical training in addition to a lifetime of working with cars, first as a teen-age hobbv and later .-i^ his livelihood. \'iiu'll find that most top mechanics keeji u)! with the latest developments in the field b\ attending clinics run by liart-- and equipment manufacturers, such as American Brakeblok's famous brake service clinics. Other manufactur- ers keep them supplied with literature and service manuals covering every com- |ionent of your automobile. In service stations these days you'll find such ex- otic equipment as oscilloscopes, exhaust gas analyzers and electronic dwell me- ters. They're a sure sign that today's me- chanic is a specialist in a specialized job — keeping your complex automobile in perfect condition. What can you do to get the most from your mechanic at the least cost? A number of things. First, tell him the symptoms, but don't try to do the diag- nosis yourself. Give your mechanic the same credit for knowing cars that you gi\e your doctor for knowing medicine. Let him do the diagnosis and treatment. Ignoring this piece of advice can make it expensive for you. Take the case of the guy who was having trouble get- ting his late model \'-.S to accelerate. It would hesitate .ind then lurch forward. ( )ur friend had rcail an article on auto- m.itic transmissions, telling how a worn or slipning transmission band could cuise that kind of trouble. So he In- structed his mechanic to adju-t the transmission and I'eplace any worn hands. Smce he was a "uy that knew e\:ictly what he wanted — ami soundeil like he knew what he was talking about — the mechanic followed instructions. Two days later our hero got a healthy bill for parts and labor, and a guarantee th;it the transmission was now in top shape. Rut when he got out In traffic his car -till hesitated and lurched. So h<' \'ent to another mechanic. Hut this time he let the auto man do the trouble- shooting. Trouble: dirty c-rburetor. Cure: a thorough cleaning. Bill: a frac- tion of the cost of the transmission work. The unfortunate part of the story is that our friend is somehow cnn- \inced that the first mechanic was a sharp operator who took him fo'- the price of an imnecessary transmission job. Once you've foiuid a mechanic \ou trust, keep him up to date on any symp- toms of trouble. Let him listen to the engine, perhaps give the car a short road test whenever you have a tune-up or grease iob done. His trained eyes and ears will probably spot impending trou- ble long before it becomes serious, or expensive. He'll be glad to discuss your car with you and to recommend pre- ventive maintenance that will keep your auto's condition up, and your repair costs down. What about his charges? How do you know you're not being taken? Will he stand behind his work? Relax. Although the automotive trade has a fringe of unethical opera- tors — just as any other business does — the vast majority of mechanics and serv- ice station owners are honest. They're interested in building a following of regular customers, not in making a fast buck one step ahead of the Better Busi- ness Bureau. Ask for an estimate on any job that's bigger than a tune-up. Most of the time you'll get a firm bid you can rely on. Occasionally, your mechanic will re- fuse a binding estimate until he's dug into the car. This perfectly legitimate ; a lot of unexpected troubles can be hid- den under the cylinder heads and oil p.m. Just ask your mechanic to check with >'ou before he does anything that will run into money. Here's a money-saving tip. Whenever \ou ha\e a repair job done, ask what other jobs can be combined with it. For example, a ring job, bearing replace- ment, ami valve job can all be done together ;it a fraction of the cost of 46 THE TECHNOGRAPH doing them separately. Ask your me- chanic what else your car needs and whether it would he cheaper to have it all done together. There's not much satisfaction in having the engine torn down for one job, only to have it torn down again a few weeics later for some- thing else. Not satisfied with the results of your mechanic's work? do back to him in- stead of trotting off to another service- man. Talk it over. If he goofed, chances are he'll make it good. Rut remember that today's automobile is a complicated organism. E\cn if it has been put in top condition, an unforeseen breakdown can happen at any time. In any case, the best protection against unexpected troubles and unbearable costs is to pick a good mechanic and to stick with him. He can be the best friend vour car ever had. THE COED Between the sincerity of old age and discrimination of childhood there is a strange and uncanny age of the "coed." Coeds come in assorted sizes, weights, shapes and colors. They can be found everywhere — inciting panty raids, read- ing the latest edition of "Confidential," and bragging about that date with the campus hero they wish the\' could get. A coed is e.xotic with mascara on her eyelashes, demurene.ss in a sweater, and "The Future Homemaker" with a can opener. A coed is a composite — she is as funny as a train wreck, as modest as Lady Godiva, as subtle as a kick in the pants, has the taste of "pheasant under glass" and when she wants i-'omething, it is usually a date. Who else can talk more and say less. She is as cvuining as a rattlesnake, as meek as ,i tiger, and as graceful as a giraffe. She likes flattery, champagne, big cars, wedding rings, windy street cor- ners, her roommate's clothes, and boys — anytime. She is leery of cheap dates, housemothers, western movies, hillbilly music, work, and other girls. Nobody else can cram into one little billfold a complete picture album, five recent love letters, a box of Kleenex, her boy friend's car keys, eight safety pins, and a flashlight for emergencies on dates. After four long years of faithful companionship during which she has ac- cumulated your ring, your letter sweat- er and your fraternity pin, you receive the two most heart-warming words in the whole world . . . "Dear John." If young girls stay out late, drink, smoke and pet, men will call them fast — as fast as they can get to a phone. MY SLIDE RULE There are many like it but this one is mine. My slide rule is my friend And I shall learn to lo\e it like a friend. I will obey my slide rvde. When mv stick tells me that SxS is 24.8,' Then by god, fi\e times five is twen- ty-four point eight! I will learn the anatomy of my slide rule. Though 1 die in the struggle, I will use every side, The black scale and the red, the inverted C and the inside out log. The reversed A and the mutilated I). I will master them all, and they will serve me well, thev will I I will cherish my slipstick and never shall profanity sear its long, graceful mahogany limbs. My slide rule shall be my brother in suffering through long hours of midnight toil. We will work together, my slide nde and I. And on the great day when my slide rule and I have finished our ap- pointed task and the problems are done and answers are right. I will take that damn stick and have one hell of a fire, I will! World-Wide lifJK Refrigeration '^ ^ INDIA— Prime Minister Nehru insnects a Frick installation by Mohammed Singh, a Frick graduate. FRICK COMPANY Student Training Course attracts students from all over the world. Established by one of fhe oldest manufacturers of refrigeration, this course has acquired such an out- standing reputation that only a small select group can be admitted each year. Write for details and applications today. Fill RUUN6 PENS MST Nmi ONE HAND! with new HIGGINS INK-A-MATIC drawing ink dispenser Just a slight movement of your hand, and HIGGINS new drawing ink dis- penser fills ruling pens automatically - faster, easier, than ever before! SPEEDS UP INK TRACING BY 32%. Ink bottle sits securely on non-skid rubber base. Gentlest touch on lever lifts stopper, brings pen filler into position. No mess, no waste. Pen filler maybe rotated for most convenient filling angle. Lever may be clamped down so bottle stays open when you use dip pen. IJjMMH«UJirH)tWM 'BjlTJ«l-lf« @Ig^gg Now at art and stationery stores HIGGinS m CO JNC. Brooklyn, New York riie basic art medium since 7880. OCTOBER, 1959 47 NAVY PIER STAFF (1959-1960) U.I.C The Navy Pier column this month will be devoted to the introduction of the Pier staff. All returnees hove three things in common; they are all nineteen, they are all in engineering, and they all like to v^rite for TECH. SHELDON ALTMAN is Navy Pier editor of TECHNO- GRAPH. A graduate of Austin High school, he became active in the school concert and marching band. While in High school Shelly also played trumpet for a small com- bo. At present he is a fifth semester mechanical engineer- ing student. As a staff member he has been both circula- tion and business manager. His contributions to the mag- azine were published quite frequently lost year. ARVYDAS TAMULIS came to the Pier from St. Ignatius High school. While there he deboted with the high school team. This experience has added to his creative skill as a writer; Arvy is also active in the Lituanica Club. He is a third semester engineering physics major. MIKE MURPHY, is a graduate of St. Rita H. S. He is a third semester civil engineering student and is active in the ASCE. Mike contributed some fine material to the magazine last semester, including a competent report on Chicago's new exhibition center and the controversial filtration plant. EILLEEN MARKHAM has come to us from Alverina H. S. A varsity debater, with high school experience in the same, she is the president of the UIC chapter of Pi Kappa Delta. Last years Navy Pier editorial was her work. Among her other interests are scouting (she's a Mariner leader), swimming (she's an instructor) and classical music (strictly a listener). Added note: Eillen is a third semester electrical engineering student. IRVIN TUCKMAN, a third semester EE, has added his artistic talents to our group. While at Von Steuben H. S., Irv, won a Museum of Science and Industry contest for his design of a wind tunnel based on the Venturi Effect. His big writing assignment for TECH was co-editing the St. Lawrence Seaway report. The Techtiograph stafli wishes to correct a mistake in the May 1959 Navy Pier issue. All article, "Central District Filtration Plant," was run minus the name of one co-author, Arnold Feinberg. We also wish to credit Mr. Feinberg with the photographs accom- panxini; the article. 48 THE TECHNOGRAPH Used But Not Gone Use Professional/''^ by Olga Ercegovac What happens to all that water that runs down the drain while you're wait- ing for it to get cold enough for that comparatively small drink? It runs down that drain into a sewer and mixes with wastes from other homes and in- dustry. You probably don't feel very extravagant luiless you live in a com- munity threatened by a water shortage. It you have Ii\ed in California, you are probahi\ more aware of such a situa- tion. California is having trouble be- cause of its rapid decline in ground water and the intriisian of sea water. No one enjoys living in a community, where he cannot feel at ease taking an extra shower on a muggy day or water- ing his parched lawn. Over conserva- tion can be a trying thing. Why not re-use some of that precious water? This question has been asked before, but even the American heritage of ex- travagance has been overworked. One California town sends a 2000 ton train of water (which we just spent a good deal of mone\ on in the way of treat- ment ) to transport only one ton of or- ganic solids. And what's more — we throw away the train at the end of only one trip. In most common cases of well- treated sewage, one good burro could carry all that is required of a half a million gallons of water. The usual type of water provision plans take much time to get in operation. This is not the case with water and sewage recla- mation. Fii>r of all, what is sewage reclama- tion .•' There is no standardized defini- tion, but it is usually considered as a purposeful upgrading of the quality of sewage. It is done with the intent of making it useable by agricultm'e, indus- try, or the public. Sewage reclamation ma\' also be the actual utilization of sewage effluent which has luidergone suitable treatment for some other reason. The term does not apply to treatment of sewage for the mere purpo.se of dis- posal. Nor does it apply to incidental reclamation achieved by dilution of sewage discharge into water coinses for the purpose of disposal even though the water from the stream may be of su't- able quality for beneficial use. Lsually sewage receives minimum treatment iust so it can be legally thrown away. This minimum is dictated by advancing standards of a growing population based on public health, aesthetics, and the rights of other water users. Sewage reclamation has been in prac- tice since 1930; but even in sections of the country where the water shortage is acute, sewage is disposed of with no reclamation. We have been slow to re- use waste water because of delays in technical, engineering, economic, psy- chological, and legal departments. Re- sides these, engineers and public officials tend to think of the collection, trans- portation, treatment, and distribufon of water as one complete package; while the recollection, transportation, and re- treatment of the same water is consid- ered an unrelated job of scavenging. In 19,?(), Goudey demonstrated that highly treated sewage could be safeh' applied to ground water by surface spreading. In 1949 Arnold, Hedger, and Rawn found ground water recharged with treated sewage to be both techni- cally and economically feasible. A gen- eral lack of interest in sewage reclama- tion delaved further scientific investiga- tion. Until quite recently, it was be- lieved that direct recharge of ground water was impractical because of clog- ging due to suspended matter in sewage effluents, and it was feared that patho- genic bacteria might travel long dis- tances with moving ground water. Even industry did not consider recla- mation very seriously. Transporting the water back to potential users incurred large expense. Few cities were willing to tear up paved streets to lav tu-w net- works of pipe. \ot onlv is it alreadv crowiled, but it is difficult to keep two A.W.FABIR imported CASTELL with famous Black Gold graphite, or LOCKTITE with lead holder and Blade Gold Imported 9030 Castell Lead. Nothing is more important to you in the formative phase of your education than to develop professional habits. A.W.Faber Black Gold graphite has helped countless thousands of seasoned Pros acquire the "golden touch". It is available to you either in the world- renovi/ned Castell wood pencil or in the Spiral Grip TEL-A-GRADE LOCKTITE with degree indicator. Black Gold graphite tests out at more than 99% pure natural carbon. It is smooth, grit-free and black as a raven's wing. It takes a long, keen point and resists heavy pressure in drawing or drafting. Whether your talents are creative or interpretive, you'll do better work once you acquire the "golden touch" with professional Castell tools. 20 superb degrees, 8B to lOH. Pick up some Castells at your convenient supply store today. A.W.FABER-Cil5r£a PENCIL CO., INC. NEWARK 3, N. ). OCTOBER, 1959 49 separate water systems in one plant, l-'iirther inhibitions were due to the un- known economics of the situation. It is easier to mine out the e\istinj; ground waters than it is to reclaim sewage. Not too man\ people think of the long- term consequences to the natural re- sources. This all brought up the concept of water rights. Who would own the water that was recharged at public ex- pense? What restriction could be placed on its withdrawal from an already over- pumped ground water basin? There was little inteiest in soKing the problems that were connected with the whole con- cept. People want to go along for as long as they can get away with it. It is too bad about the general lack of interest in sewage reclamation. Water supplied by reclaimed sewage could have well used more research. If present standards of nutrition are maintained, six million acres of newh' irrigated crop land must be brought into full produc- tion b\ 1975. This land will lie in seven- teen western states and need near three acre-feet of water per acre. This means we will need eighteen million acre-feet of water per year to make it useable, (joing by a present census, we find that the total sewage How is about three mil- lion acre-feet or one-sixth of the de- m;md if the entire sewage How can be reclaimed. Sewage reclamation is not sufficient to meet the irrigation demands. COMPARISON OF FRESH AND RECLAIMED WATER COSTS /ortition fresh rcclaitited use (Golden Gate California Park $ 66 $ 21 lawn and shrub irrigation and ornamental lake (irand Can\( Arizona n 550 120 lawn inigation Los Alamos Mexico 92 24 power pl;uit cooluig w:it(M" Santa I'"e Mexico 7S cost is dollars per 49 acre foot irrigation of golf course but these tremendous \()lumes of water can certainly help relie\e the situation. Approximately half a billion gallons of water are wasted to the ocean each day after only single useage in Cali- fornia's two greatest centers of popula- tion. This is enough water to represent the combined yield of 350 12" wells each producing 1000 GPM continuous- ly'. It is enough water to produce 7800 tons of steel daily at normal figures of 64,000 gallons per ton. Or this volume of water could irrigate 100,000 acres of land even if half of it were lost through evaporation during storage. Although it is not enough, this water can still go a long way. Because most sewage ellluent occurs in populated areas, this is where it is used. It can be used for industry, local irrigation, and domestic supply. The first two uses are most promising. Sew- age reclamation water for domestic sup- ply is hindered by aesthetic considera- tions as well as high costs for greater refinement. However, sewage effluent may be used by the public to recharge ground waters and thus become part of the water suppl\, or to irrigate parks and golf courses or even maintain recre- ational ponds. In .some large cities, re- claimed sewage is used in peripheral agriculture or in maintenance of pasture land for dairy cattle not currently pro- ducing milk. Industry sometimes seems the mf)re logical user. For o\er four- Complete yourlibrary with this portfolio -rliLL: Your professional engineering library is part of your stock in trade. In the years afiead, you will draw on it-and heavily— to make the decisions that affect your future. Ask yourself: is your library complete? Is it perti- nent? It can be neither if it doesn't include basic material on Asphalt technology. For if you don't know Asphalt, you don't know your highways. Asphalt is the modern paving for today's and tomorrow's roads. Asphalt surfaces more than 4/5ths of all roads and streets in the country. That's why we have put together a special student portfolio on Asphalt Technology. It covers the Asphalt story, origin, uses, how it is specified for paving . . . and much more. It is a worthwhile, per- manent addition to your professional library. It's yours, free. Send for it today . . . make sure your library is complete in the vital subject of Asphalt Technology. : THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE * Asphalt Institute Building, College Park, Maryland ^~ * Gentlemen; * Please send me your free student portfolio on Asphalt * Technology. Annpps"; SCHOOI 50 THE TECHNOGRAPH teen years the Bethlehem Steel Com- pany has heen using the sewage efflu- ent of Baltimore for cooling blast fur- naces, open hearths, rolls in rolling mills, wire drawing machines, quench- in'z and granulating blast furnace slag and cleaning gases. This has been done at great savings to both the cit\' and the company. Savings are common with the use of reclaimed water as can be shown by the attached table. Even when .sewage is treated to meet public health standards, it can still compete with fresh water in cost. Most of the investigation of use of sewage effluent in the United States has been done b\ studies sponsored by the California State Water Pollution Control Board. The Board has fomul that the treated sewa';re can be applied to soil at the rate of one-half acre-foot per acre per da\' and that intestinal bacteria are re- moved from the liquid within the first four feet of travel through the soil. T^rom another stud\' sponsored b'- the Board, a practical method of recharg- in": well oneration by direct iniection uito ground water wa.s developed. The public health safety of this procedure was also demonstrated. Bacterial travel with moving groimd water did not ex- ceed one hundred feet even though the settled sewage introduced carried away very high concentrations of organisms. The Board has confirmed the use of sewage effluent for irrigation in agricul- ture and for cooling water in industry. The field of irrigation has been great- ly influenced by the use of sewage efflu- ent. When the practice was first begun, the economy of installation and opera- tion usually resulted in too much sew- age on too little land. Results were un- favorable and much of the practice was stopped. Much of the trouble was due to the fact that disposal was the pri- mary object and the raising of crops and replenishment of ground water were secondary. New methods of using sew- age effluent for irrigation emphasize con- servation and agricultural utilization. This practice returns to the land as much as possible of the organic and fertilizing elements that have been with- drawn from the soil by harvesting food- stuffs. This results in superior growth of crops. The new technique uses a lo\v rate of application o\er large areas of land integrated with planning of agri- cultural crops and requires proper main- tenance and operation of all irrigation and agricultural devices. When using sewage effluent for irri- gation, some type of pretreatmcnt is necessary even if it is just plain sedi- mentation. This removes coarse solids by thirty minute detention. Pretreatment advantages are: less wear on pumps, re- duced sludge deposits in ditches and pressure .sewers, prevention of poisonous product formation, no clogging of soil, and opportunity to rest the soil if out- let to a stream is feasible. With primary treatment on fertilizing value of the sewage effluent is lost as is the case with secondar>' treatment. The irrigation methods used should be adapted to local farming practices, nature of .soil, climatic conditions, to- pography, and the types of crops raised. The types of irrigation that can be used are spray, broad surface, ridge and fur- row, flood, and subsurface. Drainage must be carefully watched at all t'mes and the whole s>stem of irrigation must be carefully planned. At the present time irrigation with sewage effluents is carried on in two places in Arizona, seventeen in Cali- fornia, one in Nevada, four in New Mexico, and four in Texas. Industries using sewage effluents number seven in in Arizona, four in California, two in New Mexico, four in Texas, and one in Utah. In the future it is predicted that rec- lamation plants will not be connected with treatment plants, and water recla- mation will be carried on in its own right. At the present time there is only one plant that has been specifically de- signed for water reclamation alone. When ground waters are exhausted and people have to pay for transportation of water, the economic barrier to reclama- tion will be broken. There are only three sources of water suitable for ground water replenishment ; runoff water, imported water, and reclaimed water. The technical and economic feasibility of water reclamation are send- ing our water back for re-usage. BIBLIOGR.APHV Keefer, C. E., "Bethlehem Makes Steel with Sewage," ll'asli's Entiinrrrinii, v27, ii7, July, 1956, pp. 310-13. McGauhe\, P. H., "The Whv and How nf Sewage Effluent Reclamation," Hater and Scuiage ll'nrks, vl04, nft, lune, 1957, pp. 265-70. Mertz, Robert C, "Direct Utilization of Waste Waters," Hater and Seivage H'orks, vl03, n9, Sept., 1956, pp. +17-23. Rawn, A. M. and Bowcrman, F. R., "Planned Water Reclamation" Setcai/e and Industrial ll'asles, v29, nlO, Oct., 1957, pp. 1134-8. Skulte, Bernard P., "Irrigation with Sew- age Effluents," Sewage and Industrial Hastes, v28, nl, January, 1956, pp. 36-43. Bubble Mining .■\ Chicago compaii) has patent appli- cations in the U.S. and 31 other coun- tries on a low-cost, "soap and bubble" method of recovering metals from sea water. Developed by a South African university professor, the method uses se- lected soaps to chase minerals to the smface when bubbles are blown through the water. The professor estimates it should be possible to get 600 tons of aluminum, two tons of uranium or 240 ounces of gold daily from the sea. IW! NON-SLIP CHUCK holds lead firmly at any length you want. Lead can't be pushed back into barrel — and won't twist in sharpener. SATIN-FINISH METAL GRIP is knurled for easier holding. Its extra length gives more accurate control, less finger tension. THE ANODIZED ALUMINUM BAR- REL is unbreak- able. And it can't rolloffthe board be- cause it's hexagon- NEWS PUSH-BUTTON in- stantly releases the chuck's grip on the lead at the touch of the thumb. It's col- ored for quick iden- tification of grade. NEW! This lifetime lead holder for just All-metal construction makes it the buy of a lifetime. EAGLE TURQUOISE PENCILS, LEADS AND HOLDERS EAGLE PENCIL COMPANY, DANBURY, CONN. OCTOBER, 1959 51 INVISIBLE POWER by Gerald Wheeler SooiHT or later, every yoimi; eiitri- iieeriiij: student is faced with the solu- tion of prohlems involving; power. We learn early in our freshman year that |i(i\ver is liefined as "the rate of doing work." W^ork, in turn, is defined as "the product of a force acting through a distance in the direction of that force." .After mastering these fundamentals, we proceed to soKe innumerahle prohlems without ever considering the source of power invohed. W'e know that gaso- line is used in our cars, coal or oil is used to heat our homes, and gasoline keeps our rooms well lit. But there is a new source of power rapidly becom- ing the most popular of all. That source — natiu^al gas. The statement "new s o u r c e of |iower" must he ipialified. It is new only in the sense that it has not been used commercially to any extent in the past. Actually, it is millions of years old. The ancient people referred to the constantly burning fires that escaped fro-n earth fissures as "wild spirits" or holy altar fires." As late as 1934, nat- ural gas was regarded as a ninsance by m,un oil men. Why has this source of energy suddenly become so popular in the modern home and industry? Without knowing anything of natur- al gas, one might intuitively answer "economics." This is the primary rea- son. Although the gas has long been a\ailable, there has been no way of transporting it to the home or industry. If there were some way, the consumer would probably be willing to pay a little more for it considering that he would have no soot or waste products. But how? The answer was by pipeline. But of what shall the pipe be made? And how shall we lay the pipe across rivers, up mountains, and through swamps? Here was another case of the natural resources going to waste while luan's industrial might grew strong enough to solve the many problems. The first effort made to use natural gas publicly was in 1824, in Fredonia, New York. Hollowed out logs carried the gas from a 27 foot ell to two stores. This was all right for local use but hollowed out logs would certainly not be very practical as a piping sys- tem from Texas to New York. It was not until the 1920's that the steel in- dustry had advanced to the point wlierc thin walled pipes could be produced economically. Since pressure in the pipes often exceeded 700psi, great ten- sile strength was required. Meticulous research and development was carried out to the extent that present day fin- ished pipe properties include an ulti- mate strength of 72,000 psi, yield point of 52,000 psi, and elongation of 22% in 2 inches. Once the pipes were made available, underground pipelines spread across the country from New Mexico to Vancouver and from Texas to New York. At the present time, natural gas pipeline mileage exceeds that of the rail- roads. The size of the larger pipes is phe- nomenal. In fact, everything in the nat- ural gas industry seems to be done on a grandiose scale. The "Big Inch" and "Little Big Inch" pipes running from Texas to the eastern seaboard are 24 and 20 inches in diameter, respectively. Pacific Gas and Electric Company's "Super Inch" from New Mexico to California is 34 inches in diameter. The "Big Buck" trencher, used to scoop out the bed for the Super Inch weighs 31 tons. Digging a ditch 44 inches wide and 53/ feet deep, it can provide a mile-long trench in one day. Once the production of suitable pip- ing was a reality, the problems facing the large gas companies were of a tacti- cal nature. Specifically, how to go over the mountains and across the rivers? The pipeline could not be laid around the bottom of the mountain because of the possibilit\ of landslide damage. By 52 THE TECHNOGRAPH laying the pipes straight up to the top and then down the opposite side, the moving earth rides along the side of the pipe. This mountain work entails step by step sweat labor. Distances traveled in these areas are measured in feet per hour. Risers are spanned according to their tLirbulence. If tiie river contains man\' rapids, shifting beds, and seasonal changes, chances are that the company will make arrangements to attach their lijie to a railway or highway bridge. If none are available, they ma\- build a suspension cable of their own. Most of the lines, however, are sunk beneath the rivers, in this case, they are usually weighted down b\- large concrete sec- tions. By 1929, pipelines had been laid from the Texas Panhandle to Chicago, De- troit, IVIinneapolis, and Denver. But then the depression halted the building of more pipelines, for the cost of oil and coal fell so low that natural gas could not compete. During World War II, the price of gas and oil rose while natural gas regained its competitive posi- tion. Both private individuals and large industrial firms found that natural gas as a heating fuel provides ease of con- trol and fuel uniformity. It was shortly after the war that the tremendous boom in the gas industry began. By 193.?, over .315,000 miles of natural gas pipe- lines existed in the country. Accompanying the rapid rise in pop- ularity was another problem. House heating during the winter created ex- ceptionally high peaks in the use of gas. Companies in the Chicago area were .sometimes using 15 times as much gas on a cold day as on a warm one. It seems that the only thing consistent about the weather is its inconsistency. Temperatures may range above normal during the cold months of one year only to average below normal the following year. The gas that is supplied to the domestic users is on tap from the south- ern oil fields. Since the velocity of How through the pipes was only about 15 mph, a sudden cold snap could easily result in the demand for gas exceeding the supply. How then could the com- panies insure their users that they would not be caught .short during the winter months? Perhaps larger pipes could be built that would supply a large metro- politan area through the bitter cold months. A little thought will show that larger and more extensive pipes were not the answer. If the natural gas supply trans- ported here by pipeline for the Chicago region were used primarily to serve house heating consumers in the winter months, the pipelines would, for the most part, lie idle in the summer and wovdd be only partly used during the major portion of the year. At the pres- ent time, the situation is such that the unused gas of the summer season (that is, unused for domestic heating) is sold to industrial customers on a low-price interruptible or off-peak basis. In return for the lower gas rates, the industrial customer is subject to shutoff during periods of cold weather because domes- tic customers have a priority on the use of all the gas available. This settles the problem of summer use but might still result in an insufficient supply during the winter. Could we possibly store up the gas for emergency use? Various at- tempts were made to store the gas in cylindrical man-made tanks but the above-ground holders were found to be impractical from the standpoint of both capacity and cost. The problem was finally solved by storing up huge quan- tities of gas in worn-out oil and gas fields. Where the capacity of the largest above-ground storage tank is about 1 5 million cubic feet, the average capacity of 151 underground storage pools at the end of 1952 was more than 572 times as large. The Chicago area, which is one of the world's largest natural gas con- sumers, unfortunately has no depleted oil fields nearby. For this reason it was necessary to undertake the "Her.scher Dome" project. Geologists di.scovered that a large geologic trap (anti-syn- cline) in the region of Herscher, Illi- nois, contained a thick sandstone forma- tion which was well adapted for the storage of great volumes of gas. It un- derlies approximately 15,000 acres, or nearly 24 square miles. In comparison to the 16 gas holders of the Peoples (Jas Light and Coke Company now in opera- tion in Chicago, which have a total capacity of 106 million cubic feet, the Herscher Dome has a 90 billion feet capacity. The problems now facing the gas in- dustry are small indeed in comparison with those of the past. Every day more and more people are switching to gas for heating, cooking, refrigeration, and air conditioning. Although a prodigous amount of natural gas has been wasted in the past, the consumer need not worry about the supply being depleted in the near future. Proved reserves are three times as great as they were 12 years ago and 10 times greater than they were 30 years ago. Today's re- serves are over 185 trillion cubic feet. Even today, more gas is being discov- ered than is being used. FATIGUE SPIN RIG uses compressed ai balls oround the bore of a test cylinde mine cylinder's static fatigue life. JET ENGINE BEARING TESTING MACHINE tests main rotor boll bearings under actual operating conditions of load and lubrication. Fafnir works with "unknowns" to come up with ball bearings you'll need! In many fields of industry and technology, progress depends in large measure on solving increasingly complex ball bearing problems. Bearing materials and lubricants have yet to be perfected that can take cer- tain temperature extremes. Higher speeds and heavier loads pose formidable prob- lems. So does miniaturization. To help its research engineers probe the unknowns in these and other areas, The Fafnir Bearing Company maintains the most up-to-date facilities for metallurgical research, and bearing development and test- ing. It is another reason why you are likely to find Fafnir ready with the answers — should bearing problems some day loom large for you. Worth bearing in mind. The Fafnir Bearing Company, New Britain, Connecticut. Vv'rite for booklet, "Fafnir Formula For Solving Bearing Problems" containing description of Fafnir engineering, research, and development facilities. FAFNIR ^^BALL BEARINGS ^<^ MOST COMPLETE LINE IN AMERICA OCTOBER, 1959 53 The care and feeding of a 54 It takes more than pressing a button to send a giant roclossible before. ■ %9^9^7 The Space Age is dawn- ing. New fuels and lubricants for rockets and jets come from Standard Od labora- tories to help make space exploration possible and to strengthen America's defenses. Standard Oil marks its 70th anniversEury. Here are some Important developments by Standard Oil, a leader and a pioneer in petroleum research. • How to mass produce gasoline econom- ically. This opened the way to modern automotive transportation. • How to recover more oil from almost- dry wells. This added billions of bar- rels to America's oil reserves. • How to eliminate gasoline gumming. This meant lower repair bills for car ntly. How to dewax motor oils effii This meant better car perfo and fewer trips to the repairn ard o make clean burning solid fuels ckets. This was a big step for- in America's missile program. These, and many other Standard Oil de- velopments, have played an important part in man's progress from the horse-and- buggy age to the Space Age. (standard ) STANDARD OIL COiMPANY THE SIGN OF PROGRESS . THROUGH RESEARCH 56 THE TECHNOGRAPH BRAIN TEASERS Edited by Steve Dilts A certain tarnu'r rt-ceixeil an order for foil'- crates (A, H, C, and D) of eggs. The order stated tfiat the iiumher of es'i's in an\ two crates was to he a iH'rfect square, and the number in whole four crat's must also be a perfect square. Now the farmer's problem is: What is the smallest number of e"'gs that can h'' put in the crates to fulfill these con- ditions — a different number bein;z in each crate. 't's not e\actl\' the time of year for fishing, but here is a fish story. A ]v:m caught a shark and when hoastiii'i about it, he would only sav that the head was 14 ft. long, the tail was as long as the head and one-quar- ter of the back while the back was as long as the head and twice the tail. Find the length of the fish. If you are thinking ahead of spring \acation and are planning to take a trip, this teaser should provide some usefvd figuring. A car makes three trips all of equal length. The speed in miles per hour of the second trip was three times the speed of the first trip, and the speed of tile third trip was double that of the secon- often fail to understand the connection between long-range stand- ards and future benefits. "Let me give you an example," said Mr. Ainsworth. "The nuclear standards program initiated under ASA proced- ures costs about $25,000 a year to ad- minister. This is small change com- pared to the multi-million dollar invest- ments needed to develop nuclear power. Yet it is difficult, or almost impossible, to collect this amount fully! This in spite of the fact that the leading tech- nical experts of every industry with an interest in this program are represented on the working committees. Financial support of ASA is too often handled as a contribution, much as a donation to the community chest. Such support is a sound business expense from which untold benefits are obtained." The solution, said IVIr. Ainsworth, is in education. Once basic research was viewed with suspicion. Today enlight- ened management knows its value. Standardization has not yet reached this stage of acceptance. Management is still reluctant to pay for standards projects that have no apparent direct relation to current production. Yet there is enough evidence that some of the greatest money savings have come from the long-range standards projects affecting all industry. Industrial safety standards are a case in point. They have reduced a fantastic toll in human li\es and financial cost in lost man- power and production to an absolute minimum. OCTOBER, 1959 59 ENGINEERING GRADUATES — YOUR STEPPING NIUNtS TO SPACE Your career, like a missile, must first get off the ground. You need more than lust momen- tum. Remember— the "DESTRUCT" button has been pushed on many a missile because of poor guidance. In selecting the position which best suits your interests and abilities, seek competent guidance from your Professors and Placement Officers. At McDonnell — young engineers have a wide choice of interesting assignments covering the entire spectrum of aero-space endeavor — airplanes, helicopters, convertiplanes, missiles, and spacecraft. Learn more about our company and com- munity by seeing our Engineering Representa- tive when he visits your campus, or, if you pre- fer, write a brief note to : Raymond F. Kaletta Engineering Employment Supervisor P.O. Box 516, St. Louis 66, Missouri Seen here discussing a computer run of a control dynamics prob lem are young Project Mercury staff members, Joseph J. Voda MSAE, U. of Illinois, '58, on ttie left, and Lawrence D. Perlmutter IVI.S. Instrumentation, U. of Mictiigan, '59. 60 THE TECHNOGRAPH ys Mile Long MERCK SHARP & DOHME Plant where dependability of pipelines is a must, control is entrusted to JENKINS VALVES World famous Merck Sharp & Dohme, division of Merck & Co., Inc. not only knows pharmaceuticals and biologicals; they know a lot about valves. They need to! Control of pipelines must be unfailing. That's why you'll find Jenkins Valves on all process pipelines in this West Point, Pa. plant ... as well as on plumbing, heating and air conditioning lines. The Jenkins name is not new to Merck Sharp & Dohme. They have been using Jenkins Valves extensively for the past twenty years. The unusually large number of valves installed in the company's seventeen domestic and foreign plants represents a big investment. So you can be sure this experienced valve buyer has found Jenkins Valves both dependable and maintenance free. Jenkins dependability can save money for any plant or building. What's more, you can specify or install Jenkins Valves at no extra cost. Jenkins Bros., 100 Park Avenue, New York 17. So/d Through Leading Distributors Everywhere Jenkins Valves on main steam lines serving the Biological buildings JENKINS LOOK FOR IHE JENKINS DIAMOND VALVE S ■•,A< r,.; l&7-0^ OCTOBER, 1959 61 To all the combined advantages of Synthane Laminated Plastics . . . add one more big plus-MACHINABILITY There are many reasons why plastic lami- nates such as Synthane are well regarded. They offer — in combination — resistance to heat, wear, chemicals, oil, water; light weight; excellent dielectric properties and mechanical strength; dimensional stabil- ity. On top of all these, however, is the one property that makes Synthane practical — Machinability. This means that whatever your appli- cation you may obtain parts of Synthane in the form desired and at a reasonable cost whether you require one or a million. How Machinable is SyntKiane? Synthane laminates are easy to machine, using ordinary wood or metal working machinery with only a few modifications of method. .\s an example, here are some standard machining operations readily performed on Synthane: Shearing Screw Machine Band Sawing Operations Circular Sawing Planing Drilling Tapping Fly cutting Milling Gear cutting Turning Turret Lathe Operations Shaping Punching Broaching Shaving Sanding Grinding Boring Tumbling Butting Practically all of those operations can be handled on standard machines, many with standard cutters. But the nature of the material, being softer and more resil- ient than metal, and being laminated and a poor heal conductor, often makes the Sawing long leuglbs. One of the numerous! special tools whose advantages are available n^hen Synthane fabricates the material. use of cutters with special rake and clear- ance, operating at special feeds and speeds, desirable. The successful machining of Synthane laminates is aided by proper design of parts for ease of machining. A Synthane booklet: "Design Hints for Laminated Plastics*" adequately covers design rec- ommendations. It pays to iet Synthane machine laminated plastics for you Although Synthane laminated plastics are easy to machine, it will usually pay you to have us handle the machining for you — for these reasons: 1. All of our etjuipment is especially de- signed or adapted for the fabrication of plastics. 2. We are constantly developing new, *Booklel available upon request. faster, and more economical methods of machining Synthane laminated. 3. We make all of our own tools, dies, fix- tures and jigs, quickly and economically. 4. We relieve you of all production wor- ries: machining errors, rejects, waste, mis- takes in dimensions or tolerances, and delays in delivery. 5. Because we combine manufacturing and fabrication in one location, we can maintain high quality control while solving difficult machining problems. When nec- essary, we can even modify the properties of a given grade of material to meet special requirements. For further information, write Synthane Corporation, 13 River Rd., Oaks, Penna. Metal disintegration, a fast, economical way Synthane itiies to produce or revise dies. rswrfiANE] ^ — w — ^ CORPORATION, l^^ OAKS, PENNA. Laminated Plastics for Industry Sheets. Rods, Tubes, Fabricated Parts Molded-taminated. Molded -macerated 62 THE TECHNOGRAPH TRANSITION SE : riON CCMVECTION RE - EATER How to get steel tubes to harness highest steam pressures and temperatures IN constructing Philadelphia Electric Company's revolu- tionary new Eddystone power plant, engineers had to harness the highest combination of pressure and steam ever achieved in a central station with 5,000 psi at 1,200° F. This called for superheater tubes (see diagram above) of a special stronger steel never before used in steam power plants. No one had ever succeeded in piercing this tougher steel to make seamless steel tubing. The problem was given to Timken Company metal- lurgists, experts at piercing steels for 40 years. And they turned the trick. They made the steel for the platen and finishing super-heaters with the alloying elements in just the right balance for perfect piercing quality. Thev pierced 20 miles of tubes free from both surface and internal flaws. Timken Company metallurgists and Timken steels have solved all kinds of tough steel problems. They can help you on problems you may face in industry. And if you're interested in a career with the leader in specialty steels . . . with the world's largest maker of tapered roller bearings and removable rock bits . . . send for free booklet, "Better-ness and Your Career at the Timken Company". Write Manager of College Relations, The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton 6, Ohio. Creep-Stress Rupture Laboratory in our new Steel Research Center. Here we test the resistance of steels to deformation at temperatures as high as 1800° F. TIMKEN STEEL SPECIALISTS IN FINE ALLOY STEELS, GRAPHITIC TOOL STEELS AND SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING OCTOBER, 1959 63 Begged, Borrowed, and . Edited by Jack Fortner (uiiiloil Missile . Das Sieiuitiker Gt'schteiuverkes Fiicnkrakkfr. Rin'kfr l"ii>;iiu" Fireiischpittcr niir Sniokenurul Schiiorti'n. Liquiii Rocket Das Skwirti-n juct-nkiiui Kireii- schpitter. (luiilaiu-c- System Das Schteerenwerke. C'elistial Ciuiiiance Das Schruballische Schtargaz- en Peepenglasser niit Koinp- iiterattacheii Schteereinverke. I're-Set Ciiiidance Das Seiuleii Offen mit ein Pat- tenbacker und Finger Gekres- sen Schteereinverke. Control System Das I'ulleii-imcl-Schoven Werke. Warhead Das Laudenhoomer. Nuclear Warhead Das Eargeschplitten Lauden- hoomer. H\(lrogen Device Das Eargeschplitten Lauden- hoomer mit ein Grosse Holen- graiind und Alles Kaput. .NLinagement Das L Itzerenhalden Groupe. Engineering Das Aufguefen Grupe. Project Engineer Das Scluvettennoiidter. W'indtunnel Das Huffenpuffen (irupe. Computing Das Schlidenruler Grupe. Structural Test Das Pullenparten Grupe. Security Das Schnoopen Hunche. Contract Administrator Das Tablegepaunder (jrupe I'lanniiig Das Schemen (irupe Nuclear Research Das Whizkidden Grupe Facilities Das Daskgescho\en Hunche. Support Equipment Das Garterhelten Grupe. Engineer on telephone: "Doctor, come quick! My little hoy just .swallowed my slide rule." Doctor: "Good heavens man Ell he right over. What are you doing in the meantime?" Engineer: "L'sing log tables." Hoarder: It's disgraceful, madam. E were fighting in my bedroom last night. ^Lldam: What do vou e.xpect tor is2 fights? sure two rats lonth? Hull 64 EE: "What are \ou doing with that on your s\x-eater? Don't you know that \ou're not supposed to wear it unless vou've made the team?" She: "Well!!!" I he psychiatrist was testing the intelligence of a hope- candidate for discharge from the asylum. Doc: "What would happen if 1 cut off your ear?" Joe: "I couldn't hear. " Doc: "And if I cut off the other ear?" Joe: "I couldn't see." Doc: "Why?" Toe: "Hecause mv hat would fall over m\ eves." Sorority Girl: "We're going to give the bride a shower. " Erat man: "Swell! Count me in. Ell bring the soap." A bathing sin't — like a barbed wire fence — is designed to protect the propertv' without obstructing the view. Said the rooster as he put the ostrich egg in front of the hen: "I'm not complaining, hut I just want you to see the kind of work they do in some places." "Hey, Dad, I'm home from school again." "What the devil did you do this time?" "I graduated." "Professor," said the engineer in search of knowledge, "will you try to explain to me the theory of limits?" "Well, John, assume that you have called on a pretty woman. You are seated at one end of the divan and she is seated at the other. You move halfway toward her. Then you move half of the remaining distance toward her. Again you reduce the distance separating you from her by 50 per cent. Continue this for some time. Theoretically, you will never reach the girl. On the other hand, you will soon get close enough to her for practical purposes." Now go hack and read the rest of the magazine! THE TECHNOGRAPH y v^^^r; C:aU-i|)illai U.S IkkI.u w iili i i|>|)ri Rippers really rough it — So radiography checks their stamina Ripper shank being radiographed with cobalt 60 projector RIPPER SHANKS and clevises at the business end of ■ a high-powered tractor lead a torturous life as they tear through overburden and rock. No place here for a flaw to ruin performance ! So Claterpillar makes sure of their stamina — has them radiographed at the foundry that casts them. This is the place for any imperfection to be shown up. For here Radiography can do two things. It can make sure that only sound castings go out. It can point the way to improving casting technique so that a consistently better yield can be had. Radiography is but one branch of photography that is working day in — day out for the engineer. It is saving time and cutting costs in research and development, in production, in sales and in office routine. You will find that in whatever field you choose, photography will be ready to serve you too. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester 4, N. Y. CAREERS WITH KODAK .\s Radiography becomes more important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are excellent opportunities for sci- entists who want to grow in this field. If \ou have a doctoral degree in physics and a desire to follow radiography as a carcei , write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Coinpany, Rochester 4, New York. aJI 1M^ One of a series ■^ Interview with General Electric's ""^ Charles F. Savage Consultant — Engineering Professional Relations How Professional Societies Help Develop Young Engineers Q. Mr. Savage, should young engineers join professional engineering socie- ties? A. By all means. Once engineers have graduated from college they are immediately "on the outside looking in," so to speak, of a new social circle to which they must earn their right to be- long. Joining a professional or technical society represents a good entree. Q. How do these societies help young engineers? A. The members of these societies — mature, knowledgeable men — have an obligation to instruct those who follow after them. Engineers and scientists — as pro- fessional people — are custodians of a specialized body or fund of knowledge to which they have three definite responsibilities. The first is to generate new knowledge and add to this total fund. The second is to utilize this fund of knowledge in service to society. The third is to teach this knowledge to others, includ- ing young engineers. Q. Specifically, what benefits accrue from belonging to these groups? A. There are many. For the young engineer, affiliation serves the practical purpose of exposing his work to appraisal by other scien- tists and engineers. Most impor- tant, however, technical societies enable young engineers to learn of work crucial to their own. These organizations are a prime source of ideas — meeting col- leagues and talking with them, reading reports, attending meet- ings and lectures. And, for the young engineer, recognition of his accomplishments by asso- ciates and organizations gener- ally heads the list of his aspira- tions. He derives satisfaction from knowing that he has been identified in his field. Q. What contribution is the young en- gineer expected to make as an ac- tive member of technical and pro- fessional societies? A. First of all, he should become active in helping promote the objectives of a society by prepar- ing and presenting timely, well- conceived technical papers. He should also become active in organizational administration. This is self-development at work, for such efforts can enhance the personal stature and reputation of the individual. And, I might add that professional develop- ment is a continuous process, starting prior to entering col- lege and progressing beyond retirement. Professional aspira- tions may change but learning covers a person's entire life span. And, of course, there are dues to be paid. The amount is grad- uated in terms of professional stature gained and should al- ways be considered as a personal investment in his future. Q. How do you go about joining pro- fessional groups? A. While still in school, join student chapters of societies right on campus. Once an engineer is out working in industry, he should contact local chapters of techni- cal and professional societies, or find out about them from fellow engineers. Q. Does General Electric encourage par- ticipation in technical and profes- sional societies? A. It certainly does. General Elec- tric progress is built upon cre- ative ideas and innovations. The Company goes to great lengths to establish a climate and in- centive to yield these results. One way to get ideas is to en- courage employees to join pro- fessional societies. Why? Because General Electric shares in recog- nition accorded any of its indi- vidual employees, as well as the common pool of knowledge that these engineers build up. It can't help but profit by encouraging such association, which sparks and stimulates contributions. Right now, sizeable numbers of General Electric employees, at all levels in the Company, belong to engineering societies, hold re- sponsible offices, serve on work- ing committees and handle im- portant assignments. Many are recognized for their outstanding contributions by honor and medal awards. These general observations em- phasize that General Electric does encourage participation. In indication of the importance of this view, the Company usually defrays a portion of the expense accrued by the men involved in supporting the activities of these various organizations. Remem- ber, our goal is to see every man advance to the full limit of his capabilities. Encouraging him to join Professional Societies is one way to help him do so. Mr. Savage has copies of the booklet "Your First 5 Years" pubUshed by the Engineers' Council for Profes- sional Development which you may have for the asking. Simply write to Mt. C. F. Savage, Section 959-12, General Electric Co., Schenectady 5, N. Y. *LOOK FOR other interviews dis- cussing: Salary • Why Companies have Training Programs • How to Get the Job You Want. GENERAL AeLECTRIC november • 25f^ TECHNOGRAPH K ♦ ,^^^^ .,^-^v ^ ^ ■^^m l&^^ IjS 1 ^^B ,»,t|| ■ L^ ^ ^^^l^r '^^^1 U 1 ■■ ^^^^p^^ M 3s 1 "^ L Jl^ i^f ^ kh 1H UnU6r TITGy the performance of men and machines depends on what they are made of. United States Steel makes the materials for the machines, whether it's a very tough armor plate, or heat-resistant alloy, or Stainless Steels. You might be interested in some of the USS steels developed specifically for aircraft and missiles: USS Strux, an alloy steel with close to 300,000 psi tensile strength primarily for aircraft landing gears; USS Airsteel X-200, an air-hardenable alloy steel with 230,000 psi yield strength for aircraft sheet and missile applications; USS 12MoV and USS 17-5 MnV Stainless Steels for high-speed aircraft and missiles; Stainless "W", a precipitation-hardenable Stainless Steel. New "exotic" metals, new methods for making them, present an exciting challenge. Men willing to accept this challenge— civil, industrial, mechanical, metallurgical, ceramic, electrical or chemical engineers have a future with United States Steel. Write to: United States Steel, Personnel Division, Room 2316, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania. USS is a registered trademark United States Steel Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Asst. — Marilyn Day Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Grenville King Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Ron Kurtz Mark Weston Jerry Jewett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Production Staff George Venorsky Jack Pazdera Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan. Director Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Styncs Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Cooi)era- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer. Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State University Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- braska Blueprint, New York University Quadrangle, North Dakota Engineer, North- western Engineer, Notre Dame Technical Review. Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdue Engi- neer, RPI Engineer. Rochester Indicator, SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- neer, Spartan Engineer, Texas A & M Engi- neer, Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer, Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 2 November, 1959 Table of Contents ARTICLES: Ceramics and Nuclear Engineering lim Blome 17 Mathematics for the Space Age Dean H. L. Wakeland 21 Language and Leadership Tom Gabbard 25 Technograph Launches Satellite George Carruthers 27 No Hipsters These Bob Westerbeck 32 Soused for Science lerry Jewett 38 Teaching Interns Bill Andrews 49 Campus at Night Photo Staff 55 FEATURES: From the Editor's Desk 11 Technocutie Photos by Dave Yates 34 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff 62 Brainteasers Edited by Steve Dilts 66 Begged, Borrowed, and Edited by Jack Fortner 72 Cover . Abstract art can often be as confusing as some of the abstract thinking in science. Yet, if the end result is something worth ap- preciating then the project is a success. Barbara Polan has donated an example of abstract art for this month's cover. Copyright, 1959, by lUini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc- tober, November, December, January, February, March, April and May) by the Illini Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter. October 30, 1920, at the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under the Act of March i, 1879. Office 215 Engineering Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights reserved by The Illinois Technograph. Publisher's Representative — Littell-Murray- Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, New York. All-weather auditorium in Pittsburgh will be covered by a 415-foot diameter Nickel-containing stainless steel dome. Largest of its kind in the world, the dome will protect an audience of more than 13,000. For Pittsburgh's new auditorium . . . A"push-button umbrella roof" of Nickel stainless steel ...the roof design of tomorrow Here's the first of a revolutionary new type of roof design, destined to introduce a new concept in building. A simple concept, but a daring one. The domed roof of a building is divided into eight sections which nest together when opened. Push a button, and six of these sections glide quietly together around an out- side track. In Pittsburgh's new all-weather auditorium, the push-button umbrella roof can be closed at the first sign of bad weather without disturbing the show. In private homes, a roof design like this could bring the beauty of nature right into the home. But ichat material i.f lasting enough for a dome like tliis? Archi- tects and designers of the audito- rium looked into all types of materials. They selected Nickel- containing stainless steel. They selected Nickel stainless because it has the best combination of proper- ties for this purpose. For example it is one of the most weather-resist- ing, corrosion-resisting metals. Naturally, this is just one example of how designers are taking advan- tage of the unique properties of Nickel-containing metals. In the future, however, you may be design- ing a machine— not a spectacular all- weather push-button roof. You might need a metal that resists corrosion, or wear, or high temperatures. Or one that meets some destructive combination of conditions. Here, too, a Nickel-containing metal could be the answer. But, whatever your field of study, in the future you can count on Inco for all the help you need in metal selection. Right now, if you'd like to get better acquainted with Nickel Stainless Steel, why not write Inco for "Stainless Steel in Product Design." Write: Educational Serv- ices, The International Nickel Com- pany, Inc., New York 5, N. Y. /\ ^Inco Nickel makes metals perform better, longer THE TECHNOGRAPH Engineer Larry Ktivans reviews the results of a computer- simulated ground checkout of Radioplane Division's near-sonic RP-76 rockel-pov/ered target drone. Formerly at Norair Division, Lorry came to Radioplane in 1955. At 31, he is Manager of (he Division's lAOman Electronic Support Group, is working toward his doctorate at UCLA. YOUNG ENGINEERS ARE NORTHROP'S NEWSMAKERS! Northrop Corporation's dynamic and diversified corporate struc- ture creates an ideal worlc climate for forward-thinking scientists and engineers. Our three autonomous divisions are all in Southern California - are all headed by progressive management eager to examine and try new ideas. Let's assume that you are a man who can qualify for one of our engineering teams - a man who can create history! YOU'LL EARN what you're worth, get increases as often as you earn them - based on your own individual achievements. Our salary structure is unique in the industry; our vacation policy extra-liberal, as are all of our other fringe benefits. YOU'LL LEARN while you earn, with no-cost and low-cost education opportunities at leading Southern California institutions -earn ad- vanced degrees and keep abreast of latest technological advances in your own chosen field. YOU'LL WORK with men who are acknowledged leaders in their fields - men chosen for their own capabilities am! for skills in guiding and developing the creative talents of younger men. And, these are men who delegate authority, assuring your fair share of credit for engineering triumphs. YOU'LL BE FLEXIBLE-able to apply your talents to the work you enjoy, in the field best suited to your own inclination and ability. Northrop Corporation and its divisions offer wide diversity, with over 30 operational fields to choose from. All offer challenge aplenty - opportunity unlimitedl RADIOPLANE DIVISION. Creator of the world's first drone family; has produced and delivered tens of thousands of drones for all the U.S. Armed Forces. Now developing ultra-advanced target drone sys- tems for weapon evaluation, surveillance drone systems, and mis- sile systems. NORTRONICS DIVISION. Pioneer in celestial and inertial guidance. Currently exploring infrared applications, airborne digital com- puters and interplanetary navigation; developing ground support, optical and electro-mechanical, and data-processing equipment. NORAIR DIVISION. Creator of SAC's intercontinental USAF Snark SM-62. Currently active in programs for the ballistic recovery of orbiting man; flight-testing the USAF T-38 supersonic trainer; readying the N-156F NATO-SEATO fighter for flight tests. NOW WRITE! Get full information on Northrop Corporation and all of its Divisions. Then choose the division that offers you the most challenge. To reserve your spot where news is happening, write: Engineering & Scientific Personnel Placement Office, Northrop Corporation, P.O. Box 1525, Beverly Hills, California. a/W A Divisions of NORTHROP CORPORATION NOVEMBER, 1959 POWER AND PROGRESS ^o hand-in- hand . . . America's progi'ess depends upon a plentiful supply of electric power . . . and upon young engineers like those shown above who are preparing for the years ahead by learning how to harness the power of atomic energy to the job of producing electricity. Opportunities for personal progress, too, are to be found in the electric industry. Wisconsin Electric Power Company's far-reaching expansion pro- gram requires engineering skills in a wide variety of fields — electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical, statistical, research, sales, administrative, etc. See our representatives when they visit your campus. Ask for more information about the excellent job opportunities available for engineers. WISCONSIN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY SYSTEM Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Milwaukee, Wis. Wisconsin Michigan Power Co. Appieton, Wis. Wisconsin Natural Gas Co Racine, Wis. THE TECHNOGRAPH HOW TO MAKE A "LEFT TURN" IN OUTER SPACE (and the "right turn" toward a gratifying career) Like the dimensions of the universe itself, the future of space technology is beyond imagination. The fron- tiers of space will edge farther and farther from us as engineering and scientific skills push our knowledge closer to the stars. Bendix Aviation Corporation, long a major factor in America's technological advance, offers talented young men an out- standing site from which to launch a career. In the field of controls alone, for example, Bendix (which makes con- trols for almost everything that rolls, flies or floats) has developed practical, precision equipment for steering and controlling the atti- tude of space vehicles. It consists of a series of gas reaction controllers (actually miniature rockets) which are mounted around the satellite. Individually controlled by a built- in intelligence system, they emit metered jets of gas on signal when- ever it is necessary to change the orientation of the satellite. The development of this unique control equipment is but one of the many successful Bendix projects involving knowledge of the outer atmosphere and beyond. Bendix, a major factor in broad industrial re- search, development and manufac- ture, is heavily engaged in advanced missile and rocket systems and com- ponents activities. These include prime contract responsibility for the Navy's advanced missiles, Talos and Eagle. The many career opportunities at Bendix include assignments in electronics, electromechanics, ultra- sonics, computers, automation, radar, nucleonics, combustion, air navigation, hydraulics, instrumen- tation, propulsion, metallurgy, com- munications, carburetion, solid state physics, aerophysics and structures. See your placement director or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corporation, 1108 Fisher Bldg., Detroit 2, Mich. A thousand products a million ideas NOVEMBER, 1959 - diversification These specialized electronics systems are an important part of Collins' con- trihntion to advancements in military and commercial communication. Collins was selected over several com- panies because it could do the job — economicallv, vvith excellent ecjuipment, and provide capable engineering assist- ance for all phases. Collins needs engineers and physicists to keep pace vvith the growing demand for its products. Positions are challeng- ing. Assignments are varied. Projects currentlv underway in the Cedar Rap- ids Division include research and de- velopment in Airborne communication, navigation and identification systems, Missile and satellite tracking and com- munication. Antenna design, Amateur radio and Broadcast. Collins manufacturing and R&D in- stallations are also located in Burbank and I3allas. Modern laboratories and re- search facilities at all locations ensure the finest working conditions. Your placement office will tell you when a Collins representative will be on campus. For all the interesting facts and fig- ures of recent Collins developments send for your free copies of Signal, pub- lished ([uarterlv by the Collins Radio Companv. Fill out and mail the at- tached coupon today. You'll receive every issue published during this school year without obligation. COLLINS Professionol Placement, , Collins Radio Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Please send me each Collii during this school year. Signol published COLLINS RADIO COMPANY • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • DALUS, TEXAS • BURBANK, CALIFORNIA b Address City Stote College or University Major degree Minor Graduation dote ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ THE TECHNOGRAPH Heat lost except at absolute zero? A measure of disorder? A statistical probability of state? The gradient of a scalar? Macrocosmic phenomenon or microcosmic, too? The fundamental concept of entropy is involved in many phases of our technology. Hence we have a funda- mental need to know everything we can about its significance. This knowledge is critical to our work of energy conversion. Thus we probe and inquire, search \A:ithout wearying — call upon the talents of General Motors Corpora- tion, its Divisions, and other indi- viduals and organizations — for a complete appreciation of all phases of scientific phenomena. By apply- ing this systems engineering con- cept to new research projects, we increase the effectiveness with which we accomplish our mission — exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weapons systems . Energy conversion is our business ; Want to know about YOUR opportunities on the Allison Engineering Team? Write: Mr. /?. C. Smith, College Relations, Personnel Dept. Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana NOVEMBER, 1959 Thinhiiig far up the road . . . lit V tV (j 1 1 (J f ( I Lu The automatic hi^hwav, clcmonstrittcd in this icorking model of General Motors experimental Auto-Control System, is an electronic marvel that takes over steering, speed, braking and obstacle detection for drivers. GM positions now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Industrial Engineering Metallurgical Engineering Chemical Engineering Aeronautical Engineering Ceramic Engineering Mathematics Industrial Design Physics • Chemistry Engineering Mechanics Business Administration and Related Fields If you're thinking aliead in the field of science or engineering. General Motors is the place for you. Here are many challenging opportunities for young men who want to do things, do things better, solve problems on projects that probe into the future. Among many available fields and products in which GM engineers and scientists work are: electronics, rocket propulsion, automotive, solar energy, astronautics, diesel engines and house- holil appliances. GM has plenty of room in which you can grow. As you move forward, you take on jobs of greater responsibility in your Division and can bridge across to positions of responsibility in other Divi- sions of the Corporation. And if you wish to continue w ith advanced studies, GM offers financial assistance. For more information on a fine posi- tion with an exciting future, write to General Motors, Personnel Staff, Detroit 2. Michigan. GENERAL MOTORS THE TECHNOGRAPH DOW is tomorrow-minded A chemist, with his mind on his own specialty exclu- sively, might say: "The chief raw materials for Dow products are sea water, brine, petroleum, coal, oyster shells." Up to a point he would be right. But in fact he would be overlooking the most important ingredient of all — people of a certain exceptional kind and quality of mind. Let's look at a quick profile of the kind of person Dow looks for. His mind and ambitions are not Umited by the dimensions of the job he is doing. His horizons take in tomorrow, while he does his job well today. Problems appear to him in a dynamic context of both today and tomorrow. The "big picture" is not just a cynical phrase to him. This broader view makes him plan well — for his family as well as for his job. As the phrase goes, he is "a good provider." He owns his own car. Chances are he owns his own home. Along with some 80,000 others he has invested in Dow stock because he believes in his company and wants to back up that belief with cash. He is a builder at work or in liis community. He gets a kick out of creating new things. Such products as Saran Wrap*, Separan* for the mining industry, the new fiber Zefran*, and others. Making things that do some important job for the human community, better than it has ever been done before, gives him a real thrill. Not everyone who works for Dow, whether at Midland or the other 23 United States locations (plus 23 foreign and 5 Canadian), fits this profile. But by and large most of those who do well tend to. Though they have more than their share of "creative discontent," they have found a good place to grow, and work out their hopes, plans and ambitions. If you would like to know more about the Dow oppor- tunity, please write: Director of College Relations, Department 2427FW, the dow chemical company, Midland, Michigan. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY • MIDLAND, MICHIOAN NOVEMBER, 1959 Leonardo da Vinci... on experiments I shall hegin by making some experiments before I pro- ceed any further; for it is my intention first to consult experience and llien sfiow by reasoning wliy that experi- ence was bound to turn out as it did. Tliis. in fact, is the true rule by which the student of natural effects must pro- ceed: although nature starts from reason and ends willi experience, it is necessary for us to proceed the other %vay around, thai is — as I said above — begin willi experience and with its help seek the reason. Experience never errs; what alone may err is our judg- ment, which predicts effects that cannot be produced in our experiments. Given a cause, what follows will of necessity be its true effect, unless some external obstacle intervenes. When that happens, the effect that would have resulted from the cause will reflect the nature of the obstacle in the same proportion as the obstacle is more or less powerful than the cause." -'Notebooks, circa 1500 THE RAND CORPORATION, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA A nonprodi organization engaged in research on problems relalcd lo national security and the public interest 10 THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Editor's Desk To the Seniors . . . On this campus in years past there were many traditions. The bench at the southwest corner of the Union Building was for Seniors only. It was a privilege reserved for those who hod gone through registration week for three years and had come back for more. They hod sweated their hour exams and probably done poorly on some of them, but at least they were still around. No one knows better than on engineer the work that lies behind a person in his senior year, and he should also realize the work that lies ahead. He soon finds that the senior year is more hurried than ever. But while all the seniors seem to be working as hard as each other and striving for the same ultimate goal, they lack something best described as espirit de corps. I speak of a feeling for their fellow classmates as well as the school which has given them as much education as they are willing to obtain. There used to be another tradition on this campus. Every male student would say hello to every other male student, regardless of whether he knew him. Obviously, with the growth of our campus this is impossible; however, the engi- neering campus could incorporate something of this nature. Another idea is that of a special shirt or hat for the seniors. If this seems silly, then look at the U. S. Army which has as standard a uniform as could ever be wished on a person, and yet some students wear parts of it to class (and rather proudly I suspect). The solution to the problem may be something much simpler. Forget the whole idea. "We're seniors. We'll be out soon, so why bother?" The point is just that. We will be out soon, and what have we got to show for it besides the ability to analyze an engineering problem? Industry is looking for a person with a touch of the "gung-ho" in him, and the willingness to let it show. Why not let it show now, while you are in with a group of men who are doing and wanting the same things you are? Let it show some, and you as well OS the school will benefit by it. -WDP NOVEMBER, 1959 11 Phillips Petroleum Offers Outstanding Career Opportunities in the Field of Your Choice Phillips Petroleum Company is one of America's largest and most widely diversified producers of petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids and petrochemicals. Having recently completed a billion-dollar expansion program, Phillips is now entering a new period of growth. Phillips is a research and engi- neering-minded company, where one out of every eight employees is a technical graduate! These men are working on such broadly diver- sified projects as synthetic rubber, atomic energy, fertilizer, rocket fuels, plastics and new processes for improved motor fuels, lubricants and other petroleum jjroducts. Other Phillips scientists and en- gineers are specializing in the fields of geology, geophysics, computer programming, market develop- ment, refinery production and pipe- line construction. Phillips policy of promotion and transfer from within is creating op- portunities for young engineers and scientists who will be our key men of tomorrow. Write today to our Technical Man- power Division for our latest bro- chure . . . and when the Phillips Rep- resentative visits your campus be sure to arrange for an interview through your Placement Office. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY Bartlesville • Oklahoma 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH An Announcement of Importance to Engineering and Physical Science Majors Lockheed Missiles and Space Division is engaged in a broad spectrum of scientific exploration. The Division has complete capability in more than 40 areas of technology — from concept to operation. Diversity of the work areas is typified by the programs in such fields as: magnetohydrodynamics; space medicine; oceanography; sonics; propulsion and exotic fuels; metallurgy; advanced systems research; manned space vehicles; reconnaissance; optics and infrared; electromagnetic wave propa- gation and radiation; electronics; physics; chemistry; mathematics; computer design; aero and thermo dynamics; test; design and operations research and analysis. PROJECTS — Current major projects include the Navy polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile; the discoverer program; midas and samos; Air Force 0-5 and X-7 and the Army kingfisher. Project midas is an early warning infrared system against ballistic missile attacks, based on the use of satellites. Project samos is designed for the development of an advanced satellite reconnais- sance system. Discoverer, midas, and samos are programs of the Advanced Research Projects Agency under the direction of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division with Lockheed as systems manager. LOCATIONS —You have a selection of two of the choicest living areas in the country at Lockheed. Headquarters for the Division are at Sunnyvale, Cali- fornia, on the San Francisco Peninsula. Research and development facilities are located in the Stanford Industrial Park in Palo Alto and at Van Nuys, in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. Testing is conducted at Santa Cruz and Vandenberg AFB, California; Cape Canaveral, Florida; and Alamogordo, New Mexico. Together, the Division's facilities occupy more than two million, six hundred thousand square feet of laboratory, engineering, manufacturing and office space and provide the latest in technical equipment, including one of the most modern computing centers in the world. OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCED EDUCATION - For those who desire to continue their education and secure advanced degrees Lockheed maintains two programs. The Graduate Study Program permits selected engineers and scientists to obtain advanced degrees at the company's expense while working part time at Lockheed. The Tuition Reimbursement Plan remits fifty per cent of the tuition for approved evening courses for salaried employees who are working full time. For Information regarding career opportunities at Lockheed, please write Professional Placement Staff, Dept. K-96, Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, 962 West El Camino Real, Sunnyvale, California, or see your Placement Director for date of Lockheed campus visit. Lockheed MISSILES AND SPACE DIVISION SUNNYVALE, PALO ALTO, VAN NUYS, SANTA CRUZ, SANTA MARIA, CALIFORNIA CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA • ALAMOGORDO, NEW MEXICO • HAWAII NOVEMBER, 1959 13 Westinghouse is the best place for talented engineers 1^ J • •• • •• lyl > • •• • •• |K, ^ J • - ^H^B^S' ' ' ' • • • • • JH^E* ' HHIHiiiHt' ' w '^^b'--- Jlp - ■ /^ c Westinghouse i athematici; goutsolutK Moffat and Dr nsfer Richard Durstine checl< on an electronic forthe company's Atomic Power Di\ The Mathematics Department helps you to use high-speed computers to solve your problem The Mathematics Department helps Westinghouse engineers take advantage of modern methods of mathe- matics and new develoijments in this field. If new tech- niques are needed to use a digital computer for solving an engineer's problem, these men will develop them. This department, the second of its kind in American industry, is staffed by 15 Ph.D.'s, 3 M.S.'s, and 6 B.S. mathematicians. Among other accomplishments, it is credited with developing OPCON, an electronic brain for optimizing control of proce.ssing systems. OPCON won for Westinghouse the 1958 Industrial Science Achievement Award of the A.A.A.S. Supporting the work of about 150 other mathemati- cians with operating divisions, the Mathematics Dept. is actively studying industrial logistics (called OR or Operations Research by some), fatigue of metals (pio- neering work using statistical techniques), equipment and system design, and a variety of other challenging problems. The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to 14 know all of the answers. Our work is often too advanced for that. Each man's work is backed up by specialists — like the men in this Mathematics Dept. Even tough problems are easier to solve with this kind of help. If you've ambition and real ability, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportuni- ties for talented engineers. Want more information? Write to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Dept., Ardmore & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pa. you CAN BE SURE... IF ITS Westinghouse WATCH WESTINGHOUSE LUCILLE BALL DESI ARNAZ SHOWS CBSTV FRIDAYS THE TECHNOGRAPH ■^rs^zr. New products create more good jobs at Du Pont HOW LONG WILL IT STAY BRIGHT AND SHINY? That depends, for the most part, on its finish. The most dazzling cars on the mad today wear gleaming coats of Du Pont "Lucite"* acrylic lacquer. For "Lucite" stays bright and beautiful three times longer than the best conventional finishes. Like hundreds of other products de- veloped through Du Pont research, "Lucite" has created all kinds of new jobs. Jobs in the laboratory. Jobs in production. And jobs in sales and marketing. Good jobs that have contributed su])stantially to the growth of Du Pont and the prosperity of our country. It's an old story. But it's truer today than ever. For the very nature of our busi- ness makes research pay off, giving us the courage to "obsolete" products when better ones are found. This is probably why our sales have increased more than tenfold dur- ing the last twenty-five years. And for every dollar we have spent on research during these years, we have been able to invest three in new production facilities. What does all this have to do with you? ^"Lucile" is Du Pout's registered trade For qualified bachelors, masters, doctors, career ojiportunities are greater today at Du Pont liian ever before. There is an in- teresting 1! I Pont future for metallurgists, pliNsicists. mathematicians, electrical and mechanical engineers, and other technical specialists, as well as for chemists and chem- ical engineers. You probably won't discover a "Lucite." nylon or neoprene, or develop a revolu- tionary new process, your first year. No- body expects you to. But you will be given responsibility from the very start, along with training that is personalized to fit your interests and special abilities. Our advance- ment ])olicies are based on the conviction that you should work at or near the top of your ability. For as you grow, so do we. If you would like to know more about career opportunities at Du Pont, ask your placement officer for literature. Or write E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), 2420 Nemours Building. Wilmington ''I!. Delaware. t BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING . . . THROUGH CHEfMSTRt NOVEMBER, 1959 15 ''■'j:^--m' Ceramics and Nuclear Engineering By Jim Blome There is a great need for new mater- ials that can he used in atomic reactors. These materials must be capahle of withstanding not only high tempera- tures, but also corrosive environments and radiation damage. A few of the ceramic materials that have been used for this work will be discus.sed along with the problems that arise from their use. There are a \ ariet\ of special condi- tions on materials used in the construc- tion of a reactor. The core of a thermal reactor must be made up of elements having a low probabilitv for capturing neutrons. The bulk of the core must be of light elements in order to slow down the neutrons for the atomic reaction. This eliminates most of the elements from consideration. The control rod which is inserted in the core must hi- made of elements ha\ing high neutron capture probabilities. The particle shield which is around the core must absorb neutrons without the emission of gamma radiation. The radiation shield which goes around the particle shield must be \ery dense to absorb the harmfid radia- tion that is emitted. The effects of bombardment of fission products, neutrons, beta particles and gamma radiation, called radiation dam- age, place still another big restiiction on the material that is to be used in the construction of reactors. Extracting the heat which is produced in the reactor is done via a coolant which gi\es rise to corrosion problems ne\er thought of at normal tempera- tures. The ceramists and metallurgists ha\e done a remarkable job in meeting the difficult materials requirements of re- actors. Oak Ridge 1 wo t\ pes of research reactors are operated at Oak Ridge National Lab- oratory. One is a graphite moderated, air-cooled, natural uranium reactor; the second is a water-cooled and moderated, enriched uranium reactor. The graphite reactor was first built as a pilot plant for the Hanford plant, but since 1944 has been used as a re- search reactor. There are three ceramic materials used in this reactor: graphite, concrete and glass (in the form of glass wool). Together they make up the bulk of the reactor. The size of the graphite core is 24x 24x24 ft., and is entirely surrounded by a concrete shield seven feet thick. The graphite is fitted together from blocks 4\4x48 in. in size which are keyed to prevent shifting. About 600 tons of graphite are built into the I'eactor. The shield is composed of three layers of concrete ; a one foot thick wall of stand- ard concrete on the inside and outside and the five feet in the center which is filled with a special concrete containing bar\tes to increase the density, thus mak- ing the shield more effective in absorb- ing gamma rays. The concrete also con- tains haydite ( an expanded clay ma- terial) to give the structure a high water content and thus make the shield more effective. The water has the property' of absorbing neutrons. The mass of urani- um in the reactor is 54 tons and is formed into cjlinders commonly called slugs. These slugs are 1.1 in. in diameter by 4 in. long and are enclosed in akuii- inum jackets. The aluminum "can" is to prevent oxidation of the uranium. Approximately 90,000 c.f.m. of cool- ing air is filtered through coarse glass wool filters and through channels in the graphite. After flowing through the channels and thus removing the fission heat from the uranium slugs, the air is taken through a long duct of concrete to a filter house. Here the air is filtered again through glass wool fibers and special paper filters which remo\e all particles above one micron in diameter. This process is very important since some of the slugs rupture and put radio- active fission products in the air. The air is drawn from the filter house by two 900 h.p. centrifugal compressors and is discharged at the top of a 200 ft. stack. The stack is necessary because of radioacti\ity in the cooling gases. The radioactive part of the gas is largeh' Argon-41. Fortunately, this does not have a verv long half life (about 100 Ceramic systems are being considered as fuel element material here at Atomics International, a division of North American Aviation, Inc. minutes) and the radioactivity decays before the gases reach the ground level. Another factor which limits the kind of material that can be used in reactors is radiation. In some ceramic materials the low temperature thermal conductiv- it\' is appreciably decreased by radiation. Nearh' all of the electroiu'c properties of the nonmetals are altered b\' bom- bardment of fission products. Although the present state of know- ledge in the field of radiation damage makes it hard to give a complete pic- ture of the best materials to use, t\vo things seem to be most important in radiation stability. The most stable ma- terials are those which are ionic and which have a high symmetry. Experi- ence with graphite indicates that, if it is necessary to use anisotropic materials, the best results will be obtained with small particle sizes and a mininuim of preferred orientation. Urania In xiew of the fact that lU). is a very important ceramic material used in reactors, a short summary of some of its physical and chemical properties will now be discussed. Uranium dioxide has been used as a reactor material for fuel elements both in bulk and granular forms. Uranium dioxide is a dark brown material in powder fomi. Its crystal structure is the face centered cubic CaF.^ type, the uranium ions occupying corners and faces. The melting point of UO., is stated b\' most investigators to be about 2800"C and sintering has been noted at temper- atures as low as 1400"C. Some furnace walls, after sintering, ha\e been colored and radioactive, indicating the volatility of UO3. If Be(^ is present it becomes even more volatile. Some of the chemical reactions with in'anium that have been noted are: With Carbon— UC,; UX, With H\drogen — No reaction up to melting point. With Oxygen— UO.,; U,0,; U,0- ; u.o,; u.A With Oxides — Solid solutions with ThO, .<^ ZrO, With Silicon — USi., With Aluminum— UAl,; UAl, With Columbium — Solid Solution at 1000"C containing an unknown phase. Urania is formed into many shapes by NOVEMBER, 1959 17 such ceramic tabricatintj processes as: cold pressing, slip casting, extrusion, and hot pressing. Urania bars and pellets, for example, are made by pressing L (^_. pouiler plus a tew per cent dextrose or wax hinder in a steel die at 10, 000 psi. All i)t these forming methods are com- mon to the ceramic industry and much u'ork has been done h\ cer.uuists on nuclear fuel. Crucibles, cylinders and other hollow thill wall shapes are made by slip cast- ing a water-urania mixture, plus HCl as a deHocculant, in an ordinary plaster mold. This method of forming ceramic materials has been used hy manufactur- ers for many years, although different deHocculating chemicals ma\ he used in different casting slips. Refractories In the rcictors which use uranium as a fuel there is a need for special shaped fuel components. Some of the refrac- tories which have been used for casting and melting this metal are Magnesium ( )xide. Calcium Oxide, Thorium Oxide and .'Muminum (^xide. These special molds anil crucibles are formed by slip casting and dry pressing, just as are many other ceramic products. In slip casting alumina, a very fine powder of it is used along with benton- ite, ball clay and distilled water. A one- eighth inch wall thickness can be at- tained in about one minute in a plaster mold. Alumina can also be dry pressed using a modified polyethylene glycol or binder. Some ceramic bodies which are made for nuclear applications need special consideration in their preparation. Bodies made of urani.-i nuist be fired in a partial vacuum oi' in some other inert gas atmosphere, because urania upon heating in the presence of oxygen con- verts to U.|0,i causing a destructive vol- ume increase. It has been found that bodies containing 30 percent urania and 711 iH-r cent thoria (by weight) can be fired in the air by adding U..O„ to the thoria, thus producing a solid solution, with, no flagrant \olume change. This product has become more popular he- cause of the ease of firing. A higher temperature reactor has been proposed using more ceramic ma- terials. This reactoi' would make for more efficient production of power. W^th the fuel, moderator and breeder planket in ceramic form and gas as a coolant this reactor could operate at higher temperatures and could be more efficient according to the Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle asserts that the effici- ency of a heat engine is increased if the spread between the temperatures of the incoming and outgoing gases can be in- creased. The high temperatures attain- able (above 1000°C) in a ceramic re- actor would make this increase in effici- ency possible. Applications It IS saul that much of our nations electrical supply will soon come from atomic energy. This is especially prob- able in regions where there is little nat- ural supply of power like water or coal. Atomic power plants today pro\ ide light for the homes of less than 2iH).- 000 Americans. In three years, how- ever, that total should soar to about 2,000,000. It has been predicted that 20 per cent of our electrical power will come from nuclear sources by 1980. i)n July 21, the first American-built nuclear-powered merchant ship was Physical ceramists at Atomics Interna- tional investigate inter-particle rela- tionships of refractory oxides. christened at Camden, X.J. and there are others now in the building stage. Nuclear power has also made history in the able hands of the United States Navy. There is no other source of power that could have driven a sub- marine thousands of miles uiuler the polar ice cap. By 1962, the Air Force hopes to have nuclear-powered airplanes and a few years later commercial planes of this type may be in the test stage. Mines being worked with nuclear power equipment and trains of nuclear design have been predicted bv the mid- dle 1960s. Ceramics will ha\ e a strategic role in power reactors of many types in years to come. There will be many problems iiuolved in adapting ceramic materials to the various conditions under which they will be used in nuclear reactors but, if progress in this field continues as it has. these problems will be taken in stride. Main Research Building at Oak Ridge National Laboratory THE TECHNOGRAPH HOW FORGED PARTS help airplanes haul bigger payloads In ail airliner, every pound of weight saved is worth hundreds of dollars ... in revenue-making payload. And in military aircraft, pounds saved mean added miles-per-hour ... or added load carried. In commercial products . . . trucks, cars, materials-handling equipment . . . the pounds of dead weight you eliminate by using forgings make money year-after-year for the operator. The forging process lets you put the metal exactly where you need it to carry the load, withstand shock or vibration, endure torsion. And with not a surplus ounce of non-working weight going along just for the ride. Forged parts are the designer's friend . . . strong where strength is needeti. lowest in weight, twice-worked by original rolling of the best metals plus the hammer blows or high pressures of the forging process. \^ rite for literature to help you specify, design, and procure forged parts. ■ ' ' I II — Drop Forging Association • Cleveland 13, Ohio Sames of sponsoring companies on request to this magazir NOVEMBER, 1959 19 ELECTRIC SPACE VEHICLE Hypolhetical Model 1 Nuclear Reactor 2 Propellant 3 Turbo-Generator 4 Radiator 5 Crew Cabin for 6 Landing Croft Lengtii: 600 feet Weight: 350,000 lbs. Power: 12,600 KW Thrust: 58 lbs. MASTERY OVER NASA's space efforts are directed toward two specific ob- jectives. First, to make it possible for man to achieve the same mastery over space he has aheady secured in every other region he has attempted to make his own ... on the surface of the earth, under it, or in the air above it. Second, to free man from one additional element of intel- lectual bondage— that is, to gain for all mankind additional knowledge about the cosmos. To accomplish these objectives NASA's broadly conceived programs encompass intensive work in the following areas: Scientific investigations in space by means of sounding rockets, scientific satellites, lunar probes, deep space probes. Research and development of spacecraft, missiles and aircraft. Meteorological and communications satellite systems. Space operations technology — Project Mercury and space rendezvous techniques. Space propulsion research, including solid propellant rockets, high energy propellant rockets, lV2-rnillion-poimd- Ihrust single-chamber rocket engine, nuclear and electric rocket engines. Orbiting space laboratories. Scientists and Engineers: Career opportunities for graduates at NASA ore as unlimited as the scope of odd nquiry to the I Director of any of the your Mowing NASA research centers: Langley Reseorch Center Hampton, Virginia Ames Research Center Mountain View, California Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio High-Speed Flight Station Edwards, California Goddard Space Flight Center 4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W. Washington 25, D. C. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH MATHEMATICS FOR THE SPACE AGE By Dean H. L. Wakeland (^n October 4, 1957, a new age was born when tbe Russian satellite Sput- nik orbited the earth and shocked many Americans into the realization that Rus- sia's space technology had not only equaled but surpassed American space technology. Immediately cries rang from all corners of the United States for the causes of our failure in the space pro- gram. One area which was immediately singled out as a great weakness was our educational system. More emphasis was placed on mathematics and science in education than ever before. However, the high schools in the State of Illinois were several years ahead of the space program in their planning for better mathematics pro- grams. In 1950 the College of Engineer- ing proposed a change in the mathe- matics requirements for entrance into college and the Illinois high schools im- mediately began to upgrade their mathe- matics programs. A brief review of en- trance credits presented by the freshmen in the College of Engineering from the years 1952 through 1959 indicates the planning and achie\ement made by Illi- nois high schools. Freshmen in the College of Engin-er- ing come primarily from Illinois high schools and therefore the entrance cred- its they present indicate the college preparation available in Illinois. In 1950 the mathematics entrance require- ments for the College of Engineering were one and one-half years of algebra, one year of plane geometry, and one- half year of solid geometry. At that time approximately sixty per cent of all entering freshmen met these require- ments. In ]95.'i the College of Engineer- ing raised its mathematics requirements to two years of algebra, one year of plane geometry, one-half year of solid geometry, and one-half year of trigo- nometry. In 1956 the one-half year of solid geometry was dropped as a re- quirement in hopes that high school stu- dents woidd replace solid geometry w ith the study of advanced mathematics. Suice the latest change in 19S6 the en- trance requirements li,i\e remained at three and one-half years of high school mathematics. The response of the Illinois high schools to this upgrading of college en- trance requirements has been extremely gratifying. The graph below indicates the continued improvement in the prep- aration of high school students. In 1952 only 47% of the students entered with three and one-half years of mathe- matics including trigonometry. That figure has now risen to 82.2% and con- tinues to rise each year. An even sharp- er contrast is shown in the comparison of students having had four years of high school mathematics. In 1952 only 27 '"f of the freshman class had four years of high school mathematics, where- as, in 1959, 70% had four years of high school mathematics. Illinois high schools have also added college level courses to their offerings during the past ten years. In 1952 only a few of the engineering freshmen pre- sented college credit in algebra or trigo- nometry, but in 1959 nearly 15C,' of the class did so. In addition, an increas- ingly larger niimber of students are en- tering the College of Engineering each year with college credit in analytic ge- ometry and integral or differential cal- culus. In 1959 twent\-six engineering freshmen were placed in the first course in calculus and 5 in the second course in calculus. The alumnus who complains "stu- dents aren't as good as when I was here " would be enlightened if he were to review the statistics of each new in- coming cla.s.s. The quality of the engi- neering freshmen class continues to im- prove each year. In 1952, 59%) of the incoming freshmen came from the upper thirty per cent of the high school class, whereas, in 1959, 66% came from the upper thirty per cent. Likewise, the En- gineering freshmen in IQSO oftVred more entrance credits in areas other than mathematics than any class before them. It seems that enguieermg freshmen can alw.us luiil ui,in\ thmgs to he cor- rected in the high school from which they came, but seldom do they realize the good points of their high school background. The high schools in the State of Illinois are to be commended for their high standards and continued progress in making their mathematics program one of the strongest in the na- tion. Studies and improvement pro- grams are being carried out in other educational areas and a comparison might show similar progress. The College of Engineering is again studying its entrance requirements in areas other than mathematics and there is a possibility that other entrance re- qiurements will be changed in the fu- ture. The fundamentals of mathematics as in any other educational area, have not been changed by the so called "Space Age," but the excellence re- quired in educational areas is definitely higher than ever before. Illinois' high schools not only have realized this fact but had instrumented programs to meet their new challenge before Sputnik was fired. 00 . — 70 ^ / ' ^ / / / 20 lO 1952 '53 '54 55 56 57 58 59 Year of er^france Percent of the Engineering Freshman Class presenting Sli years of high school mathematics. NOVEMBER, 1959 21 Best mdwidua/ effort. . . AEROPHVSICS STRUCTURES & WTS. m^ OPERATIONS RES. ^9 w •♦ . . . oesf combmafwn ofmeas At Convair-Fort Worth, you'll find a new outlook ... a new perspective in the engi- neering organization . . . one whose objective is to provide a framework from which each engineer can contribute his best individual effort toward achieving the best combination of ideas. This is one reason why so many experienced, well-trained men with creative ability and inquiring minds are taking a close look at the advantages of joining a team whose advanced thinking is so vividly portrayed by the all-new B-58, America's first and fastest supersonic bomber. Living in Fort Worth has its advantages, too. There is no state income or sales tax, ade- quate housing in all price ranges, no com- muting problem. Descriptive literature will be supplied on request, or send a complete res- ume' of your training and experience for care- ful evaluation by engineers in the areas best suited to your qualifications. To be assured of prompt attention and strict confidence, address your inquiry to P. O. Box 748C. CONVAIR-FORT WORTH A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH How to advance through lateral movement THE LATERAL PASS is a perfect example of how to get ahead by first going sideways. And lateral move- ment is a philosophy we use at Koppers. Here's how it works. Let's say you're a new employee at Koppers. We give you a specific assignment. You find it exciting, challenging. You do a good job. But do we leave you there? Not at all. Once you understand the products and the function of that particular operation, we try you on a different assignment. Here, again, you'll find the work new and stimulating. You'll never be buried at Koppers. You'll never stand still intellectually. Moving from one operation to an- other, you'll move ahead. Your assignment won't be to learn just a job, but a vast, diversified corporation. Your compensation? Advancement, responsibility, success. Your youth won't be held against you. Neither will short tenure. If you have the ability and the desire to get ahead, you'll move fast! Our system of continuous ap- praisal and evaluation is your guarantee of that. Koppers is so widely diversified that you can almost name your job. Want to work with chemicals, jet-engine sound control, plastics, sintering plants, wood preserva- tives, road surfacing materials, electrostatic precipi- tators? Interested in research? Production? Sales? These are only a few of the fascinating opportunities at Koppers. Why not find out how you can fit into the Koppers picture? Write to the Manager of Manpower Planning, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania. Or, see your College Placement Director and arrange an appointment with a Koppers representative for the next recruiting visit. K O P P E NOVEMBER, 1959 23 Since its inception nearly 23 years ago, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has given the free world its first tactical guided mis- sile system, its first earth satellite, and its first lunar probe. In the future, under the direction of the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration, pioneering on the space fron- YOUR TASK FOR THE FUTURE tier will advance at an accelerated rate. The preliminary instrument explora- tions that have already been made only seem to define how much there is yet to be learned. During the next few years, payloads will become larger, trajectories will become more precise, and distances covered will become greater. Inspections will be made of the moon and the plan- ets and of the vast distances of inter- planetary space; hard and soft landings will be made in preparation for the time when man at last sets foot on new worlds. In this program, the task of JPL is to gather new information for a better un- derstanding of the World and Universe. "We do these things because of the unquenchable curiosity of Man. The scientist is continually asking himself questions and then setting out to find the answers. In the course of getting these answers, he has provided practical benefits to man that have sometimes surprised even the scientist. "Who eon tell what we will find when we get fo (he planets? Who, at this present time, can predict what potential benefits to man exist in this enterprise ? No one can soy wjfh any accu- racy what we will find as we fly farther away from the eartht first with instruments, then with man. It seems to me that we ore obligated to do these things, as human beings'.' DR. W. H. PICKERING, Director, JPL CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JET PROPULSION LABORATORY A Research Facility operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Employment opportunities for Engineers and Scientists interesled in basic and applied research in these fields: INFRA-RED • OPTICS • MICROWAVE • SERVOMECHANISMS • COMPUTERS • LIQUID AND SOLID PROPULSION • ENGINEERING MECHANICS STRUCTURES • CHEMISTRY • INSTRUMENTATION • MATHEMATICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS Send professional resume for our immediate consideraiion. Interviews may be arranged on Campus or of fhe Laboralory. 24 THE TECHNOGRAPH Tau Beta Pi Essay LANGUAGE and LEADERSHIP By Tom Gabbard As till" woiKI grows siiialk-r, the op- portunities for United States industries to exploit the world's resources are be- coming increasingly advantageous. Many industries have already taken the giant step into world-wide operations. The oil industry is a prime example. In respense to these new opportunities, our oil industries have established oper- ations in South America, Africa, and Asia. This movement abroad lias created a great demand for engineers who are willing to work in these foreign lands. Howe\er, the supply of men who are qualified to take these jobs has been very limited. The limitation is the in- ability of American Engineers to speak another language. It is well past the time to remedy this situation. Until high schools begin to fulfill this need more satisfactorily, our universities need to install an effective program to teach our engineers how to speak to the na- tionals of other lands. In all of the educated foreign coun- tries of today there is some program of dual language instruction. Many young students learn to speak two or three languages before they are even in high school. This accomplishment seems like a miracle to us. However, the achievement is very real. Many Ameri- can educators have realized this fact and are encouraging programs for pri- mary schools. However, these programs are still in the experimental stage. It will he m.inv vears before these schools are turning OLit students who arc bi- lingual. I met a good example of just what we should strive for when I visit- ed Brazil last summer. I stopped a young man of about fourteen years of age on the street and asked for some assistance. The boy apologized for not being able to speak English very well. He said that he had only been studying it for three months. However, he asked if perhaps I could speak Portuguese, Spanish, or French. I \ery humbly apologized to him and asked him to try his English. If the American uni\crsities iiad men like this yoimg Brazilian for stu- dents, they would have no problem. As it is, we are not likely ever to approach this criterion for many years. The uni- versities must revise their curriculum in order to satisfy this crying need. It may be hard for many people who have never thought of traveling abroad to realize that this problem is important. However, these people will one day be awakened. Two of this country's most eminent engineers visited Paris this sum- mer for a world conference and were brought face to face with this \ery problem. Since the conference was held in France, it was assumed by everyone except our engineers that the official language would be French. As the con- ference progressed, it became apparent to everyone that these two men were being left completely out of the discus- sion. When this situation was discov- ered, the ofHcial language was changed to English. This unfortunate situation caused a great deal of embarrassment for our representatives. Similar situa- tions may also cause much ill feeling toward our coimtry. In many of our universities, the engi- neering students waste much time each semester taking sun'ey courses that are of little \alue to them. This time could be spent in learning to speak foreign languages. With the new techniques for training that have been developed, a student should have no difficulty in learning a language well while in col- lege. Such a program wovdd lend em- phasis to the programs of the secondary and primary schools. Students in col- lege preparatory curricula would realize the need to increase their talents. The engineer of today must be a man of many talents. He is being called into the fields of management, of sales, of administration, and of leadership. As life becomes increasingly mechanized and work becomes increasingly techni- cal, the leadership is going to become the most important aspect of the profes- sion. If the engineer is not fully cap- able of meeting this challenge, our coun- try will soon lose its position as the world leader. We can not long retain our position if we cannot .speak to, or understand the customs of, our friendly neighbors. In this age engineering is tantamount to leadership, and leadership is paramount in success. We must pre- pare ourseKes for these responsibilities. NOVEMBER, 1959 25 V TECHNOGRAPH LAUNCHES SATELLITE As Recorded by George Carruthers On October 21, 1939, nienibcis of the rcrhnot/raph staff, in cooperation with the college of engineering, placed till- world's first cat-carrying \ehicle, Katnik I, into orbit aroiinil the earth and later brought it back safely. This tremendous achievement was the result of over a year of top-secret work. In fact only a few bearded Cossacks caught the squeal before the Cat's meow was broadcast around the world. Cat lovers were overjoyed although they were at first concerned about putting a cat and dog in the same space. The rocket, built wholly on campus, had a small launching vehicle. This first stage was powered by a new and radical means of propulsion developed at the University of Illinois. A hydro- gen-oxygen-carbon chain produced by means of a catalyst of heat and smoke was bonded in such a manner as to pro- duce a new high energv fuel — H-O-O-C-H. The power of this combination as a propeliant was discovered a few \ears ago by a couple of chem e's doing un- sponsored research. They had decided to keep the results of their experiment se- cret; iio\xever, hearing of the need for such a fuel for the project, they threw tiu'ir caution to tlie v\-ind. During the first test run, the thrust of the Atlas the first stage V^ernier engine used was nearly doubled. The second stage of tiie two-stage vehicle was also powered by a high- en- ergy propellant. However, two full pro- fessors worked on this stage, so a soliil propellant was used. The engine section of the first stage, which was assembled by the aero de- partment, weighed only 100 pounds complete with shell and pumps. This phenomenalh' low figure surprised even tliose who planned the stage. Upon checking, it was found that someone had forgotten to install the engine. This hiked the weight to 175 pounds. About the same time, the question came up as to the t\pe of research to be carried out with tiie proposed satel- lite. A faculty member in the home eco- nomics department suggested inclusion of one of his pastries aboard the satellite so that the University could claim the world's first "pie in the sky." Hou- e\er, this idea was rejected because of lack of space, weight considerations and the added complications necessary to eject the pie into orbit. The biology department suggested an animal experiment for study of space medicine. They thought of using mice. However when a cat wandered into the lab, they changed their minds and sent the cat instead. Besides supplying useful medical data, sending the cat en- abled tile dep.-irtment to resume their e\pei iniciits with rodents. The satellite proper which hoLised the cat was mounted atop the solid-pi;eii, tadeii, and came into focii.s asrain. "Pri- ority, Sir. 1 suggest you alert the phuiet for eventual attack, preparedness comh- tion one — Sir! Did nou }iet nn mes- sage?" "Sorry. ')4, I iiad to |iiug m\ trans- lator in. This blasted Knt^Iish ! Yes, it's ■'s we thought ; the missiles are coming from earth. They're very crude all the same, hardly enough to warrant pre- paredness condition one. Are you sure \'ou're not losing your touch, 14?" "On tile contrary. Sir, niv faculties were never keener. I believe that Mars or the Jupiter moons want us to be- lieve the missiles are from earth. They hope t(i lidl us into complacency, into tile belief we ha\e nothing to fear for a century or two. At an unsuspected moment, they'll disguise their disinte- grator missiles as harmless earth mis- siles and destroN us before we realize the dangei'." ".An interesting possibility 94, but what makes you .so sure the missiles are l.-uiucbed by enemies disguised as earth- men and not by earthmen themselves?" "As you know. Sir, I frequently visit the fraternal organizations on a planet for information. The inhabitants seem more talkative in such an atmosphere. Accordingly, 1 spent an hour in a place called Tony's Cellar Club in one ot the larger cities here on eaith. ' "Yes, yes, 04. (Jet on with it! 1 have an execution scheduled shorth." "\ es. Sir. It was very close ami warm inside, and the light was very bad. The atmosphere was full of smoke from what they called cigarettes. There were three earthlings manipulating musical instruments called a horn, a set of skins, and a bass. The music was appallingly primitive, and the earthlings .seemed to be in a high state of barbaric passion. They swayed, clapped their hands, had glassy eyes, and seemed Inpnoti/ed in general. There were various couples at tables who embraced each othei' pe- riodicalK ui their ardor. 1 assume they still reproiluce their race physically, a sure sign of inferior cultural e\-olution. Also, their language has not progressed to the point we had thought. Vnv in- stance, 1 asked an earthling what the tit'i- of the music was. He told me not to be Mjuare. th.-it it was a session, and that it was real cra/v. Well, Sir, it ap- pears that the earthlings worship insan- it\ , which is what cra/v means. More significantly, I think, I had not as- sumed the geometrical square form, which would imlicate the earthling was lia\ iu'; li;illucinatious." "Is that all, 04 ?" "No, Sir, there's more. 1 his earth- ling asked me if I dug the music. I thought perhaps if I humored Ivni, I could diaw him into my conlulence. I told him 1 didn't because 1 had no sho\el. He laughed loudly, for no ap- parent leasoii, and told me I was a gasser. I must confess I was a little of- fended. We certainly have more humane methods of execution than gas. Well, Sir, he said I fractured him, even though 1 hadn't so much as touched him. He called a few more earthlings over, and said he wanted them to meet a real square. I was a little shaken at this point. I thought perhaps I had inad- vertently assumed the square form. I looked over my entire form, and it was that of an earthling. It seems that they were all metally unbalanced. Sir. He then told me 1 was cool, man, cool. It must have been a rare lucid moment for him, since he recognized my form for that of a man. Well, I told him I wasn't cool at all, on the contrary, I told him 1 was \ery hot. The whole group went into hysterics at this point, probably at some prearranged signal I didn't catch. 1 presiniied they were working theni- seKes into a savage orgy of some sort, so I left and came back to the space sled .ind contacted you. That's all I lia\e to report, Sir." "Very good, 04. It appears quite ob- vious that the earthlings are themselves incapable of developing missiles. No further verification will be necessary in \ lew of the conclusi\eness of this re- port. The phinet's strategic position as ,1 shield tor our enemies poses a serious threat to our ci\ ilization. I will take the appropriate steps now that we know nothing important will be lost. 32 THE TECHNOGRAPH • The small gas turbine is an important aircraft support item used primarily for starting jet engines and providing on-hoard auxiliary power. The high compressed air and shaft outputs for its small size EXCITING FIELD FOR GRADUATI Diversity and strength in a company offer the engineer a key opportunity, for with broad knowl- edge and background your chances for responsibil- ity and advancement are greater. The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its diversification, which you will experience through an orientation program lasting over a period of months, allows you the best chance of finding your most profitable area of interest. Other major fields of interest include: • Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and major supplier of centralized flight data systems and weight mark it as an important power source for common commercial use. AiResearch is the largest producer of lightweight gas turbines, ranging from 30 H.P. to tlie 850 H.P. unit pictured above. S OF INTEREST E ENGINEERS antl other electronic controls and instruments. • Missile Systems — has delivered more accessory power units for missiles than any other company. AiResearch is also working with hydraulic and hot gas control systems for missile accessory power. •Environmental Control Systems — pioneer, leading developer and supplier of aircraft and spacecraft air conditioning and pressurization systems. Should you be interested in a career with The Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your College placement office. For further information write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley... THE /liResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angeles 45, California • Phoenix, Arizona Systems. Packages and Components for: AIRCRAFT. MISSILE. NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS NOVEMBER, 1959 33 %♦ ^-x ^-. -Photos by Dave Yates Technocutie . . . JUDY COSME 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH Techiiograph's November Technocutie is :i liiil that likes to go to Kani's jam sessions ami one tliat uoiiid like to learn more of the songs here on campus. Jiul\ Cosme. a freshman in Home Kconomics, thinks |iarties are fun. Also high on her list of date ideas are going to the movies, out to eat or dancing. (Other things she likes to do are swim and ice skate. Sweater and skirt type dates are best to her thinking. More than ja/.z or Dixieland, rock "n roll is Judy's faxorite type of music. Judy says she doesn't get on the engineering campus much, and that she doesn't know much about engineering. When asked about Einstein's theory of relativity, she re- plied, "What's that?" Perhaps there is an engineer that \\c)uld be willing to explain. The things th.at make a fellow rate with her are clean- sha\en faces and promptness on dates. Jud\' likes men's clothes especialh the new Continental pants that are be- coming popular. She says she has seen some sharp dressers on campus, but not all fellows qualif>'. Sweaters and slacks are the clothes she likes on a fellow. She would rather not see a fellow in Bermudas. This semester Judy is living in LAR. She said she heard about the water-fights U. of I. is famous for and thinks it would be "neat" to ha\e one. Judy's favorite foods are the fattening kind; but she also likes steak, candieil ap|des and pretzels with her favorite beverage. Judy emphatically sa\s that girls are not at college to catch a man. She admits that there may be some who are but that they are the exceptions. Her reasoning is to take into account the number of girls that do graduate and get jobs. Also she feels that if a girl weren't here to go to school, she wouhl take only easy coin\ses and courses that she likes. Jud\ likes school although she thinks it is h.ard. Hecau.se she has ,i hard time writing, freshman rhetoric scores low with her. Typically female. Judy likes the hen sessions at LAR. It is eas\' for hei' to talk study time ;iway. Jud\' would like to date engineers, and she has no |irefer- ences as to type. NOVEMBER, 1959 35 engineers Automatic systems developed by instrumentation engineers allow rapid simultaneous recording of data from many information points. Frequent informal discussions among analytical engineers assure continuous exchange of ideas on related research projects. and what they d) The field has never been broader The challenge has never been greater Engineers at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft today arc concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems— air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types for propulsion in space. Many of these systems are so entirely new in concept that their design and development, and allied research programs, require technical personnel not previously associated with the development of aircraft engines. Where the company was once primarily interested in graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, it now also requires men with degrees in electrical, chemical, and nuclear engineering, and in physics, chemistry, and metallurgy. Included in a wide range of engineering activities open to technically trained graduates at all levels are these four basic fields: ANALYTICAL ENGINEERING Men engaged in this activity are concerned with fundamental investigations in the fields of science or engineering related to the conception of new products. They carry out detailed analyses of ad- vanced flight and space systems and interpret results in terms of practical design applications. They provide basic information which is essential in determining the types of systems that have development potential. DESIGN ENGINEERING The prime requisite here is an active interest in the application of aerodynamics, thermo- dynamics, stress analysis, and principles of machine design to the creation of new flight propulsion systems. Men en- gaged in this activity at P&WA establish the specific per- formance and structural requirements of the new product and design it as a complete working mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING Here men supervise and coordinate fabrication, assembly and laboratory testing of experimental apparatus, system components, and devel- opment engines. They devise test rigs and laboratory setups, specify instrumentation and direct execution of the actual test programs. Responsibility in this phase of the develop- ment program also includes analysis of test data, reporting of results and recommendations for future effort. MATERIALS ENGINEERING Men active in this field at P&WA investigate metals, alloys and other materials under various environmental conditions to determine their usefulness as applied to advanced flight propulsion systems. They devise material testing methods and design special test equipment. They are also responsible for the determina- tion of new fabrication techniques and causes of failures or manufacturing difficulties. Under the close supervision of an engineer, final adjustments are made on a rig for testing an advanced liquid metal system. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft... Exhaustive testing of full-scale rocket engine thrust chambers is carried on at the Florida Research and Development Center. For further information regarding an engineer- ing career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your college placement officer or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, Engineering Department. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Connecticut. PRATT & IMfHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporotion CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL SOUSED for SCIENCE By Jerry Jewett ( )ii Si-ptcmbcr tcnrli, ot tin's \car, three men appeariiii!: tor the I raffic Short Course given b\ the College of Law ill connection with the University of Illinois Traffic Court Safety Confer- ence consumed liquor in the interests of science to demonstrate graphically to the assembled officials the affects of al- cohol on the driver. These men. one a justice ot the peace, forty-two year old judf^e Robert Hrown, another, L. James Strif. a for- mer naval officer and present iuruOr in the College of Law, and Harold Stain- er, a big two-hundred pound reporter for the Decatur Review, sat down be- fore the round of tests to enjoy a lunch of either a hamburger or ham saiul- wich with coffee or milk, .Iflrr litis in less lluiii fifty minutes . the men dr,-ink the previoush' determined amount of liquor. Judge Mrown had lune shots ot nnc- hundred proof bourbon mixed with coke, James Strif drank straight five ounces of one-hundred proof Old (Jrand Dad, and Harold Stainer consumed six cans of beer in the alloted time. Im- meiliatelx' following this, the men were put through a battery of tests given b\ Professor Horkenstein of the Lhiiver- sity of Indiana and State Trooper Wal- ter Ziel. These tests had been admin- istered once before the men began their drinking bout. The tests included a Hiearhali/.er test to measure alcohol in the blood stream, the Canadian Dot 38 test to measure concentration and reac- tion, a depth perception test, and a re- action test which measured reaction speed and errors in decision making. The results of these tests showed that in abilit\' to concentrate. Judge Brown and James Strif deteriorated at the same rate of fifteen per cent, l^rown de- teriorated one-hundred forty-seven per cent in depth perception ; Strif, three- hundred eighty-five per cent; and Stain- er, one-hundred eighty-nine per cent. In glare recovery Judge Brown went down one-hundred forty-five per cent; James Struif, eleven per cent; and Harold Stainer one-hundred eight-nine per cent. However in errors. Brown made one- hundred sixty per cent more after drink- ing; Struif, two-hundred seventy-fi\e per cent more; and Stainer, one-hundred sixty-six per cent more. These tests were designed as a dem- onstration to determine the efficiency of chemical tests, for it was hoped that this information would help the judges, justices of the peace, magistrates, ,uid attorneys to detect people too drunk m dri\e. In this state. ,i person nuivt ha\i' o\er fifteen hundredths per cent alcohol or over fifteen parts of alcohol per ten thousand units of blood to be guilty of drvmken driving. Between five and fifteen hundredths, a person ma\- be ar- rested for drunken driving but convic- tion is hard unless further e\iilence is presented. In addition to determniing the effici- enc\' of chemical tests, this expeiiment also showed that the light social drink- er is more of a inenace than the com- plcteh' drunk individual. Someone with ii\ci fifteen hundredths per cent alcohol in his blood stream may actually be vafer on the road than one less drunk. The completely inebriated person com- pensates for his drunkenness by going very slowly so that other drivers know- he's coming. The person with fewer drinks feels he can do anything and travels at lethal speeds of seventy or eighty miles per hour. These people feel that they are driving better than the\ e\er ha\e before, but really man\' of their decisions may be incorrect e\ en if their reaction time is just as fast. The test proved that the three guinea pigs could make decisions just as rapidly as before drinking, but their percentage of errors increased remarkably after the drinks. These men only had eight hun- dredths per cent of alcohol in their bloodstream ; so although they were not leg.ilh' presumed drunk, they would ha\e been a menace on the highway. Robert Stainer pointed out a tew lit- tle-known fallacies and truths about drinking which the tests pro\ed. For one thing, one shot of one-hundied |iroof whiskev' equals in alcoholic con- tent one twelve ounce can of beer, and a man weighing two hundred pounds can ha\e two drinks for every one a (Continued on Page 40) THE TECHNOGRAPH J Campus-to-Career Case History Bill Burns (far right) reviews a plan for expanding Syracuse's toll-free calling area with some fellow supervisors. He wanted more than "just an engineering job'* William G. Bums majored in Civil Engineering at Union College. But he had his own ideas about his engineering future. ''I wanted a job with a ■growtli' company," he says, ''where I could get diversified experience and have some adminis- trative responsibilities. ' Bill found his "growth' company— and his man- agement o]5portunity. On graduating in June. lUS-i. he started work with the New York Tele- phone Company. Six months of training and job assignments in Albany familiarized him with the Plant, Com- mercial. Accounting and Traffic functions of the telephone business. Then came 18 months as en- gineer in the Long Range Planning Group. In October, 1956. Bill was promoted to Super- vising Engineer. He was transferred to Syracuse in August. 1958, as Supervising Engineer — Fun- damental Plans, with a staff of four engineers and two clerks. In this job, he studies and fore- casts the future telephone needs of customers in a 4800-square-mile area, planning from three to 20 years ahead. He then co-ordinates the develop- ment of plans to meet future needs with the various engineering groups involved. Bill calls it "management engineering." Bill is married, has three youngsters and owns his own home. ''A man has to build his own security," he says, "and finding the right place to do it can be mightv important. Choosing a Bell Telephone career w as the best decision I ever made. I dont know where an ambitious young fellow- can find more or better chances to move ahead in management." 3Iany voung men, with degrees in the sciences, arts, engi- neering or business, are finding interesting and reward- ing careers with the Bell Telephone Companies. Look into career opportunities for you. Talk with the Bell interviewer when he visits your campus. And read the Bell Telephone booklet on file in your Placement Office. BELL TELEPHONE COIVIPANIES NOVEMBER, 1959 39 SOUSED FOR SCIENCE . ronlnui.,! I' I'lun- .>S) (inc liuiulrcil pdiiiul man liii>. 'I'liiis tl-.c ali'dhol rati' In their blood stiTani will he kept I'M'ii. The tests also proved that (Irinkiiii; a (ittli of bourbon in ovfr t\\<-nt\ -lour hours will lca\e a person sober but eonvuniinj; it in sixteen hours (u less will make one drunk. Takinf: one drink an hour, a person's hodx burns the alcohol as fast as it is beinj: absorbed, but takinj; two drinks an hour one is beinji burned up and the other is beijifi stored. I'.atinji before (lrinkin<; will help somewhat because alcohol is .ibsorbed into the blond more quickly on an empty stomach. That one last c\ip of coffee for the "road" will not help .It all. Neither garlic nor oiudns will chanue the effectiveness of the l!reathali/er test. between se\enty to ei.i;ht\ per cent lit the major tiafHc accidents inxoKe .it le.ist one dri\er who has been drinkint; too much. It is felt that the social drink- er, if he realized his potential deadli- iiess, would be more careful about dri\- iny; when he has been drinking. Even tboujjh ()\er fifteen parts of alcohol per ten thousand units of blood indicate conclusively that a driver is drunk, a dri\er with less than this concentration of alcohol may be far more dangerous. System for Safe Flying A new instMinicnt ll\ui^ s\sleiii en • ibles a pilot to judge his altitude, ground speed and compass heading. The sN'steni, demonstrated on ;i heli- copter, promises safe all-weather iKing for airplanes and helicopters. Fast Highway Painter The Delaware .State Highwa\ He partment uses an electronicall\ cmi- trolled highway striping machine that can apply solid, broken or edge line~ at speeds of 12-to-15 miles per hour. Hiiilt into a light truck chassis, the unit car- ries its own supplies of white and yel- low marking paints and reflective glass beads, and can be a|i|ilied by one man. Brain Surgery Will Cut Food Bill Medical researchers are looking for the part of the brain that controls the appetite. If they find it, a surgeon will be able to cut the food bill. Hula Hoop Craze The current world-wide craze for hula hoops — which range in price from around sixty cents to a sophisticated mink-covered hoop for $101) — has put hoop sales to around $35 million, re- ports Chemical Week. Farm Equipment Industry Big Consumer of Iron .A c<)m|).-uati\cl\ new iiiet;il that bridges the gap between steel .and ordi- nar\' cast iron, ductile iron gained a foothold in the farm equipnieut iiidus- tr\- last year when about 12,110(1 tons were consumed. During the current year some 27,()()0 tons ot ductile iron castings will be used in plows, listers, ha\ balers, cotton and corn pickers, li.ii\esters, threshers, small tractors and other farm equipment. The farm equip- ment Held is only one of many in which ductile iron has found widespread use. Ilie materials being replaced by ductile iron in a wide assortment of components include gray iron, pearlitic malleable iron and steel forgings and castings. Ductile iron castings are also being used in original designs which in the past would ha\e been weldments for forgings. Ductile iron is gaining the ascend- ancy over ordinary cast iron especially in the case of rotating parts. With farm machinery being designed to handle ever heavier duties at continually increasing speeds, greater strength and ductility than that offered by gray irons are re- quired. The need for a stronger material at a price much lower than other engi- neering materials of similar strength is being met bv ductile iron. ElVniiyiEEHS New Kind of Missile iv/f/} SECURE YOUR FUTURE NOW with one of the oldest manufacturers of refrigeration in the world. Sft^i^ff^c^ ttecded ^ . , . HOME OFFICE design application development FIELD erection sales distributors To enable you to fill these positions in the fast growing field of commercial refrigeration, Frick Company offers a special training course at the home office. Write for details and applications today. E(SS® J murt ^m^imym HIGGinS IIIK . . carry it with you wherever you go.' Good news lor draftsmen! New HIGGINS AMERICAN INDIA INK Cartridge always feeds the right amount of ink into pens and drawing instruments. No mess, no waste! Compact, rigid, plastic cartridge fits easily in pocket, purse or drafting sets. Stands on table, shelf, desk - won't roll off inclined drafting boards! Most convenient way to fill pens — and so economical! 40 THE TECHNOGRAPH ANOTHER WAY RCA SERVES BUSINESS THROUGH ELECTRONICS RCA Electronics creates the "501" to streamline the paper work of business — it reads, writes, figures and remembers on tape Much of today's traffic jam in paper work is being eliminated by electronic data processing. But to build a system that would be practical and economical for even medium-sized organizations was a job for electronic specialists. To solve the problem, RCA drew on its broad experience in building com- puters for military applications and combed its many laboratories for the latest electronic advances that could help. The result was the RCA "501" high-speed electronic data processing system— the most compact, flexible, and economical ever built. It is a pioneer sys- tem with all-transistor construction for business use. The "501" cuts out paper work bottle- necks for many government agencies and businesses, from stock brokerage firms to public utilities, banks, insurance companies, and steel mills. It "remembers" millions of letters, numbers, and symbols that are "read" onto its magnetic tapes by such things as punch cards and paper tapes. In a fraction of a second, it can do thousands of calculating, sorting, and comparing operations — and checks each step. Finally, it writes such things as bills, re- ports, payrolls in plain English at 72,000 characters per minute. This economical and practical answer to an acute business problem is another way RCA Electronics is helping to sim- plify the growing complexity of business. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA NOVEMBER, 1959 Technograph Launches Satellite . . . (C'nilinunl from Pa^i 2'-)) I'wii niinutfs Liter, tin- countdown IkuI iwyclcil ;in schcilulcd to Wdik in AinciK'a '^ .Atomic liiicrfi)' Program. It will help pump liquid sodium in a breeder reacto'' to be operated by the Arfioiine National Fyaboiatory for the Atomic Energy Ldnmiissioii. To be known as the I'.x- pcrinieiital Breeder Reactor $$ (EBR- II), this reactor will produce electrical power on the Argonne Idaho Divis'on site at the National Reactor Testing Station near Iilaho Fiills, Idaho. The magnet weighs 1720 pounds, and is made of Alnico V material. The overall dimensions of the magnet are 52^ by 36 by 10 inches. It has a gap length of 16j/^ inches and a gap volume of 1584 cubic inches. The magnet was checked in a 3000 hour test at temperatures up to 750 de- grees F prior to its being put into serv- ice at the Argonne National Labora- tory. The huge permanent magnet will help in the pumping of the highly radio- active sodium at elevated temperatures. The pumps operate without moving parts. This is achieved by the interac- tion between a current passing through the sodium at right angles to a strong magnetic field. This interaction pro- duces a force in the sodium when di- rected through a closed piping system serving as a continuous supply of liquid sodium. S I'AII- \1 !■ \|- K'l-i illK'KIl BY THE A( I III t < i\i,l;|.>s , ,[ AfGUST 24, ]■•[ : As .WILMUJi in I UK ACTS OF M.XKl II .i, IV.;,:. .\M) .ILLY 2, 1946 I Title .!'). United States Code, Section 233) SlldWlXr; THE OWNERSHIP, MAN- .M.IC.MliXT, AND CIRCULATION ( If The Illinois Technograph published October, November, December, January, T'ebruarv, March, April and May, at Ur- l.ana, Illinois for October 1, 1959 1. The names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor, and business I'ublishc Illi, 111! II. ill. I'll., isv M.nia!;. Publishing Company, ami,.n^„. Illinois; iiiiMii. Jl.s Civil Engi- 1, lllniM,,; 215 Eneiiu'cring Hall. Trl-ana. Illinois. 3. The owner is: the Illini Publishing; ("dinpany, a non-profit corporation. J. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or hold- ing 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: 4. Paragraphs 3 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder ap- pears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the state- ments in the two paragraphs show the affi- ant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do nut appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide Knj<;cr L. Harrison, Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this liMh ti.iv of October, 1959. (Si- A 1. 1 H. E. York. i\Iv commission expires Dec. 30, 1963) 52 THE TECHNOGRAPH Raytheon Graduate Program FOR STUDY AT HARVARD MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IN 1960-61 lllil-„ ^ hm^- • 1 ^ yu J^^i MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The Raytheon Graduate Program has been established to contribute to the technical development of scientists and engineers at Raytheon. It provides the opportunity to selected persons employed by Raytheon, who are accepted as graduate students by Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology, to pursue at Raytheon's ex- pense, regular courses of study leading to a master's or doctor's degree in science or engineering in the institu- tion of their choice. The Program requires, in general, two or three semesters of study, depending on circumstances, with the summer months spent in the Company's research, engineering, or manufacturing divisions. It includes full tuition, fees, book allowances and a salary while at school. Students are eligible for health, accident, retirement and life insur- ance benefits, annual vacation and other privileges of full-time Raytheon employees. To be considered for the Program, applicants must have a bachelor's degree in science or engineering, and should have outstanding student records, show technical prom- ise, and possess mature personal characteristics. They may apply for admission to the Program in anticipation of becoming employees of Raytheon. YOU ARE INVITED TO ADDRESS YOUR INQUIRY to Dr. Ivan A. Getting, Vice President, Engineering and Research, outlining your technical background, academic record, school preference, and field of interest, prior to December 1, 1959. RAYTHEON COMPANY, Waltham 54, Mass. tMll()h\l\ I\^IIH1I Ol IICIINOIOUY Excellence in Electronics RAYTHEON NOVEMBER, 1959 53 Number Two of q Scr ENGINEERING GRADUATES — YOUR STEPPING «TONES TO SPACE steady acceleration to escape velocity is mandatory to place a space vehicle into success- ful orbit. So too, your career must accelerate. At McDonnell — you alone will determine your rate of ascent. Favorable conditions pre- vail — professional association, counselling, sup- plementary training, rotational assignments — but you are at the controls and must contribute your own technical ability and initiative. You will be bounded only by your own ambitions. Learn more about our company and com- munity by seeing our Engineering Representa- tive when he visits your campus, or, if you prefer, write a brief note to : Raymond F. Kaletta Engineering Employment Supervisor P.O. Box 516, St. Louis 66, Missouri Monitoring a thermal-stress test in the Transient Heat Facihty are Project Mercury staff members. True E. Cousins, BSAE, U. of Kan- sas, '58, on the left, and Eugene G Shifrin, BSME, U. of Iowa, '55. wmwii^ 54 THE TECHNOGRAPH The Campus at Night . . . WHAT THE CAMPUS LOOKS LIKE AFTER THE SHADES ARE DRAWN AND THE CAT PUT OUT NOVEMBER, 1959 55 LOOK FAMILIAR? AT LAST! 56 THE TECHNOGRAPH MIDNIGHT GRIND AT MRH AND AT BEVIER HALL NOVEMBER, 1959 57 POWER PLANT (M.E. 263 PROVING GROUND) 58 THE TECHNOGRAPH E.E. COMEJ THROUGH NOVEMBER, 1959 59 LATE FOR THE GAME 60 THE TECHNOGRAPH Air brake for a spaceliner The earth's atmosphere, one of the biggest obstacles to getting into outer space, can be one of our biggest assets coming back. At Douglas we are investigating how we can use its braking effects on rockets returning from deep space trips at far faster than ICBM speeds. Success will allow us to increase payloads by reducing the weight of soft landing systems. This technique also will aid us in pinpointing landing areas. Current reports show real progress. Douglas is engaged in intensive research on every aspect of space planning, from environmental conditions on other planets to the destroyer-sized space ships necessary to get there. We invite qualified engineers and scientists to join us, Write to C. C. LaVene.Box 600-M, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Arthur Shef, Chief, Advanced Design Section, Missiles and Space Sys- tems, irons out a problem with Arthur E. Raymond, ^^ll^l AQ Senior Engineering Vice President of ^wUwLMw MISSILE SYSTEMS ■ SPACE SYSTEMS ■ MILITARY AIRCRAFT ■ JETLINERS ■ CARGO TRANSPORTS ■ AIRCOMB ■ GROUND-HANDLING EQUIPMENT NOVEMBER, 1959 61 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff Sputtered Resistors Make High Component Density Possible Sputtered thin-iilni resistors, toniu'd from refractory metals such as tantalum and titanium, may be one of the more important developments in micromini.i- ture electronics. Such resistors can bf produced on glass or ceramic bases in lines as narrow as 1 mil (0.0(11 inch). spaced 1 mil apart, thus producing ex- tremely high resistance in a small area. Research in sputtering, an old tech- nique in which ionized gas molecules bombard a cathode, dislodging atoms of metal which then redeposit on nearb\ surfaces, has been conducted .it Hell Laboratories for several years. The newly announced miniature re- sistors owe their success to a high pre- cision masking process, which makes it possible to produce the thin films in specifically restricted locations. An ex- pendable copper mask is used for this operation. In producing a resistor, an over-all thin film of copper is first deposited onto the ceramic or glass base, for ex- ample, by sputtering. Then, the desired pattern is etched into the copper siuface by standard photoetching techniques, leaving the bare substrate exposed. Tan- talum, other refractory metals, or elec- trically useful alloys are then deposited onto the etched copper pattern, and the whole \mit placed in an etching bath. The copper with its overlay of tanta- lum is removed, leaving behind only the tantalum which was in direct con- tact with the bare surface. Since the masks are extremch thin, line ilet;iil is possible. Also, since the sputtered ma- terials adhere to the substrate itself, sup- port considerations are not necessary and complex patterns can be produced. "Goer"— New Military Transporter A new type of off-road transport \e- hicle, capable of delivering militar\' s\ip- plies across-country to widely dispersed, fast moving units of the atomic age Army, is being manufactured by Le Tourneau - Westinghouse. The giant rubber tired machine, dvib- beil the "Goer" for its "go-anywhere" mobility, is a strict departure from con- ventional Army trucks and transporters. Instead of following the historic pat- tern of being a military development which might one day be adapted to civilian use, it is essentially a "plow- share hammered into a sword." For the most part, Goer design principles and components have been adapted from those which have given mobility, agilit\' and durability to commercial earthmov- ing machines in the I'nited States since before World War II. The (loer's two- wheel prime mover; articulated, wagon- type electric steering ; high ground clear- ance ; springle.ss suspension, rugged, sim- ple power train ; and six foot-tall r\ib- ber tires are all commoTi to modern earthmoving equipment. Two Goer prototypes — a 3,000-gal- lon fuel tanker and 15-ton cargo carrier negotiated a series of rugged rough-ter- rain problems which proved impossible for a fleet of conventional .Army trucks and transporters. Full\ lo.ided, the Goers climbed slopes, thre.ided their \\A\ between hciulileis, scaled a vertical wall, skimnieil n\er a sand trap, snaked their way through whip-deep nuid pits and topped the whole performance off b\ swimming across an udand lake. New Copper Paste for Screen Printing ■A new method foi' producing printed wiring directly on ceramic basis with- out the use of adhesives has recently been developed by Bell Telephone Lab- oratories. The basis of the new process, which uses standard silk screening tech- m niques for forming the pattern, is a spe- ■ cially formulated copper-bearing paste. I Pillowing the printing of the desired ■ pattern on the ceramic base, the piece ^ is fired in a two-step process, resulting in a clean, durable pattern with ex- cellent electrical characteristics. In present methods of production, a sheet of copper foil is usually bonded to the ceramic or plastic base with an ad- hesive. The desired pattern is then pro- duced by one of several methods usual- h' involving the removal of undesired material. The bond of the copper to the base thus is dependent on the M strength of the adhesive. Often, it fails M during svibsequent processing operations, such as soldering or assembly. With the new process, a paste is pre- _ pared from a finely ground mixture of ■ copper oxide and a special glass frit, ^ blended with a standard silk screen printing vehicle. The paste is used to print the pattern on the ceramic, and the "card" is heat-dried to remove solv- ents. After drying, the card with its pattern is fired in air at 750"C for twenty minutes to burn off the printing vehicle. This operation leaves a non- conducting copper oxide pattern, ready to be reduced to metallic copper. The second firing operation is con- ducted at 850°C for thirty minutes, in a controlled atmosphere containing hy- drogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. The hy- drogen in the atmosphere reduces the copper oxides to metallic copper, while the oxygen prevents reduction of other oxides in the system and promotes good wetting of the glass frit and the cer- ,-unic. Without the ox\gen present, a poor bond residts. Rechargeable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries A versatile selection of compact, re- chargeable, sealed nickel-cadmium cells and batteries designed for battery- operated devices rcqvn'ring high energy has been introduced b\- Hurgess Battery Compan>'. The hermeticalh' sealed construction of the new units, eliminating routine maintenance and the addition of liquids re(|uirecl by earlier nickel-cadmium bat- 62 THE TECHNOGRAPH tcnes, represents a major advance \n seeondary battery technology. Burgess will market individual cells in eight sizes, as well as a range of mul- tiple cell batteries in numerous \olt- ages. The individual cells, rated at 1.2^ \olts. include six button-t\ pe units ranging from a finger-tip sized cell only tour-tenths of an inch in diameter to one slightly larger than a silver dol- lar. Long-lasting single-cell batteries in penliglit (AA) and standard Hashlight battery (I)) sizes also are available. A \irtually unlimited variet\' of nud- tiple cell nickel-cadmium batteries covdd be designed from the cells to fill the widely varying requirements of indus- trial product designers and electronic engineers. Development of a vmique conductive silver wax inter-cell connection makes possible broad flexibilitv for nickel-cad- mium battery designs. A dab of silver wax on the positive and negative sides of each cell permits cells to be connect- ed in series merely by being stacked in a column. The ability of the wax to mold itself to an\' contour between the cells assures a permanent inter-cell con- nection which will not break even under rugged handling. Recharging will restore the new nickel-cadmium batteries to peak operat- ing efficiency hundreds of times. Re- sponse of the cells is eq\ially good to either a slow or fast charge. The nickel- c.idmium batteries are not affected ad- versely bv long idle periods either in a charged or discharged state, and thev' operate in a temperature range of to 1 1 5 degrees F. In tests, engineers have demonstrated how the normal life of nickel-cadmium batteries can be extended manv times by recharging before they discharge more than one-half of their capacity. Winners of Highway Bridge Design Announced .Award winners of the :,^44,()()(l Steel Highway Bridge Design Competition sjionsored by U. S. Steel's American Bridge Division were named. Top winner in the professional classi- hcation was Allan M. Beesing, struc- tural design engineer with James J. MacDonald. Buffalo, X. Y., consulting engineer. He was awarded i'!l.S,(X)ll for his entry. First award in the student classifica- tion went to a joint entry submitted bv' Niels Gimsing and Hans Xyvold of Copenhagen, Denmark. Roth men were students at the Technical University of Denmark. They will share $4,000 for their entry. The competition, conducted under the auspices of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., required en- trants to design a steel bridge to carrv a two-lane crossroad over a modern four-lane highway. It was open to pro- fessional design engineers and college engineering students anvwhere in the vv.H-ld. Winning entries were selected on the basis of originalitv of design, utilization of the properties of steel, economv . and appearance. According to A. J. Paddock, presi- dent of American Bridge Division, the selection of the particular problem fea- tured in the competition is especially ap- propriate to the construction of Amer- ica's 41,()()()-mile interstate and defense highway sv stem over the next 1 5 years. It is estimated that more than one bridge will be required for each mile of the high speed highway network. Beesing's top-award design is a grace- ful welded steel girder structure which bridges, in a single span, a four-lane divided highwav'. The skillful combina- tion of carbon and high strength steels and design innovations permits the abut- ments to be moved back from the shoul- ders and eliminates the need for a centei pier. The Gimsing-Nv void entry is a weld- ed two-span frame bridge designed for mass production and requiring minimum field erection. Construction work is re- duced to a few riveted or bolted con- nections. Four of the 15 awards were made to foreign entries. Two went to student entries, the other two being awarded to professional entries, w It as the consensus of the judges after completing their work that the professional entries were outstanding and indicated that they represented a lot of thought and effort. As for the stu- dent entries, they commented: "futine of bridge design is in good hands. " Thev were siu'prised and delighted at the quality of work turned in by students, one saying, "This is better than I could have done in my college days, which means better students today and speaks well of educational advances." Compact Cathode Ray Tube Produced riu- development of a newlv de- signed, compact "Wamoscope" — a cath- ode ray tube capable of presenting microwave frequency information di- rectlv' on its screen — was annovmced bv' Svlvania Electric Products Inc. Dr. Robert M. Bowie, vice president Sylvania Research Laboratories, said the new tube, which was developed foi' use in advanced electronic systems ap- plications, does not require a solenoid, a bulky focusing structure requiring an external source of electric current. The "Wamoscope" is only slightlv longei' than conventional television picture tubes. The improved "Wamoscope" oper- ates over a frequency range of 2 to 10 kmc, and will be particularly important in high-resolution ralar applications. Dr. Bowie said. The new tube has a signal coupler incorporated within the tube en- velope and "spot ^ize" has been im- proved to 160 lines per inch at the cen- ter of its 10-inch screen. Stainless Steel Pump for Yankee Atomic Electric Plant Shown at W'cstmghou.se Llectric Corporation's atomic equipment depart- ment, a 16,000-pound canned motor pufmp volute is being made for the ^ ankee Atomic Electric Company's l.'!4,0()0-kilowatt nuclear power plant at Rowe, Mass. The finished canned motor pump, which will be hermetical- ly sealed, will be over 11 feet high and will weigh 39,000 pounds. Along with three other units, the canned motor pump, rated at 1600 horsepower, will circidate radioactive water at 496 de- grees F through the nuclear reactor sys- tem at a rate of 23,700 gallons per minute at a system pressure of about 2000 pounds per square inch. There will be an 80-psi pressure rise across the pump. Both the rotor, or rotating part, and stator, or stationary part, of this tvpe of pump are encased, or "can- ned," in metal. Water being circulated Hows through the space between the rotor and the stator, thus acting as a coolant and lubricant. Skin-Diver Patrol Skin diveis p.itrol subm.arine cables of an electric utilitv companv. The divers are able to check the cables at a rate up to two miles per day in depths up to 40 feet and one-half mile per day in deeper water, where decompression is required after 35 minutes' exposure. NOVEMBER, 1959 63 Could this be a picture of you tomorrow? In the fall of 1958, it was Jack Carroll, principal speaker at the opening of Electronic Associ- ates' modern new plant in Long Branch, N.J. Jack Carroll (right) discusses the new equip- ment he has just seen during a visit with Henri Busignies, President of ITT Laborato- ries (center) and Anthony Pregliese, ITT Pub- lic Relations. 64 THE TECHNOGRAPH YOU... An Editor of a Top Engineering Publication ? JACK CARROLL, MANAGING EDITOR OF ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE, ROSE TO A TOP POST IN LESS THAN TEN YEARS Are Jack CarrolVs shoes your size? "If it's scope you want, try keeping on top of every- thing that's hot in electronics," says John M. Carroll, electronics' Managing Editor at McGraw-Hill Pub- lishing Company. A Lehigh B.S. graduate in 1950, Jack has become an industry authority in less than 10 years. "Knowing that the industry itself is looking to your magazine for the word on things is the most stimulating part about it. It's your job to get the thinking of the men behind everything that's new in the field. You work with the top of the profession. What engineer can resist that?" Wrote in College In his senior year at Lehigh, Jack got his first real taste of writing as editor of the college newspaper. He joined McGraw-Hill as editorial assistant on elec- tronics in 1950, took a 17-month "leave" in Korea, then became assistant editor in 1952 and associate editor in '54. "By then I'd got my M.A. in physics at Hofstra on the McGraw-Hill Tuition Refund Plan, where the company pays half the cost. And since I was pro- moted to managing editor in 1957, I've been working after hours on my doctorate in engineering science at N.Y.U. This is an engineer's outfit. You gi-ow right along with your industry at McGraw-Hill," says Jack. "The engineer who chooses a McGraw-Hill career need have no fear of winding up in a corner on one part of one project. You work with the new . . . the experimental . . . the significant. Sitting down with the leaders of your field is part of the job. Your as- signment? Interpreting today's advanced thinking for the rest of your field." McGraw-Hill Tuition Refund Plan All of our editors have the opportunity to continue their education in their chosen fields under the McGraw-Hill Tuition Refund Plan. Physics, econom- ics, aerodynamics, and business management are typi- cal of the courses they may choose. You May Be The Right Man How about wi'iting experience? It helps, but if you like to wi'ite— and engineering is your profession — that's the main thing. Would you like to learn what opportunities McGraw-Hill ofi'ers in your field? Write for "Careers in Publishing At McGraw-Hill." Tell us about your backgi'ound, college r'ecord, outside activities and why you seek a career in engineering journalism. Write to: The Editorial Director, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, New York. McGraw-Hill '''o...° PUBLICATIONS McGR AW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC., 330 WEST 42nd S T RE E T, NK W YO RK 3 6, N. T. NOVEMBER, 1959 65 Cash Prizes! FOR BRAINTEASERS The TECHNOGRAPH will award $5 to each of the winners of the monthly brainteaser contests which will begin with this issue. The winner will be the person who turns in the greatest number of correct answers to the TECHNOGRAPH office in 215 Civil Engineering Hall. If there is a tie, the prize will be given to the entry with the earliest date. The deadline for entries this month is De- cember 10th. 66 THE TECHNOGRAPH BRAIN TEASERS Edited by Steve Dilts A group of airplaiifs is based on a small island. The tank of each plane holds just enough fuel to take it half- way around the world. Any desired amount of fuel can be transferred from the tank of one plane to the tank of an- other while the planes are in flight. The only source of fuel is on the island, and for the purposes of the problem it is as- sumed that there is no time lost in re- fueling either in the air or on the ground. What is the smallest number of planes that will insure the flight of one plane around the world on a great cir- cle, assuming that the planes have the same constant groiuid speed and rate of fuel consumption and that all planes return safely to their island base? What is the radius of the largest cir- cle that can be drawn entirely on the black squares of ;i chessboard with squares that are two inches on a side? «- *. * An amusing parlor trick is performed as follows. Ask spectator A to jot down any three-digit number, and then to re- peat the digits in the same order to make a six-digit number {e.g.. 394,394). With your back turned so that you can- not see the number, ask A to pass the sheet of paper to spectator B, who is re- quested to divide the number by 7. "Don't worry about the remainder," you tell him, "because there won't be any." B is surprised to discover that you are right (e.(/.. 394,394 divided b\- 7 is 56,342). Without telling you the result he passes it on to spectator C, who is told to divide it by 11. (^nce again \ou state that there will be no remainder, and this al,so proves correct ( %,342 di- vided by 11 is 5,122). With your back still turned, and no knowledge whatever of the figiues ob- tained by these computations, you di- rect a fourth spectator, D, to divide the last result by 13. Again the division comes out even (5,122 divided by 13 is 394). This final residt is written on a slip of paper which is folded and hand- ed to you. Without opening it you pass it on to spectator A. "Open this," >ou tell him, "and you will find your original three-digit num- ber." Prove that the trick cannot fail to work regardless of the digits cilosen by the first spectator. * are one nu'nute before they collide. 1 he answers will appear next month. -» * * Here are the answers to last month's brain-teasers. 1. A= 10430 B = 3970 C = 2114 D = 386 2. 93 feet 3. 1st trip = 15 ni.p.h. 2nd trip = 45 m.p.h. 3rd trip ^ 90 m.p.h. 4. Kldest ^^ 75 2nd $375 3rd $525 Hospital $82S The answer to the coconut problem is fifteen. The most convenient device for solv- ing the first logic problem is to use a matrix with vacant cells for all possible pairings in each set. One cell is needed for pairing names with jobs, and an- other is needed for pairing names with cities. Each cell is marked so as to show whether or not the combination is pos- sible. Premise 7 eliminates the possibility that Smith is the fireman, and Premise 2 tells us that Mr. Robinson lives in Los Angeles. Premise 3 and 6 inform us that the physicist lives in (^maha, but he can't be Mr. Robinson nor Mr. Jones (who has forgotten his algebra). Mr. Smith is therefore the physicist, and Mr. Jones must live in Chicago. Premise 5 now permits us to identi- fy the brakeman as Jones. Since the fireman can be neither Smith nor Jones, Robinson must be the fireman, and Smith must be the engineer. The second logic problem left unan- swered last month is best handled by three matrices: one for combinations of first anil last names of wives, one for first and last names of husbands and one to show sibling relationships. Since Mrs. White's first name is Marguerite (premise), we have only two alterna- tives for the names of the other wives : ( 1 ) Helen Black and Beatrice Brown or (2) Helen Brown and Beatrice Black. Let us assume the second alternati\e. White's sister must be either Helen or Beatrice. It cannot be Beatrice, because then Helen's brother would be Black; Black's two brothers-in-law would be White (his wife's brother) and Brown (his sister's husband); but Beatrice Black is not married to either of them, a fact inconsistent with premise 4. Therefore White's sister must be Helen. This in turn allows us to deduce that Brown's sister is Beatrice and Black's sister is Marguerite. Prenu'se 6 leads to the conclusion that Mr. White's first name is Arthur (Ar- thur Brown is ruled out because that would make Beatrice prettier than her- self, and Arthur Black is ruled out be- cause we know from premise 5 that Black's first name is William). There- fore Brown's first name must be John. LTnfortunately premise 7 informs us that John was born in 1868 (50 \ears be- fore the Armistice), which is a leap year. This would make Helen older than her husband by one day more than the 2() weeks specified in premise 3. ( Premise 4 tells us that her birthday is in January, and premise 3 tells us her husband's birthday is in August. She can be exactly 26 weeks older than he if her birthday is January 31, his on August 1, and there is no February 29 in between!) This eliminates the second of the two alternatives with which we stated, forcing us to conclude that the wives are JVIarguerite White, Helen Black and Beatrice Brown. There are no inconsistencies because we do not know the year of Black's birth. The premises permit us to deduce that Mar- guerite is Brown's sister, Beatrice is Black's sister, and Helen is White's sis- ter, but leave undecided the first names of White and Brown. In the problem of the stamps on the foreheads, B has three alternatives: his stamps are (1) red-red, (2) green- green, or (3) red-green. Assume they are red-red. After all three men have answered once, A can reason as follows: "I cannot have red-red (because then C would see four red stamps and know inniiedi- ately that he had green-green, and if C had green-green, B would see four green stamps and know that he had red-red). Therefoie I must h.i\e red- green." But when A was asked a second time, he did not know the color of his stamps. This enables B to rule out the possibil- it\' that his own stamps are red-red. Ex- actly the same argument enables B to eliminate the possibility that his stamps are green-green. This leaves for him only the third alternative: red-green. (Brointeosers courtesy of Scientific American) NOVEMBER, 1959 67 TOMORROW BEGINS TODAY AT CONVAIR SAN/DIEGO FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS o CONVAIR/SAN DIEGO ENGINEERING-CONVAIR DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS As an engineering, mathematics or physics major, you will soon be called upon to make one of the most important decisions of your life: Choice of Association. In making that decision, we hope you will choose the aerospace industry and Convair/San Diego. But whatever your choice, the selection of association must be made with meticulous care and keen aware- ness of what that decision will mean, not only immediately, but in years to come. To arrive at such an important decision, you will need all the information available to you. That is why Convair/San Diego is suggesting that you care- fully read a new booklet prepared for the express purpose of helping you make this vital decision. Within the twenty-four pages of this brochure, you will find detailed information about Convair, the General Dynamics Corporation, and the work of each group within the Convair/San Diego engineer- ing Department. Whether or not you decide to discuss your career with us in more detail, we sincerely believe you will be better equipped to make your decision after reading this brochure. If your placement office does not have a copy, we will be pleased to mail you one. Simply write to Mr. M. C. Curtis, Industrial Relations Administra- tor, Engineering, ^HHKE^kk^ CONVAIR/SAN DIEGO convair is a division Ol 3302 PACIFIC HIGHWAY. SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DYNAMICS 68 THE TECHNOGRAPH This huge research center at Whiting, Indiana, Ls only part of Standard OiKs research faciHties. A recently completed technical service and quality control lab- oratory, not shown here, is the largest laboratory of its kind in the country. In addition, large research laboratories are operated by several affiliates. Where the fuels of the future are born! From time to time, we are asked if gasoline and oil today really are better than they were five or ten years ago. People can't see the difference, smell it, or feel it. The answer is an emphatic yes. And this aerial view of Standard Oil's research center at Whiting, Indiana, is graphic evidence of the extensive research work that goes on be- hind the scenes day in and day out. Thousands of research experts — chemists, engineers, and technicians — work together in Standard's modern laboratories, improving present fuels and lubricants and developing new ones for cars that will not be a reality until about 1965! Rocket fuels, too, are being developed. Standard's development of clean- burning, highly-reliable solid fuels has been a realcontribution to America's missile program. Since our first research laboratory opened 69 years ago, research scientists of Standard Oil and its affiliated companies have been re- sponsible for many major petroleum advances — from making a barrel of oil yield more gas- oline to discovering a way to revive almost-dry wells. Each process had the effect of adding billions of barrels to America's oil reserves. At Standard Oil, scientists have an oppor- tunity to work on a wide variety of challeng- ing projects. That is one reason why so many young men have chosen to build satisfying careers with Standard Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY 910 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO 80, ILLINOIS (standard THE SIGN OF PROGRESS ., THROUGH RESEARCH I NOVEMBER, 1959 69 ea(;im:lrs • J'HYsicists Sylvania Encourages Scientific Heretics Who ('an Utilize Unique and Unorthodox Thinking in IMaking Statc-ol-tlie-Art Advances in Eh'ctronics, Electronic Counternieasures, Metallurgy, Semiconductors, Radar, Coniniunications & Navigation Systems, Airhorne Defense, Missiles, Computers, Lighting, Radio, Television, Plastics, Photography, Chemicals, \y^ire, Phosphors. To the young engineer and scientist who questions present hypotheses anil who can combine unorthodox percep- tion with imagination, Sylvania ex- tends a climate of achievement. From these men, Sylvania foresees a number of tomorrow's breakthroughs. If your ambition is to attain your fullest pro- fessional potential, these facts about Sylvania — one of the world's fastest growing industrial organizations — merit your close attention. Started as a basement industry manufacturing incandescent lamps only 59 years ago, Sylvania today has 23 laboratories and 46 plants located in 14 states across the nation. These 69 modern facilities afford employ- ment to over 30,000 people. In the last 25 years sales have climbed from $6,000,000 to over 1/3 of a billion dol- lars. Strong as this industrial base is for the engineer and scientist, it was substantially reinforced in February 1959 when Sylvania merged with General Telephone Corporation. The merger of these two growth com- panies will: • Increase ability to finance future growth and development • Ad' *^f ' ° jV,„day arc the ve- ^i^^::^^i:zz::^:^::^^^ . ..Uortat,on IKORSKY AIRCRAFT For Information about careers with "=, please ad- d?Ls Mr. Richard L. Auten, Personnel Department. One of the Divisions of United Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 71 NOVEMBER, 1959 Begged, Borrowed, and . . . Edited by Jack Fortner Engineer's Glossary // (.1 in f>roifSs — So wrapped up in red tape that the situation i^ niniost hopeless. //'<■ nil! look into il — V>\ the time the wheel makes a tidi turn, we assume \()u will ha\e tor>iOtten abmir it also. ,/ l^roi^rniii — An\' assigiuiient tliat eamiot be completed by one tele- phone call. l'.x[>i(Hti — To confound contusion with commotion. Chdnnih — The trail left by inter- oftice memos. Coordinalor — The gu\ who has a desk between two expediters. C.onsullant. Expert — Any ordinar\- guy more than 50 miles from here. To activate — To make carbons and add more names to the memo. To i/ii/t/niunt a proi/rain — Hire more people and expand the office. I'niler tonsidtration — Ne\er heard of it. .7 meeting — A mass mullinii: by master minds. // eonference — A place where conver- sation is substituted for the dreari- ness of labor and the loneliness of thought. Under active consideration — We are lookini; for it in the files. To ne//otiate — To seek a meeting of the minds without the knocking to- gether of heads. Re-orientation — G e t t i n g used to working again. Reliahle source — The guy yo\i just met. Informed source — The guy who told the guy you just met. Unimfieachah/e source — The guy who started the ugly rumor originally. .7 clarification — To fill in the back- ground with .so many details that the foreground goes underground. Three tourists were standing on a street corner in North .'\frica. They were an Englishman, an .'\rahian, and an American. Just then a beautiful woman walked by. The Englishman said, "By jove!" The Arabian said, "By the prophet." The American just shift- ed his chewing gum and said, "By mid- night!" A meek little man walked into a bar- room .-uid ordered two ilrinks hum the buily bartender. He drank one of the drinks and povned the other into his shirt pocket. After about ten rounds of this procedure the barteniler sa\s, "I'al. why are you pouring the other drijik into your shirt pocket?" The little man jumped up into the bartender's face and snarled, ".Mind \()ur own business, you big bum, or I shall come over the counter and whale the fire out of you." About that time a blurry-eyed mouse stuck his head out of the man's shirt pocket and said, "That goes for >our damned cat, too." During the recent California drought e\erything was so dry that the trees were going to the dogs. Professor Lewellyn Rubin looked to- \\ard the next green, waggled his driver confidently, and declared, "That's good for one long drive and a putt." He gave his club a mighty swing, blasted up about two inches of sod, and managed to get the ball about three feet from the tee. The caddy stepped forward, handed him his putter, and suggested, "Now, for one hellu\a putt." iS !> * Did you ever hear the story about the farmer who was milking a cow on the side of a mountain? He slipped and fell ami woidd have gone down SOO feet if he didn't have something to hang onto . . . the poor cow saved him but the neighbors thought it was an air raid. -» * * "The editor just hanged himself." "Have they cut him down.''" "Not yet. He isn't dead." Little Jack Horner sat in a corner Crib notes under his eye. He opened his book And took a quick look. And now he's a Tau Beta Pi. Pop Robin returned to the nest and proudK aiuiouuced that he had made a deposit on a new I'uick. Three .football player> at different schools had flunked their classes and were dropped from the team. They got together and talked about their mis- fortune. The man from O.U. said, "That calculus was just too damm much." The man from S.M.U. said, "It was trig that got me." The gu\ from V. of I. said, "Did yourse gu\s ever hear of long division?" J^ Statistics show there are three classcN of coeils — the intellectual, the beautiful, and the maioritv. *■**.. i 1 wo be-bops while traveling in Rus- ^ sia, saw a guy being flogged in a public square. "1 don't ilig the beat," said one, "hut that sure is a crazy drum." Two old ladies were enjoying the music in the park. "I think it's a Minu- et from Mignon." one said. "I thought it was a wait/ from Faust," said the other. The first went o\er to what she thought was the board announcing the numbers. "We're both wrong," she said when she got back, "It's a Refrain from Spit- ring." He was a rather undersized freshman at his first college dance, but despite his smallness and bashfulness he was sure of himself in his own way. He walked over to a beautiful and over- sophisticated girl and said. "Pardon me, Aliss, but may I have this dance?" She looked down at his small size and lack of fraternity pin and said, "I'm sorrv, but I ne\er dance with a child!" The freshman bowed deepl\ and said, "Oh I'm sorr\-, 1 didn't know \c)ur condition." if * i» r. of I.! What a football team!! What an attack!!! Even their breath is . offensive. | A woman is getting older when she begins to worry more about how her shoes lit than her sweater. Now go back and read the rest of the magazine! 72 THE TECHNOGRAPH From research to finished product- Photography works with the engineer Sparks fly as the plant photographer records a grinding technique for study. Photoelastic stress analysis helps the design engineer pinpoint areas requiring extra strength. Giant machines produce a flow of photo-exact engi- neering drawings — save countless hours of drafting time. loday photography plays many important roles in industry. It speeds engineering and production pro- cedures. It trains and teaches. It sells. In whatever work you do, you will find photography will play a part in improving products, aiding quality controls and inoreasing business. Careers with Kodak With photography and photographic processes becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Dept., Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N.Y. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rochester 4, N.Y. Color transparencies on the production line aid operators in assembly operations — save time and reduce errors. I One of e of a series Q. Mr. Savage, should young engineers join professional engineering socie- ties? A. By all means. Once engineers have graduated from college they are immediately "on the outside looking in," so to speak, of a new social circle to which they must earn their right to be- long. Joining a professional or technical society represents a good entree. Q. How do these societies help young engineers? A. The members of these societies — mature, knowledgeable men — • have an obligation to instruct those who follow after them. Engineers and scientists — as pro- fessional people — are custodians of a specialized body or fund of knowledge to which they have three definite responsibilities. The first is to generate new knowledge and add to this total fund. The second is to utilize this fund of knowledge in service to society. The third is to teach this knowledge to others, includ- ing young engineers. Q. Specifically, what benefits accrue from belonging to these groups? A. There are many. For the young engineer, affiliation serves the practical purpose of exposing his work to appraisal by other scien- tists and engineers. Most impor- tant, however, technical societies enable young engineers to learn of work crucial to their own. These organizations are a prime source of ideas — meeting col- leagues and talking with them, reading reports, attending meet- ings and lectures. And, for the young engineer, recognition of his accomplishments by asso- ciates and organizations gener- ally heads the list of his aspira- tions. He derives satisfaction from knowing that he has been identified in his field. Interview with General Electric's Charles F. Savage Consultant — Engineering Professional Relations How Professional Societies Help Develop Young Engineers Q. What contribution is the young en- gineer expected to make as an ac- tive member of technical and pro- fessional societies? A. First of all, he should become active in helping promote the objectives of a society by prepar- ing and presenting timely, well- conceived technical papers. He should also become active in organizational administration. This is self-development at work, for such efforts can enhance the personal stature and reputation of the individual. And, I might add that professional develop- ment is a continuous process, starting prior to entering col- lege and progressing beyond retirement. Professional aspira- tions may change but learning covers a person's entire life span. And, of course, there are dues to be paid. The amount is grad- uated in terms of professional stature gained and should al- ways be considered as a personal investment in his future. Q. How do you go about joining pro- fessional groups? A. While still in school, join student chapters of societies right on campus. Once an engineer is out working in industry, he should contact local chapters of techni- cal and professional societies, or find out about them from fellow engineers. Q. Does General Electric encourage par- ticipation in technical and profes- sional societies? A. It certainly does. General Elec- tric progress is built upon cre- ative ideas and innovations. The Company goes to great lengths to establish a climate and in- centive to yield these results. One way to get ideas is to en- courage employees to join pro- fessional societies. Why? Because General Electric shares in recog- nition accorded any of its indi- vidual employees, as well as the common pool of knowledge that these engineers build up. It can't help but profit by encouraging such association, which sparks and stimulates contributions. Right now, sizeable numbers of General Electric employees, at all levels in the Company, belong to engineering societies, hold re- sponsible offices, serve on work- ing committees and handle im- portant assignments. Many are recognized for their outstanding contributions by honor and medal awards. These general observations em- phasize that General Electric does encourage participation. In indication of the importance of this view, the Company usually defrays a portion of the expense accrued by the men involved in supporting the activities of these various organizations. Remem- ber, our goal is to see every man advance to the full limit of his capabilities. Encouraging him to join Professional Societies is one way to help him do so. Mr. Savage has copies of the booklet "Your First 5 Years" published by the Engineers' Council for Profes- sional Development which you nnay have for the asking. Simply write to Mr. C. F. Savage, Section 959-12, General Electric Co., Schenectady 5. N. Y. *LOOK FOR other interviews dis- cussing: Salary • Why Companies have Training Programs • How to Get the Job You Want. GENERALB ELECTRIC ' illinois december - 25/ TECHNOGRAPH 1st Award-$4,000-Student Class Niels Jorgen Gimsing, Hattensens Alle n, Copenhagen, Denmark Technical University of Copenhagen (Graduate) and Hans NyVOld, Ulrikkenborg, Alle 62, Lyngby, Denmark Technical University of Denmark (Graduate) These students won $9,000 for bridge designs American Bridge Division of United States Steel recently awarded $44,000 in world-wide competition for the best designs of small steel bridges. Professional engineers and college engineering students partici- pated. Designs came in from 50 states and 40 foreign countries. From these entries, 15 winners were chosen, eight professional awards and seven student awards. They were selected under the supervision of the American Institute of Steel Construction. The judges were prominent consulting engineers and architects. They judged the designs on the basis of originality, economy, appearance and the utilization of steel. The bridges had to carry two-lane traffic over a four-lane interstate highway in accordance with AASHO stand- ards. In addition to the winners, many of the designs entered were so outstanding that they will be pub- lished later. Bridge design is a good example of what can be done with steel and imagination. But, it's only one example. There are thousands of other uses for steel . . . and it takes thousands of men to make and sell steel. If you want to know about engineering oppor- tunities at U.S. Steel, write to United States Steel, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania. USS is a registered trademark United States Steel 1st Honorable Mention-S2,000 Student Class James C. Costello 21 Leeson Park, Dublii Ireland University College, Dublin, of the National University of Ireland 2nd Honorable Mention-$1,000-Student Class James A. Wood Jack A. Berrldge William 0. Evers Graduates of California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo, Calif. 3rd Honorable Mention-$500 Student Class Troy R. Roberts Route 5, Neosho, f^issouri University of Missouri School of IVlines and l\/letallurgy (Graduate) 3rd Honorable Mention-$500 Student Class Harland C. Zenk Truman, IVlinnesota South Dakota State College (Graduate) 3rd Honorable Mention-S500 Student Class Albert C.Knoell& Rodger K. Gleseke Drexel Institute of Tech. (Graduates) Philadelphia, Pa. 3rd Honorable Mention-$500 Student Class Joseph A. Yura 629 North 23rd St., Allentown, Penna. Duke University (Graduate)- Durham, N.C. Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Asst.— Marilyn Day Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Grenville King Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Ron Kurtz Jeri Jevvett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Production Staff Mark Weston Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 3 December, 1959 Table of Contents ARTICLES: Free Piston Engine Dick Nordsieck 10 How Great is the Union? Dean H. L. Wakeiand 19 Where Hove You Built Your Floor? George Kuhlmon 20 Slide Rules Anonymous Jeri Jewett 23 History of Engineering Gren King 26 The Forgotten Low Momo Iko 36 FEATURES: From the Editor's Desk " Technocutie Photos by Dove Yates 32 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff 38 News from the Navy Pier ^' Brainteasers Edited by Steve Dilts 45 Begged, Borrowed, And . . Edited by Jack Fortner 48 MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Micliigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Eiigi- neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia lech Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State University Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- braska Blueprint, New York University Quadrangle, North Dakota Engineer, North- western Engineer, Notre Dame Technical Review, Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdue Engi- neer, RPI Engineer, Rochester Indicator, SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- neer, Spartan Engineer, Te.xas A & M Engi- neer) Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer, Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. Cover who knows what lurks on the cover of the TECHNOGRAPH? Barbara Polan does. She again deals with un abstract theme, as last month, but has added a second color. Copyright, 1959, by lUini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the >;e^r /O';; .oberrNovem'ber. December, January, February, ^l''^'^'^ AP"' ''"d May) by the II m Publishing Company. Entered as second class mat er October 30 19J0 ^' 'he f'^^' office at Urbana lUino s, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Uttice ^15 engineering Hal. Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1 50 per year, Single copy 25 "'J^'-^All rights reserved by The Illinois Tech,w,jraph. Publishers l lia\e lives of tliousands of millions of years stretching away in front of liicni. They are only jusi beginning to get under way. and we arc still, in Newton's words. lihe children playing with pebbles on the sea-shore, while the great ocean of truth rolls, unexplored, beyond our reach. It can hardly i be a matter for surprise that our race has not succeeded in solving any large part of its most difficult problems in the first niillionlh part of its existence. Perhaps life would be a duller affair if it had, for to many it is not Knowledge bill I lie ciiKst for knowledge that gives the greater interest to lliuiighl — to travel hopefully is better than to arrive." — Pltysics nut/ PhilosopJiy, 1942 THE RAND CORPORATION, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA A nonproiil organization engaged in research on problems related lo national security and tlie puLIic interest THE TECHNOGRAPH from the Editor's Desk What do you know? One of the most well used and least meaningful greetings on this campus is, "What do ya know?" An answer such as, "Not much, how about you?" is the inevitable return to this rhetorical question. What do you know? Many theoretical concepts and practical ideas have been made evident during your time at this university, but one phase is left up to you. You must find out about You. How well do you know yourself? It is a very discouraging thing to find that, after four years of college, knowledge of oneself is lack- ing. Time is scarce, and thinking required on numerous subjects; how- ever, time should be spent on yourself, also. Do you know yourself well enough to realize your limitations and your strong points so you do not spend a great amount of time on something of little interest to you? If the things of little interest include your studies, then some serious thinking should be done concerning your goals. Knowing yourself is not an easy thing to do and requires a type of thinking that is far more analytical than any mechanical problem, because the mechanism (you) is variable in almost every respect. The reasons for these variations are vital things to know, yet no book, person, or editorial can define them for you. If success (which also should be defined by you personally) is ever to come, some thing must be spent in regarding yourself. Stop to think of your goals, even amid the bustle of this campus. Then the next time someone says, "What do you know?" you can answer that question to yourself at least. WDP DECEMBER, 1959 The Free Piston Engine By Dick Nordsieck Introduction 111 thf past, the field of aircraft power h:us been divided into two main cate- ogries, jjas turbine type engines and re- ciprocating engines. These have been de- veloped almost entirely separately, and each is now nearing or past the point of diminishing returns from its devehip- ment. The turbine type power plants, in- cluding such engines as the turbo-jet and the turbo-prop have been developed to the point where increased efficiency will necessitate higher turbine inlet temper- atures and thus require better alloys tor turbine blade materials. Metallurgists feel that thev have reached their peak in a turbine blade which will withstand 1800°F. Furthermore, the efficiency of a turbine tvpe power plant, at its maxi- mum, is only 3y; and this occurs at the top speed of the engine. On the other hand, the reciprocating engine is limited with respect to power by the maximum allowable bearuig pres- sures and hence an upper limit is placed on combustion chamber pressures. Granted the efficiency of a reciprocat- ing engine is creditable, but it would be highly desirable to have more power without sacrificing efficiency. From the previous observations, it might seem that a combination of the two, turbine and reciprocating engine, would just compound the limitations, and so it would, if some ingenuity were not employed. It will be the purpose of thi> report to present just such an in- genious combination of these, two of The oldest forms of power plant. The free piston gas generator tur- bine is a hvbrid engine, combining the advantages and eliminating most of the disadvantages of both the gas turbine and the reciprocating engine. The en- gine is composed of two major parts, the gas generator and the turbine assem- bly. The free piston gas generator is basicallv a pressure-charged, two-cycle, opposed-piston, crankless diesel engine ot variable stroke and compression. It is evident, since the engine has no crank- shaft that its power cannot be trans- mitted directly. Rather, the purpose of the free piston gas generator is to sup- ply high pressure exhaust gases to a turbine assembly placed in its exhaust system. Because the gas generator em- ploys reciprocating pistons to perform its task, the hybrid engine is not re- gardeil as a true gas turbine by many people, since a gas turbine uormalK utilizes only rotating parts. History The first patent on a free piston en gine was held by Doctor Buchi, a Frenchman, in 1905, but the gas gen- erator was not built and run in its modern form until 1925 when the Mar- quis R. P. de Pescara of Spain built an engine which he hoped would power a small helicopter. As it turned out, his engine was more successful as an air compressor, and Pescara decided to de- velop it along these lines. Just prior to World War II several small companies in Europe began to work on the gas generator turbine combination, and by t940 a 750 kilowatt set was in opera- tion in the Alsthom factory in Belfort, France. During this time Alan Munt/. and Co. of Hounslow, Middlesex, held a Pescara license and also did develop- ment work on behalf of the Admiralt\. The outbreak of the war interrupted French development. When they over- i D.r... P..T.,- A B G*S C.UI-E r.-»«ss.« C,.,««, I^TAKe V.ti/rf D.L,>,.«» V»L,-r5 Foeu XKjtcToK C.«P-..ss = . P.>-w F.c. 1 !«-« ized sca\enge air, trasel at about SO p.s.i. through the damping chamber (H) and thence to the turbine (C). The purpose of the damping chamber is to smooth out the impulsive exhaust dis- charge before ilelivery to the turbine. When the exhaust reaches the turbine, pidse frequencies are low enough that there is no risk to turbine blades. The fundamental frequency of the main pres- sure waves in the exhaust gas is of the order of 10 c.p.s. compared with a nat- ural frequency of about 1000 c.p.s. for the bl:ides in the first stage of a large turbine. Gases reach the turhuie at about 'MID F., and after expansion through the turbine, exhaust to the atmosphere at approximately 450°F. The turbine it- self acts as an exhaust silencer and the noise level is about the same as a diesel engine running at the same speed, but no high frequency noises such as \al\e clatter are present. As the piston continues outward, it compiesses the air trapped in the cushion cylinders ( .? ) , exchanging the kinetic energy of the piston for potential energ\' in the compressed air. The re- ( ('.onliinicil on Puj^c 14) DECEMBER, 1959 n The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe. But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man. This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them . . . the kind of space found between mainland and off- shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply base, between the site of a mountain crash and a waiting ambulance— above all, Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be- tween all earthbound places. Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs are some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the ve- hicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation. Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet. IKORSKY AIRCRAFT For information about careers with us, please ad- dress Mr. Richard L. Auten, Personnel Department. One of the Divisions of United Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH BENDIX WATCHES THE UNIVERSE (. . . and offers unlimited opportunity for young scientists) Bendix"' Radar is one of the free world's major safeguards against sneak attack. Night and day Bendix radar stations are keeping constant watch all over the globe, alert against aggression. In radar and other technological fields, Bendix is doing outstanding work. And the scope of Bendix activities provides young engineers and scientists excep- tional chances for advancement. Take the field of radar alone. Bendix has had much to do with the development of radar from the earliest pioneering of systems and equipment, and today is a foremost producer of many different types ... on land, at sea, and in the air. Our airborne radar, for example, is used by more commercial aircraft than any other system. It helps safeguard air travelers by "seeing" storm turbulence as far as 150 mdes ahead, allowing pilots to make course corrections to avoid bad weather. Another example is Bendix Doppler Radar which for the first time allows pilots to determine exact position, ground and wind speeds — without manual calculation. This system is being placed in service by major airlines for both domestic and trans-oceanic flights. The many diversified projects in which Bendix is engaged offer the young college graduate an unparal- leled opportunity to grow as Bendix grows ... in such fields as electronics, electromechanics, ultrasonics, com- puters, automation, nucleonics, combustion, navigation, hydraulics, instrumentation, propulsion, metal- lurgy, communications, solid state physics, aerophysics, structures, and, of course, radar. Put Bendix in your post-gradu- ate plans. Consult your placement director about campus interview dates or write to Director of Uni- versity and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corporation, Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. It will be well worth your while. A thousand diversified products DECEMBER, 1959 13 ((JiiHlliuuil from' I'dijv 1 1 ) turn of the pistons is cffccti-d In tliis fiu-ijiy stori'il in the cushion cylinilcrs and the amount of enciKV storeil dv- piMuls upon the amount of fuel in- jected on the previous stroke, so the stroke of the engine varies by virtue of the quantity of energy stored in the cushion cylinders. It now becomes e\i- dent that as extra fuel is injected, more energy is stored and. on the inw.-ud stroke, the pistons will come closer to- gether giving higher peak pressures and more power. For an\' given constant load, there will be an equilibrium con- dition and the stroke will become es- sentially constant. It should be noted here that any d f- ference in pressures between the cush on cylinders would result in a difference in piston return energies and out of phas- ing of the pistons. These differences in pressure which might result from va-i- ations in cylinder and piston riii": we.ir are neutralized by two devices. First, a balance pipe is provided between the cushion cylinders, which also serves a; a guide locj, and second, the pistons are synchroni/eii by means of a lif^hr rack and pinion mechanism. (See I'ii;. 3). This synchronizing gear only sup- ports small forces and is not a power transmitting device. The air valves used are normalh of the tfat H free piston engine powered transport air- craft, excellent range and efficiency characteristics should be available cou- pled with 300 m.p.h. cruising speeds. A possible configuration of this air- craft would ha\e the gas generator (s) located within the fuselage or the wing roots with the gas turbines housed in the wings, thus relieving some of the structvu'al problems involved in mount- ing complete engines on the wings. The free piston gas generator turbine is also suitable for use in electrical geU' eration, railroad engines, marine power plants and automotive propulsion. Conclusions Before any new power plant goes into production, good, sound engineering reasons must be presented which sup- port its usefulness and ability to per- form the required tasks. The fact that it riuis and is as good as other present day products is not sufficient. It must go finther, surpass current machines and incorporate additional features which will make it attractive to both engineer and consumer. In the opinion of this author, the free piston gas generator turbine meets these qualifications and he hopes that he has demonstrated this fact here. It would seem foolish to pass up an opportunity for real progress in the field of propid- sion with the argument that "the tried and true old timers" are the best. In summing up, there is hardly a place where fuel is converted into en- ergy that this new engine won't find application. It is more versatile than the diesel, three times more economical than the open-cycle gas turbine and cheaper than the steam plant. If properly ex- ploited the free piston engine could ha\c quite as large an impact on all our lives in the second half of the twentieth century as the conventional internal- combustion engine had during the first half. REFERENCES CcMiper D. C. "Free-Piston Gas CJenerator/ Turliine, Its Principles .ind Application," Australasian Engineer, Oct 1955, 58-68. "Engine of Tomorrow Goes to Work Today," Popular Science, Sept. 1957. "Evaluation of Piston-Type Gas Generator Engine for Subsonic Transport Operation," NACA RM E9D01, July 15, 1949. "Free-Piston Engine," Scientific American, lune 1956. "Free-Piston Gas Generator," Engineering, May 18, 1956. Ratcliff, J, D. "Revolution of the Free- Piston Engine," Popular Mechanics, Sept. 1950. 16 THE TECHNOGRAPH Engineering student Frank G. discovers it's "PRODUCT PLANNING UNLIMITED" d(; HAMILTON STANDARD Hamilton Standard has conducted a vast product diversification program which has made it a leader in the field of aerospace equipment. Established skills in . . . Fluid Dynamics Combustion Hydraulics Heat Transfer Electronics Thermodynamics Metallurgy Astrophysics Vibration Aerodynamics Mechanics Thermoelectricity . . . are being brought to bear on a varied list of new products such as: MinlRcooler — A tiny (10 ounce) device for cool- ing infrared detection equipment to minus 350° F. The coolers have endless applications in missile guidance, mapping, surveillance by orbiting satel- lites, etc. SOLAR CELL — A small concave dish-like device with a highly polished surface used to convert the energy of the sun's rays into electrical energy. One potential use is power generation for earth satellites. Other recently designed and developed products are: ANTI-LUNG which reverses the cycle of the human lung to reconstruct the atmosphere in a space vehicle or submarine A REFRIGERATOR with no moving parts A TOOL that slices diamonds like cheese THUS ADVANCED "PRODUCT PLANNING UNLIMITED" MEANS "ENGINEERING FUTURES UNLIMITED' write to R. J. Harding, Administrator — College Relations for a full color and illustrated brochure "Engineering for You and Your Future" HAMILTON STANDARD/ ' a d,v)s/on of UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP. BRADLCr flCLD «D., WINDSOR lOCXS, CONN ufocluren of- Engine Controls Hydraulic Equipment Electronic Controls ond Instrument Systems Starters Propellers Environmentol Conditioning Systems Ground Support Equipment DECEMBER, 1959 17 The new Ramo-Wooldridge Laboratories in Canoga Park, California, will provide an excellent environment for scientists and engineers engaged in technological research and development. Because of the high degree of scientific and engineering effort involved in Ramo- Wooldridge programs, technically trained people are assigned a more dominant role in the management of the organization than is customary. The ninety-acre landscaped site, with modern build- ings grouped around a central mall, contributes to the TJ academic environment necessary for creative work. The new Laboratories will be the West Coast headquarters of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. as well as house the Ramo-Wooldridge division of TRW. The Ramo-Wooldridge Laboratories are engaged in the broad fields of electronic systems technology, com- puters, and data processing. Outstanding opportunities exist for scientists and engineers. For specific information on current openings write to Mr. D. L. Fyke. THE RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE LABORATORIES 8433 FALLBROOK AVENUE. CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA 18 THE TECHNOGRAPH The Dean Speaks — HOW GREAT IS THE UNION? By Dean H. L. Wakeland New engineering graduates are often shocked and surprised to find that an engineering union exists in the company organization in which they ha\e been employed. Few colleges and universities inform engineering students of the ex- istence and influence of engineering luiion. F'ven fewer prepare them for the professional status and responsibilities that they should accept when they enter engineering practice. How great are the unions which rep- resent engineers at present? For years engineering societies have attempted to determine the number of engineering unions and members but only recently has any reasonable estimate been pub- lished. In July, 1958, the National So- ciety of Professional Engineers reported in their publication "The American Y.n- gineer" the first compilation ever made of the unions representing engineering and technical employees. Present esti- mations (depending on whether union or engineering society estimates are used) places the number of engineers in the United States between 300,000 to 500,000. Of these, the unions repre- sent 40,000 or about 10% of all engi- neers. Only ,10,000 of the engineers represented by imions are dues paying members. It is also commonly believed that many of these 40,000 members called engineers are technicians, drafts- men, rod-men and other sub-professional personnel. IVIost of the 29 engineering unions are located on the East or West Coast of the United States with only a few being located in the Mid-West or South. 1 he largest number are found in the aircraft and electronics industries, al- though railroads, oil industries and gov- ernmental groups are also included. In nearly every case, the union has been an outgrowth of a large employment situa- tion where individuality is not easily maintained. Normally a combination of factors — poor management practices, failure of the engineer to grow profes- sionally and desire of labor unions to control all labor — has led to an or- ganized union. Perhaps we should review for a moment the aims of unions as contrasted to professional organizations. The union has nearly always existed for the pur- pose of achieving gains — many times selfish gains — for a limited number of persons. These gain.s — normally better working hours and conditions, higher wages, greater benefit.s — are not always peacefully achieved. Conversely the pro- fe.ssional organizations have promoted integrity, expertness, common public welfare, ethical practices, responsibility and fair dealing in individual services. The aims of the professional are to pro- vide services which will benefit most of the people concerned providing these services are not ba.sed on self gain to the professional. A contrast of these aims shoidd illustrate that unionism and pro- fessionalism are incompatible. Walter Reuther ha,s boasted publicly many times that some day he will bring the engineers into the big, happy, labor family. Basically the imions present at- titude towards engineers is no different than ,i() years ago when the late Mat- thew Woll, the long time vice presi- dent of AFL said, "The trouble with you engineers is that you picture your- selves as professional men. Actually, you are just hireil help." In recent years a number of engineering unions have been orgaiuzed which give lip service to jirofessional status, ethics, integrity, public welfare, and would ha\e the members believe that they are a part of a high level union which operates in harmony with professional aims. However, the records of these modern imions expose their aims and methods of operations. In the final analysis the old stand-bys — strikes, closed shop, pay- roll deduction of dues, and union power — are used. Some engineers have sudden- ly found themsehes classified in the same area as draftsmen, stenographers, sub-professional workers and any others that were easily organized. Others have found that they have degraded their own status and raised the status of others through unionism. In several in- stances the modern union has been voted out after a few years of trial. In most cases the engineers feel their profession- al status is jeopardized. Yet we must realize that a number of engineering unions still exist. Thus, the ans\\er to the new engi- neering graduates' question, "How Great is the Union?" is not a short and concise one. We know that about 10'/(. of all engineers are unionized and that only a small percentage of the graduates are faced with this question. But any engineering graduate facing this situa- tion shoidd evaluate the implications and working conditions imder such an arrangement before accepting employ- ment. The basic questions that he must answer are "Do I Want a Union?" or "Do I Want a Profession?" for I per- sonally believe that they are incompat- ible. DECEMBER, 1959 19 Tou Beta Pi Essay Where Have You Built Your Floor? By George C. Kuhlman The Nijo Palace located in the city of Kyoto, Japan, is a living reminder of the feudal era in that country's hist- ory. Within the palace a large audience room can be found where the Shogun or ruler met his visitors some four hundred years ago. The room is divided by having half of the floor three feet higher than the rest. Upon this elevated portion sat no one b\it the Shogun. The reason? He wanted to show that he was above all others because of the position he held in life. The I'nited States has been bvu'lt on a different and well known system. The floor where our leaders now stand is the same that we tread upon. With our very way of life based on such a principle, we still find .some people, who because of their posi- tion or occupation, are ever trying to raise the statami ( floor mat found in the homes of Japan) beneath them. Today the young engineer, who is about to enter the world of business, finds opportunities in his future which no person dreamed possible, a few years ago. His big problem is not where to find a job, instead it is which one to accept. He finds that opportunities for future advancement show overwhelming promise. The wages at which he starts his position are unprecedented where compared to other walks of life. The entire world today is placing more emphasis on the engineer and the things he does than ever before. A great deal of the future political control of the world has been placed on the engi- neer's ability or inability to produce a variety of goods. It lies not only in the production of machines of destruction, but in the things that better the living standards of the population as well. The young engineer, in most cases, under- stands the responsibility placed upon him and strives toward more under- standing of his work. Along with this ability to acquire .1 job, to receive high wages, and the world wide importance of his job comes one bad aspect. This 1 am sure is found in a substantially large portion of young men. It is the idea that his line of work is just a little better or of more importance than someone else's. This feeling is not the young engineer's fault. It is, shall I say, an occupational hazard which would have happened to any young man, regardless of his train- ing, had the emphasis been placed upon him. The outcome of this feeling, whicli is but a human interpretation of import- ance, could have a profoundly adverse effect upon our young men. They may tend to rebuild the floor beneath them- selves at a little higher elevation. This will eventually affect the feeling of the people the young men come in contact with and will arouse a dislike for the young engineer. Such a dislike is surely not wanted by the new engineer nor is it wanted by those who have been in the profession for a long time. I am sure that if such a thing does happen to these men they will eventual- ly realize their mistake and correct it. 'I'his will come with age and a broader understanding of life. In the meantime though, the actually unwanted but un- realized attitude will ha\e alre.idy made its mark upon them. There may be some controversy on the part of the reader as to whether a slight swelling of heads is occuring on our newly graduating engineers. Isn't it only a natural reaction to think in terms of greatness when emphasis is placed upon the things you do? Isn't it even more natural when this emphasis is backed up by wage earning possibilities we all know are present today. This I called earlier an occupational hazard. Still, there is one thing that is adding to this feeling of superiority and does not come under any of the headings listed above. This is the distinction made between the engineer and the non-tech- nically educated person by people who ha\e an overwhelming influence over our younger men and women. If they are correct in making such a distinction, then the schools of engineering through- out om" land are making a terrific mis- take. This mistake being the placing of more and more non-technical subjects into the engineering student's cmricu- lum. This is done not to gain full pro- ficiency in such subjects but to place more understanding at the reach of the engineer about the things that other peo- ple do, the things the engineer must know and understand so he may live and work with his neighbors. Let us nor st(}p placing such empliasis on our engineer or any other person as long as they deserve such emphasis. Let us though at the same time increase the understanding between the engineer's work and the non-technical man's. The engineer when in the world of business is only as good as the adxertlser, the salesman, the banker or the numerous other men whom he works with. If this one point is stressed enough it will sure- ly be conveyed and a lot of misunder- standing and unhappiness prevented. Let us lower that floor for the young men before it is nailed too firmly. Put it at the point where one's self pride begins and the inflatedness leaves off. The yovuig engineer today must not oid\' be well versed in his own profes- sion, but it is his dur\- to know and take 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH part in civil as well as functions of private organizations in coniniunit\' life. He will come in contact with men of every conceivable walk of life. He must work at a variety of things with these other men anil do so on the same patch of ground. He must not, for the good of his own way of life, attempt to make himself seem at a higher elevation. Every other man our young engineer works with, \vhatever position or walk of life he ma>' be in, plays just as important a role in life as the man with the slide rule.This I am sure has been said be- fore, but repetition is often the best means of conveyance. Here then is the point that the young engineer must ab- sorb and not hear and forget. IVIen must stand on the same level as all other men to be able to understand, work, and live with one another. If we look once more at the interior of the Nijo Palace in Kyoto, we find a strange yet not surprising thing built within its walls. Every board that was placed on the floor of that palace had a squeak put into it. You find it impos- sible to mo\e a foot in silence. Each movement brings forth the cry of the marauding blue jay. The people of that country call it the palace of ten thous- and canaries, but to my ear it was not the chirp of the gentle songbird. Unprecedented Need for Engineering Teachers Delegates tor the national convention of Tau Beta Pi, the honor society for outstanding American engineering stu- dents, returned to their campuses from Purdue I niversity ready to tell the story of the "unprecedented" need for new teachers in the nation's engineering colleges. At least 1,000 new engineering teach- ers will be needed each year through 1967, according to a report by repre- sentatives of the American Society for Engineering Education at the Tau Beta Pi meeting. "And events of the next 20 years will give the nation's engineering teachers new importance and status," Dr. Harold L. Hazen, Dean of the Graduate School of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chairman of ASEE's Committee on the Devel- opment of p]ngineering Faculties, said at the convention. Only the most able and creative of America's engineering students can fill the demands of engineering teaching, according to Dean Hazen. He advised would-be teachers to continue their edu- cation into residential graduate work. "Experience indicates that if you enter full-time employment when you gradu- ate," Dean Hazen said, "the chances that \ou will ever enter teaching are small." "On the other hand, if you choose graduate study you are adding to your assets in a very substantial way, inde- pendent of whether you eventually enter industry or education. "During the past six \ears, the na- tionwide production of engineering doc- torates has been steady, at about 600 per year. Of these 200 to 300 go into teaching. Our need for engineering teachers is roughly four times the num- ber of doctorates now in prospect. We must have many more, and more of them must enter education." Speeds Assembly Method Set screws, used in the manufacture of products, are automatically carried 15 feet or more by air pressure through a flexible tube to a new air gun driver developed by a New England firm. Operating rate of this portable machine is up to 2,000 screws an hour, depend- ing on torque setting, screw depth, oper- ator proficiency and fixturing. Hove you ever been pinched for going too fast?" "No, but I've been slapped." Plan YOUR FUTURE with Charles Thornton, Ga. Tech., Sarbjet Singh, India We ofFer a training course to college graduates in Mechanical Engineering. Set details of this pracfical training course now, and prepare yourself for a career In the field of commercial and industrial refrigeration. Ask for Bulletin 412. tiiili.miam |[^^ iui.i»tiN»rm 1.7 vj:i*< t I I mjj i.'i^iw.^.^ Starting Salaries The Engineers and Scientists of America have conducted a study of the trends in starting salaries of new graduate engineers. From the data available we have prepared recommended minimum starting salaries for various levels of experience and class standing. Copies of this recommended minimum standard have been sent to your Dean of Engineering, Engineering Library, Place- ment Director, and Chairmen of the Stu- dent Chapters of the various Technical Societies. We would be happy to send you a com- plimentary copy. Engineers and Scientists of America Munsey Building Washington 4, D. C. DECEMBER, 1959 21 "Well sir . . . we do have a few bu gs to ircn out!" 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH SLIDE RULES ANONYMOUS By Jeri Jewett Engineers beware ! The slide-nilc carrying coeds on your campus are uniting. For the first time, this semes- ter the few woman engineers at the University of Illinois are baiuiing to- gether to help each other. These girls with their sponsor, Professor Wilson, are trying to gain membership in the Society of Women Engineers. At pres- ent, they are on probation. The nat'onal organization of the So- ciety of Women Engineers is primarily a professional one for graduate woman engineers and women with equivalent engineering experience. These groups have developed out of various industrial and educational centers where substan- tial numbers of woman engineers were located. C)rgani/,ed meetings have been held since 1949 and the organization was incorporated in the District of Columbia earh' in 19S2. The Society is tr\ing to get more women engineers hv informing the pub- lic of the availabilir\ of qualified wom- en in this field and by fostering a favorable attitude in industry to these women. The Society also tries to con- tribute to their professional ad\ ance- ment. Of primary importance is the fact that the Society is encouraging younger girls with aptitudes and interests in this field to enter the engineering pro- fession. It also is helping to guide their educational program. Resides this, the Society encourages its members to be- long to other technical and professional engineering societies. In carrying out these aims, the So- ciety has a Public Relations Committee which helps secure public recognition of the achievements of women engi- neers. The Nnvslft/rr of the Soriiiy nf Women Engineers tells what the wom- en in various sections are doing plus giving articles of interest to these women. To interest young women in this field, the Professional Guidance and Education Committee finds out infor- mation about the various fields, the pro- grams offered by accredited colleges, and scholarships available to engineering students. Yearly, a national Convention is held for all interested members. The pro- gram includes panel discussions and ad- dresses by prominent speakers, and a banquet at which the SWE award is presented to the woman who has made a significant contribution to engineering. The Society is divided into three grades of membership : Member, Asso- ciate Member, and Student Member. Naturally the girls at the U. of I. are tr\ing to become Student Members, but upon graduation they will become full- fledged Members. When this chapter is chartered, it will join the two other student chapters, one at Purdue and one at Drexel. The girls here, following the exam- ple of the Society, are being urged to join their individual engineering soci- eties on campus. At the meetings the girls have speakeis and then get to- gether to talk over specific problems and help each other with homework. These girls also go into the high schools to tell girls interested in engineering not to give it up just because of the small number of women enrolled in that college at present. The chapter here has about ten girls representing most of the different phases of engineering. Barbara Kozub, a pretty junior in Industrial Engineer- ing, is the chairman of the group and her assistant is secretary-treasurer, Lu- cille Kowalski. Well, boys, you had better watch out or these coeds carrying tackle boxes will be beating you at yom' own game. The Society of Women Engineers seems to be accomplishing one of its main goals, for most of the girls are freshmen. Ciood luck girls; keep up the good work. lAB ANALYST (top) ope rates a c orbon de ermln otor (or chec our career. Telephony today is built around computers. The telephone cross-bar switch is basically a computer. Electronic switching gear uses computer principles. At its new engineering research center and at most of its 25 manufacturing locations, Western is relying more and more on computers in doing its main job as manufacturing and supply unit for the Bell Telephone System. In its other major field — Defense Communica- tions and Missile systems — the use of computers and computer technology is widespread. You'll discover quickly that opportunities with Western Electric are promising indeed. Here companv growth stands on a solid base, and your own growth, too. We estimate that engineers will find 8,000 super- visory jobs open to them in the next ten years. There Principal manufacluring locations at Chicago, III : Kearny. N, J : Ballimore. Md.; Indianapolis. Ind.: Allentown and laureldale. Pa.: Burlington, Greensboro and Winston-Salem, N, C. Buffalo. N, Y,: Norlh Andover, Mass ; Lincoln and Omaha, Neb.; Kansas City. Mo,: Columbus, Chio: Oklahoma City, Okia,: Teletype Corporation. Chicago 14. III. and Little Rock, Ark. Also We.stern Electric Distribution Centers in 32 cilies and Installation headquarters in 16 cities. General headauarters: 195 Broadway. New York 7. N. Y. DECEMBER, 1959 27 Probl©m: How to have fun while doing something constructive in your limited spare time Solution: Join Technograph! whatever your interests, there's a place for you with The Tech, including: Writing Taking photos Drawing cartoons Designing the layout Handling correspondence Working with ad agencies Copy-rewriting Preparing covers Proofreading Skimming industrial releases Stop by our office .... 215 Civil Eng. Hall 28 THE TECHNOGRAPH Mtnm! Oil. r03ll».\>V ^w' THE SIGN OF PROGRESS ... THROUGH RESEARCH DECEMBER, 1959 39 ((Uintiiiiuil frtiiii I'tu/f .i() up to 201) degrees C. No damaging stresses are exerted on delicate parts by this materi.il either during or after curing. Potted circuits can be traced visualh, and test probes can be accurately di- rected to connections by simply inserting them through the gel. Dielectric Ciel "heals" itself immediatei\ wlien test probes are removed. Electronics Cut Road Costs (icorgia's Highway Department cred- its electronic equipment with a four- teen-month savings of $229,681 and 14(1,257 man-hours in earthwork de- sign. On bridge computations, savings add up to S10l),()0(l and the time of 1,> engineers. Stepping Transistor Made of Interconnected Elements A p-n-p-n semiconductor element that can serve as the basic building block of a silicon .stepping transistor has been described by Bell Telephone Labora- tories. It has potential application to digital computers, pushbutton dialing, and telephone switching. The four-terminal device acts as a pulse-controlled on-ofif switch. It ma\- be used as a basic stage in building up certain logic circuits in digital comput- ers, such a.s for counting and decoding. Hy using one element to drive two others, versatile decoders can be made. A more complex device, which is fab- ricated from a single piece of silicon, can also perform the.se logic functions. As a prototype arrangement, a stepping transistor with four stages — or clc- ment.s — has been made. The stepping transistor, as fabricated on a single piece of silicon, performs the function of a complex circuit. Hence it is referred to as a "functional de- vice." The concept of a functional semi- conductor device is a promising approach to microminiaturization. The gas stepping tube utilizes the bistable voltage-current characteristic of a gas discharge for its operation. Uni- directional transfer ot xoltage between its electrodes — one anode and several cathodes — is obtained by the nons\in- metrical geometr\' of the hitter's con- struction. The stepping transistor utilizes a p-n-p-n transistor as the bistable ele- ment. The design of the structure re- sults in a bistable voltage - current char- acteristic between a single common elec- trode and a set of multiple electrodes. Nonsymmetrical geometry is employed to obtain ri unidirectional transfer of \ olrage. .■\lso, uidike the gas stepping tube, cIo.se proximity between stages is not basically required in the stepping trans- istor. This is why stepping transistor elements comprising single four-terminal stages can be separately encapsulated and connected extenudly. Defense Dome 'Sees Red' "litan' optical mateiial l()rm> a dome for the nose of an infrared-guided missile. The new material transmits radiation efficiently up to 8 microns in the infrared. It is especially resistant to Irtan optical material finds job as nose cone for heat-seeking missiles. cracking w transfers its fuel to 2. •:•:- * * If you place the point of a compass at the center of a black square on a chessboard with two-inch squares, and extend the arms of the compass a dis- tance equal to the square root of 10 inches, the pencil will trace the largest possible circle that touches oidy black squares. * * » Writing a three-digit number twice is the same as multiplying it by 1,001. This number has the factors 7, 1 1 and 13, so writing the chosen number twice is equivalent to multiphing it by 7, 11 and 13. Naturally when the product is successively divided by these same three numbers, the final remainder will be the original number. -:S « * The quickest way to solve this prob- lem is to run the scene backward in time. A minute before the crash the 9,000 niile-per-hour missile is clearly 150 miles from the meeting point and the 21,000 mile-per-hour missile is 350 miles from the same point, making the distance between them tOO miles. DECEMBER, 1959 45 New American Society for IVIetals Headquarters [^■^s;^ NEW HEADQUARTERS BUILDING, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS, Novelty, Ohio, east of Cleveland. Architect: John Terence Kelly. Consulting Engineer: Mayer and Valen- tine. General Contractor: Gillmore-Olson Company. Plumbing and Heating Contractor: Spohn Heating & Ventilating Company. Dome Design: R. BucKMiNSTER FULLER, Synergetics, Inc. Imagination shows in the building — practical planning in the choice of Jenkins Valves Metals Park . . . dramatic new Headquarters of the American Society for Metals, is a showcase for the wonderful world of metals. The geodesic dome, "world's largest space lattice," required thirteen miles of tubing and rods in open- work trellis. It stands as a monument to man's imag- ination in the use of the raw elements of the earth, as symbolized in the circular Mineral Garden below. At Metals Park, metals are everywhere and every- thing — providing an ideal background for ASM's many services to 30,000 members in the metal industry. You would expect men of metals to choose metal products of superiority for their headquarters. And they did — including Jenkins Valves for all plumb- ing, heating and air conditioning lines. They had good reason: superior metals give Jenkins Valves the extra stamina that makes them famous for long life and dependability. Whenever a building is planned with the future in mind, it's wise to specify or install Jenkins Valves. They're the practical choice to assure longtime efficiency and economy — and they cost no more. Jenkins Bros., 100 Park Ave., New York 17, JENKINS LOOK FOR THE JENKINS DIAMOND VALVE S )ND^^^® SOLD THROUGH LEADING DISTRIBUTORS EVERYWHERE 46 THE TECHNOGRAPH What is a Timken tapered roller bearing? IT'S an anti-friaion bearing that's geometrically de- signed to give true rolling motion — and precision- made to live up to that design. Here's how you, as an engineer, can benefit from Timken" bearings: A Tapered design enables a Timken roller bearing • to take any combination of both radial and thrust loads. You'll often find that one Timken bearing does the load -carrying job of tv^'o ball or straight roller bearings. BFull line contact between rollers and races gives • Timken bearings extra load-carrying capacity. This enables a design engineer to cram maximum capacity into minimum space. And Timken bearings can be pre-loaded for accurate gear or spindle alignment. CCase carhurization makes the steel of Timken • bearing races and rollers hard on the outside to resist wear, tough on the inside to resist shock. This prolongs the life of Timken bearings. And the steel we start with is the best. It's nickel-rich for toughness. What is Better-ness? its our word for the result of the ceaseless American urge to make machines that do more, do better, do faster. Our engineers help make Better-ness possible. They've pioneered every major tapered roller bearing advance. And they work right at the drawing board with engineers of every major industry. It's exciting, rewarding work with a future. If you would like to help create Better-ness on our engineering team, write Manager, College Relations, The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton 6, Ohio. BETTER, -NESS rolls on DECEMBER, 1959 tapered roller 1>ea.ring:s rir$t hi beariug value jor 60 years 47 Begged, Borrowed, and . Edited by Jack Fortner A \iT\ rich deposit of oil was liis- i()vcn-(i 1)11 the farmer's land, liiniu'di- atfly he rushed into town to purch:iM- a new car. An obliging salesman show ed him a sleek roadster selling for $5,00(1. "I nni prepared to pay cash," said the farmer. "Will I get a discount?" 'AVhy certainly," replied the salrv- man. "We will give you a 10', dis- count on a cash purchase." Not being confident on his abilit\- as a n\athematician, the farmer said he would think it over and return later. He walked into a restaurant and o\er his coffee tried to figure what his dis- count would be, but to no avail. Final- ly in desperation he turned to the waitress and asked. "If I ga\e \()u 10', of $\()(^0 how much would sou take ofi?" Blushing prettily, the waitress whis- pered, "Would my earrings bother you?" M.E. Problem Test No. 2 A crosseyed woodpecker with a cork leg and synthetic rubber bill required ]/, hour to peck Y^ of the distance through a cypress log 53 years old. Shingles cost 79c per hundred and weigh 8 pounds apiece .The log being pecked upon is ,34 feet long and weighs 46 pounds per foot. Assuming that the coefTficient of friction between the woodpecker's bill and the cypress log is 0.097 and there is negligible resistance to diffusion, how many units of vitamin B, will the wood- pecker require in pecking out enough shingles for a $75,000 barn with de- tachable chicken house? The wood- pecker has efficiency of 97 per cent, and gets time and half for overtime. The engineer returned home one night at a late hour, and finding dif- ficulty with his equilibrium, made con- siderable noise in the hallway. Sudden- ly there was a sound of crashing glass which awakened his wife. "John," she called, "What's the mat- ter?" From downstairs came a low mumble, "I'll teach those goldfish to snap at me." There .ire those who claim that silk isn't the best thing in the world, but most people will agree it is about the nearest thing to it. She was a gorgeous girl, .And he was a lo\iiig male. He praised her shape in English, h'rench, Italian, and Braille. Prof. : "Why don't you answer when 1 call your name?" ME: "I nodded my heail." Prof. : "You don't expect me to hear the rattle all the way up here do you?" The fellow and girl charged around ,1 corner and bumped smack into each other. They stepped back, apologized and started up again. But they both dodged in the same direction and bumped once more. Again they started up, bumped and apologized. This time the fellow stepped back, raised his hat and gallantly remarked, "Just once more, cutie, then 1 realh lia\e to go." Mottoes: Freshman Girl: "Mother knows best." Sophomore (jirl: "Death before dis- honor." Junior Girl: "Nothing \eiitured, nothing gained." Senior (iirl: "Bo\s will be boys." Freshman: "What does 'Fantasy' mean ?" Senior: "A stor\- in which the char- acters are ghosts, gobliii>, \irgins, and other supernatural beings." Two Wacs returning late one night got into the wrong barracks — those of the enlisted men. (^ne lost her head and ran: the other remained calm and col- Then there was the chemical engi- neer who died from drinking shellac. The boys all said he had a good finish. ENGINEERS CORN TEST Connect 20,000 volts across a pint. If the current jumps it, the product is poor. If the current causes a precipitation of lye, tin, arsenic, iron slag, or .iluni, the whiskey is fair. If the liquor chases the current back to the generator, you've got good whiskey. The origin of the e.xpression, "hur- rah for our side!" goes back to the crowds lining the streets when Lady Godiva made her famous sidesaddle ride through the streets of Coventry. Some girls are cold sober. Others are always cold. During mock maneuvers an army commander ordered a notice to be dis- played on a bridge stating: "This bridge has been destroyed by air attack." But to his chagrin, he noticed through his field glasses that a foot regiment was cro.ssing the bridge despite his orders. He sent his adjutant to the officer in charge post-haste to find out how he dared to defy his orders. An hour later the adjutant was back. "It's all right, sir," he reported. "The troops are wear- ing signs saying 'We are swimming'." Two enterprising young men on a train decided to make the acquaintance of the young lady across the aisle from them. Said the first gentleman, "M\ name's Peter, but I'm no saint." Added the second, "My name's Paul, but I'm no apostle." Replied the flustered young ladv, "My name's Mary and I don't know what to sav. " "She isn't my best best." -just ecks Bus driver: ".'\11 right back there?" Feminine Voice: "No, wait till I get vn\ clothes on." Then the driver led a .stampede to the rear and watched the girl get on with a basket of lauiulry. 48 THE TECHNOGRAPH IN DEVELOPMENT Photo graphy 'w^orks for the Elngineer Design pn suggested by high-spnd iiidiinii p slow down motion so thai ii can bt There's hardly a spot in business and industry today w here photography does not play a part at simplifying or easing work and routine. It works in research, on the production line, in the engineer- ing and sales departments, in the office. And everywhere it saves time and costs. You will find it valuable in whatever you do. So be sure to look into all the ways it can help. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rochester 4, N.Y. CAREERS WITH KODAK: With photography and photographic processes becoming increasingly impor- tant in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challeng- ing opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design, sales, and production. If you are looking for such an inter- esting opportunity, write lor inlorma- tion about careers \sith Kodak. Address; Business and Technical Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. IN PRODUCTION PiodiKlion lint- assemblers, working Irum ]jlii)lc)'4raphic color transparencies, cpiickK and accurately connect the iiitiicatc ina/c ol nuilti-colorcd wires. IN SALES Ph(it(iL;iaphs pJa\ a major lolc in prosidmg manat;enient with an up-to-date record of physical facilities — plants, branches and sales offices. One of a series -J Q. Mr. Savage, should young engineers join professional engineering socie- ties? A. By all means. Once engineers have graduated from college they are immediately "on the outside looking in," so to speak, of a new social circle to which they must earn their right to be- long. Joining a professional or technical society represents a good entree. Q. How do these societies help young engineers? A. The members of these societies — mature, knowledgeable men — have an obligation to instruct those who follow after them. Engineers and scientists — as pro- fessional people — are custodians of a specialized body or fund of knowledge to which they have three definite responsibilities. The first is to generate new knowledge and add to this total fund. The second is to utilize this fund of knowledge in service to society. The third is to teach this knowledge to others, includ- ing young engineers. Q. Specifically, what benefits accrue from belonging to these groups? A. There are many. For the young engineer, affiliation serves the practical purpose of exposing his work to appraisal by other scien- tists and engineers. Most impor- tant, however, technical societies enable young engineers to learn of work crucial to their own. These organizations are a prime source of ideas — meeting col- leagues and talking with them, reading reports, attending meet- ings and lectures. And, for the young engineer, recognition of his accomplishments by asso- ciates and organizations gener- ally heads the list of his aspira- tions. He derives satisfaction from knowing that he has been identified in his field. Interview with General Electric's Charles F. Savage Consultant — Engineering Professional Relations How Professional Societies Help Develop Young Engineers Q. What contribution is the young en- gineer expected to make as an ac- tive member of technical and pro- fessional societies? A. First of all, he should become active in helping promote the objectives of a society by prepar- ing and presenting timely, well- conceived technical papers. He should also become active in organizational administration. This is self-development at work, for such efforts can enhance the personal stature and reputation of the individual. And, I might add that professional develop- ment is a continuous process, starting prior to entering col- lege and progressing beyond retirement. Professional aspira- tions may change but learning covers a person's entire life span. And, of course, there are dues to be paid. The amount is grad- uated in terms of professional stature gained and should al- ways be considered as a personal investment in his future. Q. How do you go about joining pro- fessional groups? A. While still in school, join student chapters of societies right on campus. Once an engineer is out working in industry, he should contact local chapters of techni- cal and professional societies, or find out about them from fellow engineers. Q. Does General Electric encourage par- ticipation in technical and profes- sional societies? A. It certainly does. General Elec- tric progress is built upon cre- ative ideas and innovations. The Company goes to great lengths to establish a climate and in- centive to yield these results. One way to get ideas is to en- courage employees to join pro- fessional societies. Why? Because General Electric shares in recog- nition accorded any of its indi- vidual employees, as well as the common pool of knowledge that these engineers build up. It can't help but profit by encouraging such association, which sparks and stimulates contributions. Right now, sizeable numbers of General Electric employees, at all levels in the Company, belong to engineering societies, hold re- sponsible offices, serve on work- ing committees and handle im- portant assignments. Many are recognized for their outstanding contributions by honor and medal awards. These general observations em- phasize that General Electric does encourage participation. In indication of the importance of this view, the Company usually defrays a portion of the expense accrued by the men involved in supporting the activities of these various organizations. Remem- ber, our goal is to see every man advance to the full limit of his capabilities. Encouraging him to join Professional Societies is one way to help him do so. Mr. Savage has copies of the booklet "Your First 5 Years" published by the Engineers' Council for Profes- sional Development which you may have for the asking. Simply write to Mr. C. F. Savage, Section 959-12, General Electric Co., Schenectady 5, N. Y. *LOOK FOR other interviews dis- cussing: Salary • Why Companies have Training Programs • How to Get the Job You Want. generalBelectric tLl.-i^^ "■ t-i»//. ||jliii|«OT 4|"ti"M5TT't''Mri";(i«j 'WKI'i' "ttpiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii r; '•".■ \ '" '> - > bpp ERING HOUSE How to start a heart Lliai SlOpS. An ()|)erating room is ii (|ui(l place. Init you could hear a sriowflake ili(ip whiMi a living heart stops. Sometimes only a .single word is spoken. "epine|)hrine." The .syringe is firmly i)laced in tht> siirgron's (Hit-^tiitthcd hand and he plunges the long needle fleep into the chest— into the center of the heart it.self. As soon as the life-giving chemical touches the muscle of the heart, this wondrous organ usually contracts violently and starts to heat again. In the human body epinephrine is secreted by the core of the adrenal gland, and it acts to regulate the flow of body blood in conjunc- tion with other body chemicals. Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Asst. — Marilyn Day Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Grenville King Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Ron Kurtz Jeri Jewett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Production Staff Mark Weston Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illinois Technograph " gineer ^ '^ ■' ^ Transit, Kansas Enginee Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Enginee Louisiana State University Engineer, Loui iana Tech Engineer. Manhattan Enginee Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Mil nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, N' braska Blueprint, New York University Quadrangle, North Dakota Engineer, North- western Engineer, Nutre Dame Technical Review, Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdue Engi- neer, KPI Engineer, Rochester Indicator, SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- neer, Spartan Engineer, Texas A & M Engi- neer, Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer, Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 4 January, 1960 Table of Contents ARTICLES: Importance of Communication Dean 5. H. Pierce 15 News Flash Cynthia Patterson 17 What Are The Odds? Precis 20 Special Open House Section 24 Responsibility of The College R. W. Sievers 63 FEATURES: Come and See Us Dean W. L. Everitt 9 Technocutie Photos by Dove Yates 58 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff 65 Brointeasers Edited by Steve Dilts 71 Begged, Borrowed, And Edited by Jack Fortner 80 Cover . . The cover this month done by Phil Weibler will also be the OPEN HOUSE poster for this year. Phil is doing all the art work for the Open House publicity campaign. Copyright, 1959, by lUini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc; tober, November, December, January, February, March, April and May) by the lUini Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Office 215 Engineering Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights reserved by The Illinois Technograph. Publisher's Representative — Littell-Murray- Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, New York. W. J. Burnham of Westinghouse's Electronics Lab controls the evaporation of germanium metal in a low pressure atmosphere. The germanium smoke collects on a glass disk producing a thin film semiconductor of the type to be used in telemetering systems. Is a semiconductor film the answer? Ask the men in the Electronics Lab I The Electronics Laboratory helps the Westinghouse en- gineer use the latest tools in the electronics field and works to develop new ones for his special projects. If a Westinghouse engineer needs a new semiconductor film for a satellite telemetering system, or a highly sensitive tube for a new kind of TV camera, he can call on this group of experts for help. The lab is currently doing work with infrared imaging devices, molecular electronics, sound transmission in water and air, parametric amplification of microwaves, plasma physics, thermionic power conversion and light emission. Nearly all of its work is in support of engineers and scientists in other departments of the company. At Westinghouse the young engineer isn't expected to know all the answers. Our work is often too advanced for that. Instead, each man is backed up by specialists, like those in the Electronics Lab. If you have ambition and real ability, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportunities for talented engineers. Want more information? Write to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Ardmore & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pennsylvania. you CAN BE SURE ... IF it's TVestinghouse THE TECHNOGRAPH 'J'he deiice abo}il lo he suhmenjcd is an "undenrdtcr sound source". It transmits sound waves beneath the sea and is part of the research equipment developed by Bendix Research Laboratories Division for use in the Bendix program of undersea acoustics research. Bendix, America's most diversified engineering organi- zation, offers challenging job opportunities in every area of man's scientific and engineering accomplisii- ment— under the sea, on land, in the air and in outer space! Take, for example, the urgent problem of defense against enemy submarines. Bendix— pioneer in sonar research development, and supplier of this equipment to our government for many years — was selected to develop new techniques to increase sonar capabilities. Another important Bendix anti-submarine device is "dunked" sonar, lowered from helicopter into the sea to detect enemy submarines. The spectacular "TV eye", which enabled the crew of the nuclear-powered submarine "Skate" to observe the underside of the Polar ice pack and locate areas A thousand products for safe surfacing, was likewise a Bendix development. The real "depth" of job opportunities at Bendix can best be measured by the many and diverse scientific fields in which Bendix is engaged. For example— career opportunities are available in such fields as electronics, electromechanics, ultra- sonics, computers, automation, radar, nucleonics, combustion, air navigation, hydraulics, instrumenta- tion, propulsion, metallurgy, communications, carbu- retion, solid state physics, aerophysics and structures. At Bendix there is truly Opportunity in Depth for outstanding young engineers and scientists. See your placement director for information about campus interview dates, or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corpora- tion, 1108 Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. a million ideas JANUARY, 1960 complete instrumentation for NASA's Project Mercury COLLINS ELECTRONICS The reality of McDonnell's manned sat- ellite will be a great milestone in NASA's exploration of space. Collins Radio Com- pany is proud to participate in Project Mercury by supplying the complete elec- tronics system, including orbital radio voice communication, a command system for radio control, a telemetry data system, a Minitrack beacon system, a transponder beacon system for precision tracking, and a rescue radio voice and beacon system. Collins needs engineers and physicists to keep pace with the growing demand for its products. Positions are challenging. Assign- ments are varied. Projects currently under- way in the Cedar Rapids Division include research and development in Airborne communication, navigation and identifica- tion systems. Missile and satellite tracking and communication. Antenna design. Ama- teur radio and Broadcast. Collins manufacturing and R&D in- stallations are also located in Burbank and Dallas. Modern laboratories and re- search facilities at all locations ensure the finest working conditions. Your placement office will tell you when a Collins representative will be on campus. For all the interesting facts and figures of recent Collins developments send for your free copies of Signn/, published quar- terly by the Collins Radio Company. Fill out and mail the attached coupon today. You'll receive every issue published during this school year without obligation. COLLINS Professional Placement, Collins Radio Company, Cedar Roplds, Iowa me each Collins Signal published chool year. COLLINS RADIO COMPANY • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • DALLAS. TEXAS • BURBANK, CALIFORNIA Address City State College or Univer ity Major degree Minor Groduotion date ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■a THE TECHNOGRAPH DOW is tomorrow- minded plant Take just one for-instance: Plaquemine. Some five hundred acres of Louisiana sugar cane country once. Stately oaks and magnolias. Today they're still there. But growing harmoniously with them are the vivid contemporary colors of the new plant— the Dow reds and greens, gleaming whites, Confederate gray, businesslike black. They blend in with the oaks and magnolias to provide one of America's most modern and distinctive plant vistas. Along with the forward-looking products and the people who produce them, this tomorrow-minded Dow plant is a part of the new face of the new South. Plaquemine is located in one of the nation's fastest- growing concentrations of chemical manufacture. This now bustling Evangeline country offers abun- dant natural resources, an excellent network of transportation, good accessibility to great and developing markets and communities. And, perhaps most important of all— Old Man River— the limit- less Mississippi, with its never-ending source of fresh water and its gate to the ocean-going trade routes of the world. Today's Plaquemine is a symbol of Dow's tomorrow- minded growth— at one of the fastest rates in the industry. To keep pace with its output of products, new and old, Dow plants are building nationwide. Says the Chairman of the Board of Directors: "We build in boom times to keep up with the demand; we build in slump times for the future." And Dow continues to build its plants, products and people always with tomorrow in mind. If you would like to know more about the Dow opportunity, please write: Director of College Relations, Dept. 2425FW, the dow chemical COMPANY, Midland, Michigan. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY • MIDLAND, MICHIOAN JANUARY, 1960 A new dimension in bubble blowing This plastic bubble protects the antenna of a radically new aerial three-dimensional radar defense system. Sensitive to the inadequacies of conventional radar systems, engineers at Hughes in Fullerton devised a radar antenna whose pointing direction is made sensitive to the frequency of the electromagnetic energy applied to the antenna. This advanced tech- nique allows simultaneous detection of range, bear- ing and altitude. . .with a single antenna. Hughes engineers combined this radar antenna with "vest-pocket sized" data processors to co-ordinate antiaircraft missile firing. These unique data proc- essing systems pi'ovide: 1. Speed — Complex electronic missile firing data was designed to travel through the system in milli- seconds, assuring "up-to-date" pinpoint position- ing of hostile aircraft. 2. Mobility — Hughes engineers "ruggedized" and miniaturized the system so that it could be mounted into standard army trucks which could be de- ployed to meet almost any combat problem — even in rugged terrain. 3. Reliability — By using digital data transmission techniques, Hughes engineers have greatly re- duced any possibility of error. Result: the most advanced electronics defense system in operation! Reliability of the advanced Hughes systems can be in- sured only with the equally advanced test equipment designed by Hughes El Segundo engineers. ^ 1 Other Hughes projects provide similarly stimulating outlets for creative talents. Current areas of Re- search and Development include advanced airborne electronics systems, advanced data processing systems, electronic display systems, molecular elec- tronics, space vehicles, nuclear electronics, electrolu- minescence, ballistic missiles. ..and many more. Hughes Products, the commercial activity of Hughes, has assignments open for imaginative engineers to perform research in semiconductor materials and electron tubes. Whatever your field of interest, you'll find Hughes diversity of advanced projects makes Hughes an ideal place for you to grow... both professionally and personally. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND PHYSICISTS Members of our staff will conduct CAMPUS INTERVIEWS MARCH 10 and 11, 1960 For interview appointment or informational literature consult your College Placement Director. Tht Weefa leader in advanced ELECTRONICS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY Culver City. Kl Setnnntu, Fullerton, New-port Beach, Malibit and Los Angeles, California Tucson, Arizona Falcon air-to-air guided missiles, shown in an en- 1 vironmental strato chamber are being developed and manufactured by Hughes engineers in Tucson, Arizona. I Karl Pear son... on mystery versus ignorance Does science leave no mystery? On the contrary, it f)roclaims mystery where others profess Knowl- edge. There is mystery enough in the universe of sensation and in its capacity for containing tliose httle corners of consciousness wliich project their own prochicts. of order and law and reason, THE RAND CORPORATION, A nonprofit organization inpnccd in rcscardi on prol into an uni!) a.m.: com- munication was established witii Getz. Tlie feeble message decoded : "/ nni in captivity until the Mar- tian is returned. Earth ilepemh upon fllS safety." As this message was being relayed to Kansas, news of the stranger's death was being rela\e(i to Washington. — By Cynthia Patterson JANUARY, 1960 17 The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe. But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man. This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them . . . the kind of space found between mainland and off- shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply base, between the site of a mountain crash and a waiting ambulance— above all, Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be- tween all earthbound places. Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs are some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the ve- hicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation. Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet. IKORSKY AIRCRAFT For information about careers with us, please ad- dress Mr. Richard L. Auten, Personnel Department. One of the Divisions of United Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 18 THE TECHNOGRAPH AT RAYTHEON... Scientific imagination focuses on . . . RADAR ... SONAR . . . COMMUNICATIONS . . . MISSILE SYSTEMS . . . ELECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY... SOLID STATE Challenging professional assignments are of- fered by Raytheon to outstanding graduates in electrical engineering, mechanical engin- eering, physics and mathematics. These as- signments include research, systems, devel- opment, design and production of a wide variety of products for commercial and mil- itary markets. For specific information, visit your place- ment director, obtain a copy of "Raytheon . . . and your Professional Future," and ar- range for an on-campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. John B. Whitla, College Relations, 1360 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton 36, Massachusetts. Excellence in Eleclrontct JANUARY, 1960 19 What are the Odds? From PRECIS H( ill \()u live. What arc >our chances of winiiiiiK the Irish Sweepstakes? Of drawing a perfect hand at bridge? Of acquiring a mate, if presently unattached ? No one can tell you for certain, of course, but the mathematical experts who spend their lives doping out the laws of chance can do almost as well: they can tell you the odds. What, for example, are the mathe- matical chances of your living to a ripe old age? According to annuity tables worked out by insurance actuaries, the odds are that a twenty-year-old man will live 54.23 years longer; a girl of the same age can expect 59.43 addition- al years of life. Once you reach 30, the odds say you will survive another 44.61 years if you are a man, another 49.70 if a member of "the weaker sex." At 40, figure on another 35.15 (or 40.11) years; at 50, you're odds-on to hang around for 26.23 (36.81) (twelve-months) more. Men of sixty are favored to sunive till 78 ; women of the same age are good bets to reach 82. Once you've achieved 70, the odds say you'll sur\i\e past 80, giving the men 11.86 more years and women 14.18. Rut lest you become over confident and do something silly — like 80 miles an hour — remember that your chances of accidental injruy this year are about 1 in 17, and that accidents are the priman' cause of death from age 1 to 44! Unfortunately, yovu' chances of acci- dentally striking it rich are much, much slimmer. The odds against any single ticket winning the Irish Sweepstakes? A sad 60,000 to one. According to information supplied by Facit, Inc., creators of precision-made Swedish biisiness machines, even great- er are tiie odds against your drawing a royal flush at poker: 649,739 to one. On four of a kind, they drop to 4,164. The odds on getting a Hush are only 508 to one against you, and a straight comes even easier at t254 to one. You can easily figure your chances of a straight or a flush by counting the number of cards that will do it against the number of cards remaining in the deck. It's 47 to 8 on the first, 47 to 9 on the second. You have 4 chances in 47 of drawing an inside straight — a bet hardly worth taking unless the table is likely to con- tain, at the very least, 12 times as much money as you're likely to wager. And then you may lose because an inside straight can be beaten. How about bridge? The odds against a perfect hand — all 13 cards of the same suit — are a ridiculous 635,013,- 599,599 to one. But few card players stop to think that the odds against their picking up any specified hand — includ- ing that awful one that Fate dealt you last night — are exactly the same as the odds against holding thirteen spades. Has a whole table ever held perfect hands at one deal ? Yes — and it hap- pened quite recently — just this past April. The lucky players: the Duke of Marlborough and some aristocratic pals at a London bridge table. The odds against this particidar mluke, as com- puted with the help of a Facit calc\i- lator, were 53,644,737,765,488,702,- 839,247,440,000 to one! Hut if \ou think those odds are high, just tr\- to calculate the odds against the Facit, or the Odhner ading machine — or any other precision machine — mak- ing a mistake. The odds against such a boner are infinite ! Often called a gamble, marriage, too, has computable odds. At the age of twenty, a girl has nine chances in ten of marrying at some time during her life. At 25 she has 78 chances in 100 of marrying, by 30 her chances are 55 out of 100, a year later she has an even chance, and by 32 the odds are slightly against her — 16.4 chances in 100 of be- coming a Mrs. A man of 30, on the other hand, has 72 chances in 100 of finding a wife, and the odds don't begin to work against him till the age of 35, when he has slightly less than one chance in two of marrying. (A woman of the same age battles three to one odds against finding a mate.) There are 31.7 chances in lOO that a man of 40 will wed ; one chance out of five that a woman of the same age will marry. What are the chances of wedded bliss including a set of twins, triplets, quad- ruplets or quints? Though multiple births do tend to "run in families, " the theoretical odds against any expanctant mother giving birth to twins are 90 to one. The odds against her producing triplets are 9,000 to one, 900,00(1 against quadruplets and 90,000,0(10 against repeating the accomplishment of Papa and Mama Dionne! But surely you can count on a tift\- fifty chance of getting a boy (or a girl if you want one)? Not quite; Actually the ods are very slightly in favor of hav- ing a son. One hundred and five boys are born for every 100 girls. Doctors know that the very young mother ( teens and early twenties) is even more likely to produce a son. The law of averages has no influence in determining the sx of a child — or any other issue in doubt. No fallacy has cost more people more money than the "lightning doesn't strike twice in the same place" myth. It's even cost lives! The chances of getting "heads" on a coin toss, no matter how many "heads" have rolled before, is always one in two. And many soldiers in World War I found, to their cost, that a newh' made shell-hole was no safer a refuge than a trench which had not been previously hit. It's true that the chances of two shells striking exactly the same spot are very small. But after the first one has hit, the chance that a second one will strike the same place is no smaller than the chance that it will strike any other point on the battlefield ! But if \ou a\oid shell-holes, tire blowouts and lovdette tables, your own chances of sur\i\al couldn't be bet- ter. 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH Getting the jump in a card game can mean hurdling tremendous odds. You hove only one chance in 649,739 of drawing a royal flush in poker, one in 4,164 of getting four of a kind. But the odds against a perfect bridge hand-635,599,599 to one-are no higher than the odds against getting any specified hand in the deck! (Figures and drawings from Facit, Inc.) Using more complex methods of doping out life expectancies, statisticians hove come up with figures that would make any- body flip. The average citizen of 20 is odds-on to survive at least another 54 years. At 30, he's favored to live another 44 years, the 40-year-old can expect an- other 35 years of life, men of 50 are odds-on to survive post 75. And the outlook for women is even better! JANUARY, 1960 21 Number Four in a Scrict ENGINEERING GRADUATES — YOUR STEPPING STONES TO Just as the satisfactory recovery of an or- bital vehicle signals the success of a space project, you, as a professional engineer, will in time enjoy increased prestige in your company and community, a high standard of living, and personal pride in the knowledge that your con- tributions have advanced the art of aeronautical and space technology. At McDonnell — a large number of relatively young engineers are already enjoying the hall- marks of success mentioned above. You, too, can ■ write f/oH?- success story with us by taking ad- ^- vantage of McDonnell's Stepping Stones to ■*',• Space. Learn more about our company and com- munity by seeing our Engineering Representa- tive when he visits your campus, or, if you prefer, write a brief note to: Raymond F. Kaletta Engineering Employment Supervisor P.O. Box 516, St. Louis 66, Missouri llluslfatiny McDonnell's youthful and dynamic management is Jotin Yardley, age 34. Project Engineer-Project Mercury. John re- ceived his BSAE from Iowa State in 1944. and his MS Applied Mechanics Degree from Washington U., St. Louis, in 1950. 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH 'SWEATING MY PHYSICS FINAL? WHY-- NO! WHAT MAKES YOU ASK THAT?" i JANUARY, 1960 \ 23 Special Section on ENGINEERING OPEN HOUSE March 11 and 12 INDEX Aeronautical 26 Agricultural 28 Ceramic 30 Chemical 32 Civil 34 Electrical 36 General 38 Feature: Betatron 42 Industrial 44 Mechanical 46 Metallurgical 48 Mining and Petroleum 50 Physics 52 Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 54 Engineers in the Armed Forces ._-. 56 24 THE TECHNOGRAPH AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Aerodynamics Acroilx iiaiiiii's is the ticlil ot M'Vd- iiautiial eiifjiiifi-riiiji; which tli-als witli the (Ifteriniiiation of the flows past a boily immersed in a fluid medium, and the forces and moments wliich they produce on the body. To aid in the stuil\ of aerodynamics, l.iboratory experiments are conducteil ar)d the results are employed in sol\- insr associated problems. The shock tube which will be on display in Aero Lab H generates a shock wave which mo\es past a model, producing flow velocities up to 20 times the speed of soimd for very short durations of time. By pho- tographing the model during this period with a high speed camera, valuable data is obtained. The smoke tunnel, also on display in Lab H, enables the engineer to stud\ low speed flows past wing sec- tions at various angles of attack. This is accomplished by injecting parallel streams of smoke into air passing over an airfoil which in turn trace the path of the air stream lines. The analog com- puter provides solutions of flight re- gime problems by means of circuit bal- ancing. Such problems would be ex- tremely difficult to solve without the aid of this valuable electronic device. Students also study aerodynamics through individual research. Two ex- amples of this are the working models of a helicopter and a ground-effect ve- hicle which will be demonstrated for (Open House visitors. These devices are employed in examining the phenomena of li()\ering and vertical take-offs and landings. Through such research will eventually come airliners which are cap- able of landing on a football field and still travel in level flights at supersonic speeds from city to cit\. Aircraft Structures Display Once upon a time when Sir Barn- stormer and his steed, the Biplane, were champions of the air, the primary prob- lem of aircraft structural engineers was to design an aircraft structure whose strength was superior to the air loads supplied to it. Loss of material stren;uh due to vibration and high temperatures was unheard of. Today however, as aircraft speeds creep past mach S. such as in the X-15 rocket airplane, the "structures man" is required to become well versed in struc- tural problems whose complexities were not even imagined. Flutter, or vibration, not only of con- trolled surfaces such as ailerons and ele- vators but also of wings and fuselage panels, plagues the modern aircraft structural engineer. In our wind-tunnel. Lab A, we will have an airfoil section installed which demonstrates the phe- nomena of flutter. Structures can no longer be analyzed only as single strength systems. Due to heat addition from air friction temper- ature rise and material properties are The piasma-jef in operation impaired. To combat strength losses due to these temperature rises, we can : a. use a heavier structure b. use improved materials c. emiiioN a combination of steps a and b. The last alternative is usually the necessary one. In Lab B we will ha\e a display of some of the high tempera- ture probleins and their solutions. In addition to the displays in these relatively new fields, a Baldwin Test- ing Machine will be used to exhibit the torsional failures of columns loaded in compression. Photoelasticity and its use in explaining stress fields will be dem- onstrated. Samples of aircraft honey-comb struc- tures and some small parts will also be shown. Aircraft Propulsion Did you ever hear of a bladeless tur- bine? Well, believe it or not, the Aero Department will have on display a Tes- la turbine, which extracts power from high-pressure air, gas or steam using nothing more than a series of plain flat steel discs. The friction of the gas passing over the disks rotates them at a high speed, thereby providing power with greater simplicity and far less weight than any conventional gas tur- bine. In\ented b\ Nikola Tesia in l*^!,^, this device is now being developed by the department for use in light aircraft. Because of the lack of blades, the tiu-- bine can produce much more power per pound and can operate at higher tem- peratures; and at the same time it is far cheaper and simpler than the bladed gas turbine. It will be demonstrated in Aero Lab B. Aero Lab A will sound like Cape Canaveral when our working model rocket motor is demonstrated. Using hydrogen and oxygen for fuel, this motor works on the same principle as those used on our biggest missiles. Also demonstrated in Lab A will be a plasma jet generator, a propulsion system of the future. Creating a jet hot- ter than the surface of the sun, the plasma generator can produce up to ten times as much thrust per pound of fuel as the conventional chemical rocket en- gines. The plasma generator also is the power source of the hypersonic wind tunnel which subjects models of ballis- tic missiles and space vehicles to the ex- treme temperatures they will encounter on re-entering the atmosphere from outer space. You will see an actual model of a missile nose cone melt like butter before your eyes. On display in Aero Lab B will be an actual working model of a ramjet engine. Also there will be full-scale cutaway displays of turbojet, pidsejet and rocket engines. 26 THE TECHNOGRAPH Prof. McCloy and Prof. Yen are shown operating the Tesia turbine Shown obove is the shock tube which is used by the Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering Departments for research. A rapidly expanding gas travels the length of this tube creating shock waves which may be studied. JANUARY, 1960 27 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Kngineeriiig, an essential in a;irieul- tural progress, is the theme tor the Agri- cultural Kngincering Open House dis- play of 10()(). By use of actual machines, models, and displays the Illinois Student Branch of the American Society of Ag- ricultural Engineers will present a few of the projects and products of engi- neering research. Agricultural I''ngineers will feature the newest method of transportation developed by man, the "Aeromobile." The aeromobile developed by Dr. W. R. Bertelsen, Nepon.set, Illinois, pow- ered by a 75 H.P. engine rides on an air cushion free of the surface of the ground moving at speeds up to 40 miles per hour. The engine drives a fan that pro- vides the air cushion that the aeromobile rides on. Steering is provided by flaps or fins that control the flow of air and lie- termine the direction of travel for the machine. The inventor reports that the machine will travel over water, hover over a field or move in any direction at will. The machine may enable many new kinds of agricultural applications to be developed with transportation over wet fields, swamps and bogs becoming possible. See it at the Agricultural En- gineering (^pen House Exhibit. Agricultural engineering cons'sts of four divisions, each embracing the work being done in four great areas of agri- culture. These are the divisions of power and machinery, soil and water, farm structures and farm electrification. The power and machinery exhibit will be high lighted by the presence of a "fuel cell" tractor, a research project of Allis Chalmers Co., which utilizes a greatly different method of producing power than found in conventional farm tractors. The fuel cell instantly con- verts chemical energy to electrical en- ergy in the fonn of direct current. The chemical energ\' pro\iding the fuel is a gas nuxture which is largely propane. Although this is a research tractor, it is of commercial size and will pull a two-bottom plow. The main advantage of the engine is its efficiency in the range of 60-70 per cent, whereas the best diesel engines are about 40 per cent ef- ficient. Another feature of the power and machinery exhibit will be a tractor equipped with an automatic guidance system. This system is capable of com- pletely guiding the tractor as it goes through the field. The onh' effort re- quired of the operator is that which is necessary to turn tlie tractor at the end of the field. Also included in the exhibit will be cutaway views of automatic and con- ventional tractor transmissions as well as a corn planter test stand which shows the working mechanisms of a modern farm corn planter. The soil and water area will ha\e a field tile flow line demonstration. B\' the use of colored dyes added to the water flowing through a glass faced sand tank, the flow lines of water to a subsurface drainage tile can be observed. This model allows the comparison of actual flow patterns with those deri\ed from theoretical analysis. Another demonstration will consist of a portable water channel and scale mod- els of various water control structures. The use of these models for the hy- draidics of various designs may be ob- served as well as the variations in ca- pacity for various How conditions. The soil and water division will also feature several other interesting ex- hibits. One of these will be a sprinkler- type irrigation set-up showing how the rate of application of water may be varied through the use of various size nozzles and direction of spray. The sec- ond model (iispla\ is that of soil erosion control structures. These plastic models are of flumes, V-notch spillways, and dams with drop-box inlets. There are also enlarged photographs of field con- ditions where these structures are being used. The third division is that of farm structures. The increasingly wide- spread use of steel construction will be shown by a complete farmstead model. This model shows the use of steel build- ings in a typical beef and swine opera- tion. Another model present will he that of a machine to test trusses of all t\|ies. This machine allows accurate labora- tory determination of the effects of loads on the various types of tni;ses which are used in farm biuldings. The fourth division is that of farm electrification where there is very much interest in feed processing and handling. This will be illustrated by a model of a completely automatic live' tock feeding system. Such a system is capable of mix- ing the desired ration and t'ci deliver- ing it to the animals in the correct amount at the desired t nie. This is tnd\ the start of "farm automation." The extent to which electricit\ is put to use on the farm is well brought out by a model farm huout. Operation- al electric devices on the model show- how electricity is used to reduce labor. Of much interest to niati\, especially swine pioducers, wdl be the display of electric floor heating. A concrete slab is cast arovuul a layout of electrical heat- ing cables which results in a floor for which the temperatuie nia\ be con- trolled. For a first-hand view of some of the many advances taking place in Agricul- tural Engineering be sure to stop at the tent housing the previous!) described ex- hibits. You'll be glad that you did! 28 THE TECHNOGRAPH This student is shown spraying dust into a tractor air cleaner to test the effectiveness of various filters. The radio-controlled tractor above will be demonstrated at this year's Open House. I This air tent will house all the Agricultural Engineering displays. It is supported by air blown from a crop dryer. I JANUARY, 1960 29 CERAMIC ENGINEERING 'riic wiiilcl ill wliich we Inc. the lilc we lead is inw made p()^sil1l^■ rhinuLih tlic ili'vclopini'iit anil use ot ci-ramu' proilucrs. Ceramics is teehnicalK ile- fineil as: "iion-nietallir, inorganic ma- terials wliK'li ie(iuiie the use ot liif^li temperature in their processin;:." Hut what does ceramics mean to me — wliat iloes ceramics mean to you? Ceramics is the foundation cil our liomes; the bricks, (ibreglass insulation, ,ind plaster in the walls, the windows, the sanitar\ facilities, the ceramic coat- ed ranijes, washers and bath tubs, the dishes, the ^rlassware, the mirrors, and e\cn the lif;lu bulbs. But this li-t is iinK the beginning. The television s-t h.is a ceramic picture tube and many small ceramic electronic parts. Outside the home the impact of ceramics still hea\ily inHuences our lives. The streets upon which we walk, the sewers we need, the bmldings we admire — the heaut\ (it our comnu;nit\ is due in a l.ir^e extent to ceranuc jiroducts. Ceramics though, has a more subtle function in our e\eryda\' lives. With- out ceramics, there would be no automo- biles, no sil\ iTw;ire, no airplanes — no steel because ceramic materials line the inside of the blast furnaces in the steel- making processes, and practically e\ery other turn.ice in existance. ( )ther ma- terials simpl\ cannot withstand the temperatures recjuired in toda\'s manu- tacturing processes. Almost e\ery article we possess either has within itself or has been manufactured using ceramic inateiials or products. With a small in- sight into the products at our disposal and the processes used in their manu- f,-icrure we can easily see that niir world is tniK — a ceramic world! Iiut what about the future.'' It. too, will be a ceramic world. I here will he ceranuc structures for space \ehR'les, ceramic rocket engine parts, ceramic nu- clear fuels, high temperature ceramic electronic components, fabrication of cenunic components for atomic piles and many other products that now seem onh like the wildest of ilreams. How is the ceramic engineering curriculum |irepar- ing for tomorrow so that we all ma\ have a better toda\ ? Ceramic engineering is t.aught in a Determining the temperature of a porcelain enamel smelting furnace by means of an optical pyrometer. curriculum which maintains a sound en- gineering basis in mathematics, chemis- try, physics, applied mechanics and en- gineering design with clecti\es in so- cial science and humanities. On this base the stud\ of high temperature re- actions ;ind equilibria in the processing of nonmetailic, inorganic raw materials is expanded to apph' to the problems of a wide \ariet\ of the process indus- tries. In |iarticular is the "ceramic in- dustry;" ie., glass, refractories, porce- lain enamel, structural clay products, abrasives whitewares, electrical compo- nents, cements, etc. This may include, however, the mineral processing activi- ties of ,in\ industrv in which high tem- perature technologh is emphned. With the advent of the nuclear era, supersonic tra\el and missiles, the field of ceramic engineering has become even more important. These new endeavors have made necessary traimng in the high temperature disciplines, in elec- tronic ceramics and in similar .-illied fields. Opportunities for professional devel- opment for engineers with a ceramic background are almost unlimited. The broad training received in ceramic engi- neering leads the graduates to positions of responsibility in fundamental investi- gations and research on materials, pro- duct development, process development and supervision, quality control, manu- facturing administration, or sales and technical service in the use of raw ma- terials, mineral products, and processing equipment. Tho.se engineers with par- ticular .iptitude for engineering design have an opportunity for employment in fields where a knowledge of the engi- neering properties of materials at ele- vated temperatures is of paramount in- terest, such as industrial furnace design, a'.-ronautical and space applications, or nuclear and conventional power plants. The future ceramic engineer, in short may be a high-temperature materials specialist in a modern engineering team devoted to research, development, opera- tion, or sales in ,-i world that has needed and used ceramics from the ancient aqueducts and roads of Rome to the spectacular advances of the space age. This world is truly a ceramic world ; and a glimpse of it mav' be obtained at the 1960 Engineering Open House. 30 THE TECHNOGRAPH An hydraulic press is used to form dry shapes of ceramic materials in a study of desirable dies and pressure relationships. JANUARY, 1960 31 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING l*iT>i)iis touring the Kasr Clu-niistr\ Hiiililiiii,' ilni-ins rhe I'lWI Kiifiiiu-eiiiij: ( )pcii House will be shown some ot rhe processes atul equipment used e\eiy il:i\ in the industrial world. The majority of the processes arc located in the four- story I Hit Operations Laboratory and are ot proportions approximating tlie size ot pilot plants which are simpl> scaled-down, tulh -operating models of the commercially-employed units. The dl•si,^n and operation of the pilot plant is ijeneralU the last important step in the sequence of events which often starts in a chemist's test tube and which ma.\- or may not result in the full-scale operation of a chemical plant. Pilot plant work thus constitutes a \ery im- portant and challenuint; phase of chenu- cal engineerin;;. The tour of the "Init Ops Lab," as it is called by those closely associated with it, will consist of demonstrations and explanations of gas absorption, dis- tillation, filtration and radiochemistry. Exhibits not in the main laboratory in- clude a temperatme measurement dis- play, a Chem-Magic show, and a series of films showing the chemical engineer applying his talents in industry. The gas absorption displa\-, more commonly called "Chem-Pop," consists of a long, clear, packed column which contains uncarbonated popade. The car- bonating gas carbon dioxide, is then bubbled through the column and is ;ib- This bomb is used to obtain extremely high pressures. Variations in pressure are detected by the defraction of light rays passing through the high pressure area. 32 sorbed by the liquid, thus producing a refreshing drink of sparkling Chem-Pop as well as demonstrating the process of gas absorption. .Another clear plastic colunui is em- ployed to visually exhibit the distilla- tion process. A solutioti of two liquids of different boiling points, one of which is colored, is heated and thus vaporized. The \apor phase, consisting initially of both components, is forced up through the distillation column which, by means of tower trays and a uniform tempera- ture gradient gradually separates the two \apors. In this particular two com- ponent separation, one compoi'iMit (the lower boiling of the two) goes out the top of the tower as a vapor while the other condenses and flows back down through the column. The apparatus used to demonstrate filtration is called a continuous vacu- um rotary filter. A slurry of colored calcium carbonate in water is fed to the bottom section of the slowly rotat- ing, cloth-wrapped drum. The water is then sucked through the cloth hy \irtue of a partial vacuum drawn on the in- side of the drum, leaving the sludge or filtrate adhering to the cloth. The fil- trate is later removed by releasing the \acuum and scraping the drum. 1 his t\pe of filter has found widespread use in many separation processes. The radiochemistry exhibit is intend- ed to explain the operation and applica- tions of geiger covmters anil other in- struments and equipment utilized in ex- perimental work and in radioactive chemical tracer techniques. The temperature measinTment dis- play, located in the instrumentation lab- oratory on the .second floor, will include a more or less chronologically based ar- rangement of the many devices used by chemical engineers to measure and con- trol that very important process vari- able, temperature. The display contains a rather extensive number of instru- ments, ranging from the simple mer- cur\ thermometer to devices as complex as the optical pyrometer and the self- balancing potentiometer type tempera- ture recorded and controller. Intended both to balance the tour of the scientific and engineering aspects of chemical engineering and to give the possibly travel-weary visitor a chance to relax for a few minutes, are the Cheni Ma'iic show and the films. These are both performed periodically and will pro\e to he entertaining as well as edu- cational. Another unique feature of the Chemi- cal Engineering Department's Open House Program is the use of a group of guides, whose purpose is to lead the \isitors through the building and dis- pla\s and to answer their questions on the subject of chemical engineering. THE TECHNOGRAPH Fermentation apparatus in chemical engineering enables biochemistry students to study all types of biological action. JANUARY, 1960 33 CIVIL ENGINEERING Have you cvt-r thouglu ot the miser- able, lowly civil engineer, out in the rain aiiii cold, shoutinsj tour-letter words at the laborers to encourage them to work a little less slowly? Have you ever thought of how frustrated he must be when rain washes out his new road ; or when the foundations upon which he was going to place his new building sud- denly sink into the ground for no ap- parent reason ; or when a flood rises to tear away his new and beautiful bridge? If you have ever thought about this miserable, lowly engineer, you have probably become convinced that you don't have to be crazy to be a civil en- gineer, but it helps. You may have looked in open- mouthed awe at a news film of a rocket laimching and decided that you would have to be a rocket engineer. Or, you may have taken a tour through nuclear reactor facilities, such as Argonne Na- tional Laboratories, and decided that there wa,s no other field worth consid- ering except nuclear physics. Then on \()ur way home, \ou passed a location where a new road was being construct- ed. Amid the dust, noise, and confusion, you saw a man who appeared to be en- cased in dirt from head to toe. This. you guessed, was a civil engineer. But after all, who would want to work in conditions like that? How can a grini> civil engineer compare to a distinguished scientist in a white coat working with complex equipment ? If you have ever thought of these things, you have been thinking of the wrong person. The true civil engineer is a combination of construction boss, on-the-spot computer and catalogue of engineering know-how, designer, and public relations man. He is constantly trying to find new and less expensive means of achieving important goals. The civil engineer's college education provides a complete back-ground in tech- nical subjects and in areas which will help the engineer to communicate with his fellow man. The Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois is acknowledged as one of the finest in the country. There are many prominent citizens of this country who spent many of their college hours in Civil Kngineering Hall at the U. of I. The qu:dit> ot the graduato, hi)we\er, is only a reflection ot the qualir> of the faculty. At the 1960 Engineering Open House the student civil engineers plan to dem- onstrate how they go about developing this complete backgroimd to aid them in their future fields of endeavor. They will show how known principles are applied and how new theories are proven. If you are interested in the The traditional civil engineer world about \()u, do not bypass the in- formative displays of the ci\il engi- neers. Have you ever watchctl a building being constructed and wondered what was going on? You will be able to see the whole process from the initial cost estimates to the laying of the last brick. If \ou decide to pursue this phase of ci\il engineering, you will not only re- ceive instruction in the efficient use of heavy construction equipment but also in labor relations and in the economics of engineered construction. Most of you either are or soon will be drivers. The design and construction of the highways iqion which you drive is another of civil engineering's many piiases. The proper niethml of timing traffic through a town wdl be demon- strated. There will also be a model of a modern traffic interchange. This type of structure will become more prevalent as the interstate highway sys- tem nears completion. There will also be examples of student-prepared high- way designs. These show the amount of material which a student highway engi- neer masters during his years of study. In recent years, you have no doubt read of the many floods that have oc- cured in the United States. While these flood have caused much damage, the amount of such damage is slight when compared with the additional damage that has been prevented by the hydraulic engineer. The students of hydraulic en- gineering show in model form just how a flood is prevented. Flood control is just one small part of the main interest of hydraulic engineers which is the con- trol and efficient utilization of water, our most abundant and most misused national resource. Closely associated with the liydraulic engineer is the sanitary engineer. After water is made available to a population center, it must be made fit for human consumption. The student sanitary engi- neers plan to show the advances in their field through the use of a model water purification system. The job of water purification is almost the direct opposite of the other task of the sanitary engi- neer which is the disposal of industrial and human waste. The difficulties of this task have been greatly increased be- cause of the general use of radioactive material in some industries. Some ways in which these difficulties are overcome will be of interest to all. The most impressive means of ma.ss transportation is the railroad. As the years go by, the efficient use of the railway systems becomes more of a prob- lem to the railway engineer. The use of modern equipment and better meth- ods of planning are two solutions to the problem. Methods of planning will be shown through the use of models. Full- size modern equipment will be dem- onstrated on a nearby siding. This may be your only chance to see the inside of a diesel locomotive. 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH The most basic but at the same time the most complex ph;use of civil eng;i- neeriiig is the study of structures. Most of the other phases are in some way concerned with structures. Highway and railroad bridges, dams, and filtra- tion plants are all structures. Many ex- amples of the various types of struc- tures will be shown in model form. You will get an opportunity to see structural research in action in the crane bay of Talbot Laboratory. Since all structures must eventualh carry their loads to the earth, the types of foundations become important. Some of the spectacular foundation failures in the past will be clcpictcd. The \ arious parts of a structvne must tit together accurately. The lengths and widths of the parts are known, there- fore the entire length and width of the structure must be accurately fixed upon the earth's surface. The process by which this is done is called surveying. You will see the most advanced types of surveving instruments which can measure heights to one thousandth of a foot and angles to the nearest 5 sec- oiuls. Surveyors are also concerned with making maps of the ground surface. If you have any questions as you go through the displays, feel free to drop into the lounge to discuss them with the facultN' and students present. It is hoped that you now realize that the civil engineer is not just a scientist, but a scientist that must see his work bringing about some improvement in modern living. THE MODERN CIVIL ENGINEER JANUARY, 1960 35 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING This year's Electrical Kngineeriiig Open House will feature, in addition to some new projects, the most popular dis- plays of previous years. As in the past, students will assenihle and present the displays. Rather than depend upon out- side exhibits and/or elaborate iHinia- nent apparatus within their department, tlie majority of the E.l'". displays arc projects constructed from common elec- trical components by the E.E. students. These exhibits often prove to be the most interesting from the spectators' viewpoint. An incentive provided by the college of Electrical Engineering for new and interesting displays is a method whereby a student may receive credit for devil- ing and constructing a worthy exhibit. If an E.E. has plans for a new project, the stvident submits his ideas to a mem- ber of the faculty. If the faculty ad- visor deems the project economically and, of course, electrically feasible, the student may register for one hour of credit in E.E. 271, a course which ex- ists for a variety of occasions. A re- quirement for the credit is a paper writ- This electronic package is an artificial neuron used in a biological computer ten by the student, which describes the exhibit. Many of the popular displays of previous vears were the prod\ict of E.E. 271. Among the new displays to be pre- MiUed at this year's (^pen House are a number guessing game, an electronic humidity control, and a light-bulb con- trol. In the niunber guessing game, the participant chooses a number between one and 32, and by answering four yes- no questions, the correct number will be shown on the machine. The electronic humidity control is a device which auto- matically turns a dehuniidifier on or ofi, depending upon the amount of hu- midity in the surrounding air. The light-bulb control should pro\e to be one of the most m\st\fying, al- though relatively simple, displays of this year's Open House. A box showing two switches is connected to another box exhibiting two light bulbs with only a single wire between them. \iy employing a system of rectifiers ( prop- erty of which allows the passage of cvir- rent in only one direction) unseen to the spectators, each switch can turn its respective light bulb on or off through this single interconnecting wire. Several projects involving the use of a cathode ray oscilloscope will be pre- sented. With an oscilloscope patterns generator, many interesting traces are generated on the screen of the .scope. An exhibit seemingly created for the species of beings known as knob-twist- ers is the smiling scope face. A face is traced out on the oscilloscope screen which can be made to smile or frown by the turning of knobs. Another spec- tator participant display is the ghost writer. A small electric pencil that makes no physical contact with the oscil- loscope can be used to write on the screen of the scope. Familiar displays which have ap- peared at previous Open Houses in- cKule the Van-de-Graff generator, which displays 100,000-volt electrical dis- charges; a high current demonstration, in which a hacksaw blade is heated and melted in a few seconds by the use of merely six volts; the electromagnetic cannon, a repulsion effect produced on a non-magnetic ring which "shoots" at a target ; a J million volt ma- chine is good for treating skin cancer while the 24 million volt one can pene- trate deeper. The 24 million volt beta- tron is especially useful in the treatment of cancer because, instead of using x-rays And it's still growing which ma\ pass be\ond the cancer into he.ilthy tissue, it can produce a high- energy beam of free electrons which will go very little beyond the cancer. The x-ray beam, because of its high energ\', has a very sharply-defined edge which is of utmost importance when cancer is near a vital organ. Ten years after the second betatron a 340-million-volt machine was designed and built luider Professor Kerst's di- rection. This betatron had such drastic refinements of design that if the original 2J/2 million-volt betatron (two feet .square) had been built this way it could have come from a machine the size of a tin\' matchbox. This big betatron is used at the pres- ent solely for research. It is used to check theories and to provide numbers from which new theories can be made. This is basic or pine research without a product involved as contrasted with research and development which is striv- ing to perfect something or find some- thing with a product. As my guide said, the hardest job of the men working on the betatron is ex- plaining to the taxpayers who eye ask- ance the huge sum of money necessary for research and maintenance that the machine will not develop a "super bomb" or new nuclear weapon. They have a hard time explaining that all the machine does is give a set of numbers from which scientific research may be continued. One man jokingly said that the only product is a few hard-earned Ph.D.'s from working and research on the betatron. At the Research Lab the betatron is "big business." In connection with it is a machine shop and a glass shop to make pieces of equipment needed, a radio- chemistry lab, experimental preparation rooms, and control rooms, a well equip- peil stockroom and several offices. The boys at M.R.H. can testify to the fact that the betatron requires plenty of en- ergv, for at various times all the lights in the residence halls blink six times a .second while the machine is charging up. Many \aried \\a\s of insuring safe- ty from excess radiation are in effect. In the atomic age in which we live perhaps the betatron at this school will conduct the research which will be the key to the future. 42 THE TECHNOGRAPH AND DICK MASLOWSKI They're transmission engineers wilh Michigan Bell Telephone Company in Detroit. Burnell graduated from Western Michigan in 1951 wilh a B.S. in Physics, spent four years in the Navy, then joined the telephone company. His present work is with carrier systems, as they relate to Direct Distance Dialing facilities. Dick got his B.S.E.E. degree from Michigan in 1956 and came straight to Michigan Bell. He is currently engineering and administering a pro- gram to utilize new, transistorized repeater ( ampli- fier) equipment. Both men are well qualified to answer a ques- tion you might well be asking yourself: "What's in telephone company engineering for me?" SAYS DICK: "There's an interesting day's work for you every day. You really have to use your engineering train- ing and you're always working with new develop- ments. Every time Bell Laboratories designs a new and more efficient piece of equipment, you are challenged to incorporate it in our system effec- tively and economically. For example. I have been working on projects utilizing a newly developed voice freciuency amplifier. It's a plug-in type-- transistorized — and consumes only two watts, so it has lots of advantages. But I have to figure out where and how it can be used in our sprawling network to provide new and improved service. Technological developments like this really put spice in the job." SAYS BURNELL: "Training helps, too— and you get the best. Through an interdepartmental training program, you learn how company-wide operations do\ctail. You also get a broad background by rotation of assignments. I'm now working with carrier sys- tems, but previously worked on repeater (ampli- fier) projects as Dick is doing now. Most important, I think you always learn "practical engi- neering.' You constantly search for the solution that will be most economical in the long run." There's more, of course — hut you can get the whole story from the Bell interviewer. He'll be \ isiting your campus before long. Be sure to sit down and talk witli him. BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES HM. JANUARY, 1960 43 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Tlu- liulustiial I'Ji^iiR'ciin^ I)i\isii)ii lit tlu- Di'paitment of Mechanical Kn^i- lu-criiifi is engaged in tliree main areas ot lesearch: (1) the problems encoun- teicd in nu'tal cuttinji, (J) use of coni- imtors. anil (}) the new piciletermineil time s\stems vised in establishing work standards. Kach of these phases is beiiif; acti\el\' carried on by both the instruc- tional staff and tlie t;ra(luate students in the di\ision. Prime plnsical e\iilence of this re- s-arch in the form of apparatus, is evi- dent in the machine tool laborator> and in the methods-time lahoratorv. This \ear the Industrial Engineerint; Department has tried to bring new con- cepts and ideas into its displays devel- oped for Open House. The program v.ill consist of five different areas. The first of these areas is linear pio- gramming and statistics, which will consist of three different exhibits. A random ^ampling display will he the first exhibit demonstiating the theor\- of probability. This exhibit consists of a rarulom selection of a number of balls from a box containing diffeient colored balls. The- probable nundier of eac!i i(diir of balls has been prrdetc-rniined for a random sample, thus deciding whether to accept c)i- reject the- whole lot. The next item is t()lei;uK'e build-up ,uid control consisting of a series of wooden blocks of different sizes (simu- l;iting parts) stacked as an assembly process. The differences in sizes of the blocks will demonstrate how tolerances can build up an assembly and is an ex- ample of statistical quality control. An- other feature in this area is the IHM ()1() Automatic Decimal Point Compu- tor. This machine is mainly u-e,l lor scientific and engineering calculations. It is a desk model computor combining keyboaril, wire panel and paper tape progr.amming with printed output. The Time and motion study utilizes many modern devices to improve output and save labor. Shown here is a camera recording the procedure used in on assembly process. f)l(l h.is ,-1 S4 word magnetic drum mem- or\, each word consisting of .^1 digits and a sign. Pi-ogramming and calcula- tions for a few t\pical Industrial I'.ngi- neering problems will be illustrated. The second area is motion and time study. An electric peg board is being used to show the advantages of motion :md time study. Pegs are inserted in sev- er.d different ways, with each time re- corded. The audience may participate to sc(- il th(-\ lan match a predeti-rmined time standaril. There will also be a displa\ showing different eqvupment us(-d in motion and time study, plus wall cli.irts used by In- dustrial Engineers. Plant layout and material handling is the third area. The first exhibit in this area consists of a display using elec- trically operated valves and an air cylin- der to move an object through a maze demonstrating new' concepts in material handling. Another materials handling display features a three foot high model of a man lifting a load. The mechanical model man first lifts a load the wrong \\a\ and then performs the correct method of lifting a load. A scale model of a plant will also be on display show- ing some of the principles of plant lay- out. The fourth area is safety. The first exhibit in this area will show the prin- ciple of fume control. This displa\' points out that gas fumes are heavier than air and can travel down pipes, ele- vator shafts, and stairways to be ig- nited in other parts of buildings. The second display consists of a model fac- tor\' set up with saw dust and a candle burning in it. A bellows blows air into the model causing the dust to circulate and finally explode, demonstrating how- dust explosions are caused. Another ex- hibit shows different types of protective equipment consisting of safety and fire- iigh ting-equipment. A safety goggle endurance display is also being featured this year. A hy- draulic device drives a spike into a safe- ty goggle lens showing the protection a person receives when wearing safety glasses. Two more displays demonstrate the principles of guards and safety de- \ ices on equipment such as a saw and jointer guard and a punch press guard. The last area is tool design. Sev- eral displays have been set up to show the different t\pes of tools used in tool design. A pmich press die model will also be shown and operated. The students and instructors of the Industrial Engineering Department be- lieve that this year's exhibit is one which will grasp the interest of every \isitor. A great deal of time and effort has been expended on the various pro- jects and displays for the sole purpose of illustrating the man\' facets of engi- neering's yoimgest field. 44 THE TECHNOGRAPH This peg board demon- strates that even in such a simple operation as insert- ing pegs in a board there is a right, i.e., faster way to operate. PBSONAt PROTECTIVE ECXFMfl^ This is part of the exhibit o n protective equipment for personal safety in in- dustry. laspfniom woifcnoN JANUARY, 1960 45 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING This year, as in the past, the Me- chanical Engineering Department will feature demonstrations and tours of its lahoratories and cq\iipnient. During the time a student spends as an undergrad- uate in Mechanical Engineering, he will at one time or another operate many of the different pieces of equip- ment that are on display. These ma- chines will give the undergraduates some practical experience in the appli- cation of the theory that he receives in the classroom. In the internal combustion laborator), a visitor will see diesel, gasoline, and gas turbine engines mounted on test stands. The performance characteristics of these engines can be found by much the same procedure as is used in indus- try. The gas turbine only recently in- stalled, may be of interest because much work is being done in industry and here at the University with idea of applying it to passenger cars, busses, trucks and other vehicles. In the heat treatment of metals lab- orator\-, you can see how steels can be treated in different processes to obtain A student is shown conducting a performance test on a gas turbine in the Internal Combustion Laboratory. This is only one example of the displays which visitors may observe at Engineering Open House. a variety of desired physical properties. Under microscopes the different struc- tures and components in treated steels can be observed and studied. The high temperature electric and gas furnaces here are similar to those used in indus- tr\ but on a smaller scale. The metal working laboratory will give you a chance to see many of the various ma- chine tools used in metal cutting such as lathes, mills, grinders and planers. Also there will be demonstrations of re- search and student experiments in metal cutting and tool problems. A welding laboratory will be open with demonstrations of various welding techniques given by students. In the mechanical engineering labora- toiy various forms of steam equipment such as turbines and engines will be on display. Also air compressing units, cen- trifugal fans and air conditioning equip- ment will be in operation. In the foundry, there will be demon- strations of the steps required in the making of castings. The making of molds, cores, and the pouring of metal can be seen here also. The mechanical engineering student honorary. Pi Tau Sigma, will prepare an exhibit which explains the mechani- cal engineering curriculum. Some text- books used by the student and a com- plete list of the courses of study will be found in the Mechanical Engineering Lounge. There are many fields open to gradu- ates in mechanical engineering and the student branch of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers will have a display to show some of them. A new display this year will be the physical en\ironment laboratory. Here \ou can see the equipment and tech- niques used in research on the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the comfort of humans. There should be many things that you will find of interest in the Mechani- cal Engineering Department and we hope you can take advantage of this year's Open House to see them. 46 THE TECHNOGRAPH Professor E. L. Broghamer instructs a Mechanical En- gineering student in the use of an analog computer to solve a problem in stress analysis. This machine will be on display during Open House. Professor Turkovich dem- onstrates some of the equipment used in metal cutting research to a group of interested visitors. In this "isolation" booth humidity and temperature are controlled so that hu- man comfort in relation to types of clothing and at- mospheric conditions may be studied. JANUARY, 1960 47 METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING ( h the 'IS n.ituiMlh declining: clc- mciits, 70 arc metals. The im-ralluriii- cal iMiginei'i' is conccrncil with metals, ami he has a large storehouse to work iKim. To ilate, tlic iiietalliirfiist lias touiid eommercial uses and appiieations tor less than half of these 70 metals, so he has a long way to go. Hut he h.is progressed far in many (ielils of appli- cation of metals. For example, titanium was very precious 15 years ago but to- (ia\' it is used commonly in aircraft. .Metallurgy has progressed remarkably tor the short time it has been in exist- ence but there are many avenues open for in\estigation. Metallurgy, now a basic science consisting of mathematics, ihemistry, and physics, is concerned with two main purposes — the procuring and adaption of metals to satisfy human wants. The Open House exhibit for the .Metallurgical Engineering Department has increased the number and scope of exhibits this year in order to show the major areas of metallurgy today, and to show some recent advances in the field. Our displays this year will show- how metals are extracted from their ores, how they are cast, how corrosive conditions affect them, how temperature affects them, and how they are formed by mechanical means. The total number of exhibits this year is twenty; the\ are briefly described below: Steelmaking Exhibit: This display shows steel production from sources of ores to finished products. .Metal casting: Aluminum ashtrays will be c.'Lst at periodic intervals and will be distributed to visitors. Metals Under the Microscope: This display shows what .some of the more common metal products look like under the microscope. It also shows the steps necessary to prepare a metal for ob- servation under the microscope so that its structure can be determined. Photography in Metallurgy: Photo- graphic equipment is used in metallurgy to get permanent records of metal struc- tures. Some examples are shown. Thermocouple Demonstration: This displa\ shows how temperatures can be measured by means of a combination of two dissimilar metals. Phase Changes in Steel : Phase changes in steel are shown by e\|iansion of a specimen as it is heated to high temperatures. Heat Treatment of Steel: 'I'his dis- play' shows the changes in properties of steel as it is subjected to high tempera- tures and different cooling rates. Cold-Cadmium Robber-like Alloy: This display is an example of one of the research projects in progress in the Metallurgy Department. The alloy dis- played can be made to behave like a piece of rubber or like a piece of putty. Cn'stal Models of Metals: Atoms are arranged in metals to foiin various crystal structures. Many models will he shown. (jalvanic cells: The foiu' displays are all examples of electro-metallurgical phenomena and show the relationship between electricity and metals, cor- rosion in action, electroplating, electro- polishing. Metals quiz: The visitor trys to match the correct metal with a certain property or application, and can de- termine his metal I.Q. Display of metals: This is a new dis- play this year which shows o\er forty of the metals in use today along with their price and relative abundance. Question and answer booth : Here the visitor can obtain literature and answers to questions about specific displays and metallurgy in general and the education- al opportiuiities at the University. Movies: Three or four short dura- tion films about metallurgy will be shown. Rolling mill demonstration: This dis- play will show how metals ;ire reduced to foil. Brittle fracture in metals: This is a new display which will show the effect of temperature on the impact strength of steel. A steel will change from a ductile to brittle nature .'is the temper- ature is changed a few degrees. Zinco — the wonder metal: This ilis- play shows how a metal which has been quenched in cold \\afei" heats up again in a person's hand. These processes and phenomena are understoot()r\ ot the milling cii^.Miift'r- in;: luniculum ilates back to tlic hcjiiii- ninizs of the l'iiiversit\- of Illinois. Thf initial report of the Coiiimittci- on Stmh of Course and Facultx' pro\ iilcil for (.-oiirscs in niinin'r fiifiiniTring. How- ever, there was little mechani/.ation in mining then, and niininsr ens:ineerinjr education was slow in catchinji on. It was not until the beginnin;; of this cen- rurv that the Department of Mininj; lliiflineerinn was re-established by ac- tion of the Gen-.-ral .Assembly. A newly constructed mim'ng laboratory was oc- cupied in the fall of 1^)12. Compared to other departments in the College of I'ngineering. the I^epartment ofMining lias remained relatively small with the ;ui\antage of small classes and close contact between instructor and students. Mining engineers are engaged in pro- ducing and processing primary wealth from the earth's crust and as long as industry uses minerals to manufacture e\er\ thing from nylon stockings to atom bombs there will be careers for engineers in the mineral ind\istrles. About 1 10th of all gainfully employed persons in the I lilted States are connected with the mineral industries. Many foreign enter- prises are staffed by engineers tra'ned in the I'nited States, and they add great- h to these figures. Mining engineers are concerned with finding mineral deposits containing fuels, ores, and non-metallic minerals for the building and for the chemical industries. The first steps are to ex- plore the size and to evaluate the rich- ness of such finds; to c'C()iular\ recoMTV mi'thiiils nii\\ In use, that ot "water Hooding" is «i(lcl\ used in Illinois (as well as other st.ites) ; in this method water ix pumped through an uijection well and a^ it sweeps through the ieser\oir rock to the producing well it pushes oil ahead lit it. The amount of extra oil that can he recovered by this method depends iiu quite a lot of factors, tor example whetlier the oil lU' the \xater wets the rock surface. \er\ e\ten>i\c lesearch is being carried out in both um\ersit\ and industrial labcuatories on the i]uestion of increasing >ields from water floods. A more recent and \er\ attractive method of increasing oil production b\ secondary recovery methods is that of the "fire flood" wherebv oil is ignited underground so that b\ binning some of the oil the rest is iieated and driven towards the producing wells. The heat- ed oil Hows more freely since it is more Huid when hot, and the gases produced during the combustion act to drive this heated oil out of the n-servoir. .Another source of supplv for oil lies in possible fields located at great depths below those currently known, the prob- lems of drilling to these great depths include the behaviour of materials at the high temperatures and pressures such as exist deep in the crust. The Open House exhibit will illus- trate methods of determining how well the oil Hows through a rock, bow niiich is in the rock, how "electric logs ' can tell the content of oil and water in the formations at depth, and methods of displacing oil by vv.ater and gas. Graduate laboratory for Mining Engineering stu- dents. New type velocity guage used for meas- uring ventilation currents. Specifically, this Instrument manometrlcally takes the square root of 20 numbers, averages them, and multiplies the result by a con- stant depending upon the psychrometric condition of the air. This guage was de- veloped in the mining department. JANUARY, 1960 51 PHYSICS DEPARTMENT Durins; the l'>h(l l",nf;iiictTiiifi ( )|H-n House physics stuiiciits will (it'inonstratc some of tile equipment used to teaeli physics ar the I iii\ersity. 1 hese ex- hibits will he located on the first floor of the ph\sics laboratory. Room iOO will be ilevoted to the sub- ject of mechanics, which describes the motion and behavior of bodies as small as nuclear particles and as large as the stars. In the past few years, the news of earth satellites and missiles have made us more conscious of the laws of motion and have ^i\en us popular ex- amples lit bmlies \\ hich continue to mii\c iiidelimteh in the absence of friction. These laws ha\e alwa\s been somewhat unsitisfactorily illustrated in the class- loom because the drag of friction slows thinfrs down. New apparatus used by the physics department makes use of thin films of gas as bearings of such low friction that the motion is almost undis- turbed. No longer does the teacher ha\e to make excuses for discrepencies be- tween theory and experiment because of annoying friction. New demonstrations this \ear, also ui room 1(M), include a small model merry-go-rounii which illustrates some interesting properties of circular motion and an apparatus which demonstrates the laws governing projectile motion and ballistics. Kxhibits of high and low tempera- ture phenomena will catch the interest of visitors entering room 112. A new geyser has been made of glass so that one can see more clearly how this in- teresting phenomenon takes place. Other exhibits include tanks of liquid nitrogen used to show what happens to materials 52 Two students study the phenomena of sending and receiving electro-magnetic waves THE TECHNOGRAPH at very low tt'iiipc-raturcs. One example is a lead bell that rings, but visitors will have to stop in to learn about the others. The nuclear physics exhibit tiiis year will be located in room 1 12 ami will in- clude a model of the famous "Van Allen Belt" of radiation high above the earth. The production and detection of cosmic rays and radioacti\it\ will also be dem- onstrated. A series of demonstrations pertaimng to the field of optics will be located in room 119 of the physics laboratory. The.se will include a .smoke box dem- onstration of geometrical optics, dem- onstrations of wave motion and inter- ference, and the Land two-color process of photographic color reproduction. Geometrical optics, including the study of simple and complex lenses, can be demonstrated quite clearly with a .smoke box. A smoke box consists mere- ly of a rea.sonably air-tight containei' with one side made of clear glass. Some sort of smoke generator is used to fill the volume of the box with smoke. Since the smoke paiticles reflect light, thin rays ot light |iropagating through the box can be .seen throughout their en- tire length. Several of these smoke boxes will be on exhibit during the Open House. Lenses of various sizes and in combinations of two or more will be used to show how light ra\s are re- fracted and focuseii. One of the smoke boxes will have a small container of water inside it. Beneath the water sur- face, a .source .sending rays of light at various angles will show the effects of refraction on the rays at the interface of water and air. Demonstrations of wave motion and intciference will include diffraction gratings, the Michelson interferometer, and the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The Land two-color process of pho- tographic color reproduction illustrates some interesting facts about the eye and how we see colors. It was previously thought that three colors called the pri- mary colors are necessary to form com- plete color. Recent experiments by Ed- ward Land have shown that the eye does not neei] three colors, but that onl\ two ,ire necessarx for full color nnages to appear. By simultaneously projecting on a screen two carefully prepared black and white transparent slides, each through different color filters, a full color image appears. This process will be used to take two photographs of a group of colored objects and, shortly thereafter, demonstrated that full color is obtained by projecting the slides on a screen. The cyclotron, housed in the nuclear radiation laboratory, will be open to the public this year. The cyclotron and other experimental apparatus in the lab are used by graduate student s.md facul- ty for experimental woik in nuclear physics. The betatron research and develop- ment program is housed in the physics research laboratory. The staff of the lab, as in past years, will conduct a guided tour of the building. Facidty and graduate students at the lab are en- gaged in the study of nuclear phenom- ena produced by X-rays and electrons from the 340 MEV betatron and the 22 MEV^ betatrons. Engineering sophomores in a physics laboratory determining the relation between the charge and mass of an electron by measuring the deflection effects of electric and magnetic fields on a beam of electrons in a vacuum tube. JANUARY, 1960 53 THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS Tliis \i-ai the ilispla\s of the I^cpnrt- iiUMit nt 'riicoictical and Applied Mc- ihaiiics, located in Talbot Laboiatorx «ill iiiclmic the demonstration of a ein- lent research project which studies the behavior of a missile as it lea\es water :\iit\ enters the air. As the missile lea\es the water it is photo<>V' tiaxi-.l in the f\citiiijj cxliibit wliR-h tlu- Army ( )rilii:itK-e Corps lias prt'part-il tor this year's Kngiiieerinj!; Open House. I)ispla\s which will exhibit the Army's achievements over the past years will include models of Nike anti-air- cratt rocket installations. The Nike- .-\ja\ is deployed all o\er tin- countr\ toda\. There will be mock-vips of the Army'> satellite-carrying missiles, and back on the earthy side, we will display the com- plete line of close support missiles which are used in the field today. Other wea- pons on display will be the "81" and the "^7" mortars and a variety of small arms. Models of the new .Army weapons will be available, tojiether with an ex- planation of the enjiineeriiifr which lioes into their design. Vou will also have an opportunity to he.ir of the many ad\antages of a career in the r. S. Army. There will be skilled personnel on hand to answer any questions vou may have. Me >ure to visit the Army Ordnance dlspla\ whe[i you come to this year's Kngineerin;: Open House. \'our visit ^hould be entertaining and enjoyable. Signal Corps In tile new concept of Atomic War- fare, tile liiited States Government re- lies o[i three principles to enable it to defeat the enemy. These are mobility, lirepower, and communications. The main responsibility for communi- cations rests with the Signal Corps. To implement its goal of a solid net of mobile communications covering any size unit of troops in an area, the Sig- nal Corps and civilian manufacturers have developed a number of specialized pieces of equipment. A few of these means will be on display at the 1Q60 I'ngineering Open House to give spec- tators a small view of some of the equip- ment necessary to complete the needed communications of the Army. Several radios will be set up so the spectators can operate them and get a better knowledge of the equipment used by the service. The best known is the small individual set called the .AN PRC-6 or "walkie-talkie." In aildition to the "walkie-talkie's" capabilit\- of being easily carried and operateil, it can, if necessary be used to broadcast tele- type signals as will be done at Open House. This particular set-up is not normally used by the Army; however. 56 If i> t\pical lit the uM-luliiess and \ersa- tilit\ of go\criiment equipment. In contrast to the small one-man radios shown, several large, nuilti-unit radios, normally .set up in trucks, will also be on display. These will be tuned to local commercial stations t(i show that military radios operate on the same principle as do civilian radios. The rug- ged construction and other special de- vices will show the difference between the two types. Military radios both broadcast and receive. This is but one facet of their versatility. .Although radio is the primary means of communications other supporting means are necessary. This includes wire communication composed of telephone and teletype. Several teletype machines will be on display. Spectators can send and receive between two of these. This will dem- onstrate its speed and usefulness. An- other set will receive a national press news service to show again, the simi- laritv to civilian installations. This wire equipment is generally more stable than radio but is not as mobile. Other wire equipment to be shown include telephones and switchboards. Some other equipment widely used by the Signal Corps, but not shown, will be long range telephone and radio equip- ment, photography, television and elec- tronic computers. Speedy, reliable communications is a must for a modern army. The Signal Corps provides this with fast, accurate equipment employeil in highly mobile situatiiins. Army Engineer The mission of the infantry division engineer battalion in the attack is to as- sist the forward movement of the divi- sion by general engineer work. 1 he dis- position of all available engineer troops and equipment, both organic and sup- porting, is determined by the division engineer to accomplish this mission ac- cording to the scheme of maneuver established by the division commander. The engineers accomplish this by per- forming various duties during the at- tack. Some of these general duties are: engineer reconnaissance, collect data for improvement of existing maps, removal and construction of obstacles, main- tenance of supph- routes and lines of communication and the construction and maintenance of bridges to be used during the attack. It is the division en- gineer's responsibility to see that there are engineer units with the front. Hank and rear guards. The location and maintainence of the main supply route (.MSR) is another important duty of the engineer. Suppiv routes must be kept open at all cost to maintain the forward motion of the attack. These routes must be kept clear of mines and also road work must be done to keep the routes in shape lor their intended traffic. Also the engineers are responsible for the supph' of water. The engineer is responsible in trans- |iorting troops across rivers. This is ac- complished by means of assault boats, foot bridges, ferries, and bridges. Care- ful planning must go into river cro.ss- ing operations and the engineer plays one of the more important parts in these operations. Planning may be started ^0 miles before the river is reached by the attacking force. The engineer is an important factor in the attack whether his job is remov- ing obstacles in the advance or con- structing obstacles in the retreat. .Much of the success of the attack depends upon the engineer's accomplishments. NROTC The U. of I. NROTC's exhibit for the 1960 Engineering (^pen House is located in rooms 1^2 and 134 in the Mechanical Engineering Building, first floor. Consisting mainly of displays con- cerning deelopinents in aircraft control, guided missiles and missile guidance, and Naval ordnance, the exhibit repre- sents many of the latest .advancements in naval warfare. A moving cockpit simply demonstrates manual aircraft attitude control. V'^isit- ors may sit in the cockpit and move the control stick, which actuates servos that cause the cockpit to pitch and roll re- alistically. The device is similar to a Link trainer, but less complicated. A small-scale skeleton aircraft frame is mounted with a spinning gyroscope connected to its control surfaces. The frame is pivoted and may be easilv moved to show the movements of the control surfaces caused by the gyro. The display's purpose is to demonstrate the principles of gyro control in air- craft. A coiitinuoush - running projector shows a sound film on the Sidewinder, one of the Navy's new air-to-air mis- sile. The film is in color, and explains the guidance principles of the heat- seek- ing missile. The Sidewinder is shown in flight, and runs on target drones. Numerous static displays feature new developments in Naval Ordnance, and include models of the X/iiitiliis and the Fatriik llinry. a new ballistic missile sLibmarine. Also shown are .scale cut- aways of mines, bombs, depth charges, ,uui a new torpedo employing a homing device to actually hunt its target. Midshipmen will be on hand to con- duct the exhibit .uid answer questions. THE TECHNOGRAPH ANOTHER WAY RCA SERVES BUSINESS THROUGH ELECTRONICS Princeton, N. J: Today the oreo around this historic educational center is one of the country's foremost communities of scientific research. RCA Electronics helps build a new capital of science at Princeton, N.J. Explorers once looked for new opportunities beyond the mountains and the oceans. Today, our frontiers are somewhere out in space or deep inside the atom. The modern explorer is the research scientist. He seeks new ideas, new knowledge. Research has been an important activity at RCA e\'er since it was founded in 1919. And eighteen ^•ears ago many scattered operations were united in the RCA David Sarnoff Research Center, wliich set tile pattern for a new capital of industrial re- search at Princeton, N. |. Here, RCA pro\ided giftetl men with fine facilities— and created a cli- mate in which research thrives. Since then, many other institutions dedicated to research in a variety of fields have been erected in the area. From RCA's vision has grown a reservoir of scientists and research men whose achie\'ements put electronics into service on an ever-broadening front, and with such success that RCA means elec- tronics—whether related to international communi- cations, to the clearest performance of television in color or black-and-white, radio and stereophonic music or to national defense and the electronic conquests in space. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA —Photos by Dove Yates technocutie . . . BARBARA KOZUB 58 THE TECHNOGRAPH January's IVcliiiocutie beloiii;s to the i-iiginet-rs at the I iiiversity more than any other Techiiocutie in a long tinu-. Barbara Kozub, majoring in Industrial Engineering, is a junior at the University. Called Bobbie by her friends, she ^ays she picked engineering as a career because it was a chal- U'nge. Barbara says she wanted to be in the business field, but liked the combination of business and science that in- dustrial engineering offers. To her, the field offers a right balance between the two. When Barbara graduates, she woidd like to work in a big plant (preferabh' one in chemicals, foods or clothing) .lud do production supervision. She says she wants a lot of people around her all the time to work with as well as doing engineering problems. Barbara says the students she works with all seem polite .uul lots of fun ; they are very friendlw rather nice and mannerly. She says she doesn't know what they think about having a girl in their classes, but outwardly they are friend- ly. Teachers' attitudes vary, Bobbie says. Some of them are wonderful towards a girl; others will try to embarrass a girl; and still others just ignore her. Most of them she feels are very good, however. Industrial engineering coLirses, economics and physics are Barbara's favorite courses although she admits physics nth was hardest for her. "The subjects best liked and hard- est sometimes go hand in hand." Barbara enjoys the chal- lenge of tackling a hard course. She admits she often lets an easy course slide and therefore gets the worst marks in them. Bobbie is one of the women trying to get the Society of W^omen Engineers started. She is chairman of the group who are tr\ing to get more women engineers interested in the society. The girls also plan to write to high school girls who \\ rite to the Dean of Women about engineering, and they will tell them the advantages and disadvantages of engineer- ing for women. .Although she doesn't have much spare time in the school \ear, Barbara is also a freshman ad\is()r at LAR and a mem- ber of SIES. She says she likes to listen to Johnny Mathis, Doris Day and instrumental mood music to rela.x. She does not like modern jazz. She admits she likes food : salads, fried chicken, steaks and chops well done top her list. She prefers coffee or cokes to beer. Barbara's pet pee\e concerrurig men is the conceited \ariety, the egotistical men not interested in others. She thinks people on the whole should be interested on others, as she herself is interested in people. Another of Barbara's peeves are people who let them- selves be dominated by social pressures of campus life and who don't relax and act natural. She feels engineers are more sincere than some of the men on the other side of campus. If she coedd be doing anything she wanted, Barbara would like to be working at an interesting job where she could serve a useful purpose and have lots of friends and work with a lot of nice people. Ageneral education is important for engineers, Barbara feels, because everything an engineer does take is technical and not all of it is necessary. She wishes it were possible to substitute LAS courses for these. She feels most engineers know where they will major and therefore some of the courses could be more general. Bobbie is not sure just where she will be working in Open House, but she will be helping in some industrial en- gineering display. She thinks Open House is good each year. She says it is possible to learn more in one day of (^pen House than in one year of classes. A student there can see what courses he will be taking will be like and what other engineers are doing. About the idea of a stereotyped female engineer, big and muscidar, Barbara says the girls in the Society are sharp, and that type of woman can be fo\uid in any field, not just engineering. JANUARY, 1960 59 60 THE TECHNOGRAPH ...staffed by graduates of virtually every engineering school in the United States.. ma\g»&^ _VAtH\^ m^'^. TO'^lVmr_.n---iTr.^ mM- CONVAIR FORT WORTH p. O. BOX 748-C6 A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS 61 JANUARY, 1960 NASA LEADS U.S. VENTURES INTO SPACE OUTSTANDING PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO GRADUATING SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS NASA plans, directs and conducts the Nation's aeronautical and space activities for peaceful pur- poses and the benefit of all mankind. NASA's efforts are directed toward discovering new knowledge about our universe and formu- lating new concepts of flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere. Through the application of the resulting new knowledge and supporting technology, we will gain a deeper understanding of our earth and nearby space, of the moon, the sun and the planets, and ultimately, of inter- planetary space and the distant galaxies. NASA is now engaged in research, development, design, and operations in a wide variety of fields, including: Spacecraft • Aircraft • Boosters • Payloads Flight dynamics and mechanics • Aeroelasticity Launching and impact loads • Materials and struc- tures • Heat transfer • Magnetoplasmadynamics Propulsion and energy systems: nuclear, thermal, electrical, chemical • Launching, tracking, naviga- tion, recovery systems • Instrumentation : electrical, electronic, mechanical, optical • Life support sys- tems • Trajectories, orbits, celestial mechanics Radiation belts • Gravitational fields • Solar and stellar studies • Planetary atmospheres • Lunar and planetary surfaces • Applications: meteor- ology, conununications, navigation, geodesy. Career Opportunities At NA.SA career opportunities for graduates with bachelor's or higher degrees are as unlimited as the scope of our organization. Because of our dynamic growth and diversified operations, ex- cellent oppoi-tunities for personal and professional advancement are available for graduates with majors in : Engineering: Aeronautical, Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, Chemical, Metallurgical, Ceramic, Civil, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Physics Science: Astronautics, Physics, Electronics, Chem- istry, Metallurgy, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geo- physics For details about career opportunities, write to the Personnel Director of any of the NASA Research Centers listed below or contact your Placement Officer. NASA Research Centers and their locations are: • Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. • Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. • Lewis Research Center, Cleveland 35, Ohio • Flight Research Center, Edwards. Calif. • Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington 25, D.C. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration 62 THE TECHNOGRAPH Tau Beta Pi Essay . . The Responsibility of the College By Richard W. Sievers Today's lilghly trained s[iact'-iiiiiulfd engineering student receives an educa- tion that equips him to live in a func- tioning society composed principally of technicians or other engineers. He is completely at home in a conversation en- compassing such topics as Newton's Equations, Ohm's Law, Kirchoff's haw and a host of other allied subjects that are of interest mainly to other engi- neers. His only hope of surviving a con- versation in a mixed group containing non-engineering students is for him to shift or limit the discussion to areas in which he may make knowledgeable con- tribution.s. These areas are admittedh small. They do not usually include sucii topics as art, music, literature, or in many instances, e\en current e\ents. His political knowledge is chiefly coni- po.sed of tinted accounts that appear in local newspapers telling of the exploita- tion of the public or crafty politicians. From these observations it would seem that the engineering student is not receiving a sufficiently broad education while at school. It would seem that his technical education, either by his own choosing, or by college requirements, should be augmented by a greatly in- creased amount of subjects in such fields as Economics, Political Science, Art, Literature, Music, and the Hu- manities. It should be the responsibility of the college to insure that the engi- neer, at the time of his graduation, is fully qualified to meet his own responsi- bilities to society. The engineer has a two-fold responsi- bility; to industry, and to all forms of government from the local to the na- tional level. The foremost of these is probably to industry. It is here th.it the skills and talents that have been devel- oped in our engineering schools are called upon and have been proven ade- quate. The engineer could not help in producing the maze of complicated hardware and gadgetry that has become the stock-in-trade of American engineer- ing. His productivity is second to none. He seems to have an infinite capacits' for finding the solutions to a great \ a- riety of difficult problems. One of the major problems facing the engineer is one that has confronted him ever since the invention of the first wheel. This problem is the control, for useful rather than destructive purposes, of all of the findings and creations that e\()l\e fiom the ingenuit\ of engineer- ing. With the ad\enr of blasting pow- der, man was able to increase his pro- ductivity by having the powder with which to clear land. His ability to des- troy was also increased by the applica- tion of this power to muskets and can- nons. The Industrial Revolution pro- duced new production machines which we consider to be indispensible to our present way of life. Mass-production, made possible by mechanization of the industries, has allowed the production of merchandise to be of such a volmiie that an abundance of goods and serv- ices are available to everyone. These same mass production methods are also used to mass-produce rifles, bullets, tanks, planes, and even warships. This again brings with it the problems con- nected with control. These same problems of control are experienced when the engineer meets his second responsibilitN ; that responsi- bility that is iliiected toward govern- ment. With the ratiiication of the Consti- tution of the United States in the lat- ter part of the eighteenth centiuy, the citizens of the L'nited States were grant- ed the privilege to choose, through elect- ed officials, the governmental policies to b? followed. This same process of choosing those to represent us in the government by free elections is still followed today. It is up to the indi- \uiual to become familiar with the me- chanics of our government and to give support in order th.it our government may be truly the "People's Govern- ment." The communit)' leaders, who may well be engineers, must be people who are educated in the functions of good government. It is un to all indi- viduals to realize the full importance and necessity of ha\ irv:: a multi-party ' olitical system with full-time politicians ro operate them. It is, however, up to t'lese same individuals to determine the c-ipabilities and potentialities of these s\srenis and politicians, and to offer their support and leadership to insure their election. It is up to the engineer, as a community leailer, to arouse com- munity interest and to provide com- munity leadership in order that the con- trol of the government be in the hands of ;ill people. In order that the engineer ma\ ha\e the abilit\ to provide adequate leader- ship, he himself must first have been schooled in governmental theory. This can most easily be effected by a further- ance of his college training. Yet, the engineering student is granted only a minimum of time that he may devote to non-technical subjects. Is this fair to either the stuilent or to the com- inunit) in which he later lives? Should not the colleges recognize that this facet of an engineering student's education is also important and initiate measures which would correct this condition? Even though the student engineer, of- fered lucrative starting salaries in in- dustry, will not of himself take the extra time to fortify his education with more non-technical subjects, the educa- tional institutions must insist that this be done. They should require non-tech- nical courses to insure that the engi- neeiing student, as a potential leader ciitenng into community activities after graduation, be (pialified to offer guid- ance and leadership in order that our goxernment "of the people" ma\' con- tinue to be just that. JANUARY, 1960 63 ^^vxxxxvxxxxxxx\vx\xvvvxxxv\\xxxvv\\\vxvxvxxxvxvxxvvvvvvx\\xxxxxxvvvxvx\xvxx\vxv\xvxvvx\^x\^ ENGINEERS SCIENTISTS THE! MITRE Iff^ites Candidates jor baccalaureate and Qraduate T)e^rees to In^f estimate the Career Opportunities ^i^ailatte in X^ar^e-Scale System "Engineering Accelerating programs in the growing techno- logical field of large-scale system engineering at MITRE afford young engineers and scien- tists unique career opportunity because: • MITRE, a systems engineering and development organization, formed under the sponsorship of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has the unusual assignment of providing engineering solu- tions to the varied and complex problems inherent in large-scale air defense systems. • The complexities involved in the design and development of the world's largest real-time control systems provide an opportunity to apply professional skills across a broad scientific spec- trum. Included within this long-range work pro- gram is the design, development, evaluation and integration of the diverse components, equipments and subsystems from which total systems are evolved. This is a continuing assignment because the MITRE system approach takes cognizance of the immediate and long-term threat, the total defense technology — both present and projected — and the complex logistics of air defense that insures the best possible defense system, at mini- mum cost, for any given time period. • Working directly with the men who designed and developed the SAGE System, professional growth is stimulated in a multi-disciplined environ- ment where there is freedom of choice to apply individual skills in areas which best fit professional talents. Assignments range from system design through prototype development to advanced oper- ations research. • Openings are available at MITRE's modern locations in suburban Boston, Massachusetts — Fort Walton Beach, Florida - and Montgomery, Alabama. We invite you to discuss with us how your academic training can be effectively utilized in the following areas: • COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS • RADAR SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT • REALTIME COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS • ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING AND EVALUATION • SYSTEM RESEARCH AND DESIGN • COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT • ELECTRONIC RECONNAISSANCE AND COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEMS • BASIC ELECTRONIC RESEARCH \ 64 Please contact your Placement Director to arrange interview on campus THE MITRE CORPORATION 244 Wood Street — Lexington 73, Massachusetts J brochure more jiiUy describing l^nj.T^f and its acticities is nvailMc on rccluest. \XXXXXXXXXXXXXVXXXVVXXXXXXXV»lXXXXXXXXXVV\\X\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXVXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXV»S^ THE TECHNOGRAPH Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by Paul Cliff New Stereo Speakers Four ni'w ( uMU'ial Electric "Stereo Classic" speakers have been introduced by the audio products section of the Company's radio receiver department, accordiiifr to an announcement by S. J. Welsh, marketing manager tor audio components. Model 120] H, a 12-inch wide-range speaker priced at $19. 9S, will serve as an effective economical basic speaker for any stereo or monophonic high fidelity system. It has a recommended amplifier rating of 5-25 watts (continuous power rating) , frequency response of 48 to 13,000 cps, power rating of 25 watts, and Alnico 5 magnet weight of 14.5 ounces. Also priced at $19.95 is the Model G-504 tweeter speaker, a 2%-inch di- rect radiator tweeter speaker, styled for surface movuiting if desired. It provides maximum dispersion of high frequencies in all directions for truer stereo effect, with frequenc\- response of 1200 to 16,- 000 cps. Model G-504 has a 100-de- gree dispersion, both horizontally and vertically, power rating of 30 watts, and Alnico 5 magnet weight of 6.8 ounces. Model G-502 dual-cone 12-inch speaker features a specially treated cloth edge suspension for improved low-fre- quency response with greater linearity and new binding post terminals for easy connection. It has a special auxiliary "whizzer" cone for high frequency per- ' tormance and a recommended amplifier 1 rating of 5-25 watts (continuous power ] rating). Model G-502, priced at $34.95, I has frequencv response of 30-16,00(1 cps, power rating of 25 watts and Al- nico 5 magnet weight of 14.5 ounces. Priced at $59.95 is Model G-503, a dual coaxial 12-inch speaker, with spe- cially treated cloth edge suspension for better low frequency response plus a new combination electro-mechanical and L-C crossover network for smoother transition. An extra-long aluminum base voice coil provides greater linearity and fine tone under varying climatic condi- tions. With a recommended amplifier rating of 5-30 watts (continuous power rating), Model G-503 has frequency re- sponse of 30-16,000 cps, 100-degree dis- persion, crossover frequency of 2,000 cps, power rating of 30 watts (Inte- grated Program Material), and Alnico 5 magnet weights of 14.5 ounces for the woofer and 6.8 ounces for the tweeter. Supersonic Circuit at Tullahoma Nears Completion Largest of the 22 wind tunnels and test cells at the U. S. Air Force's Ar- nold Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, Tenn., is the propulsion wind tunnel comprised of a transonic unit now in operation and a supersonic circuit nearing completion. The propulsion wind tunnel — one of the three major laboratories at the Center — is powered by the world's largest rotating machine. Built by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the machine is over 480 feet long and de- velops 216,000 horsepower. It concludes the world's two most powerful syn- chronous motors, each rated 83,000 horsepower, and two smaller "starting ' motors of 25,000 horsepower each. The four motors, which were built at the Westinghouse East Pittsburgh, Pa., plant, are connected in tandem to drive two huge compressors: one a three-stage luiit for the transonic circin't; the other an 18-stage unit for the supersonic cir- cuit. The compressors were built at the Westinif^house Sunnyvale, Calif., manu- facturing division. The transonic circuit at the Center has been conducting aerodynamic and propulsion tests for nearly three years, and it soon will be joined by its as- sociated supersonic tunnel. Tests have been conducted on more than 30 of tne major weapon-system projects of the United States government, including the USAF Titan, Snark, GAM-72 and Honiarc missiles, nose cones for all in- tercontinental ballistic missiles, t h e Xavy's Polaris, the Army's Juniper and the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration Mercury "man-in-space" project. Picture Freezer for TV Editing A video picture freezer which instant- Iv stops TV picture action and holds the frozen image on its screen for as long as ten minutes is now available from the industrial systems division of Hughes Aircraft Company. The new Hughes storage monitor is equipped with a five-inch Hughes Ton- otron tube, which can display a con- tinuous television picture, and "freeze" the action at any desired time. The Hughes storage monitor has a \ aried range of applications, including: 1. Video tape editing. The monitor can be used as a key unit in the design of advanced video tape editing systems. 2. Surveillance. Closed-circuit TV surveillance in industrial plant protec- tion, as a deterrent against shoplifting, and as an aid in general law enforce- ment. 3. Sports. Quick determination of pertinent actions in sporting events by providing an instant frozen picture of race finishes, winners, accidents and rules infractions. 4. Teaching. Closed-circuit "on the scene" TV classroom instruction. Ideal for capturing pertinent moments in medical and dental operations and dem- onstrations, thus permitting elaboration by the lecturer. 5. Fluoroscopy. Capable of storing images where short-biu'st fluoroscopic X-ray techniques are used, further aid- ing in reducing patient irradiation dosage. Image available for immediate examination. The Hughes storage monitor can be connected directly to a closed circuit television camera, video tape recorder or other video signal source, the company said. The device will monitor the pic- JANUARY, 1960 65 Take advantage of the MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE The screw is a combination of two mechanical principles: the lever, and the inclined plane in helical form. The leverage applied to the nut combines with motion of the nut around the bolt to exert tremendous clamping force between the two. One of the greatest design errors today, in fact, is failure to realize the mechanical advantages that exist in standard nuts and bolts. Smaller diameters and less costly grades of fasteners tightened to their full capacity will create far stronger joints than those utilizing bigger and stronger fasteners tight- ened to only a fraction of their capacity. Last year, one of our engi- neers showed a manufacturer how he could save $97,000 a year simply by using all the mechanical advan- tages of a less expensive grade. When you graduate, make sure you consider the mechanical advan- tages that RB&W fasteners provide. And make sure, too, that you con- sider the career advantages RB&W offers mechanical engineers — in the design, manufacture and application of mechanical fasteners. If you're interested in machine design — or sales engineering, write us for more information. RUSSELL, BURDSALL & WARD BOLT AND NUT COMPANY Port Chsstsr, N. Y. Rmw 115 year tunc until tlu" stdic switch is manu.illx or automatically actuatcil. This instajit- ly freezfs the action, until normal pic- ture action is again started by iisinjr the monitor switch. The unit is a\ailable for table or rack mounting and multiple units can be set up to freeze a nuniher i)f sequential action frames. Larger License Plates l.iifiise pi.ites (in 7ll million Ameii- can motor \ehicles will he biirger, brighter, and easier to read if states anply research findings reported to the Highway Research Board by three en- gineers from the University of Illinois. They told about a two-year stiid\ on license legibility sponsored at the iini- versitv by Charles F. Carpentier, Illi- nois Secretary of State. Recommenda- tions for Illinois plates ha\e been re- ported to him. They recommended the national size of license plates, 12 h\ h inches, be lengthened to 14 by 6. For quick accurate identification under normal da\light conditions at \2'' feet or farther they recommended no more than six identification characters on the plates. For states with fewer than 1,(IO(),0(1I) vehicles the easiest read s\stem is straight use of numbers. For larger states they found the best system two letters and four numbers, which pro- vides for 6,000 vehicles. All letters should be together at beginning or end of the series, they said. Rigger characters for state names or abbreviations and for year numbers were recommended to make this infor- mation legible at least 65 feet away. Reconunendations were in line with finds that licenses have two functions: to identify the vehicle, and to show the owner has complied with registration laws. I nder these finding slogans and em- blems would go off the plates. The en- gineers reported, "The advertising aiul publicizing of the state by means of slo- gans or symbols is not a function of license plates." Two plates — one front and one rear — were found necessary to best accom- plish the purpose of licenses. Rounded open-st\le numbers and let- ters were recommended for best legibil- it\', with letters slightly larger than the the numbers, and with selection of higli- contrast colors for the plates. ReHectorization of license plates was di.scussed and it was said that this in- creases night legibility by 28 per cent. "There appears no appreciable differ- ence in legibility of various types of ma- terials used," he said, however, "consid- erations other than legibility, have an important bearing on choice of reflectoi- izing material." Factors he listed are \isibility, ilurability, ease of cleaning, all-w cathei iierformance, nianufactur- ing requirements, and cost." F.ffect of retlectorized plates on \e- hicle collisions is not definite, he said. Additional data are needed. A Home Away From Home How will space speciali>t^ keep a man '■ouifoitable in a space ship if the\- can't load the \ehicle with tons of air condi- tioning equipment to change tempera- tures or put its occupant in a tempera- ture-adjustable space suit? The answer is to try to design the space vehicle to operate at a constant "shirt sleeve" temperature, said senior research scientist J. E. Janssen, \Iinne- apolis-Honeywell Research Center. He added however that this is ea.sier said than done. "How do you calculate the temperatures, if no one's e\er been there? " Conditions in sp.ice differ from eavth- h ones, said .Mr. Janssen, and the wavs that the skin has of helping to keep the b(id\ comfortable on the ground may not be available to it among the stars. For one thing, since the force of gravity is so much lower in space than on earth, the air that carries off heat and moisture from the body won't be mo\ing nearly as fast. If some means is not provided for moving the cloud of carbon dioxide and \apor from around the space man, he won't be \ery com- fortable. But velocities will have to be kept fairly low, because high air move- ment has a fatiguing effect. E\en more important, fornudas indi- cate that air temperature variations in- side the vehicle have less effect on the occupant than the "mean radiant tem- perature" of the ship. Air. Janssen de- fined "mrt" as, roughly, the surface temperatures of an enclosure, like a space ship, which gives off the same heat as a body in the actual environment. For e\ery degree that "mrt" varies, a .i.2°F change is necessary in the air at atmo- spheric pressure to compensate for it. The big job will be control of "mrt," he said. From the data he gathered, Mr. Jans- st'ii went on, comfortable atmosphere in a space ship in given conditions would he about 67 F. This would compare to an earthly environment of 70°F and 82.2 skin surface temperature. But, he indicated, these formulas are only the beginning. They will help a man stay alixe while hurtling through space, but only when he comes back can exact ones be worked out. At the same session of the AS ME meeting, a new space age word that may soon be a standard part of the lan- guage was defined. The word is "clo" and, according to I. W. McCutchan, associate professor 66 THE TECHNOGRAPH of I'ligiiieeiing at the University of Cali- fornia, a "clo" is that quantity of cloth- ing that will maintain a comfortable lieat balance for a man sitting at rest in a room with a 70° temperature, less th.-m 50° humidity and air movement iif at least 20 feet per minute. Professor McCutchan said that crews of supersonic airplanes need at least 3 or 4 clo for complete protection in case the\ have to bail out in arctic territor\-. The problem is that an impossibly low cabin temperature is required if the men are to wear that much clothing in com- fort. The solution may lie in ventilated clothing, continued Professor ^IcCut- chan. This type of garment, which has built-in vents among its other attributes, is a sort of substitute for air condition- ing and allows the air to circulate through clothing more freely. Suits of this type have already been designed, but crewmen must wear with them an anti-exposure suit, flying suit, woolen imderwear, gloves, wool socks and rubber boots. The perfect solution to the piiihlem has yet to be found. Street Of Gold Although many Europeans erroneous- ly believed that the streets of America were paved with gold, there actually was one saturated with the metal. Lo- cated in San Francisco in 184S, it con- tained so many specks of gold that some people picked it out as a means of mak- ing a living. How the gold got there is ;i mystery, but some say miners who lodged at the United States hotel lost tiny grains enroute from the leaky can- vas bags they carried. TV For Towser Televisi(}n adxertisers are reported flirting \\'ith subliminal messages again — this time aimed at dogs. The trick would be to transmit supersonic bark- ing, which a dog can hear but a man can't, along with a picture of a dog- food can. The viewer's dog woidd bark in answer and the viewer, presumably would rush out to bu\' the food. Labor-Snaring Lottery An appliance company in labor-short West Germany holds Saturday lotteries to keep its workers on a six-day week, reports International Management Di- gest. The firm offers a lottery of 20 prizes — including its own refrigerators and washers — plus free beer and sand- w iches in addition to overtime pay, to employees who report for work on Sat- urdavs. Electrical and Mechanical Engineers; Physicists At ffiSlE \h you can work in this new multi-million dollar engineering research & manufacturing facility in Next fall the Norden Division of United Aircraft Corporation will consolidate in its new 350,000 sq. ft. Norwalk home, the operations it is now carrying on in plants and laboratories in White Plains, New York and Stamford and Milford, Connecticut. The Ketay Department, however, a prominent leader in the field of rotating components, will continue operations in its modern facilities in Commack, Long Island. At Norden Laboratories you will be associated with top men in the field of precision electronics, while working in this ultra modern new building which will contain the most up-to-date laboratory equipment available to facilitate the design and development of: Fire Control Systems Radar Systems Communications Equipment Data Processing Equipment Infrared Equipment Television Systems Inertial Guidance Systems Navigational Systems and Components Microwave Equipment Aircraft Instrumentation Anti-Submarine Warfare Norwalk is a particularly attractive location that has "more than its share" of cultural activities— the largest community art center in the East as well as its own symphony orchestra. Outdoor recreation also abounds — golf courses, fishing, boating, and swimming on Long Island Sound and famous New England winter sports centers close by. You can pursue graduate study under Norden's excellent tuition refund plan in many area schools. And all this is only 41 miles from New York City. For additional information on opportunities at Norden Laboratories, see your college placement officer or write to: Technical Employment Mgr. T NORDEN LABORATORIES NORDEN DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION 121 Westmoreland Avenue, White Plains, New York NORD f JANUARY, 1960 67 Test engineers (right) assemble high potential testing equipment. The complete installation (upper) consists of a completely enclosed electrostatic generator (on right) which has a current output of four milliamps and a uoltage output of 600,000 volts. The electrostatic generator feeds into a current-limiting and discharge assembly in the lower left of the picture. POWER and TECHNOLOGY to assure progress . . . The rapidly expanding needs for electric power place a premium on tech- nological knowledge to develop new concepts of design, operations and sys- tem protection. The high potential tester, above, is the only such unit in operation by a U. S. electric utility — another example of Wisconsin Electric Power Company's leadership in technological development. The Company has pioneered many engineering "firsts" in electric power because its policy has been to do its own design and development work. See our representatives when they visit your campus. Challenging jobs are open in your field of engineering with excellent opportunities for personal advancement. WISCONSIN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY SYSTEM Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Milwaukee, Wis. Wisconsin Michigan Power Co. Applefon, Wis. Wisconsin Natural Gas Co. Racine, Wis. THE TECHNOGRAPH Where do you want to work? These 2 answers may shape your future AT N O RTH RO P you will be offered a wide diver- sity of over 30 operational fields from which to choose. You will apply your talents to the work you enjoy - in the fields best suited to your inclinations and ability. You will work with the newest and most-advanced research and test equipment. You will work with acknowledged leaders in their fields-men who are chosen for their capabilities and their skills in guiding and developing the talents of younger men. You will like the way they delegate authority and assure you of your fair share of credit for engineering triumphs. You will earn top salary. Northrop's salary structure is unique in the industry .With this growing company you will receive increases as often as you earn them, and these will be based on your own individual achievements. You will discover, too, that Northrop's vacation and fringe benefits are extra liberal. And you will continue to learn while you earn at Northrop with no-cost and low-cost education. At leading Southern California institutions, you will earn advanced degrees and keep current with the latest advances in your own chosen field. NORTHROP CORPORATION NBWS IS HAPPENING AT NORTHROP IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA you will work in the electronic, aircraft/missile center of the world. You will join the outstanding scientists and engi- neers who continually advance Southern California's dynamic leadership in these fields of the future. When you work at Northrop you will be able to enjoy your leisure the year around. Close to the beaches and the mountains, you'll enjoy an active life in Southern California's incomparable climate. Now -as you plan your future, you owe it to yourself to consider these 3 Divisions of Northrop. NORAIR DIVISION is the creator of the USAF Snark SM-62 missile now operational with SAC. Norair is currently active in programs of space research, flight-testing the USAF-Northrop T-38 Talon trainer and Northrop's N-156F Freedom Fighter. RADIOPLANE DIVISION, creator of the world's first family of drones, produces and delivers unmanned aircraft for all the U.S. Armed Forces to train men, evaluate weapon systems, and fly surveillance missions. Today Radioplane is readying the recovery system for Project Mercury. NORTRONICS DIVISION is a leader in inertial and astro- nertial guidance systems. At Hawthorne, Nortronics ex- plores infrared applications, airborne digital computers, and interplanetary navigation. At Anaheim, Nortronics develops ground support; optical and electromechanical equipment; the most advanced data-processing devices. Find out more about the young engineers and scientists who are making the news happen at Northrop. W/RITE TODAY for information about Northrop and all of its Divisions. Engineering & Scientific Personnel Placement Office Northrop, P.O. Box 1525, Beverly Hills, California JANUARY, 1960 69 Student Frank G. analyzes the Spectrum of skills built into Hamilton Standard products 0^-: Some engineering specialties that contribute to creating this engine control: • FLUID DYNAMICS • HYDRAULICS • ELECTRONICS • METALLURGY • VIBRATION • MECHANICS • CONTROL DYNAMICS • STRESS ANALYSIS • SERVO MECHANISMS OTHER PRODUCTS DEVELOPED BY THIS INTEGRATION OF VARIED SKILLS: ELECTRONIC FLIGHT CONTROLS TURBO PROP CONTROLS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ■ m^ _ I- ^ -■^, ' I -, L , ^bM ^ MODEL JFC 12-n FUEL CONTROL is, typically, the result of the Hamilton Standard "task force of talents" concept now producing so many ingenious, space-con- quering devices for advanced aircraft, missiles and space vehicles. The unit above is standard equipment on the highly successful Boeing 707 Jet Transport. This light- weight (60 lbs.), complex (about 1200 parts), and sensitive unit delivers 16,000 gallons of fuel in 7 hours — sufficient to drive a car 240,000 miles — the distance to the moon! Incoming students like Frank G. can use their engi- neering knowledge immediately at Hamilton Standard by contributing, as members of small design, analysis or proj- ect groups to the development of a product. There is virtually no limit to the types of engineering background required at Hamilton Standard, and no limit to the chal- lenging applications that await these talents. Write to R. J. Harding, Administrator-College Relations, for full color, illustrated brochure: HAMILTON STANDARD A DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP. BRADLEY FIELD ROAD, V/INDSOR LOCKS, CONN. 70 THE TECHNOGRAPH BRAIN TEASERS Edited by Steve Dilts This elegant pii/./ic dates bacic to 1739. For historical interest, I give it in the original dress which seems to have imposed the English currency on the Netherlands. I hasten to state that all an American needs to know about this currency is that a guinea contains 21 shillings. Three Dutchmen and tlieir wives go to market, and each individual buys some hogs. Each buys as many hogs as he or she pays in shillings for one hog. Each husband spends altogether 3 more guineas than his wife. The men are named Hendrick, Elas, and Cornelius; the women are Gurtrun, Katrun, and .Anna. Hendrick buys 23 more hogs than Katrun, while Elas buys 1 1 more than Gurtrun. What is the name of each man's wife? * * * Can you rearrange the integers from 1 to 49 so that all rows (horizontal and vertical) plus the two major dia- meters add up to 175 per summation? Just for a start — 12 3 4 11 18 2S 32 39 46 For a "bonus point,' as follows: 30 39 48 I Now you kjiow how many rows there are and the placement of seven numbers, so go to it ! * -* » The following puzzle, due to Du- deney, is given because the method of solution is useful for an entire class of digital problems. If we multiply 571,428 by 5 and then divide by 4, we get 714,285, which is tlie same as the original number with rlie first digit transferred to the end. Can you find a number that can be divided by 5 and multiplied b\- 4 in the same way — by transfering the first digit to the end? Of course, 714,285 would serve if we were allowed to transfer the last digit to the head. Rut the transfer must be made the other way — from the begiiuiing to the end. 8 9 10 15 16 17 22 23 24 29 30 31 36 37 38 43 44 45 5 6 7 12 13 14 19 20 21 26 27 28 33 34 35 40 41 42 47 48 49 th, firs t row is 10 19 28 Eight men entered tlie tenms tourna- ments at Hillcrest. The tournament was played in three con.secutive days, one per day, and no match was de- faulted. The first and second round matches were stipulated to be two sets out of three, while the final was three sets out of five. A spectator who was present on all three days reports the following facts from his observations : 1. Eggleston never met Haverford. 2. Before play began, Gormley re- marked jocularly to Bancroft, "I see we meet in the finals." 3. Chadwick won a set at love but lost his first match. 4. Although 140 games were played, the losers won 43. When the pairings were posted, Abercrombie said to Devereau, "Do you concede, or do vou want to plav it out?" 6. On the second day, the first roinid of losers played bridge, and the same table gathered on the third day with Egiileston in place of Abercrombie. 7. Bancroft won nine games. 8. Franklin won 32 games. 9. The first score of the tournament was a service ace by Gormley at which Eggleston shouted, "Hey, I'm not over there !" Who won the tournament? Whom did he beat and by what score? * » » The answers will appear next month. Here are the answers to last month's brainteasers. Because two people are involved in every handshake, the total score for ev- eryone at the convention will be evenly divisible by two and therefore even. The total score for the men who shook hands an even number of times is, of course, also even. If we subtract this even score from the even total score of the conven- tion, we get an even total score for those men who shook hands an odd number of times. Only an even mnnber of odd numbers will total an even number, so we conclude that an even number of men shook hands an odd number of times. » » » In the triangular pistol duel the poor- est shot, Jones, has the best chance to survive. Since his two opponents will aim at each other when their tmns come, Jones' best strategy is to fire into the air until one opponent is dead. He will then get the first shot at the sur- vivor, which gives him a strong ad- vantage. Computing the actual survival probabilities is somewhat tricky, but I have the assinance of several experts that Jones, who hits his target 50 per cent of the time, has a siuvival chance of 47/90; Smith, who is 100 per cent accurate, comes next with a chance of 27/90 or 3/10; and Brown, who is 80 per cent accinate, is last with a chance of 16/90. Perhaps there is a moral of international politics in this somewhere. * * * The following anahsis of the desert- crossing problem appeared in a recent issue of Eurika. a publication of mathe- matics students at the University of Cambridge. Five hundred miles will be called a "unit;" gasoline sufficient to take the truck 500 miles will be call a "load ;" and a "trip" is a journey of the truck in either direction from one stopping point to the next. Two loads will carry the truck a maximum distance of 1 and 1/3 units. This is done in four trips by first set- ting up a cache at a spot 1/3 unit from the start. The truck begins with a full load, goes to the cache, leave 1/3 load, retmns, picks up another full load, ar- rives at the cache and picks up the cache's 1/3 load. It now has a full load, sufficient to take it the remaiinng dis- tance to one unit. Three loads will carry the truck 1 and 1/3 plus 1/5 units in a total of nine trips. The first cache is 1/5 unit from the start. Three trips put 6/5 loads in the cache. The truck retin-ns, picks up the remaining full load and arrives at the first cache with 4/5 load in its tank. This, together with the fuel in the cache, makes two full loads, sufficient to carry the truck the remain- ing 1 and 1/3 units, as explained in the preceding paragraph. We are asked for the minimum amount of fuel required to take flu- truck 800 miles. Three loads will take it 766 and 2/3 miles (1 and 1/3 plus 1/5 units), so we need a third cache at a distance of 33 and 1/3 miles (1/15 uiu't) from the start. In five trips the (('rinlliiiicd oil Next Pnge) JANUARY, 1960 71 SALES ENGINEERING UNLIMITED DUNHAM^BUSH DEANE KEUCH Purdue Univers/ly 53 ^J EANE Keuch, one of 1 36 Dunham-Bush sales engineers, knows the advantages of being assoeiated with a dynamic young company with extensive product hnes. Following his engineering studies at Purdue. Deane joined Dunham-Bush as a trainee and soon became an application engineer. After a relatively short time he was assigned his own territory, working out of the Cleveland area sales ot^ce. In calling on consulting engineers, architects, plant engineers, wholesalers, contractors and building owners, Deane ( like all Dunham-Bush sales engineers) finds it reassuring to be hacked by his area office and the facilities of Dunham-Bush laboratories. Equally reassuring is the availability of complete lines. The range of Dunham-Bush refrigeration products runs trom compressors to complete systems; the range of air conditioning products extends from motel room conditioners to a hospital s entire air conditioning plant. The heating line is equally complete: front a radiator valve to zone heating control for an entire apartment housing project. The Dunham-Bush product family even includes specialized heat transfer products applicable to missile use. If you'd like to know more about the company that ofTers "Sales Engineering Unlimited", send for a copy of •'This is Dunham-Bush". AIR CONDITIONING. REFRIGERATION. HEATING PRODUCTS AND ACCESSORIES Dunham-Bush, Inc- WEST HARTFORD 10, • CONNECTICUT, • U.S.A. SAIES OFFICES LOCATED IN PRINCIPAl CITIES BRAINTEASERS . . . ( Cdiiliiitud fro/ii I'lixi' T-)) trm'k can build uii tin's cache so that when tin- tnu-k reaches the cache at the (11(1 (it the seventh trip, the combined fuel ot truck and cache will be three loads. As we have seen, this is sufficient to take the truck the remainiiifi: distance of 766 and 2 '.3 miles. Seven tri|)s are made between starting point and lir^t cache, using 7/15 load of gasoline. 'I lie tliree loads of fuel that remain are just suflicient for the rest of the way, so the total amount of gasoline consumed will be .1 and 7/1.5, or a little more than .1.46 loads. Sixteen trips are required. Proceeding along similar lines, four loads will take the truck a distance of 1 and 1/3 plus 1/5 plus 1/7 units, with three caches located at the boun- daries of these distances. The sum of this infinite series diverges as the num- ber of loads increases; therefore the truck can cross a desert of any width. If the desert is 1,000 miles across, seven caches, 64 trips and 7.67.1 loads of gasoline are required. In long dix'ision, when two digits are brought down instead of one. there must be a zero in the quotient. This occurs twice, so we know at once that the quotient is x080x. When the divisor is multiplied by the quotient's last digit, the product is a four-digit number. The quotient's last digit must therefore be 9, because eight times the divisor is a three-digit number. The divisor must be less than 125 because eight times 125 is 1,000, a four- digit number. We now can deduce that the quotient's first digit must be more than 7, for even times a divisor less than 125 would give a product that would leave more than two digits after it was subtracted from the frrst four digits in the dividend. The first digit cannot be 9 (which give a four-digit number when the divisor is multiplied by it), so it must be 8, making the full quotient 80809. The divisor must be more than 123 because 80809 times 123 is a seven- digit number and our dividend has eight digits. The only number between 123 and 125 is 124. We can now re- construct the entire problem as fol- lows: 80809 124 1 10020316 992 72 1003 992 1116 IIH) The answer to the i:isr problem was 72 apples. THE TECHNOGRAPH Sun Checks Radar The sun, long a navigational aid, now can be used to check the accuracy of search-and-height-finding- radar antennas in a new technique. The method uses the steady radio signals emitted by the sun as known and accurate reference points and permits testing and adjusting of antennas in active service at field sites for the first time. Perfume Discourages Fido Meter readers for an electric utility firm in Texas have found that spraying a cheap perfume with a water pistol will discourage menacing dogs. While perfume spraying is not a positive pre- \entati\e for dog bites, it does show- promise of substantiall\ reducing the number of attacks suffered by meter readers. 'Fantastic' Steel The Russians claim to have developed a process by which steel can be fabri- cated to resist the "fantastic" loads of nearly two million pounds per square inch. Soviet scientists report that the process "succeeds in moving atoms of matter so close together" that virtually no space exists between them. Thor Statistics Soar To handle one squadron of Thor mis- siles (15 launching emplacements) re- quires ten miles of piping, 2,500 miles of wire, 1,500 meters, 3,000 panel light assemblies, 50,000 resistors and potenti- ometers, 50,000 capacitors, 5,000 relays and enough electricity at peak output to suppl\- a community of 25,000 homes. Electronic Nightstick Watchmen's nightsticks have gone electronic. A new model has a built-in transmitter that actuates an electronic alarm system. A button at the top of the stick sets off a signal, enabling a watchman to sound alarm instanth' without going to a fixed box. The sig- nal can be used to operate any burglar alarm or other device. River Lights Aid Planes Neon lights are being spaced on trans- mission-line spans across rivers to alert airplane pilots who often follow rivers when fog cuts visibility. These lights already have been installed at Columbia and Mississippi Ri\er crossings. Similar installation are planned by utilities for eastern rivers. Convenient Location Frankfurt, Germany, will have a restaurant sitting on top of 14,000 tons of malt and barley. A circular restau- rant for 160 persons, several smaller rooms for 40 diners each, and a roof garden with a capacity of 1 50 persons is being built at the top of a brewery tower. In addition, there will be a beer hall on the ground floor. Fast Winter Starts Motorists can keep their automobile batteries warm this winter and increase starting power 35 per cent at 32 de- grees Fahrenheit with a new heating ele- ment that is said to maintain battery temperature at 60 degrees F., even in an unheated garage. A lead-in cord is at- tached to the unit for connection to a line from the regular house current. Cheaper Clothes Coming A new aci\lic latex plastic may per- nu't clothing such as suits and dresses to be made from low-cost, longer-wearing nonwoven fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics treated with the latex are easier and cheaper to make, are stronger and can be washed or dry cleaned often — two processes that rapidly ruin nonwovens treated with conventional materials. IfOU Don't Have fo Join t/re Service for TRAVEL — ADVENTURE EDUCATION FRICK COMPANY offers a training course for a small select group of trainees each year. The additional experience and training gained in this refrigeration course will guarantee your future in this fast growing field. Frick graduates are associated with all types of large industry, all over the world. find out how you too can join this select group of refrigeration experts. IVzlte . . . for details and applications for the Student Training Course today . . . pnji i Mn«nj|[H / H m L«iiiiii ^m D. ;. /)(»»//, (E.K. -.57) rarm-f/ /,« Jcgrff at ]olins Ilophim. An Xssocialr Kui^inrrr at //J.A/, l,r is doing original work in the design and testing of thin jihn circuits. Two of his ideas in this ficU haic been filed upon for patents. HE'S WORKING TO GIVE OLD METALS A NEW FUTURE The metals now Ijeing utilized in thin fihii development have been known and used lor centuries. But dormant within these metals has been their quality of supcrconducti\'ity at extremely low temperatures. Only when researchers were able, with great ingenuit\ , to create certain relations between metals and changes in tlieir basic structures, could these supercon- ducting qualities be utilized. But much remains to be done at this moment, especially in the application of thin metallic films to practical working devices. Development Engineers at IBM are at work daily on the problem. They envision the replacement of today's electronic logic elements with modules of amazing responsiveness, dura- bilitv, and simplicity. The extremely small size of these modules and their low power requirements will be important factors in shaping the electronic s\stems of the future. Closely allied on this work are engineers of practicallv every specialt\'. Onl\' bv bringing tlie talents and abilities of people of man\' fields to bear on the unique problems of thin film devel- opment, will progress lie consistent with objectives. Engineers at IBM expect to obtain these ob]'ecti\es, and once they are ol:)tained, to set new ones. If \ou think you might be interested in imdertaking such trulv \ital and interesting work, you are invited to discuss your future with IBM. Our representati\e will be \'isiting your campus soon. He will be glad to talk with \ou about the many opportunities in vari- ous engineering and scientific fields. Your Placement Director can give you the date when our rcprcsentati\e will next visit ) our campus. IBM For fuitlici- infoiriiation alioiit opiiortunitics at IBM, write, outlininc; vour Ijackground and interests, to: Manager of Technical Emphn/ment, Dept. S44, IBM Corporation, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. rluiitlreds do it every day, witliout ever leaving their company. Confined by an unimaginative management, they sink to the level of ])cn(il pushers ... or slip-stick artists, losing the value of their intensive arademic training. But the youthful engineer does not have to suffer this fate. Selecting the right company . . . with thought to its rc[)utalion for leadership, initiative, and atmosphere . . . makes the difference. Linde Company is world renowned for its progressive development in many fields ... in atmospheric gases and acetvlene, welding and flame processes and equip- ment, svnthetic crvstals and adsorhents to name a few. This leadership has only heen won through the creative powers and initiative of LiMDE engineers and scientists. And, these men have received individual recognition of their achievements. You can find out more ahout career opportunities at LiNDE. in research, development, production, sales, and staff positions, from your Placement Officer. A booklet, "Look to LiNDE for your future," is availahlc hy address- ing J. J. Rotosky, Recruiting Dept., Linde Company, Division of llnion Carhide Corporation, 30 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. OVER 50 YEARS OF LEADERSHIP The terms "Liiiiie " aud " L uiou Carbitle" are registerctl trade-marks of UCG. 76 THE TECHNOGRAPH what is Energy conversion is our business A method of doing work? A change of state? Regimentation of random motion? Organized degradation of matter? /s /■/ reversible? Because we are constantly preoccupied with energy conversion, we are interested in energy in all its forms — solar, nuclear, thermal, mass, magnetic, electrical, me- chanical and radiant. And in our attempts to convert one form of energy into any other form , we search for methods which will give us the greatest amount of energy output from the smallest possible input. To aid us in our efforts, we call on a myriad of talents and capabilities: General Motors Corporation, its Divisions, other individuals and organizations. By applying this sys- tems engineering concept to new projects, we increase the effectiveness with w^hich we accomplish our mission — exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weapons systems. Want to know about YOUR opportunities 0/1 tf^e Allison Engineering Team? Write: Mr. R. C. Smith, College Relations, Personnel Dept. Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana JANUARY, 1960 77 IVI t iM ...who are Engineers, look twice at the many advantages CONVAIR- POMONA offers NEW PROGRAMS at Convair-Pomona, ofFer excellent opportunities today for Engineers. Convair-Pomona, created the Army's newest weapon, REDEYE, Shoulder Fired MISSILE and developed the Navy's ADVANCED TERRIER and TARTAR MISSILES. Many other, still highly classified programs, stimulating the imagination of the most progressive thinking scientist and engineer are presently at various stages of development. Pos'iiions are open for Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate candidates in the fields of Electronics, Aeronautics, Mechanics and Physics. ADVANCEMENT opportunities are provided for the competent engineer as rapidly as his capabilities will permit in currently expanding programs. PROFESSIONAL ENV/RONMENT-CONVAIR-POMONA'S facility is of modern design and completely air-conditioned. You will work with men who have pioneered the missile industry and are now engaged in some of the most advanced programs in existence. ADVANCED EDUCATION — luWlon refund is provided for graduate work in the field of your speciality. Company sponsored in-plant training courses offer the Engineer the finest of educational opportunities. CALIFORNIA LIVING — Suburban Pomona offers lower living costs and moderate priced property, unexcelled recre- ational facilities, freedom from rush hour traffic and the ultimate in comfort and gracious living. Coniaci your placement office immediately to assure yourself of (f campus interview with Convair-Pomona. If personal interview is not possible send resume and grade transcript to B. L. Dixon, Engineering Personnel Administrator, Dept. CM-525 Pomona, California. CONVAIR/POIVIONA Convair Division of GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION POMONA, CALIFORNIA 78 THE TECHNOGRAPH ATOMS IN YOUR FUTURE? You are looking at a photograph recently released by the Atomic Energy Commission. It shows the Commission's heavy water plant near the banks of the Savannah River in South Carolina. It is but one unit of an atomic energy project that covers more ground than the entire city of Chicago. This vast installation was built by Du Pont at government request in 1950 for cost plus $1. Still operated liy Du Pont, it stands as a bastion of strength for the free world. Equally important, here are being expanded horizons of nuclear engineering which will eventually lead to better living for all of us. Like hundreds of other Du Pont research projects, probing the mysteries of the atom has led to all kinds of new jobs. Exciting jobs. In the laboratory. In production. In administration. Good jobs that contribute substantially to the growth of Du Pont and our country's security and prosperity. What does all this have to do with you? For qualified bachelors, masters and doc- tors, career opjiortunities are today greater at Du Pont than ever before. There is a bright future here for metallurgists, physicists, math- ematicians, electrical and mechanical engi- neers, and other technical specialists, as well as for chemists and chemical engineers. Perhaps you will work in the field of atomic research and development. But that is onlv a small part of the over-all Du Pont picture. \our future could lie in any of hundreds of areas, from the development of new fibers, films or plastics to the exploration of solar energy. Or in the sale and marketing of new products developed in these and many other areas. In any case, )'ou will be given respon- sibility from the very start, along with train- ing that is personalized to fit your interests and special abilities. Well help you work at or near tlie top of your ability. For as you grow, so do we. If you would like to know more about career opportunities at Du Pont, ask your placement officer for literature. Or write E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), 2420 Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware. BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING . . . THROUGH CHEMISTRY JANUARY, 1960 79 Begged, Borrowed, and . . . Edited by Jack Fortner Dill you hear about the fiii;ineer that thoujjht he was a bijr fiuii just because he (inisheii every week with a report? Any of you }iu\s hear about the ent:i- neer who didn't bu\ an\ Christmas seals because he couMn't aliOril to teed them ? Prof.: "Are you troubled b\- tbouj;lus that you niit^ht Hunk out of enijine school ? E.E. : "No. I rather enjoy them." 1st M.E. : "You cuttin' machine de- siirn Friday?" _'nd M.k. : "Xopt". I can't. Need the sleep. " .A well-known zoolog\- professor was unwrapping a parcel before his class which, he explained to his pupils, was a fine specimen of a dissected frog. Upon disclosing two sandwiches, a hard-boiled egg, and a banana, he was very surprised and exclaimed, "Hut surely I ate my lunch." » » * The guy was doing his best, leading a goat with one hand, carrying a cane with the other, and loaded down with a laundry basket on his back and a chicken under his arm. His girl hesitated when they came to the woods, saying, "I'm afraid to walk with you in there. You might try- to molest me." "How could I?" the guy assured her. "Look at all the stuff I'm carrying. "But you could put the chicken un- der the laundry basket, stick the cane in the ground, and tie the goat to it." # *, * A lunatic was leaning out of the asylum and watching the gardener. "What are you doing there?" he asked. "I'm putting manine on the straw- berries." "I usually put sugar on them, but of course, I'm crazy." The wild crowd has a new game go- ing. Three guys rent a hotel room and each brings a quart of Old Screech with him. They sit and drink for an hour, then one of them gets up and leaves. The other two have to guess which one left. The Southern father was introducing his fainih of bovs to a visiting governor. "Seventeen boys," exclaimed the father, "and all Democrats — except John, the little rascal. He got to readin'." .And then there was the condemned gidfer who asked the hangman, "Mind if I take a couple of practice swings?" » * * Men are as honest and truthful as women — that's wh\' women are so suspicious of them. Freshman: "Wliar does 'Fantasy' mean ? " Senior: "A story in which the char- acters are ghosts, goblins, virgins, and other supernatural characters." A patient of an asylum who had been certified cured was saying good-by to the director of the institution. "And what are you going to do when you go out into the world?" asked the director. "Well," said the ex-nut, "I have passed my bar examinations, so I may try to work up a law practice. Again I had quite a bit of experience with dramatics in college, so I might try my hand at acting." He paused and thought for a mo- ment. "Then on the other hand," he con- tinued, "I may be a teakettle." Two engineering students were tak- ing calculus for the first time and while waiting for the instructor to arrive, they took a quick perusal through the book. One of them came across the integral tables in the back of the book. "Tell me," he asked his friend, "can you read that?" "No," replied his friend, "but if I had my flute with me I could pla\- it." It's quite simple," explained one of the .seniors in EF, "to hook up an elec- tric power circuit. We merely fasten leads to the terminals and pull the switch. If the motor runs, we take our readings. If it smokes, we sneak it back and get another one. " * » » Wine, women and song are getting to be too much for me; guess I'll have to quit singing. Two lunatics were playing a little game. "What have I got here?" asked one, his hands cupped. "Three Navy Patrol bombers." said the other. The first looked carefully into his hands, "Nope." "The Empire State Building?" "Nope." "The Philadelphia Symphony (Orches- tra?" The first one looked into his hands again and saiil shlv. "W'^ho's conduct- Been doing qiute a bit of research on the origin of old sayings and phrases, and think I've stumbled upon the begin- ning of that great old cheer, "Hoorah for our side!" I guess it was first heard on the day Lady Godiva rode side sad- dle through the streets of Coventry. A man went into the Army, and, right after induction, he went to see a doctor. "What's wrong with you?" asked the doctor. "Well, I just got in the Army, and look at the unifonn they gave nie! The pants are just the right length, the sleeves are just right, and the hat fits perfectly, and the shoes are also per- fect." "Well?" asked the doctor. "My problem is this," said the in- ductee. "Am I deformed?" * * * A college senior entered a professor's office one morning and said : "Last night, professor, your daughter accepted my proposal of marriage. Pulh' realizing the importance of the step, I have called upon you to see you and in- qiu're if there is any insanity in your family." The professor looked up over his glasses and surveyed the young man in silence for a moment, then sadly nodded his head and remarked : "Yes, ves. There must be." "Get up!" commanded the Irish cop. "I can't offisher," replied the Scot. "Two men ha' got me down." "Nonsense!" snorted the policemen. "I don't see any men holdn' ye down." "They are too," insisted the reclining one. "'Fheir names is Haig and Haig." 80 THE TECHNOGRAPH Photographs of parts, assemblies and models help both speed and accuracy in drafting. At Rohr Aircraft photog- raphy provides accurate in- structions for the intricate assembly of an 880 jet engine. From drafting board to final assembly... Pliotograpliy works for tlie engineer loday photography has become an accepted, important tool in business and industry. It helps in product design, in engineering and development, in production, in quality control and in sales. Whatever your work in whatever field, you will find all along the line that photography will provide quicker, more accurate, and more economical methods of getting a job done. It will save you time. It will reduce costs. CAREERS WITH KODAK With photography and photographic processes becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Dcpt., Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester 4, N. Y. One of or a series' Q. Mr. Savaye, should young engineers join professional engineering socie- ties? A. By all means. Once engineers have graduated from college they are immediately "on the outside looking in," so to speak, of a new social circle to which they must earn their right to be- long. Joining a professional or technical society represents a good entree. Q. How do these societies help young engineers? A. The members of these societies — mature, knowledgeable men — have an obligation to instruct those who follow after them. Engineers and scientists — as pro- fessional people — are custodians of a specialized body or fund of knowledge to which they have three definite responsibilities. The first is to generate new knowledge and add to this total fund. The second is to utilize this fund of knowledge in service to society. The third is to teach this knowledge to others, includ- ing young engineers. Q. Specifically, what benefits accrue from belonging to these groups? A. There are many. For the young engineer, affiliation serves the practical purpose of exposing his work to appraisal by other scien- tists and engineers. Most impor- tant, however, technical societies enable young engineers to learn of work crucial to their own. These organizations are a prime source of ideas — meeting col- leagues and talking with them, reading reports, attending meet- ings and lectures. And, for the young engineer, recognition of his accomplishments by asso- ciates and organizations gener- ally heads the list of his aspira- tions. He derives satisfaction from knowing that he has beerj identified in his field. Interview with General Electric's Charles F. Savage Consultant — Engineering Professional Relations Ho^ Professional Societies Help Develop Young Engineers Q. What contribution is the young en- gineer expected to make as an ac- tive member of technical and pro- fessional societies? A. First of all, he should become active in helping promote the objectives of a society by prepar- ing and presenting timely, well- conceived technical papers. He should also become active in organizational administration. This is self-development at work, for such efforts can enhance the personal stature and reputation of the individual. And, I might add that professional develop- ment is a continuous process, starting prior to entering col- lege and progressing beyond retirement. Professional aspira- tions may change but learning covers a person's entire life span. And, of course, there are dues to be paid. The amount is grad- uated in terms of professional stature gained and should al- ways be considered as a personal investment in his future. Q, How do you go about joining pro- fessional groups? A. While still in school, join student chapters of societies right on campus. Once an engineer is out working in industry, he should contact local chapters of techni- cal and professional societies, or find out about them from fellow engineers. Q. Does General Electric encourage par- ticipation In technical and profes- sional societies? A. It certainly does. General Elec- tric progress is built upon cre- ative ideas and innovations. The Company goes to great lengths to establish a climate and in- centive to yield these results. One way to get ideas is to en- GENERAL courage employees to join pro- fessional societies. Why? Because General Electric shares in recog- nition accorded any of its indi- vidual employees, as well as the common pool of knowledge that these engineers build up. It can't help but profit by encouraging such association, which sparks and stimulates contributions. Right now, sizeable numbers of General Electric employees, at all levels in the Company, belong to engineering societies, hold re- sponsible offices, serve on work- ing committees and handle im- portant assignments. Many are recognized for their outstanding contributions by honor and medal awards. These general observations em- phasize that General Electric does encourage participation. In indication of the importance of this view, the Company usually defrays a portion of the expense accrued by the men involved in supporting the activities of these various organizations. Remem- ber, our goal is to see every man advance to the full limit of his capabilities. Encouraging him to join Professional Societies is one way to help him do so. Mr. Savage has copies of the booklet "Your First 5 Years" published by the Engineers' Council for Profes- sional Development which you may have for the asking. Simply write to Mr. C. F. Savage. Section 959-12, General Electric Co., Schenectady 5, N. Y. *LOOK FOR other interviews dis- cussing: Salary • Why Companies have Training Programs • How to Get the Job You Want. ELECTRIC IZjt. 3 T^, -^// C.//. ECHNOGRAPH THIS IS THE WORLD'S BIGGEST TRUCK Your first impulse is to dive for the ditch when you see this mastodon of trucks roaring down the road. But if you were a contractor, you'd soon de- termine that this world's-largest- truck is an 18-wheel, 750horsepower monsterthat can haul 165 tons of pay- load each trip. The box and frame are built from a remarkable United States Steel grade called USS "T-1" Constructional Alloy Steel. Its more than three times stronger that standard steel, so they could use thinner, lighter sections. Result: They shaved 72^ tons of dead weight from the trailer by de- signing with the new steel, a net weight savings of 25%. The savings went into extra payload capacity. Unlike most ultra-strong alloy steel, "T-l " Steel can be easily formed, and it can be welded in the field without fancy heat treating equipment. "T-1" Steel resists impact, corrosion, abrasion. And it retains its strength down to a hundred degrees below zero. "T-1" Steel's only one of the amazing high-strength metals pro- duced by U. S. Steel. U. S. Steel is constantly working on newer and stronger metals for the important jobs of the future. The suc- cess of this research and the applica- tion of these steels depends upon engi- neers. If you would like details of the many engineering opportunities in the steel industry, .send the coupon. USS and ••T-1 are registered trademarks United States Steel United States Steel Corporation Personnel Division 525 William Penn Place Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Please send me the booklet, "Paths of Opportunity.' Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Asst. — Marilyn Day Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Granville King Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Ron Kurtz Jeri Jewett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Production Staff Mark Weston Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Direct Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 5 February, 1960 Table of Contents ARTICLES: Wanted: Engineers Who Can Write Verne Moberg 14 Human Capabilities and Space Flight Milton Haefner 20 Job Opportunities Overseas ludy Ondria 25 Women in Engineering Eileen Morkham 26 Solid Rocket Fuels Mike Murphy 27 The Other Role of the Engineer Robert Jones 29 The Inscription Helen Geroff 41 FEATURES: From the Editor's Desk 9 In and Around Chicago Sheldon Altman 30 The Deans' Page 34 Technocutie Photos by Dave Yates 44 The Thing That Couldn't Be Done Stephen Lucas 49 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by the Staff 52 Brain Teasers Edited by Steve Dilts 60 Begged, Borrowed, and . . Edited by Jack Fortner 64 MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College \'ector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State IJniversity Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- braska Blueprint, New York University Quadrangle, North Dakota Engineer, North- western Engineer, Notre Dame Technical Review, Ohio State Engineer, Oklahoma State Engineer, Oregon State Technical Tri- angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdue Engi- neer, RPI Engineer, Rochester Indicator, SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- neer, Spartan Engineer, Texas A & M Engi- neer, Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer, Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. Cover . Pictured on this month's cover is a "pensive young man" studying engineering who might someday become a writer also. For more about engineers in the writing field turn to page 14. —Barbara Polan Copyright, 1959, by Illini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc- tober, November, December, January, February, March, April and May) by the Illini Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Office 215 Engineering Hall, Urbana, Illinois. Subscriptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights reserved liy The i'.linois Technograph. Publisher's Representative — Littell-Murray- Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, New York. Westinghouse scientist Robert Sampson analyzes a special photoelastic model under polarized light to ( the stresses which would be built up in an atomic reactor component now in the design stage. If your design must resist severe stress and shock, the Mechanics Lab can help you Engineers at Westinghouse can count on the Mechanics Lab for expert advice and help on problems involving static or dynamic mechanics. If an engineer's design must withstand the shock of a missile blast, or the stress in an atomic reactor, the men in the Mechanics Lab will analyze it for him and point out ways to improve it. This laboratory supplements the work of engineers in all departments at Westinghouse. Its typical activities include studies of flow and combustion, heat transfer, lubrication, stress, and vibration . . . studies aimed at solving today's si)ecific problems, as well as building a store of knowledge for tomorrow. The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to know all the answers . . . our work is often too advanced for that. Instead, his abilities and knowledge are backed up by specialists like those in the Mechanics Laboratory. If you have ambition and ability, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportunities for talented engineers. Want more information? Write today to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Ardmore & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pennsylvania. you CAN BE SURE . ..IF it's Westinghouse THE TECHNOGRAPH HOW TO MAKE A "LEFT TURN" IN OUTER SPACE (and the ''right turn" toward a gratifying career) Like the dimensions of the universe itself, the future of space technology is beyond imagination. The fron- tiers of space will edge farther and farther from us as engineering and scientific skills push our knowledge closer to the stars. Bendix Aviation Corporation, long a major factor in America's technological advance, offers talented young men an out- standing site from which to launch a career. In the field of controls alone, for example, Bendix (which makes con- trols for almost everything that rolls, flies or floats) has developed practical, precision equipment for steering and controlling the atti- tude of space vehicles. It consists of a series of gas reaction controllers (actually miniature rockets) which are mounted around the satellite. Individually controlled by a built- in intelligence system, they emit metered jets of gas on signal when- ever it is necessary to change the orientation of the satellite. The development of this unique control equipment is but one of the many successful Bendix projects involving knowledge of the outer atmosphere and beyond. Bendix, a major factor in broad industrial re- search, development and manufac- ture, is heavily engaged in advanced missile and rocket systems and com- ponents activities. These include prime contract responsibility for the Navy's advanced missiles, Talcs and Eagle. The many career opportunities at Bendix include assignments in electronics, electromechanics, ultra- sonics, computers, automation, radar, nucleonics, combustion, air navigation, hydraulics, instrumen- tation, propulsion, metallurgy, com- munications, carburetion, solid state physics, aerophysics and structures. See your placement director or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corporation, 1108 Fisher Bldg., Detroit 2, Mich. A thousand products FEBRUARY, 1960 a million ideas alia 1)1 iii(in. ami there's also a possihiHlv DliiKiving aciijss to oliiri- divisions. lrltere^tt•d in postgraduate studies? CM provides finan- cial aid. 'I'heres also a summer program for uudcr- gradualcs. ^on gain woik experience whil<' vacationing from school. ('■ct the story on a rewarding GM career from your riaceiricnl Olficei' or write to General Motors, I'er- sonncl .'^lalf. Di'lrnil 2. Mi, hi-an. GENMPvALMOIXlllS GM positions now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Metallurgical, Chemical, Aeronautical and Ceramic Engineering* Mathematics* Industrial Design • Physics •Chemistry Engineering Mechanics' Business Administration and Reljted Fields THE TECHNOGRAPH Student Frank G. pictures himself Hf^ on a typical Hamilton Standard engineering assignment: environmental control system for Convair 880 ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE of HamUton Standard equipment is reflected by the selection of its air conditioning and pressuriz- ation system for the new Convair 880 jet. Frank G. readily sees the variety of engineering applications involved and learns that he would, as an engineer, participate in its development in one of the following groups: DESIGN ENGINEERING — Where the engineer, using technical skills in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, vibration, servo mechanisms and electronics, creates a working concept of the product to meet rigid specifications of jDerformance, weight, size, reliability, cost and safety. Engineers shown at right are discussing stress analysis problems of the turbo compressor rotor system. ANALYSIS ENGINEERING— Where the engineer, acting as a consultant in applied research, derives and evaluates data on performance, structures, vibration and reliability. In addition, Frank G. finds that close liaison is maintained with project and design engineers, who incorporate this information in the devel- opment of the product. Such machines as the Philbrick Analog Computer, shown at right, facilitate compilation of technical data. PROJECT ENGINEERING — Where the engineer's prime respon- sibility is coordinating all activity from design through qualifi- cation testing. Frank G. discovers this means "shirt sleeve" work at laboratory test facilities, verifying product specifications with analysis and design groups, working with experimental technicians and contact with customers and vendors. Electronic temperature control pictured at right, was developed by our autonomous Broad Brook Electronics Department. For full color and illustrated brochure "Engineering for You and Your Future" write R. J. Harding, Administrator— College Relations HAMILTON STANDARD A DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP. BRADLEY FIELD ROAD, WINDSOR LOCKS, CONN. ^^ "'1"^ FEBRUARY, 1960 I ;* '^^'P^k Robert M. King(B.S.E., Princeton '57, M.S., Carnegie Tech) is investigating applications of the chetronic computer in advanced compute design. A skilled computer programmer, he has done original work in orgaiuzing programs that make possible computer self-diagnosis -| ^ETtT 3ICACIA 1 s.- ^Am^-^'^'i r . . I I r? HE GETS COMPUTERS TO DIAGNOSE THEIR OWN FAULTS With tlie increasing size and complexity of modern computers, one of tlie most interesting problems that engineers face is the rapid and efficient location of failures within the system. The method which they have found most practical is to use the speed and logical abilities of the computer itself to make the diagnosis. Programming computers to perform this function is the job of Robert M. King. The Diagnostic Technique He prepares programs for the computer which actually simulate the deductive processes of a man investigating the faults of the machine. Each program instructs the computer to exercise various segments of its circuitry in a logical order. The result of each test is checked against the correct result, stored in the computer memory, of previous tests of the same circuitry when in proper working order. If the results do not agree, a mes- sage is automatically typed which indicates the failure and which component caused it. A computer is particularly adept at this job. It can take into con- sideration simultaneously a large number of factors. It can also work at very high speeds. Once a program is properly written, the computer makes no errors. Appropriately enough, diagnostic pro- gramming often aids in designing better computers. A Programmer's Background Computer programs are the result of ingenious applications of many intellectual qualities. Computer design and language are based on sound laws of logic. Therefore an important prerequisite is the ability to analyze complex problems and to deduce from them useful methods of solution consistent with machine requirements. If you think you might be interested in working in one of the many fascinating areas of computer programming, you are invited to talk it over with an IBM representative. The future can be as un- limited as the future of the computer itself. IBM INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION Your Placement Officer can tell you \\'hen an IBM representative will visit your campus. Or write, outlining briefly your back- ground and interests, to: Manafi^er of Technical Emploi/mcnt, IBM Corporation, Dcpt. 845, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N. Y. Williani Whewell...on mind and mattei ...tlu'Sc iiu'laplu >ic .il tlisrussions aro not to l)(' piil in opposition lo llic sliuK ol fails; Inil arc to \>v sliimiLihxI. nourisnocl and uircclcu In a constant rtn ourse to experi- ment and observation. 1 lie eultivation of ideas is to be conducted as having for its oujet t llie lonnexion of fa( Is: never to be pursued as a mere exircise ol llic subllcly of tlie mind, striving to build up a world of its own. iind neglecting that wliicli exists about us. For altbougii man riia\ In lliis w.iy please bimselt. and admire tlie creations ol Lis own l)rain. lie can ncxri. \)y ibis course, bit upon llie real sclieme of nature. Willi bis ideas unfolded by edui.ition. sharpened b> (onlroversy, reclified by meta- pll\^i^s. he may iiikIcisUiikI the nalur.u world, but he ( .iruHil iurcnl it. .\l e\ir> step. Ii<' iiiusi try ihe value ol the atKances he has made in lliought b\ applying his thoughts to things. ~Pliih,soi,l,y <>/ (/,e Inductive Sciences. 18-17 Tlfll RA\D C O R PO R ATTOX, SA\TA M O \' I C A, CALIFORNIA A no,,, .r. .1,1 „rf.,„,/.„lio„ ,„..., l,. I ,„ ,,.,■.,„!, ,.„ nr„l,|,„,. r.K,l.-,l I.. „„hu„„l M,,.r,l) .,„,! ll,, |,„l,l,c .nicest THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Editor's Desk Room for One More If you have taken a look at the table of contents, you will have seen that this issue leans heavily toward the engineer as an individual. We have included two essays and several articles concerning human interest and human factors that must be considered in your professional future. These articles, we hope, will whet your interest in yourself. You must think of yourself as a unique person with ideas and feelings of your own. If you are a senior and have started interviewing, you will begin to realize the pitfalls open to you. Conformity is an easy rut to travel. The men interviewing you represent companies which in essence are strange new worlds. One of these unknown worlds con- tains a place for you: a rut if you make it so. In your first effort to fit into the company you may find con- formity the easiest method. Questions such as: "Should I join the com- pany country club? Should I stock up on the 'tailored look' suits?" may become more important than you think now. Sure you've been o self- made man and grown a beard, or gone beat for a month, but these are very weak memories to cling to when you become part of an or- ganization. Conformity of the mind is the real danger for which to be on the alert. You have come from college relatively unspoiled in that your mind is still pliable. You should be alert for new areas of knowledge and grasp at new facts, but don't grasp at the first pattern of opera- tional procedure. This may fit you into the cocktail club at noon and the poker club at night, however it will stifle your chance of making room in the true professional field of engineering. There is no niche for you there; you have to make a place for yourself. WDP FEBRUARY, 1960 Look beyond the obvious . . . ^' ... as you consider your first professional job. At Melpar, we believe that all young engineers and scientists should develop the habit of looking beyond the obvious. First, what is the obvious? It's obvious that you're in demand. You don't have to worry about getting your material wants satisfied. And you don't have to worry about getting opportunities for professional growth. Since you are in demand, you can expect to get the things you want from any number of potential employers. But, if you look beyond the obvious, you'll real- ize now that you're going to want something more than "want satisfaction" out of your career. You're going to want pride — pride in your per- sonal, individual contribution. At Melpar, where we are now working on 120 advanced defense and space exploration projects, we are interested only in young men who realize that pride is a reward that extends much beyond the obvious. Because Melpar is a proud Companv. We're proud of our IMAGINEERIXG approach to the solution of electronic problems; we're proud of our uninterrupted growth and controlled expan- sion; we're proud of the communities that sur- round our laboratories and plants in Northern Virginia and Boston, and we're proud of our cre- ation, design, and production of electronic prod- ucts destined for universal application. If you want an opportunity to be proud of your contribution and your Company, we're interested in hearing from you. Tell us about yourself. Either ask your college's Placement Director to arrange a personal interview with the Melpar representative who will be visiting your campus, or write to our Professional Employment Supervisor. Tell him if you would like to hear from one of your college's graduates who is now progressing at Melpar. "^MJ" IVIELPAR y INC A SUBSIDIARY OF VVESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY 3401 Arlington Boulevard, Foils Church, Virginia \n Historic Fair/ax County (10 miles from Washington, D. C.) 10 THE TECHNOGRAPH NASA LEADS U.S. VENTURES INTO SPACE OUTSTANDING PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO GRADUATING SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS NASA plans, directs and conducts the Nation's aeronautical and space activities for peaceful pur- poses and the benefit of all mankind. NASA's efforts are directed toward discovering new knowledge about our universe and formu- lating new concepts of flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere. Through the application of the resulting new knowledge and supporting technology, we will gain a deeper understanding of our earth and nearby space, of the moon, the sun and the planets, and ultimately, of inter- planetary space and the distant gala.xies. NASA is now engaged in research, development, design, and operations in a wide variety of fields, including: Spacecraft • Aircraft • Boosters • Payloads Flight dynamics and mechanics • Aeroelasticity Launching and impact loads • Materials and struc- tures • Heat transfer • Magnetoplasmadynamics Propulsion and energy systems: nuclear, thermal, electrical, chemical • Launching, tracking, naviga- tion, recovery systems • Instrumentation : electrical, electronic, mechanical, optical • Life support sys- tems • Trajectories, orbits, celestial mechanics Radiation belts • Gravitational fields • Solar and stellar studies • Planetary atmospheres • Lunar and planetary surfaces • Applications: meteor- ology, communications, navigation, geodesy. Career Opportunities At NASA career opportunities for graduates with bachelor's or higher degrees are as unlimited as the scope of our organization. Because of our dynamic growth and diversified operations, ex- cellent opportunities for personal and professional advancement are available for graduates with majors in: Engineering: Aeronautical, Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, Chemical, Metallurgical, Ceramic, Civil, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Physics Science: Astronautics, Physics, Electronics, Chem- istry, Metallurgy, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geo- physics For details about career opportunities, write to the Personnel Director of any of the NASA Research Centers listed below or contact your Placement Officer. NASA Research Centers and their locations are: • Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. • Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. • Lewis Research Center, Cleveland 35, Ohio • Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. • Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington 25, D.C. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration IFEBRUARY, 1960 11 Look ^ around you . . . makes big things happen in exciting products O Paints, chemicals, E;lass, plastics, fiber p;lass ... all these products have exciting family trees. .And at Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com- pany, tomorrow's offspring promise to be even more intriguing. Look around you ... at paint, for example. It's much more than mere color. Paint protects. It must be thoroughly researched and carefully compounded to withstand infinite variations of atmosphere, heat, stress and other conditions. Or look at chem- icals . . . their roles in the creation and development of textiles, metals, paper, agriculture, missiles, medicine. You name it; chemicals are there, making important contributions. Glass? These days, it can be made to remain rigid at blast furnace temperatures, withstand supersonic speeds, have the tensile strength of bronze. And it's much the same story for plastics and fiber glass. Everywhere you look — in architecture, industry, the home, everywhere — PPG products find new, exciting applica- tions with fascinating and challenging potentialities. Are you seeking a career that requires creative thinking, utilizes all your skills and know-how, offers a chance to learn the latest techniques? Then look into your enticing career possibili- ties with the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. Contact your Placement Officer now, or write to the Manager of College Relations, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, One Gateway Center, Pictsl)urgh 22, Pennsylvania. PAINTS • GLASS • CHEMICALS • BRUSHES • PLASTICS • FIBER GLASS 12 THE TECHNOGRAPHl Scientific imagination focuses on . . . RADAR... SONAR . . . COMMUNICATIONS . . . MISSILE SYSTEMS . . . ELECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY... SOLID STATE Challenging professional assignments are of- fered by Raytheon to outstanding graduates in electrical engineering, mechanical engin- eering, physics and mathematics. These as- signments include research, systems, devel- opment, design and production of a wide variety of products for commercial and mil- itary markets. For specific information, visit your place- ment director, obtain a copy of "Raytheon . . . and your Professional Future," and ar- range for an on-campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. John B. Whitla, College Relations, 1360 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton 36, Massachusetts. Excellence in Electronics FEBRUARY, 1960 13 WANTED: Engineers Who Can Write By Verne Moberg Iiuiiistry needs engiiuns who can ex- press theiiisehes. And the student enj;ineer can most lirotitahh- spcnil the little spare time axaihihle dmini: his undergraduate \ears hy iearnins; to write. He ma\' e\en douhle his income. Why is it, tlien, that the earmark of engincer.s on the llhnois campus is that the\' can't write or speak well? Who knows ? Hut the truth is, enjiineers both in in- dustry and on college faculties insist that self-expression is almost the import- ant skill student engineers need to learn. And they ran learn to write — which is a first step in communication — with only a little effort through con- centrating on some basic principles, stay- ing awake in rhetoric class and get- ting in some practice writing. You don't believe that you can learn to write or need to do it? First let's sec what professional engineers have to say about the need for expre.ssion. John Isaacson, manager of college re- lations at the IBM Product Develop- ment Laboratory, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., who was interviewed at Illinois this fall, says that the way an idea is expressed is almost as important as the idea itself. "If you can't communicate, you may as well gi\e your ideas away. We'd have to hire two people instead of one. " The people who communicate, Isaac- son says, are the ones who make the grade in tangible rewards, "prestige, re- sponsibility and the dollar," as well as intangibles (pride of a job well done). Ci. H. Duff, Westinghouse central Illinois branch sales manager, Peoria, agrees. About 85 per cent of the West- inghou.se personnel in management posts began as engineers who were able to put acro.ss their ideas effectively. And here's how engineering college faculty rate communication skills. According to Prof. T. J. Dolan, head of the U. of I. Department of Theoreti- cal and Applied Mechanics, "The prin- cipal job of an engineer is to sell his ideas and to sell himself, ll he c.iu't do this, he may as well gi\e uii trying to be a profe.ssional engineer. " Other engineering educators say com- munication skill is more important for the engineer than for a man in pure sci- ence, because he must sell his ideas to all kinds of people — politicians, econo- mists and businessmen of all kinds, in- cluding other engineers. ^'es, the\ care. And like girlfriends, instructors want to know you care — e\en about the little things. One professor in the T. ^" A. M. de- partment even confides that concise, straightforward presentation ought to be jvist as important as technical mastery to a student who wants high grades on his papers. Instructors are human too, and they're naturally impressed when \ou turn in a paper that says what you mean in crisp, clean language. All right, so they all care. But ex- actly how much is the big payoff. Louis N. Rowley, editor and publish- er of "Power," technical magazine of McCiraw-Hill Co., Inc., declares that, "other things being equal, skill with words and speech will add anvwhere from $50,000 to $200,000 to an engi- neer's lifetime earnings." Prof. G. M. Sinclair, research dire- tor of the T. (i' A. M. Fatigue Labora- tory, calls Rowley's guess conser\ati\e. Effective commimication skill, he savs, will probably double an engineer's life- time income. Estimates vary, but all professionals agree, the dollars increase. Of coiu'se, an engineer can get a job without knowing how to express lum- self, according to Isaacson. "But he'd better be Einstein, " he warns quickly. "He'll ha\e to make up to the company what it's paying anothei' man to interpret him. Einstein could coinmunicate his more complex theories to very few men. But that was Einstein. The ideas most engineers come up with every day aren't that good." If you know you're no Einstein, but still think engineers at Illinois don't ha\e to leain to write, don't go ne.ar Prof. JoDean Morrow in the T. & A. M. department. "People like that are second-rate technical clowns," he feels. "Either \ou ha\e professional piide or you don't." So you want to be ;m engineer? So you'd better learn to write. If \ou'll put down that slide rule, you can start right now. The fust thing to keep in nunou orgaiuzed? All right, get it down in black and white. Here's where the streamlining really comes in. You'll want to weigh and test e\erything to find the best com- bination of parts in each of the three ftmctional units of expression — para- graphs, sentences and words. The largest and simplest unit is the paragraph. As you know, it's a group of sentences tied together to give logical support to a larger section of the paper. Make sure this thought unit carries through one idea and, if possible, ar- range the specific ideas at the beginning and the end of the paragraph so the\' Engineers who think they don't need to learn to write ore second-rate tech- nical clowns. will naturally How from the preceding and to the following ideas. Next: sentences. Keep them short. Of course, at times, \\'hen you want to var\' the pace of yoiu" thoughts, you'll add some compovMid, or maybe e\en complex sentences. If sentence structure leaves you in the dark, check a grammar book to get the facts. While you're at it, save your- self much pain in rhetoric classes by learning these general punctuation rules: 1 . Almost always use a comma after an introductory dependent clause. 2. Almost always use a comma before the "and," "but," "or " or "nor " which joins two main clauses. The rare exception occurs when the sentences are unusuallv short or closeh related. I3e safe — u.se the comma — and usually you'll be right. Now that you're familiar with the terms, here's the main point. You can give your ideas weight by placing them properly. A main clause always carries the most important idea ; a dependent clause, a less important one. If two ideas rate equally and are closely re- lated, put them in a compound sentence with either a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or" or "nor") or a semicolon to separate them. Another major factor in sentence structure which can add or take away from the emphasis you want to put on your ideas is the order of the sentence elements. Unlike man\' other languages, Fnglish has a traditional order for parts of the sentence and that is, subject- verb-object. One, two, three; Mary loves John. If you want to put across your idea quickly and clearly, follow this order. Don't change it without one of these two good reasons : 1 ) The sen- tence sounds stilted and completely lui- natural, or 2) Your sentence patterns need variation. Most important, sub- jects and verbs belong together, and if you can help it. don't separate the two with irrevelant words. Likewise, modifiers — either words or phrases — belong as close as possible to elements which they complement. When your date comes down the stairs on the night of the big dance with a gorgeous new dress, you don"t wait till next year to tell her about it. In the same way, readers forget what you"re talking about when you tag on a modifier at the end of the sentence that refers to a word at the beginning. If you write, "The alloy melted quickly that was nitrided at lOOF." you're talking nonsense. Place the modifiers right after the elements and make sense. Finally, let's look at words, the most basic units of meaning. Once more, search for the simple, specific, familiar, concrete terms and you'll communicate faster. With the wealth of $64,000 words engineers have in their technical language, you can't afford to fog up the reader's mind with any more non- technical syllables than necessary. So keep it short. Since most of our short, brisk words came from the Anglo-Saxon ancestral tongue of the English language, and not the Romance languages of .southern Eu- rope, you'll to well to favor them o\er words of Latin, French or Spanish back- ground. For instance, use "come" instead of "approach" and "great" instead of "im- mense." The most sparkling literature in English has been composed chieHy of these words and they can help you too. In his major works, Shakespeare drew 00 per cent of his words from the An- glo-Saxon, Milton used SI per cent and FEBRUARY, 1960 15 tin- 15ibli- (thiTC tiospi-ls). ''4 per a-nt. \()ii mi'ulu not outdo these best sellers, but your paper will at least be reaii. A woiil about word choice: sa\ what you mean. If possible, don't say the same thintr so often that your reader is bored ; find synonvms to express it in a different light. Sometimes, of course, tiiere's no more than one word tor the thill}; you are talking about. So, tor your instructor's sake, use it — it can t be helped. One engineering professor is now re- co\ering from a severe case of amnesia because a student in his paper refused to call an extensometer an extensomcter after the first reference. The worried man searched the lab for weeks f" 'i'"' the other "expansion gage cage," "me- tallic gift-wrapped measuring device" and "deformation quantifier" which the student talked about. Certainly the rhetoric teacher is right uhen he says don't bore the reader with the same term over and over; do find synonyms. Rut the great sin, he'll tell vou, is repetition of ideas. The same word will do twice if it's the only one that fits. In engineering a spade is a spade. Likewise, an extensometer is an extensometer, and your reader will be lost if you call it anything else. A last word on verbs: if at all pos- sible, keep them active, not passive. When the verb is in the active voice, the subject does the acting, but with a passive verb, the subject is acted upon. This becomes much clearer through ex- ample. Passive: The yield point was lowered b\- cooling the metal. Active: Cooling the metal lowered the yield point. Often in technical writing the per- sonal approach, involving "I" and other personal pronouns, is left out in order to show the objectivity and reproduci- bility of the results. I'sually this in- volves the passive, but it can be avoid- ed with effort. For example: Don't Use: That method of testing was dispensed with to reduce argon con- sumption. Do Ise: A new method of testing reduced argon consLimption. .As Robert Cjunning says, "The need to be impersonal is not the need to be inhuman. Some writers shun the first person so much they wouldn't use 'we to refer to the human race." Hut for best results keep both the subjective and the pas.sive elements from your writing. Shakespeare was lucky, most engi- neers will think. It was not until after his time, or about 1700, that scholars began to concentrate on rules of gram- mar. During the eigtheenth centurx about 250 books were publislunl in ef- fort to establish "correct English." 16 l?ut w liting is easier with rules than without, and they can help you organize your writing. Hecome familiar with them if you can, but see them as they make up the overall picture, not just as a set of facts. Remember, no rule is in- fallible. Break an\ one if necessary to say exactl> what \ou mean. Now your paper is down in black and white — it's written. Mut it's not com- plete until after the iiiial process of re- fining your thoughts. (lO back and look at your work again. Have vou used the best w(ir0 6.0 3.0 Figure c: I-^ormal Acceleration^^ Due To Turning Rate^ L'l.-itt uliK'h IS ilcsiTibiiiL; a parabolR' arc. Hoth ot tlifsf iiR-tlioiis ot smuilatiiifi tlic fiiavity-tree condition have the obvious disadvantage that the time duration of the condition is too short to determine the effects of proU)nged weightlessness. There are, in general, two sides to the problem of weightlessness. The first is the more obvious physiological aspect, lack of muscular co-ordination and dis- orientation being two of the greatest factors. Decrease m nuiscni.ir co-ordmatioii is expecteil to take place whcji the gravity tree state is first expeiiciiced, but ail- justment to tliis condition will prob- ably occur within a relatively short time. This lack of muscular co-ordina- tion is caused by the fact that man is normally accustomed to exerting a cer- tain amount of muscular tension in order to accomplish some motion. How- ever, in the weightless state, the same amount of force will result in more mo- tion than is anticipated; the first at- tempts to compensate for this overexer- tion will result in decreased muscular co-ordination. The final answer to this (piestion will not be known until ;iii orbital vehicle is actually put into oper- ation, because this alone will provide a gravity-free condition of sufficient dur- ation for adjustment to take place. (Orientation depends on certain sen- sory organs, some of which depend on gra\ity for their stimulus, and, as a re- sult, weightlessness will cau.se these gravity-sensitive preceptors to be inef- fective. Nerve endings are one example of these preceptors; by indicating where the pressures due to weight are concen- trated, they thereby indicate position. To clarify this statement, consider this example: if the soles of a man's feet detect pressure concentrations, he knows lie is standing, while if the concentra- tions ;ire distributed on his back, he knows he is lying face up. Another organ which aids the sense of orienta- tion is the inner ear which again de- pends on gravit\' as a stimulus. There is, however, one means of ori- entation which does not depend on gravity as a stimulus. This is visual ori- entation and it is believed by most au- thorities that this means of fixing one's position and motion with respect to the interior of the vehicle will largely oxer- come the effects of disorientation due to weightlessness. In addition to the physiological prob- lem, there is also the possibilit\ of a psychological problem arising as a re- sult of weightlessness. Since the first men to be chosen for space travel will be above-average physical specimens, there is the probability that they will also have an above-a\erage interest in their bodies. There is a correlation be- \oo o.S- l>a.*i6,ur6M^ ■-Fa»TM* i>oaFACc ^" \06zc 16^ K5" »0" Figure o: HiiiQan time- tolerance to acceleration 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH tuffii masculinit\ luul physical attri- butes and as a result, lack of co-ordina- tion may cause some concern as to loss (if masculine traits. This may in turn cause some men to strive to regain their vclf-confidence by aggressive actions and bullying. Of course, in the close qviar- ters of a space vehicle, this is intolerable. Cabin Environment If HKUi is to sui\i\e and to continue to function efficiently in space, then he must be provided with an en\ironnient which, within moderate limits, will ap- proximate that on earth. Pressvne, tem- perature, humidity, and chemical com- position of the atmosphere are the most important considerations in determining man's en\ironment requirements. There is a great deal of correlation between pressure and oxygen require- ments. At sea level, 14.7 psi pressure with an oxygen content of 21 per cent Is MifHcient to provide man with needed (iwgen supplies. Howe\cr, as the total pressure of the atmosphere and the par- tial pressure due to the oxygen decrease, a greater percentage of oxygen is re- quired. When the total pressure has been reduced to about 3.5 psi, 100 per- cent oxygen is required to give the ef- fect of sea level breathing. From a tech- nical viewpoint, it is not feasible to con- sider a 100 per cent oxygen atmosphere and as a residt, pressures considerably above 3:5 psi will have to be main- tained. Ideally, sea level pressures woidd be desirable from the physiological standpoint, but the resulting pressure ilifferential in space vehicles would pro- \ ide serious structural difficulties. The oxygen consumption rate of man depends on how hard he is working. Figure 4 gi\'es some values of this con- sumption rate, a reasonable overall aver- age being about 24 cu. ft. per day or 2 pounds per day. Corresponding to this oxygen consumption rate, about 21.6 cu. ft. or 2.5 pounds of carbon dioxide would be released per day. It will therefore, be necessary to pro- vide means of supplying oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. Since the first attempts at manned space flight will most likely be of short duration, the oxygen problem will probably he solved by storing a sufficient supply ahead of time. The carbon dioxide prob- lem will most likely be solved by utiliz- ing a chemical reaction which will ab- sorb or decompose the carbon dioxide. Temperatme and humidity are also two important aspects of cabin environ- ment. While man can withstand rea- sonable temperature extremes for a short period of time, it must be taken into account that man in space must be an efficient mechanism. In order for him to function properly for extended pe- riods of time, provisions must be made til maintain a comfort:ible temperaturc- humiditv' level. The problem of heating ilue to friction will be accounted for by providing sufficient insulation and a pos- sible heat sink. However, the amount of heat produced by the human body is ap- proximatelv 3,000 cal. per day or about 12,000 B.T.U. per day. As a result, the same insulation which earlier pro- tected the man mav' now cause him some discomfort if suitable air-condi- tioning is not provided. Perspiration will over a period of time, raise the hu- midity level if steps are not taken to wlulc total deconnuession would not occur for almost ten minutes. It can then be seen that the time it takes for hypoxia to occur would be the limiting factor when considering decompression effects. Decompression sickness is the result of two things: lowered boiling points and gas expansion. From Boyle's Law it is known that as the pressure applied to a gas is decreased, the volume in- creases. Because of this, any gas which is trapped in tissues when decompres- Og. Ui>eti ('f«ed«y/{»J CiOzEelEASED^AV/M^ CM.fi. tb&. CU. (t )U. 19.2 i.rg> f$.8 *.g> Zh^ J.?9 B.Z 2.2 ZM.O l$9 Zi.& 2.r 1 20.8 2.39 264 3.0 \ ZZ-i Z-W 3\.Z 3,& Figure 4: OTrjgen CoixbUiiiption and Carbon Dioxide ReleaaSe prevent this. However, this can easily be overcome by use of chemicals which ab.sorb moisture. Decompression Most factors point to the desirability of employing a sealed cabin for manned space vehicles. However, in space this can cause a severe problem in the event of meteorite collision. While it has been calculated that the chance of collision with meterites of significant size is ex- tremely remote, the problem must be considered. Decompression means loss of pressures due to atmosphere and it is here meant to be a relatively fast loss of pressure. The physiological results of this decom- pression include hypoxia and decompres- sion sickness. Hvpoxia, or oxvgen starvation, is probablv' the more serious pioblem. Holes caused by meteorites would prob- ably be of the order of one inch in diameter, and it has been calculated that with an initial pressure differen- tial of 14.7 psi in a 500-cu. ft. cabin, hypoxia wo\dd occur in two minutes sion occurs will expand causing tissue damage. "Boiling of the blood" will also occm' because the effect of lower- ing pressure on a fluid is to reduce the vaporization temperature. When the pressure becomes sufficiently low, nor- mal bodv' temperature becomes the boiling point of body fluids and bubbles will then form. One possible solution to this problem is the use of emergency oxygen sup- plies which can be released to prevent decompression for a sufficient period of time for the crew to don pressure suits. Radiation Without the pnitection of the earth's atmosphere, which filters out most harm- ful radiation, man will be s\ibjecteo/>iil- sioii. vnl. 26, no. 9, Sept. '56, p 745-8, 7 56, 788. 3. K. H. Kiinccii, "lliiinaii FacKirs in Space FIijj;ht," .Ifio/Sptti r lint/irii'iiiiit/, vol. 17, no. 6, Tunc '58, p 34-40. 4. C. A. Heny, "Tlic F.m iiniime iit (if Space in Human I^light," .Irroiiaulu al hniji- ncertnq Kcvicu:, vol. 16, n((. 3, Mar. '58, p 3 5-8, 60. 5. O. N. Micliael, "How to Keep Space Crews Content," Missies and Roikiis, vol. 3, no. 4, Apr '58, p 110, 112-4. Motel Skyscraper A motel building, 23 to ,iS stories high and costing $18 million, is planned for downtown Fort Worth. Parking will be on the same floors as the rooms. The building also will include an audi- torium seating 6,000 to 8,000 persons. Help Wanted Positions are available on the editorial and production staff of The Illinois Technograph. Experience of this type is invaluable for personal satisfaction, job references, and development of creative skills. Applicants need not be engineering students. Interested persons may call the editor, Dave Penniman, at 2-4254 or leave their name at The Technograph office in 215 Civil Engineering Hall. 24 THE TECHNOGRAPH JOB OPPORTUNITIES OVERSEAS The Myth and the Truth By Judy Ondria Do you see yourself in a \ear or so with a degree in one hand and a suit- case in tile other, hoarding a transcon- tinental jet on the \va\' to a joh o\er- scas? You have heard ot telhjws who gra(hiate, join a firm and go to some ideal foreign country to represent that firm. You probably have thouglit, "What a setup! (let paid to travel! I'll have to find out about getting one of those jobs." And then perhaps your da\- dreani went on to Italian wines or (ler- man beer or French women. Lots of engineers dream of just the same thing. Mrs. Pauline Chapman, head of the engineering placement of- fice, says eacii semester she is asked re- peatedly about firms looking for men to relocate abroad and each semester she must tell many job hunters, there are N(^ opportunities for starting engi- neers overseas. The statement, of course, must be qualified. There are rare cases, but Mrs. Chapman and representati\es (if engineering firms who conduct inter- \ iews on campus prefer to take the abso- lute negative viewpoint becaiise of tlie raritx' . There are two main reasons wh\- a -farting engineer is not sent overseas. I )ne is economic, the other diplomatic. .Mrs. Chapman and a representative from Boeing .Aircraft list the following icasons why few starting engineers have a chance for foreign employment. First iif all, companies realize that recent maduates look upon an overseas job as a two-year paid vacation. They realize the engineer thinks of the job as a final "fling" before settling down to responsi- bilities of a wife, home and children. The companies know that the engineer lioesn't want to work overseas more than two years. The engineers don't want to make a career of foreign work. It's a well-known fact that a person just starting with a firm cannot know every- thing he needs to know to represent the firm ; therefore men with five or ten \ears' experience are much better invest- ments. It's common sense to companies that they save money by sending an old- er, more settled and more experienced man overseas. Also most of the jobs available are top management positions that only experu-nced men .-ire qualified to fill. Mrs. C'hapman sa\s she has talked with man\ company representa- ti\es on the subject of foreign employ- ment. .'\lmost every company, she says, wants at least fi\e years' experience in the re|iresenrari\ es ; most ask for ten \ears. Tied in with the economic savings mentioned abo\e, the Boeing representa- ti\e sa\s that often an engineer who gets an o\ erseas job doesn't want it for loii":. .American firms over.seas are mainly in countries like Saudi Arabia and South America. The Americans nuist lower their standard of li\ing. and not many men can adiust. The men that do go o\er won't find large, clean homes with modern plumbing and refrigeration. The foods available aren't fresh vege- tables or government inspected meats. He says most .Americans, unused to the native diet, get sick when the\ eat the foo.l. The aho\e are superficial reasons, however. The real reasons lie in the realm of diplomatic relations. When .an American firm contracts with a foreign country to build a branch office in that country, the firm must agree to hire as high as 95 per cent native help. The re- maining five per cent employed are, of necessity, Americans in a supervisory capacity. This again emphasizes the nec- essit\ of at least five years' experience. Not onl\' must 95 per cent of the em- plo\ees be native, but there is an under- standing between the firm and the gov- ernment that as time pa.sses, natives will be trained to take over these supervisory positions. The longer a compaiu' has been over.seas, the smaller the need tor .American help. Another source of native hel|i to till engineering positions overseas are the great numbers of men who come to the United States from a foreign country to get a degree. These natives, after re- ceiving their degrees, go back to their homes. They will find any kind of job once they are home. These men literally sit around and wait for an American firm to open in the area. And these are the men that are hired. They are well- trained, (]ualified engineers. American firms can't afford tn nut hire these men ; and the firm knows that these engineeis are not just looking for ,a vacation. In most cases native engineers can he counted on as permanent help in that area. One other strong reason for employ- ing natives is the fact that it is just good business .sense. Natives do a much better .selling job to their own country- men than any American could do. .Another main source of overseas en- gineering jobs is through the federal government. Tom Page, University rep- resentative in charge of placement with government agencies, savs that an over- seas job is not the first iob an engineer- ing graduate will get. He must first go through a training period. Government pamphlets on available jobs qualify openings for "mature, competent pro- fessional and technical specialists of rec- ognized stature." These men are needed as "experts in the fields of engineering." The closest a college graduate can get to a government overseas job is as a su|iport specialist. Support specialists work with persons of recognized stature. But here, too, is a qualifier. These spe- cialists must have "an excellent formal education (or its work equivalent) . . . and several years of profession.al work experience. . . . If you still want to go abroad, there are a few possibilities. Some of the na- tional advertising of I . S. firms, pub- lished in I'hi ']'(■( linn//) ii/ili offers for- eign opportunities. Look into these firms to find out what they are offering. (i. Brnvver, Boiang's representative, sees a somewhat optimistic future for overseas jobs, however. He feels that as industry develops overseas, so will job opportunities. There is a trend starting, he says, for companies to contract busi- ness in other countries. Several automo- bile and electronic firms are already set- ting up firms in F'urope. Brower feels foreign aid .and the United Nations' policies should bring some increase m jobs. But the most practical tiling is to re- sign yourself to at least live years' train- ing here in the states. If you can prove yourself with your company, they may be anxious to send you as a represent.a- FEBRUARY, 1960 25 Women in Engineering By Eileen Markham U.I.C Have \ou notu'ctl the shadow on I'li- tlineering classes? What shadow? — that i]uestion is easy to answer if you've been readiiiu; the papers. It seems that not enough women arc entering the scientific professions. Sta- tistics to prove this have appeared in almost all major news publications at some time during the month of Decem- ber, 1959. So what? — the mniiber of engineers, chemists, physicists and other technicians could increase b\ at least fifty per cent if the qualified women entered these fields. Let's look at these facts rationally: Do ice need themf Of all Russian en- gineers fifty per cent are women. (Rus- sia has more engineers tlian the United States.) Less than one per cent of our engineers are women. Do we need engineers/ I'll lea\e that answer to your discretion. Just glance at the Sunday emploxiiicnr section of any major newspaper. (^iin the U'liiu n do tin same u'ji k men tire dnint/.' With the exception of the jobs which involve heavy construc- tion, engineering endeavors are not too physically demanding. The mental work can be done by any intelligent person with the proper training. And, since brains do not have sex, this can be achieved by a woman. Oh ! but, engineering is a man's field ! Today it is. Tomorrow it needn't be. Ciirls may have to work harder to acquire those extra intuitive judgments which are part of a commonplace des- criptive geometry situation. Yet, some of the world's foremost physicists and mathematicians were women. Even the men have produced no equal to Madame Curie who achieved two Nobel Prizes. Why don't women enter engineering? Look at our own L . of I. Undergradu- ate Bulletin. The information on the engineering curriculum begins with a sentence about the training of "men" for engineering professions. For another thing, women are hesitant to enter the man's world. The competition is keen. It took over a hundred years for women to be accepted in medicine and law. (They are still frowned upon b>' many of their male contemporaries.) The same problem exists in engineering. Sureh, a more casual atmosphere ex- ists in an all male class or place of work. Hut need this be reason for the instructor in a technical course to ig- nore or downgrade a woman student ? These things have been known to occur. I, however, say NO to this treatment! Why? Because: We're needed! We're interested! We expect to earn our de- grees and become qualified and capable members of an extremely vital profes- sion. That is whv we are engineers. 26 THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Pier SOLID ROCKET FUELS By Mike Murphy On the nitiht of April 1, IQid, Dr. Jos. C Patricic, a chemist and i-x-physi- cian, went into his laboratory to check on an experiment. Little did Dr. Pat- rick realize how important this experi- ment would be to the whole world. Dr. Patrick was trying to concoct a new- type of automobile anti-freeze. Instead of finding a clear liquid which he ex- pected, he found something that was dark and s\ rupy and having a smell like rotten eggs. Dr. Patrick viewed the experiment n^ore or less as a failure. He used pieces of the unknown sub- .stance, which hardened upon cooling, for paperweights. In 1928 a man named Bevis Longstretch became interested in the substance which Patrick had named Thiokol, which is derived from the Greek words thio (sulphur) and kol (glue). It was found that Thiokol was impervious to petroleum and therefore could be used as an extremely efficient gasket for sealing gasoline tanks and other petroleum products containers. The two men searched for a place to open a factory but were refused many sites because of the sulphurous stencii produced when Thiokol was processed. Finally they were able to set up a fac- tory in Trenton, N. J. Business was general!)' poor but iluring World War II it improved because of the demand for gaskets for ;iir|ilane fuel tanks. Dur- ing the year PHI the company made $89,000. It was not until after the war that the possibilities of Thiokol as a solid rocket fuel were investigateil to any extent. Thiokol has been a leader ni the field of solid fuels ever since that time. In I'H.S tlic sales mounted to i'ii,- 000,000. Solid fuels have definite advantages over liq\iid fuels. The\ can be pocketed into smaller spaces because of their high density and the fact that the oxidizer is built in. There are few moving parts in the combustion chamber which re- duces the chance of mechanical failure. Solid fuels rockets are easier to tr.ans- port and easier to fire. On the other hand there are se\eral disadvantages to solid fuels. Solid fuels rockets are relatively less powerful than liquid fuel rockets. There is a chance that the "grain" or charge ma\' crack and thus expose more surface aiea. This condition will produce erratic Hight re- sulting from velocity changes. Another disadvantage is the fact that solid fuels misses are hard to steer. These prob- lems are rapidly being solved and the future of solid-fuels looks good. Due to the extensive research in the field of rocket propellents man\ difler- cnt types have been developed in the past few years. Most of the present day rocket fuels deliver in the neighbor- hood of 200 lbs. of thrust for each pound of fuel consumed per second but hiirher \alues are rare. One example of solid fuel having more thrust is one which Allegany Ballistic Laboratory has been working on and is reported to be about 285. A term known as specific impulse is generally referred to when solid fuels are being compared. Specific impulse is the impulse per unit mass of a propel- lant expressed in units of pound seconds per pound. The final height reached by a missile is proportional to the square of the specific impulse. In regard to solid fuels specific im- pulse can be foimd by multiplying the thrust by the time and dividing by the mass of the propellent. Another factor which enters into the computing of the specific impulse is the operating pressure in the combustion chamber, or the ratio of the nozzle exit area to throat area, and on the OLitside pressure. To achieve sp.ice Hight with chemical propellants we need those that gi\e the most energ\" pel' unit weight. The specific Impulse of most solid fuels has increased by about 70 pound- secoiuls per pound, but there is little hope of passing .^00 since the energy of solid fuel is rather limited. Some double- base and composite solid blends offer the best possibilities of exceeding 230 pouiul- seconds per pound, but 245 will be the probable limit for standard carbon-hy- drogen-oxygen-nitrogen types. Some of the more important solid fuels are Ballistite, NDRC, and Cor- dite. Iiallistite can be safely stored at 12(1 degrees 1''; its ignition temperature is ,i(l(l degrees 1'', and its dame tempera- ture is about 5000 degrees F. The cost of this material averages five dollars a pound, but the specific impulse of 210 and the exhaust velocity of nearly 7000 feet per second are higher than those of the cheaper materials NDRC and Gal- cit. The exhaust \elocities of the latter are 5150 and 5900 feet per second, re- spectively. .N'RDC stands for National Defen.se Research Committee and is a composite propellant, fuel and oxidizer separate. It costs only one dollar a pound, for specific impulse of up to LSO pound- seconds per pound. The flame tempera- ture is, however, only about 4,000 de- grees F., and the burning rate is rela- ti\el\' low. Cordite and (Jalcit are usually made up of organic pohiner fuel and inor- ganic nonplastic oxidizers. High exhaust velocities from some (did fuels have been reported in the neighborhood of from 4,000 to 8,000 miles per hour. These fuels, for the most part, possess undesirable physical proper- ties. One propert\' of a solid fuel which is important to know is its burning rate. This figure tells the weight or amount of propellent consumed per second per square inch. Most burning rates are between 0.2 and 2.0 inches per .second. In order to reduce the thickne.ss of solid fuel rocket walls, the charge has a hole from top to bottom. This hole is generally star shaped. The purpo.se of this is to permit the charge to burn toward the wall of the rocket. This situation permits the use of thin wall construction. By varying the geometri- cal shape and size of the hole different effects in power and burning time can be had. I oda\ more and more mi.ssiles pow- ered with .solid fuel are appearing. A few of these mi.ssle are the Sparrow, the Falcon, the Sidewinder, the Oenie, the Dart, which is used against tanks and the Rat, which swoops down on subs. Familiar to many m various .'\merican cities is the .Nike-Hercules. The recent success of the Polaris is further proof of the potential use of solid fuel. More from NAVY PIER on Page 30 FEBRUARY, 1960 27 MASTER & DOCTOR OF SCIENCE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CANDIDATES COMPLETING REQUIREMENTS IN Engineering Physics | Applied Mathematics Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.. Los Angeles, California. recognizes your scholarly and technical achievements by encouraging you to have your findings published in recognized scientific journals and to present them before scientific and technical societies. For members of STL's Technical Staff, a group proficient in the preparation of written and oral presentations is available to give able assistance. Since 1954, STL has been a pioneer in virtually every phase of theoretical analysis, research, development, and administration of military and civilian space systems including the systems engineering and technical direction for the Air Force Ballistic Missile Program. These are some of (lie recent papers prepared hy ineinbers of llie STL Technical Staff: Lester Lees, F. W. Hartwig and C. B. Cohen. "The use of aerodynamic lift during entry into the earth's atmosphere." pre- sented at .American Rocket Soci- ety Controllable Satellites Con- ference. April-May. 1959. S. C. Baker and ]. M. Kelso. "Miniature movies of the plan- ets." reprinted from Aeronau- tics. May. 1959. R. W. Rector, "Space age com- puting," reprinted from Datama- tion, March-April, 1959, E. S. Wei BEL, "On the confine- ment of a plasma by magneto- static fields," reprinted from The Physics of Fliiuii. January-Feb- ruary, 1959. A. D. Wheelon (with G. Munch), "Space-time correla- tions in stationary isotrophic tur- bulence." reprinted from The Physics of F/iiiiis. November- December, 1958. G. E. Solomon, "The nature of re-entry," reprinted from Astro- mnilics. March, 195Q, T. A. M..\GNESS, J. B. McGuiRE and O. K. Smith, "Accuracy re- uircments for interplanetary bal- listic trajectories," reprinted from Proceeding !X(/i /iitcTnnliomi/ Aslronuulirci/ Congress. Amsler- dam, August, 1958. A. D. Wheelon (with H. Staras), "Theoretical research on Iroposphcric scatter propaga- tion in the United States, 1954- 1957." reprinted from JRE Transactions on Antennas and Propa<]ation. J.uui.irv. 1950. Investigate opportunities in your major concentration at our laboratories in Los Angeles, California, or Cape Canaveral, Florida. Please consult with your placement officer for further information or write to: College Relations, Space Technology Laboratories. Inc. P.O. Box 95004, Los Angeles 45, California ® SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES. INC. 28 THE TECHNOGRAPH Hesnifs tin- tfchnical procedures in- volved in an engineering design, the en- gineer must consider both public rela- tions and the aesthetic appeal of the proiect, for they will affect the success of his design. Often, the acceptance of a project depends upon the effectiveness of the exchange of ideas the engineer has had with citizens and citizen groups during the planning stages of the de- sign and, sometimes more important, how the finished project looks to the eye of the public. The engineer's public relations re- sponsibilities can be summed up in a few paragraphs. First, he must be able to get along with the public; it is, in effect, his em- ployer, whether he works for a govern- ment agency, for industry, or for a con- sulting firm assisting government or in- dustry. Second, he must plan carefully enough and far enough ahead that he can explain his actions at any stage any time. In the case of highway design, such explanations would include why he chooses a particular route, why his de- sign provides for drainage of storms which are likely to occur at only five vear intervals, or why he sets a par- ticular design restriction, as far as he is empowered, on the speed and use of a given section of highway. Third, he must be able to fare suc- cessfully under the fire of public com- ment and criticisms which accompany his decisions. Such discussion often comes from organized citizen groups and newspaper campaigns in a form which tends to put the engineer on the defensive. He may thus he caught be- tween two factions of opin'on, but must work his way out while satisfying both sides. Of course, he should have antici- pated and been prepared to answer many of the arguments against his decisions. It must also be realized that some prob- lems are incapable of solution without hurting someone. In justifying the construction of a highway, for example, the engineer must concern himself with the economic bene- fits to the whole area under considera- tion. In doing so, he must weigh all possible highway locations in relation to whether they provide the best service both for the overall region and the spe- cific area through which the highway passes. Often these considerations are in conflict; he must then work out an equitable compromise. For safety, one particular location might require a re- duction in the speed limit over a section of bridges and curves. This is opposed to the desirability of a higher limit which provides rapid How tii rough the entire highway network. Preventing or limiting truck traffic on a parkway can cause troubles for the commiMiities through which the trucks THE OTHER ROLE OF THE ENGINEER As Illustrated from Problems of Highway Er}gineering By Robert M. Jones must then pass. Eventually the truck traffic becomes such a problem that it demands a new highway to take care of trucks. A recent case in New England. Con- necticut, in particular, involved the Merritt Parkway and the Wilbur Cross Parkway which, for many years, formed parts of the only multi-lane highway between New York and Boston. These parkways were restricted to passenger car traffic, and, even with such a re- striction, were crowded. At the time they were built, shipping by truck had not become as large an industry as it is today. After World War II, the in- dustry blossomed with numerous heavy trucks to take care of the increased vol- ume of shipping. These trucks were forced to travel on U. S. 1, the Boston Post Road, through the centers of towns along the northern coast of Long Island Sound and on deeper into the slate. The inevitable effects on these towns were traffic congestion, confusion, and inconvenience, plus destruction of city streets with accompanying increased taxes for residents. The result of a concentrated cam- paign for a solution to the problem was the Connecticut Turnpike. It was espe- cially designed for trucks, though pass- enger cars are allowed if the\' pav the tolls. The need for a highway such as the Connecticut Turnpike should have been foreseen at the time the two parkways were designed. Even if it was, the rate of growth of the trucking industry was probably not correctly forecast. As a consequence, the volume of traffic at which more highway facilities would be built was reached at an earlier date so the engineer was caught short. In the middle of the Connecticut Turnpike situation was the highway en- gineer. He was expected to make every- body happy with his solution to the problems of routing, alignment, curva- ture, sight distance, and related subjects. Everyone, as usual, expected a dream highway which would neither disturb the towns through which it passed nor evict people from their homes. Since this as obviously impossible, the "other role of the engineer" played an import- ant part in the development of the Con- necticut Turnpike. There, the route passes through some of the most heavily populated and wealthiest counties in the nation ; in addition, these counties are some of the most beautiful and historic in New England. Thus, the usual pres- sures were multiplied. The engineer must be most careful in his relations with the owners of the prospective site of a highway. He must be certain he does not needlessly destroy any of our country's heritage in the form of old houses, historic sites, fine trees or beauty spots, and other places of sentiment. In this light, he must be able to ac- covmt for each of his design actions, such as why he chose to put an ele- vated section of highway in a metropoli- tan section rather than skirting the downtown area by building through the cheaper land of the slums. He must be able to explain, in terms that the lay- man can understand, why alignment, sight distance, and volume of excava- tion dictated this choice rather than ignoring the honest questions of inter- ested though perhaps irate landowners. Aesthetic Design Important Besides achieving a functional de- sign, the engineer must consider the ef- fects the project will have on the peo- ple it is meant to serve. Beauty should be included, for although it sometimes costs more, the favorable reactions of the viewing and using public are well worth the added expenditure. It must be remembered that the work of an engi- neer will last for many years and thus should be aestically pleasing. Highway bridges, for example, could be perked up by using unusual shapes or combinations of concrete, steel, alum- inum, and other materials. Or, extreme- ly simple though aesthetically balanced ma.sses could be used. Since concrete requires surface grooves to arrest and contain cracks, good architectural u.se might well be made of these grooves. With little or no extra cost, the grooves could be ar- (Cnnlinucd nn Page 30) FEBRUARY, 1960 29 IN AND AROUND CHICAGO By SHELDON ALTMAN More Modernizing A new "^oviTiimfiit cc-nter costing 6.1 mil lion dolhirs will j^et top priorit\' soon :is thf next proji-ct in the tompic- hensivc plan tor mo(lcrni/.in<; Chic:ijj;o's ilowntown ari-a. The project \\ill house local jTovernnieiit and is to be built in the block bounded by Washinfi:t' sensitive material and will leplace photographic plates in the gon- dolas of the balloons. The\' will be "stackeil" to gi\e a three-dimensional "track" of cosmic ra\s. First Full-Length Picture in 43 Years Chicago is on its \va\ to becoming the midwest's Hollywood. For the first time in 43 years a full-length feature has been produced in Chicago. All con- cerned with the production are Chicago talent. This includes the producer, di- rector, actors and technicians. In recent years many studios ha\e been engaged in the production of in- dustrial, educational, public service and .Armed Forces training films. Some Holl\wood scenes and some television dramas have been shot here, b\it the recent completion of "Prime Time" marks Chicago's first effort to emulate the old days of l'M() and Essanay Stu- Hetween 1897 and lOK), long before the first camera turned in Holhwood, Chicago was a major producer of fea- ture films. Essanay Studio had people such as Charlie Chaplain, (Gloria Swan- son, Wallace Heery and 'Eom .Mix workuig for them. Th.' title "Prime Time" is based on the concept of youth as the prime of life and is concerned with the problems of \()uth. When the script called for specific locations the film-producers searched out locations bearing the cor- rect names within the Chicago area. When a teen-age hangout called "Lu- iga's " was needed a pizzeria was usen\\ in this way can the engineer fill his true posi- tion of intellectual leadership in our so- ciety. 30 THE TECHNOGRAPH • A missile's main engine runs only for a few seconds. To supply electric and hydraulic power for control during the entire flight a second power plant is necessary. The AiResearch APU (accessory power unit) which answers this problem is a compact, non EXCITING FIELD FOR GRADUATI Diversity and strength in a company offer the engineer a key opportunity, for with broad knowl- edge and background your chances for responsibil- ity and advancement are greater. The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its diversification, which you will experience through an orientation program lasting over a period of months, allows you the best chance of finding your most profitable area of interest. Other major fields of interest include: • Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and major supplier of centralized flight data systems air-breathing, high speed turbine engine. The unit pictured above develops 50 horsepower and weighs 30 pounds. The acknowledged leader in the field, AiResearch has designed, developed and delivered more accessory power units than any other source. S OF INTEREST E ENGINEERS and also other electronic controls and instruments. • Gas Turbine Engines — world's largest producer of small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 delivered ranging from 30 to 850 horsepower. •Environmental Control Systems — pioneer, leading developer and supplier of aircraft and spacecraft air conditioning and pressurization systems. Should you be interested in a career with The Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your College placement office. For further information write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley. . . THE /AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angeles /.i, ('.(ililiirniu • I'liiit-nix. Arizona Sysleius, ParluiSrs and Cmponents l„r: AIRCRAFT, MISSILE. NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FEBRUARY, 1960 31 engineers Automatic systems developed by instrumentation engineers allow rapid simultaneous recording of data from many information points. Frequent informal discussions among analytical engineers assure continuous exchange of ideas on related research projects. Under the close supervision of an engineer, final adjustments are made on a rig for testing on advanced liquid metal system. and what they di The field has never been broader The challenge has never been greater Engineers at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft today are concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems— air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types for propulsion in space. Many of these systems are so entirely new in concept that their design and development, and allied research programs, require technical personnel not previously associated with the development of aircraft engines. Where the company was once primarily interested in graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, it now also requires men with degrees in electrical, chemical, and nuclear engineering, and in physics, chemistry, and metallurgy. Included in a wide range of engineering activities open to technically trained graduates at all levels are these four basic fields: ANALYTICAL ENGINEERING Men engaged in this activity are concerned with fundamental investigations in the fields of science or engineering related to the conception of new products. They carry out detailed analyses of ad- vanced flight and space systems and interpret results in terms of practical design applications. They provide basic information which is essential in determining the types of systems that have development potential. DESIGN ENGINEERING The prime requisite here is an active interest in the application of aerodynamics, thermo- dynamics, stress analysis, and principles of machine design to the creation of new flight propulsion systems. Men en- gaged in this activity at P&WA establish the specific per- formance and structural requirements of the new product and design it as a complete working mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING Here men supervise and coordinate fabrication, assembly and laboratory testing of experimental apparatus, system components, and devel- opment engines. They devise test rigs and laboratory setups, specify instrumentation and direct execution of the actual test programs. Responsibility in this phase of the develop- ment program also includes analysis of test data, reporting of results and recommendations for future effort. MATERIALS ENGINEERING Men active in this field at P&WA investigate metals, alloys and other materials under various environmental conditions to determine their usefulness as applied to advanced flight propulsion systems. They devise material testing methods and design special test equipment. They are also responsible for the determina- tion of new fabrication techniques and causes of failures or manufacturinc difficulties. Pratt &. Whitney Aircraft... Exhaustive testing of full-scale rocket engine thrust chambers is carried on at the Florida Research and Development Center. For further information regarding an engineer- ing career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your college placement ofliccr or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Connecticut. PRATT & IMfHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporation CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida The Deans' Page . NEW ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERS By Dean D. R. Opperman Scincmbcr, l')().\ has been appi'cu i-il In tin- Ho.uil of Tiiistecs as the cftVc- ti\c (late tor tile lU'w entrana' ifquirc- mi'iits into tlic Collcfif of Knjiiiiffrinj; at the Chicasjo L iidcrjiraduatc I)i\isioii ami at I rbaiia. These new ^equil■(■nlent^ are the result of a year long stinh iiiaile by a group of engineering faculty men on the Urbana campus. Their reconi- mendations were subsequently appro\e uiu'ts in mathematics. (A imit is one year of studv' in one cour.se.) Four \ears later, in September 1958, the number of students presenting this num- ber of credits climbed to 79','. Last fall, September 1959, the figm-e rose .mother .S',' to HI' i . We feel confident that this trend shown by prospective en- gineers to take more and nvire mathe- matics will continue in the future. The credit for the trend .should be shared eqiialK between the College of I'.ngi- necring which has demanded more mathematics and the high schools which have responded with excellent college preparatory mathematics programs. Last fall several new freshmen received ad- vanced placement in differential calculus and a few students received advanced placement and began their mathematics studies in integral calculus, the sccoiul semester calculus course! Similar trends to take more subjects than required in high school have been shown to exist in other fields of instruc- tion generally considered as college pre- paratory work. Increasing numbers of students are taking a full four years of English in high school, more foreign l.uiguage, more scienc. 1 he increases in all of these areas are noteworthy if we compare the class entering in 1954 with the class entering in I95.S. The result of these stronger college preparatorv programs is shown dramaticallv' in the accompanv ing graph. The I niversitv ol Illinois requires a minimum of 9 uiuts of college pre- paratory subjects of admission. The re- maining () units required for atimission ma> be in any area acceptable to the Total units of high school subjects in foreign languages, the social sciences, mathematics, the sciences, and Eng- lish, presented by freshmen entering in fall of 1954 and fall of 1958. high school for graduation. This graph indicates that very few students enter- ing in either 1954 or 1958 presented only a minimum of 9 college prepara- tory subjects. A large number of the students presented from 13 to 16 units of this nature, an impressive fact when 16 units is all that is required for gi7«/- uation in many high schools. Howe\er. the most significant feature of the graph is the comparison between the classes entering in 1954 and 1958. Those students presenting smaller num- bers of credits in college preparatory subjects are in the majority in the class of 19S4. The class of I9SS came far hcter prejiared than the class ot 1954 with respect to 1^ through I'' or 19.5 units. Several conclusions can be dr,-iwn from the graph. 1. High school students are receiving better and better counseling each year with regard to programs of study that v\ill prepare them for college studies. 2. At the present time, entering stu- dents are presenting far more "solid" subjects than required for entrance by the College of Engi- neering or the University of Illi- nois. 3. A student who minimizes college preparatory subjects in high school will be at a distinct disadvantage when paced in competition at the college level with students who have given thought to their high school programs and have chosen wi.sely the subjects they will need for their college work. As a result of these rather intensive studies of the background of the stu- dents who entered in 1954 and 1948, definite recommendations were made, ;md approved, to strengthen the en- trance requirements to the College of Engineering. These new entrance re- quirements, effective in September I''h3. are as follows: Rctoiiniit iiilt il Rif/uiniJ JddilKjiiiil Units I 'nils 1 Su/fjcct English 3 Algebra^ 2 Plane Geometry 1 Trigonometry ' j College Preparatory Mathematics Science" 2 Social Studies 2 Language' 2 'Students who have only gebra and one unit in plane Reometry may lie admitted on condition that the deficiency is removed in the first year. "Re<|uired science must include two units from physics, chemistry, and biology. Botany ami zoology may be substituted for biology, (ieneral science mav" not be used as a re- (|uired subject. 'Reciuired language must be two unit> in one language. Students deficient in language may be admitted on condition that the de- ficiency is removed during the first two years. ( (Uintinuctl on P(U/c 36) .ailabl. as available' nne unit in al- 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH What's ahead for you... after you join Western Electric? Aii\ \\'1h'1c' \i)U look — ill ciigim'ciiiit; and ollifi piolc-s- sioiKil areas — tlif answer to that question is piugrc.s.s. For Western Eleetrie is on a job of ever-inereasing complexity, both as the manufacturing and supply unit of the Bell System and as a part of nian\' defense communications and missile projects. These two assignments meau \oull find \i)uiselt in the thick of things in such fast-breaking fields as miero- \va\e radio relay, electrouic switching, miniaturization and automation. You may engiueer installations, plau distribution of equipment and supplies. Western also has need for field engineers, whose world-wide assign- ments call for working with cc|uipment we make for the Government. The opportunities are luiiny — anil thei/re wditinp,! You'll find that Westi'in Eli-ctric is cai-eer-minded . . . and [/()i/-minded! Progress is as rapid as Nour own indi- vidual skills permit. We estimate that 8, ()()() supervisory jobs will open in the ne.\t ten years — the majority to be filled by engineers. There will be corresponding oppor- tvmities lor career building williin rcsearcli ,nid engi- neering. Western Electiic maintains its own full-time, all-e.\penses-paid engineering training program. And our tuition refund plan also helps you move ahead in \()ur chosen field. Opportunities exist for electrical, mechanical, indus- trial, civil and chemicol engineers, as well as in the physical sciences. For more information get your copy of Consider o Career at Western Electric from your Plocement Officer. Or write College Relations, Room 200D, Western Electric Company, 195 Broadway, New York 7, N Y. Be sure to arrange for a Western Electric interview when the Bell System team visits your campus. WeBtcrn, EmJf^ OF THE BELL SYSTEM/ Principal manufacturing locations at Chicago. III.; Kearny, N, J.; Baltimore. Md.; Indianapolis. Ind.; Allentown and Laureldale. Pa.: Burlington. Greensboro and Winston-Salem, N.C.; Buffalo, N. Y,; North Andover, Mass.; Lincoln and Omaha. Neb., Kansas City, ^o.: Columbus, Ohio: Oklahoma City, Okia,: Engineering Research Center. Princeton. N. J.: Teletype Corp,, Chicago 14, III and Little Rock, Ark, Also W E, distribution centers in 32 cities and installation headquartars in 16 cities. General headquarters: 195 Broadway. New York 7, N.Y. FEBRUARY, 1960 35 (Coiiliiiiinl from 1'iiy.f .'V j 'It is ri-C(iminciuli-il thai adilitioiiMl ijiilil In- canicil in ihi- >atne latiKuaKf lliat \%a> pii- Miitfil tor ciitramc cri-clit. However, it tin- two tiiiits of reiiuiri-d laiiKuaKf are l.atin, aiUlitioTial ort-dit sti.nild W m a modtrii laiimiaui-. 'I'lu- inatluMiiatlcs and llnulish ic- (luin-iiH-iits tor admission have ifmami-d imchaii!ii-d from what they wt-rc. The additions to the i-ntrana- reqiiiri'ments arc two units of lant;uage. two units ot social studies, and two units of science. I.ary:e numhers of students aii' alread\ presenting two units ot science and therefore this new requirenu-iu will not demand too much niodificat'oii in the programs of the h'gh school students. ( )ver SO' ; of the students entering in lOSK presented two units of soc al studies although one or one and one- half units are required for j^raduation troni high school. Therefore, a numher of prospective students who intend to enroll here will he required to add one- half or one unit of social studies to th;ir programs. The requirement that will entail the most adjustment in hi<;h school pro- • 'rams is the new reciuirement in lan- !'na first enroll m engineering. BE PROUD OF YOUR WORKING TOOLS... A.W.FABER CASTELL helps the hand that shapes the future #9000 Castell Pencil with world's finest natural graphite that tests out at more than 99% pure carbon. Exclusive microlette mills process this Kraphite into a drawing lead that lays down graphite-saturated, non-feathering lines of intense opacity. Extra strong to take needle- point sharpness without breaking or feathering. Smooth, 100^; grit- free, consistently uniform, 8B to lOH. #9800 SG LOCKTITE Tel-A-Grade Holder, perfectly balanced, lightweight, with new no-slip functional grip. Relieves finger fatigue. Unique degree indicating device. #9030 imported Refill Leads, matching exactly #9000 pencil in quality and grading, 7B to lOH, packed in reusable plastic tube with gold cap. A man advancing in his career just naturally gravitates to Castell, world's finest drawing pencil. You'll be wise to begin now. A.W.FABER -WSrfli Pencil Co., Inc., Newark 3, N. J. THE TECHNOGRAPH A singularity in a field? What is the nuclear "glue" for like charges? A better comprehension of charge is important to Allison because energy conversion is our business and charge is one keystone for this conversion work. Thus we have a deep and continuing interest in elec- trons, protons, positrons, neutrons, neutrinos— charge in all its forms. In its investigations, Allison calls upon the capabilities within General Motors Corporationand its Divisions, as well as the specialized talents of other individuals and organ- izations. By applying this systems engineering concept to new re- search projects, we increase the effec- tiveness with which we accomplish our mission — exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weap- ons systems. Energy conversion is our business Wan( to know about YOUR opportunities on the Allison Engineering Team? Write: Mr. R. C. Smith, College Relations, Personnel Dept. Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana FEBRUARY, 1960 37 Engineers who qualify to fill these chairs... are on the road to filling responsible jobs with a growing company in a growing industry American Air Filter Company is one of the world's pioneers in the field of "better air." Starting 30 years ago as a manufaclurcr of air filtration equipment only, it has, through a planned program of product development, attained the unique position of being the one company in its industry that can take the complete over-all approach to the customer's air problems. In brief, this means supplying and coordinating all the proper products to filter, cool, heat, clean (control process dust), move, exhaust, humidify and dehumidify air. "Better Air", while a big business today, is still in its infancy. Name any industry, any building type, and you have a present or potential user of .AAF equipment. Other well- known trade names in the AAF family are Herman Nelson, Kennard and Illinois Engineering. At present, AAF operates ten plants in Louisville, Moline, 111., St. Louis, Chicago and Montreal, Canada. . QUALIFIES YOU FOR THIS KIND OF JOB THIS KIND OF ENGINEERING DEGREE . . . Mechanical — Engineeriiif;, Sales or Mtintijiictiiring Electrical — Enijineering or Sales Industrial — Maniifactiirini; or Sales Civil — Sales FORMAL FIVE-MONTH TRAINING COURSE Your first job at AAF will be to complete a full five-month course in its technical training school. This is a complete and carefully planned course covering every phase of this business of better air and is under the direction of Mr. James W. May. a recognized authority on air handling problems and presently a member of the board of directors of ASHRAE. Classes, held in special, air conditioned quarters, are sup- plemented by field trips to visit AAF plants and observe on-the-job applications of equipment. YOUR FUTURE IS ALL-IMPORTANT TO AAF AAF prides itself on attempting to m'atch the man to the job. During your training period you will have contacts with key company personnel. Your personal desires as to type and location of job are given every consideration. AAF is big enough to provide opportunities galore — small enough to never lose sight of the personal touch that adds satisfaction along with success. A representative of AAF will be on your campus soon to interview students interested in learning more about the opportunities with this company. Consult your Placement Office for exact date. 38 rATA itnencan A>.1> Iter BETTER AIR IS OUR BUSINESS THE TECHNOGRAPH ■ '*1fl ANOTHER W»V RCA SERVES YOU THROUGH EUCTRONICS One of the sharpest photos ever taken of sun's surface. It, and hundreds of others taken by stratoscope, may answer mystery of violent magnetic disturbances on earth. Exact position of photograph in relation to the total sun surface is shown here. Plotting and photography of precise areas was made possible by airborne RCA television. RCA REPORTS TO THE NATION: Going lip for "good seeing." Un- mauTicd ballooii-obsiMvalory starts its ascent to lake sunspot photos. "Project Stratoscope" is a continuing program of the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation. FEBRUARY, 1960 REMARKABLE NEW PHOTOS UNLOCK MYSTERIES OF SUN'S SURFACE Special RCA Television, operating from stratosphere, helps get sharpest photos of sun's surface ever taken Scientists recently took the first, sharp, searching look into the center of onr solar system. It was achieved not by a missile, but by a balloon posted in quiet reaches of the stratosphere. The idea was conceived by astrono- mers at the Princeton University Ob- servatory. They decided that a lloaling observatory — equipped with a tele- scope-camera — would offer a stable "work platform" from which sunspots could be photographed free of the distor- tion caused by the earth's atmosphere. But "Project Stratoscope" encoun- tered an unforeseen and major obslacle on its initial flight. A foolproof method was needeil for aiming and focusing the telescope of the unmanned observ- atory. Princeton asked RCA to help. A special RCA television system was devised which enatiled observers on the ground to view exactly what the tele- scope was seeing aloft. This accom- plished, it was a simple matter to achieve precise photography— directed from the ground by means of a separate RCA radio control system. The resulting pictures reveal sun- spot activities in unprecedented detail. They provide the world with im|)ortant information regarding the magnetic disturbances which aflect navigation and long-range communications. The success of "Project Stratoscope" is another example of RCA leadership in advanced electronics. This leader- ship, achieved through quality and dependability in performance, has al- ready made RCA Victor the most trusted name in television. Today. RCA Victor television sets are in far more homes than any other make. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN ELECTRONICS 39 At CHRYSLER'S HUGE NEW STAMPING PLANT ^ \H. Mill ' r, .■, I '...INEERS JENKINS VALVES assure reliable, economical control of Production's Lifelines Cited as one of the nation's "Top Ten Plants of the Year", Chrysler Corporation's stamping plant at Twinsburg, Ohio, is a 34-acre model of building and manufacturing eflicicncy. Go into the power plant and you will find Jenkins Valves everywhere, controlling "production's lifelines" that supply 150,000 pounds of steam per hour ... 30 million cubic feet of air per day . . . 7500 gallons of cooling water per minute. Jenkins Valves got the job because "every efTort was made to install the finest mechanical and electrical equipment . . . and to insure minimum costs by eliminating excessive upkeep and equipment with a short life span". It is a highly significant fact that all building experts and operating engineers agree "there's nothiiii; heller limit Jenkins Valves". Many will always insist on JENKINS for critical serv- ices, and will prefer them for general use. After all, Jenkins Valves cost no more! When you are buying or specifying valves, remember that the best valves are the best assurance of economical service. Jenkins Bros., 100 Park Ave., New York 17. In the ultra-modern boiler hmr i th.-. n ,ibove, all gen- eral service valves controllirif', |ii[K'lines are JENKINS JENKINS LOOK FOR THE JENKINS 01/ 40 Sold Through Leading Distributors Everywhere THE TECHNOGRAPH The Inscription By Helen Geroff 1 boarded iii\ sliip and \va\cil to tlie crowd outside. In five minutes, I would have to pull the lever which woidti re- lease the rocket blast and take me off into the unknown. As I gazed out of the porthole, I saw- the faces of my loved ones. They were proud of me, I was sure, but their haggard faces re- vealed the same fear that I had. Would we ever meet again? I threw one last kiss and pulled the le\er. The ship lunged forward and lifted me high into the sky. My fingers turned the panel dials almost automatic- ally. My training had been long and ex- hausting, and now, I only hoped that 1 could remember everything. As the moon came closer and closer into focus, I prepared to land. I radioed back to Earth that everything was func- tioning satisfactorily and that I would be checking in with them at regular in- tei\ als. .\1\ landing on the moon was \ery smooth. I made one last check of the panel controls, donned my oxygen mask, opened the ship's door, and set out. 1 walked around collecting rock and dust samples for several hours. When 1 was almost ready to go back to the ship, I noticed a cave. I was getting tired, but I remembered hearing the scientists say that if man was ever to live on the moon, he would probably have to live under the ground, so I de- cided to look inside. With pencil and note pad in hand, 1 began to explore the cave. I had not walked more than twenty yards when I came upon a man-made door, at least it looked man-made. On the door, a strange inscription was written in sev- eral languages. Excitement swelled in- side of me. Here was something man li.ul talked (it Inidnig but had ne\er realK' hoped to find. Moving as fast as I coidd, I ran back to the ship. With trembling hands, I tuned in the radio, focused the tele- screen, and relayed my findings and the inscription to my superiors. The commander's voice came o\er the radio loud and clear, "Stay where you are. We have called in some experts on languages, and they will translate the message if possible. You will hear from me again when we receive the transla- tion. ( )\er and out. " I waited anxiously for Earth's reply, but when it came, I found myself total- ly unprepared to receive such a message. "This is Earth calling. The inscrip- tion reads as follows: 'The Earth will be blown to bits during their nuclear war. Any Earth-man reaching the moon before the start of the war will remain ali\e if he stays in this cave. A ship from Venus will pick up any possible sm'vivors three days after Earth's de- struction.' " "Your orders are to remain in that ca\e. Russia has just declared war on the I riited States and . . ." As I leaned closer to the ladio, I heard a terrific explosion, and the voice died away. T»AK^^ ■■ H Minus World-Wide Refrioeratioii New Kind of Missile with HiGGins inK INDIA — Prime Minister Nehru inspects a Frick installation by Mohammed Singh, a Frick graduate. FRICK COMPANY Student Training Course attracts students from all over the world Established by one of the oldest manufacturers of refrigeration, this course has acquired such an out- standing reputation that only a small select group can be admitted each year. Write for details and applications today. , t^jji'irntamim r\ir.rBtrr<«i i n . . . corry if with you wherever you go! Good news for draftsmen! New HIGGINS AMERICAN INDIA INK Cartridge always feeds ttie right amount of ink into pens and drawing instruments. No mess, no waste! Compact, rigid, plastic cartridge fits easily in pocket, purse or drafting sets. Stands on table, shelf, desk - won't roll off inclined drafting boards! l\/lost convenient way to fill pens - and so economical! FEBRUARY, 1960 41 ...staffed by graduates of virtually every engineering school in the United States... CONVAIR FORT WORTH p. O. BOX 748-C6 A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS THE TECHNOGRAPH 42 ^ OLLOW HE EADER IS no game with Delco. Long a leader in automotive radio engineering and production, Delco Radio Division of General Motors has charted a similar path in the missile and allied electronic fields. Especially, we are conducting aggressive programs in semiconductor material research, and device development to further expand facilities and leadership in these areas. Frankly, the applications we see for semiconductors are staggering, as are those for other Space Age Devices: Computors . . . Static Inverters . . . Thermoelectric Generators . . . Power Supplies. However, leadership is not self-sustaining. It requires periodic infusions of new ideas and new talent — aggressive new talent. We invite you to follow the leader — Delco — to an exciting, profitable future. If you're interested in becoming a part of this challenging Delco, GM team, write to Mr. Carl Longshore. Supervisor — Salaried Employment, for additional information — or talk to our representative when he visits your campus. ELco Radio Division of General Motors KOKOMO, INDI.A.NA FEBRUARY, 1960 43 Photos by Dave Yates Technocutie . . . MARION HILLER 44 THE TECHNOGRAPH Bevier Hall and the school of Home Economics claim fresh- man, Marion Hiller, most of the time, but the engineers on cam- pus claim her as their February Technocutie. From Evanston, Marion calls Allen South her home on cam- pus; but Saturday afternoon she lives at the Turk's Head listen- ing to Hockenhull. An alternate on occasion is the Capital for the jam session. Marion likes outdoor sports, tennis being her favorite with water skiing and sailing coming in second. But she also admits she is enjoying learning to play chess. Sweets are Marion's favorite food. She laughingly admits she doesn't care for meals, but loves eating between them. Lobster tail rates high with her; milk is her favorite beverage. Informal dates are the kind Marion likes most: movies, the beach in the summer, parties with close friends. She's always ready to dance. Egotistical and unattentive men are Marion's pet peeve. She also rates low the type that call and say, "I'm here; come on down." A sense of humor in a fellow goes far with her. Men's clothes are neat to score with Marion. In the win- ter she loves to see sweaters. She likes Ivy League clothes but would do away with the belt idea. Cotton slacks and wash pants instead of Levis are also a must. With a millionaire's budget, Marion would travel; she would like to see the much-heard-about places, especially Russia. Marion is not sure what she will do when she graduates per- haps go into retailing or textile research. In the meantime, she will study and have fun. FEBRUARY, 1960 45 290,000 KVA AUTO TRANSFORMER SERVES 460,000 KVA LOAD Wisconsin Electric Power Company engineers' specifications for the new 230/ 13S hv transformer at the Company's Bliiemound Substation were reduced from the 460,000 kva (shown in outline) to 290.000 hva as the result of imaginative thinking. POWER is ENGINEERED for economy, reliability Wisconsin Electric Power Company engineers needed a transformer to carry a load of 460,000 kva. The unit was to be part of Wisconsin's first 230 kv transmission sys- tem from the new 275,000 kilowatt generating unit at Oak Creek. An auto transformer was the obvious choice over a conventional two winding unit. But Company engineers also considered these three factors: (1) the ambient temperature expected in the Mil- waukee area; (2) the daily and hourly variation in load expected for the next 15 years, and (3) the use of supplemental cooling equipment. The result was the 290,000 kva unit above. It is able to carry 460,000 kva of load without sacrificing reliability or short- ening transformer life. The electrical engineer plays a vital role in design and development work at Wiscon- sin Electric Power Company. Progress in power with us may be your key to the future. WISCONSIN EIECTRIC POWER COMPANY SYSTEM Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Milwaukee, Wis. 46 Wisconsin Michigan Power Co. Appleton, Wis. Wisconsin Natural Gas Co. Racine, Wis. *■ THE TECHNOGRAPH REQUIRED SAFETY FACTORS in steering arm assured by designing it to be forged By designing with forgings, a trucls. manufacturer can count on the required safety factors, with minimum '■beefing-up" of parts to offset unknown internal structures or non-homogenious materials. You, too, can achieve results like these by designing uith for^irif^s either at ^he start or on re-design. The benefits of forgings are equally impressive, whether you make home-workshop equi]iment or diesel engines. Forgings start as better metal . . . are further improved by the lunnmer-ljlows or high pressure of the forging process. Write for literature on tiie design, specification, and procurement of forgings. Drop Forging Association • Cleveland 13, Ohio Nam,-i ol H,o,„. FEBRUARY, 1960 47 Problem: To fin(l a job that will utilize your engineer- ing trainin-; to the fullest possible extent, and reward you for a job well done. Soliilion: Find a company that has a rejiulation for hein>; the leader in its field. A eonijiany whose eontinued expansion is hiiilt on creative enjrineerinji of new prod- ucts, new jirocesses. A company with this hackgroiuid relies on its engineers for progress and rewards them accordingly. At LiNDE, the creative engineer will find this and more. As you prohahly know, Linde is a major supplier of industrial gases to industry . . . you're projiahly famil- iar with them in welding; steel companies use them in refining metals; and they're essential to thousands of chemical processes. I.inde is also famous for its con- Irihulion in welditig eipiipmeni, and its leadership in cryogenic (ultra-low-teniperature) technology, and other new and fascinating [)roducts and processes. A IjINDE engineer, as a result of this progressive com- jtanv thinking, enjoys several important advantages. Primarily, he works in a professional atmosphere, where highly specialized technicians are used to relieve him of hcnch work, drafting, and other detail work. And the engineer at all times enjoys privacy that is so greatly desired in engineering today. But all these are discussed in a booklet that should he in your possession before you decide. Why not write for a copv today ... no obligation. Ask for "Look to LiNDE for Your Future." Address: Mr. J. J. Rostosky, Manager — Recruiting, Linde Company. Division of Union Carbide Corporation, 30 East 42nd Street, New ^'ork 17, New York. A LEADER FOR OVER 50 YEARS The terms "Linde" and "Union Carbide" are repistered trade-marks of UCC. ^ii/e 48 THE TECHNOGRAPH Tau Beta Pi Essay . . . The Thing That Couldn't be Done By Stephen Lucas S'liiii hotly said that it (ouldn't he /lone. But III nith II iliiuUc ri-pliiii Hull " iiiiiyhc it lOiililn' t ." hut lie ivniilil hv one Who u'oiililii't say so till hi'/l triiil. So III- hiirUid I'ti/ht in ivith the triiee of II jfiiii On his ftiee. If he ivorried he hid it. lie started to siui/ as he taekled the t hi nil That eoitldn't he done, and he did it. — Edgar A. Guest They said it couldn't be done; thc-y said nobody could do it. Sounds familiar, iloesii't it. "Gunsnioke " is interrupted at K-ast three times a week by that catchy little phrase to which is added a plug for Liggett and Meyers L & M cigar- ettes. Most (if us though are so worried about whether Matt Dillon will catch that week's \armit that we don't think seriously about the present implication of those twehe words — they said it couldn't be done; they said nobod\' coidd do it. Throughout his brief presence on earth, man has attacked many problems which couldn't be done, and done them. One does not have to think too long to come up with such examples. Man was not made to fly and he certainly coidd not in a heavier than air machine; yet the Wright brothers did it. It was im- possible for one person to talk to anoth- er many miles away; but Alexander Hell did it. A ship dri\en by a tub of boiling water — impossible, the people said ; they were amazed when Fulton's (Jeriiiont did it. That's \ery nice, you are probabh' saying to yourself, but I knew all this before. True, I say, this is not m\- point; my question is, can we keep the impossible jobs of today and tomorrow as our forefathers did? Can we, who are in colleges and universities of the Lnit- ed States, tackle the job that couldn't be done and do it? I am not sure we can, and I shall attempt to explain why and to offer a few suggestions on how we can remed\ the situation of which I speak. In The Organization Man. William Whyte takes several chapters to explain his \ie\\s on the effect of education in turning out the organization man, the man who is happy to find his safe little niche in life and stay there away from the \\(u-ries and insolvable problems of life. The Wall Street Journal, in an early March editorial, noticed that more employers wanted their prospecti\e em- ployees to ha\e a wide and di\ersified training. The et stiul>, is to i-oii- tinually k«'p adding more technical and specialized courses to the already over- loaded undergraduate program. If the engineering school at this university were changed to a five year school, it is almost a certainty that the extra \ear would he composed almost entirelx of more technical courses, althougli the main reason many educators ami per- sonnel directors in industry would want an extra year for engineering education is to add the lacking non-technicai or liberal arts courses. Several of my in- structors have mentioned that many of the pre.sent engineering courses were taught in graduate school when tiny went through their schooling. These courses ha\e now pushed their way into the undergraduate's curriculum, often, I am afraid, at the expense of a non- technical or liberal arts electixe. Some work should be definiteh' done in this area to stop the trend of technical spe- cialization and turn it into a trend of education. Second, se\iT;d reipnred courses in present or contemporary world events should be offered by colleges and luu- versities to all of their undergraduates. A very noticeable trend in our nation at this time is the ignorance and disinter- est of the people in world, national, and local aft'aiis. 'riii> lack of intere>t and knowledge is ipiite evident in the cam- pus counterpart — student govertuiient. Student Senate at this university has long admonished the student for his apathy in governmental affairs. Perhaps Student Senate could work in conjunc- tion with the uni\ersit\ in offering these courses in go\ernmeiit :\i\i\ world af- f;iirs and use the uni\ersir\ .is a small model on which the students on this camnus could practice and learn. Third, a series of one course in con- temporary, creative, or out-of-field writ- ing should at least be offered and possi- hi\ be require' fields and specialties. If we do not start to remedy this problem of education \ery soon, the bigger, impossible problems of our society might be approached as ob- served by this take-off on Edgar Guest's aforementioned quote ; They gave hiiii the jo/> that loiildii't hi- duiic . Ill siiiihd iind noil rii/ht ta it. Ill- 1(11 kicd the jdh that loiildii't he done . .hid found that he eonldn't do it. Pirate's Pirate The theft and republication of books b\ Russia has long angered Western au- thors and publishers — and now the So- \ iets themselves are learning how it feels from the Red Chinese. The Chi- nese Communists have proved to be pirate's pirates by stealing and reprint- ing not only Western books but Rus- sion texts as well. Melon On A Stick Watermelon on a stick may be the newest national frozen confection fad next Summer if a Texas company is able to expand its opertaions fast enough. The company now ships chilled "melon squeezings" in 4,000 gallon tank trucks to dozens of creameries and other plants in its area for final processing. Alcohol With Water Chaser A slug of alcohol may play a signi- ficant role in bringing approximately 1 ^O-billion barrels of untapped U. S. oil to the surface. A professor of pe- troleum and natural gas engineering be- lieves the alcohol slug, followed by a w aterfiood, may be one solution to the oil industr\'s secondar\' recoverv prob- lem. 50 THE TECHNOGRAPH HE MAKES HIS ENGINE STALL Charles Domke (right) is one of the few men we know wlio takes a positive deliglit in having his engine stall in sub-zero weather. He and Mechanic Verland Stout change gasoline blends frequently. When the engine stalls, they try another blend. Their objective, of course, is to find the perfect gasoline under various climatic and road conditions — and the true test is on the road itself! The gasoline that performs best in icy conditions will cause engine difficulty in hot weather. Standard gasoline formulas are changed twelve times a year to assure peak performance in every season. Mixtures also differ from one geographical location to another in order to offer customers more gasoline value for their dollar. ...SO yours won't! Charles Domke lias one of the world's most un- usual jobs. He tricx to have engine trouble! He's a Project Automotive Engineer at Standard Oil. In all kinds of weather— hot, cold, wet, dry, low barometer, high barometer — he goes driving. First thing you know, he'll stop and change fuel, put in a different blend of gasoline to see what happens. If it stalls, he doesn't call a tow truck. He just puts in an- other blend of gasoline. You might say he makes his engine stall ... so yours won't! What Mr. Domke and other automotive en- gineers learn from these constant experiments is used to give you gasoline that is blended es- pecially for the region of the country in which you live and also for the season. It may surprise you to learn that 12 or more seasonal changes are made in Standard gasoline every year! It is adjusted for temperature, humidity, altitude and other factors that affect ua.'^oline performance in your area. .\ pioneer in petroleum research. Standard ' 111 is famous for its "firsts" in petroleum prog- ress. Since our first research laboratory opened Til years ago, our scientists have been respon- sible for many major petroleum advances— from making a barrel of oil yield more gasoline to dis- covering a way to get more oil out of the earth. Charles Domke and other scientists at Standard Oil and its affiliated companies are searching continually for ways to make oil products serve you better. . to make petroleum more useful to more people than ei'cr before! What makes a company a good citizen? For a company, good citizenship is more than obeying the law and paying taxes. It is looking ahead, planning for the future, making im- provements. America has grown to greatness on research conducted bv private business for the benefit of all. S T A X II A It II OIL CO >l I* A .\ V standard) THE SIGN OF PROGRESS THROUGH RESEARCH FEBRUARY, 1960 51 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by The Staff Seven Tips on How to Get Better Results from Tape Recorder ^'our (laiii;htcr lias Midi a sweet little voice that you simply must put it c)ii tape. You do — and she sounds like a beatnik on a binge. This can be avoided if \ou follow these seven hints on how to get better results from \our tape recorder. 1. Avoid hand-holding the micro- phone. Mike stands, both Hoor and table models, are preferable. Don't place the microphone on the same t.ible with the recorder nv on .1 piano, radio or TV cabinet. 2. Make sure to record at the proper volume level. Too high or too low le\els will create distortions. 3. Record the speaking voice at a speed of 3.7 S ips. Hut it is advisable to record music, both vocal and i nstru- mental, at 7.5 ips. 4. To avoid feedback, place the mi- crophone so that the sound from the speaker is not directed toward it. Keep the mike away from audible hum fields such as those produced by fluorescent lamp ballasts and the like. X Keep tapes away from excessive heat and dampness, and do not store tape near electrical appliances or mo- tors which may generate magnetic fields. 6. Do not wind the tape too tightly when you store it. Be sure the tape is wound evenly, and make sure to rcw iiid at least once every six months. 7. Don't be afraid to experiment and make mistakes. One unique advantage of a tape recorder is that you erase mis- takes simply by re-recording. 52 Survey on Engineering Writing Under Way A siir\e\ to find what management is doing to help technical people com- municate better is being made by the Technical Writing Improvement So- ciety (TWIS). Underlying the survey is the desire to find why industry is not doing more to help their key profes- sionals — particLilarly engineers — write better. The survey results are expected to show if the reasons are financial, lack of instructors, lack of books and other teaching materials, etc. Questionnaires are being sent bv TWIS to more than l.(H)() of the coun- try's top firms in all industries. The sur- vey is being directed bv John L. Kent, TWIS Executive Secretary. TWIS is a national organization of educators, tr.ide journal editors, industrial writers and editors, and iiianagenient people, founded in lO.SS. In announcing the sur\e\, Kent s.aul that industrial management is one (jf the four factors which educators feel have a bearing on the quality of writ- ing. The other three are ( 1 ) the eng:- neer himself, (2) the editors who ac- cept engineers' writing, and (3) the schools and colleges which ha\e helpeil educate the engineer. Results are to be published b\ TWIS this June. New Repellents A dusf-iepelleiit for paint and a water-repellent for clothing are promis- ing new developments. The paint-pro- tector is a colloidal silica preparation that "fills the pores of a paint surface to produce a slickness so total that there is \irtually nothing tor dirt to adhere to." The water-repellent treatment "\\ ithstood se\ en days of continuous 24- lioiii" raint.ill without showing any w.itei' penetration." Mobile Lounge I'.issengers at the now-abuilding 1 )iilles Intei'national Aii|iort outside Washington, D. C"., will he ferried I rom teiiiiinal to pl.incs in "mobile lounges." The \ehicles will he self-pro- pel let manitold castings can now be completely finished in a machine that not only saves floor space hut permits simple alterations to meet part design changes. Designed and built b\' The Cross Company, Detroit, Mich., this machine mills all flange faces of mani- folds while they are being transferreil and does machining operations in both stations. Any change of the tailpiiie flange angle — which usually changes with each new vehicle model — can be accommodated by changing the fixturing and the angle of just one head in one of the stations. .A two-position livture, mounted on the shuttle, is lo.ided with two parts in the first station. One raw casting is clamped with the four exhaust port flanges up. A partially finished casting IS turned end for end. rotated approxi- mately ')(l deg and clanipe- see a red hat. and to lea\e the room as soon as the\' are sine of the color of their own hat. All three hats happen to be red. so all three men raise a hand. Se\eral minutes go by \mtil C. who is more astute than the others, leaves the room. How did he deduce the color of his hat? Another class of jiopular logic puz/les involves truth-telling and lying. The classic example concerns an explorer in a region inhabited b\ the usual two tribes; the members of one tribe al- ways lie, the members of the other al- ways tell the truth. He meets two na- tives. "Are you a truth-teller?" he asks the tall one. "Goom," the native re- plies. "He say 'Yes'," explains the short nati\e. who speaks English, "but him big liar." What tribe did each belong When Professor Stanislaw Slapenar- ski. the Polish mathematician, walked down the down-moving escalator, he- reached the bottom after taking 50 steps. As an experiment he then ran up the same escalator, one step at a time, reach- ing the top after taking 125 steps. As- suming that the professor went up fi\e time as fast as he went down ( that is. took five steps to e\'ery one steii before), and that he made each trip at a con- stant speed, how many steps would be visible if the escalator stopped running? * » » An absent - minded bank teller switched the dollars and cents when he cashed a check for Mr. Brown, giving him dollars instead of cents, and cents instead of dollars. After buying a five- cent newspaper, l?rown 2) \ Katrun (9) is the wife of Elas (12) ; (nirtrun (1) is the wife of Cor- nelius (8). 30 39 48 1 10 19 28 38 47 7 9 18 27 29 46 6 8 17 26 35 37 5 14 16 25 34 36 45 13 15 24 33 42 44 4 21 2:> 32 41 43 3 2 79 31 40 49 2 11 20 The required number is enormous, but it can be found by "hnite force." Since we do not know how nian\- digits there are in the lequired integer, we will represent them b\ A, H, C . . . as read from right to life. Then the in- teger is one of form as follows: (1.) A-f-lOB + lOOC... +10>'-iZ where /; is the number of digits. Let us take A as the tenuinal digit to be transferred. When it is placed at the other end, the integer becomes: (2.) B+10C+100D...+10"-=Z 10"- 'A The stipulation is that (1.) is to be 4/5 of (2.). (Remember that the digits are represented in reverse of the way they are written. ) Then — (3.) A+IOB+IOOC . . . +10"-iZ= 4 '5 (B + IOC... +10»-=Z+ KK'A) Clearing of fractions and cxp.inding, we have — (4.) 5A-f 50B+500C . . . +5 (10"-'Z) = 4M+40C... +4(1()"-^Z) + 4(1()"-'A) Now collect the A terms on the right, all othei' terms on the left — (X) 46(B+10C... +10"--Z) = A[4(10»-')-5] From (5) it follows that the right- hand member is divisible by 46. In other words we must find \alues for A and n such that — (6.) A[410"-)-5] _ 2 X 23 . . 1 will be integral. Since the expression in brackets is odd, it is not divisible b\' 2 ; therefore A is divisible by 2, and we can write — ( 7. ) A=2, 4, 6, or 8 Since A is not divisible by 23, the ex- pression in brackets must be. The expan- sion of this expression for values of n 1, 2, 3 . . . gives 35, 395, 3995, etc. To find the first of these terms divisible bv 23, set up a long division in form — (8.) 23) 399... 95 (17... 23 169 164 59 etc. Bring down 9 from the di\idend each time, until a remainder of 11 is reached, ,so that the final 5 can be brought down (since 115 23x5). This turns out to be a lengthy matter, but it is mere .•■rithmetic. The smallest quotient ob- tainable is — ( 9 ) . 1 73,913,043,078,260,869,565 By taking A^2, we ha\e the smallest integer that satisfies the conditions: ( 10). 2,173,913,043,078,260,869,565 Three other answers can be obtained by setting A equal to 4, 6 and 8. In each case, as is seen from (6.) number (9.) has to be multiplied by half of A to make up the balance of the integer. The minimum number of sets that could have decided the tournament was 15, totaling 90 games (4). One extra set was played in the first round (3), leaving one game to be accounted for. One set in the tournament must have been won by 7-5. Bancroft lost his first match by 6-4 and 7-'i (7.) Franklin reached the finals where he lost (8.) 60 THE TECHNOGRAPH Since he won the unique 7-5 set, his Hrst-round opponent was Bancroft. Other first round pairings were Aber- cronibie vs. Devereau (3), and (jormley vs. Egglestoii (9). The remaining two entrants must ha\e been paired: Haver- toril vs. Chadwick. The winners in the first round were Haverford (3), Franklin (8), Eggles- tnn and Devereau (6). In the second round Eggleston did not meet Haverford (1), nor did he meet Frankhn, for Franklin vs. Ban- croft and Eggleston vs. Gorniley were in different halves of the original brack- et (2). Therefore, Eggleston met Dev- ereau, and Haverford met Franklin. The winners were Devereau (6) and Franklin (8). Devereau won tiie final match from Franklin by 6-4, h-4. and ti-4 (8). Gulls Plague City Dump Gulls may force Diduth, Minn., to close its city garbage dimip. The scaven- ging gulls, defying bombs, buckshot and thicker coverings of dirt, are considered a hazard to planes using a nearby air- port. They ha\e flown into jet intakes and coUuleil with radar equipment. Paint Kills Bugs .A paint that kills insects which alight on it recently has been developed. The paint is applied by conventional tech- niques. Insect-killing power is said to last as long as the paint itself. Electronic 'Old Man' .\ew Hampshire's famous "Old Man of the Mountains," the natural rock for- mation that inspired Nathaniel Haw- thorne to write "The (jreat Stone Face," is being protected from the weather by modern electronic equip- ment. Engineers have installed strain gages on the steel rods used to reinforce the stone face to measure shifts in the formation of the rock. Belt Saves Roads Old conveyor belts, which had been discarded by a mining firm, now are being used to protect the surface of a road from tractor-type machinery. The company's operations lie on either side of a black-top road and the old belts, laid across the road, prevent crawler- type machinery fi'om damaging the pave- ment. However, the belting does not interfere with normal road traffic. Rumpus Room Shelter The latest twist in bomb shelters is a walnut paneled room designed to serve as a guest room, rumpus room or work- shop when not being used as a shelter. It uses the basic design approved by the Office of Civil Defense Mobiliza- tion, but it adds such refinements as convertible sofas, vinyl floors, finished walls, a television set and cabinets. Hat Radio Latest idea In company communica- tion is a two-way radio in a safety hel- met which has a sound-cancelling micro- phone for efifective transmission when surrounding noise level is high. The radio, about the size of a cigaret pack and weighing two pounds including two small batteries, has a 1 ,(100-f()ot range. Arctic Buildings Self-Rising Two huge steel buildings that pull themselves up by their own bootstraps — in this case, built-in hydraulic jacks — are features of new Distant Early Warning Line construction in the Arc- tic. The two-story, 133-by- 144-foot structures stand on "stilts" 19 feet above Greenland's ice cap and are raised b\- the jacks three feet each year. This keeps them from being buried b\- drift- ing and accumulating snow, which builds up on the cap one \ard each year. Steam Welding Steam weKling is the latest idea in shieded-arc systems — where gases usual- ly are used to protect the weld from im- purities such as oxygen — in the Soviet L'nion. Russian engineers say tests show that water vapor becomes a protective medium — providing a large quantity of moisture at the joint — that prevents weld porosity and improves over-all quality. To students who want to be SUCCESSFUL highway engineers There's a real need for qualified men in America's 100 billion dollar highway program. It's a big job. For example, for the new Interstate Highway Sys- tem alone, 35,000 miles are still to be built. Choice assignments await engineers at every level. They will go to the men who prepare for them. As part of that preparation, you must have basic material on Asphalt Technology. For if you don't know Asphalt, you don't know your highways. Asphalt is the modern paving for today's and tomorrow's roads. Asphalt surfaces more than 4/5ths of all roads and streets in the country. We have put together a special student portfolio to meet that need for information on Asphalt. It covers the Asphalt story, origin, uses, how it is specified for paving . . . and much more. It is a worthwhile, permanent addition to your profes- sional library. It's yours, free. Send for it today. Prepare now for your future success. THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE Asphalt Institute Building. College Park, Maryland ' ' ^ Gentlemen : '^ Please send me your free student portfolio on Asphalt Technology. r.t isi "iTATP FEBRUARY, 1960 61 62 i. 1 THE TECHNOGRAPH ''we need. . . men who can write . , . or learn to write; cover fast -breaking neivs around the world; develop into editors running top business and engineering magazines.'^ Robert K. Moffett Assistant to the Editorial Director McGraw-Hill Publishing Company "Buck" Moffett is looking for engineering graduates who can come up as fast in business and technical journalism as he did himself. Buck was trained on Business Week, Factory, and Fleet Owner, handling everything from rewrite to field assignments. With experienced McGraw-Hill editors to show him how, he rose rapidly from trainee to assistant editor to associate editor to managing editor of Fleet Owner. Now Assistant to the Editorial Director of ^NIcGraw- Hill, he's looking for engineering graduates who want to rise to the top of their industry— in publishing. This is no job for the engineer who wants to spend his life in a corner on one part of one project. You work with the new . . . the experimental . . . the significant. It will be up to you to interpret today's advanced developments for thousands of readers. Whichever McGraw-Hill magazine you're assigned to, an indus- try will be looking to you for the word on the latest in that field— and what it may mean. In line with this, you may also be interested in the McGraw-Hill Tuition Refund Plan. All of our editors have the opportunity to continue their education in their chosen fields. The company pays half the cost. Physics, economics, aerodynamics— whichever will help you go the furthest in your career. Is writing experience required? It helps, but if you like to write— and engineering is your profession— that's the main thing. Buck Moffett will cover as many colleges as he can in person. Ask your placement director when he'll be at yours. If he hasn't been able to get your campus on his itinerary, write direct. Tell us about your background, college record, outside activities and why you would be interested in a career in engineering journalism. Write to: Assistant to the Editorial Director, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, New York. — »:- Mc Graw-Hill PUBLICATIONS McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC., 330 WEST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 36,N.Y. FEBRUARY, 1960 63 Begged, Borrowed, and . . Edited by Jack Fortner ■rilK I. IFF. OF A jOKK Hi,th — A frcshinaii thinks it up :hu1 lauj;lis out loud, wakinsi two Sopho- niori-s in the back row. Aiic 3 minutes — Freshman tells it to a Senior, who answers: "It's funny, but I've heard it before. Aj;e 1 (lay — Senior turns it in to a eolle^e ma-'-azine as his own. Aije 2 days — Editor thinks it's ter- rible. .Asie 10 days — Editor has to Idl ma>i- a/,ine, so joke is printed. Age 1 month — Thirteen college com- ics reprint it. Ao-e 3 years — Seventy-six radio come- dians discover it simultaneously and tell it accomiianied bv howls of mirth from the b()\s in the orchestra (,e printer gets all the money. And the staff gets all the blame! 64 'Fhe Professor ot English and the In- structor of Engineering were dining to- gether in the Faculty Cafeteria. During the course of the meal the fonner spoke : "I had a rather pecidiar answer in class today. I asked who wrote the 'Merchant of Venice,' and a rather young freshman rejilied. 'I'le.ise, su, it wasn't me!" "Ha ha ha!" laughed the Eugineei- iiiL' Instructor, "and I suppose the lit- tle rascal did it all the time." A young engineer took his girl to an open air opera one beautiful, warm, summer evening. During the first act he found it necessary to excuse himself. He asked the usher where the men's room might be found. "'Furn to your left, and walk down to the big oak tree, and there it is." The young engineer did as he was told anil in ilue time letiinied to his seat. "Is the second act over yet?" he asked his girl. "Vou ought to know," she replied, "\(iu «ere in it." A girl finished with her bath ami was just stepping on the scales to weigh herself. Her husband returned home un- expectedly and entered through the back door. Seeing what his wife was doing as he passed the batlirooni door, he ex- claimed, ".Well, dear, how many pounds today?" With(uit turning her head, she replied, "I'll take 73 pounds todav, and don't you dare pinch me with those tongs." 'Fhree eminent doctors were brag- ging .among tliemseKes one day. Said The first, "I grafted an arm on a fel- Idw and now he plays tennis like a pro." S.iid the second, "1 grafted a leg on a m.in and now he runs on the (Olym- pic team." 'Fhe third took the cake with. "1 once grafted a smile on a jack- ass ami now he is in Student Senate. Some girls go in for necking — others go out for it. Who was tliat lady you were obscene with la^f night? A patient at .a mental hospital who hail been certified cured was saving LM)od-b\ to the head psychiatrist. "And what are you going to do when \(iu '.'vx out in the world?" "Well I may go back to I', of I. and fiii'sh mv CE course. Then, 1 liked the .Arm\- before, so I may enlist again. He paused a moment and tbouidit. "'Fhen, a'_;ain, 1 may be a teakettle." He grabbed me by my slender neck 1 could not yell or scream. He dragged me to his bedroom Where we could not be seen. He threw aside my flimsy wraps And gazed upon mv form. 1 was cold and chilly. He was nice and warm. He pressed bis feverish lips to mine I could not make him stop. He drank my very life away — I could not call a cop. He made me what I am today — Hateil, used up, thrown away. 'Fliat is why you see me here — An empty broken bottle of beer. The eager relatives gathered for the reading of the will. It contained one ' sentence: "Being of sound mind, 1 spent e\ery damn cent 1 had," A wise man has observed that people who live in gla.ss houses shouldn't. Hut then, they might as well — e\eryone knows they do. A small boy leading a donkey passed a Marine camp. A couple of marines wanteil to have some fun with the lad. "What are you holding on to your brother so tight for sonny?" said one of them. "So he won't join the Marines," the youngster replied. Student: Wh\ didn't I make 100 on mv history exam ? Prof: You remember the question, "Why did the pioneers go into the wil- derness?" Student: Yes. Prof: Well, your answei', while \ci\ interesting was incorrect. THE TECHNOGRAPH By setting templates of standard components on photo-sensiti\e paper and exposing it, hours of hand drafting are saved. With this plotter, stereo aerial photos become contour maps, show highway routes, mineral-bearing formations, volume of coal piles. Slides give the sales staff cjuick understanding of the engineering superiority of their product — equip them with facts for their customers. From drawing board to shipping platform... Photography works forth Photographs of freight cars as loaded and as received provide information for engineers to develop better loading practices (as well as data for damage claims). e engineer Whatever your field, you will find photography increasing in importance. It works for the research scientist, the production engineer, the sales executive, the administrator. It speeds engineering, expedites quality control. It trains, and teaches, and sells. It will help you in whatever you do. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rochester 4, N. Y. Careers witli Kodak With photography and photographic processes becoming increasingly impor- tant in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challeng- ing opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design, and production. If vou are looking for such an inter- esting opportunity, write for infor- mation about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Tcchiiiral Per.sonncl Department, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. One of a series hilerview with General Electric^s Earl G, Abbott, Manager — Sales Training Technical Training Programs at General Electric Q. Why does your company have train- ing programs, Mr. Abbott? A. Tomorrow's many positions of major responsibility will necessarily be filled by young men who have developed their potentials early in their careers. General Electric training programs simply help speed up this development process. In addition, training programs provide graduates with the blocks of broad ex- perience on which later success in a specialization can be built. Furthermore, career opportunities and interests are brought into sharp focus after intensive working exposures to several fields. General Electric then gains the valuable contributions of men who have made early, well-considered deci- sions on career goals and who are con- fidently working toward those objectives. Q. What kinds of technical training pro- grams does your company conduct? A. General Electric conducts a number of training programs. The G-E programs which attract the great majority of engineering graduates are Engineering and Science, Manufacturing, and Tech- nical Marketing. Q. How long does the Engineering and Science Program last? A. That depends on which of several avenues you decide to take. Many gradu- ates complete the training program dur- ing their first year with General Electric. Each Program member has three or four responsible work assignments at one or more of 61 different plant locations. Some graduates elect to take the Ad- vanced Engineering Program, supple- menting their work assignments with challenging Company -conducted study courses which cover the application of engineering, science, and mathematics to industrial problems. If the Program mem- ber has an analytical bent coupled with a deep interest in mathematics and physics, he may continue through a second and third year of the Advanced Engineering Program. Then there is the two-year Creative Engineering Program for those graduates who have completed their first-year assignments and who are interested in learning creative techniques for solving engineering problems. Another avenue of training for the qualified graduate is the Honors Program, which enables a man to earn his Master's degree within three or four semesters at selected colleges and universities. The Company pays for his tuition and books, and his work schedule allows him to earn 75 percent of full salary while he is going to school. This program is similar to a research assistantship at a college or university. Q. Just how will the Manufacturing Training Program help prepare me for a career in manufacturing? A. The three-year Manufacturing Program consists of three orientation assignments and three development assignments in the areas of manufacturing engineering, quality control, materials management, plant engineering, and manufacturing operations. These assign- ments provide you with broad, funda- mental manufacturing knowledge and with specialized knowledge in your particular field of interest. The practical, on-the-job experience offered by this rotational program is sup- plemented by participation in a manu- facturing studies curriculum covering all phases of manufacturing. Q. What kind of training would I get on your Technical Marketing Program? A. The one-year Technical Marketing Program is conducted for those graduates who want to use their engineering knowl- edge in dealing with customers. After completing orientation assignments in engineering, manufacturing, and market- ing, the Program member may specialize in one of the four marketing areas: appli- cation engineering, headquarters market- ing, sales engineering, or installation and service engineering. In addition to on-the-job assignments, related courses of study help the Program member prepare for early assumption of major responsibility. Q. How can I decide which training program I would like best, Mr. Abbott? A. Well, selecting a training program is a decision which you alone can make. You made a similar decision when you selected your college major, and now you are focusing your interests only a little more sharply. The beauty of training programs is that they enable you to keep your career selection relatively broad until you have examined at first hand a number of specializations. Furthermore, transfers from one Gen- eral Electric training program to another are possible for the Program member whose interests clearly develop in one of the other fields. Personalized Career Plantiiiif! is (General Klectric's term for the selection, plareineitt. and pro- fessional development of engi- neers and scientists. If yon nonid like a Personalized Career Plan- ning folder u-hicli describes in more detail the Company's train- ins proiirams for technical arailn- ates, write to Mr. Abbott at Sec- tion 959-1.3, General Electric (knnpany, Sclienectady 5, l\. 1. Progress fs Our Most Important Product GENERAL AeLECTRIC Mnois TECH '!(.!VfHSITr «F IllHIOfli MAY 1 1 1960 GRAPH ^^^^^^A T-. 7-OL.AN UnOBr TirGy the performance of men and machines depends on what they are made of. United States Steel makes the materials for the machines, whether it's a very tough armor plate, or heat-resistant alloy, or Stainless Steels. You might be interested in some of the USS steels developed specifically for aircraft and missiles: USS Strux, an alloy steel with close to 300,000 psi tensile strength primarily for aircraft landing gears; USS Airsteel X-200, an air-hardenable alloy steel with 230,000 psi yield strength for aircraft sheet and missile applications; USS 12MoV and USS 17-5 MnV Stainless Steels for high-speed aircraft and missiles; Stainless "W", a precipitation-hardenable Stainless Steel. New special metals, new methods for making them, present an exciting challenge. Men willing to accept this challenge— civil, industrial, mechanical, metallurgical, ceramic, electrical or chemi- cal engineers — have a future with United States Steel. For details, just send the coupon. djsS) United States Steel USS Is a registered Iradeniark ^^^^^ United States Steel Corporation Personnel Division 525 William Penn Place Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Please send me the booklet, "Pattis of Opportunity.' Name Address^ City NAVY PIER STAFF Associate Editor Sheldon H. Altman Associate Business Manager Michael Murphy Editorial Staff Irwin E. Tuckman Arvydas Tamulis Eileen Markham Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Jim Fulton Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Gary Waffle Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illmois Technojraph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State University Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- Bluepr Quad) rangle, : Mnrth 1 Dakota Er eer, North- weste m Eng ineer Nr .tre D, Technical Kevie w. Ohi o State *er Oklahoma State Engine* ■r, O regor 1 State le. chnical Tri- 1 angle, , Pittsbi irgh Skys craper. Pi irdue Engi- neer. KPl EnKin Rochester Indicator, i SC Engineer, Kos e Technic, Sou them Engi- ' neer. Spartan Washi' Lnp ineer , Texa; i A & M Engi- 1 neer. ngton Kr WSC Tech- 1 noraeter, \Va \ Engineer. yne Eng. ind Wisconsin THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, Number 6 March, 1960 Table of Contents Editorial 9 Pier Personalities 13 U. S. and British Schools A, J. Tamulis 16 Fable of the Barnyard E. Markham 17 State Street Lighting S. Altman 19 Museum of Science and Industry M. Murphy 21 Raw Material Inventory I. E. Tuckman 23 Engineering Firsts I. E. Tuckman 30 Skimming Industrial Headlines 35 News from the Pier 38 Brainteasers Edited by Steve Dilts 45 The Strange Science of Seeing 48 Cover . . . During the eight months in which Ti'clniniirdpli is published, contributions come from the Navy Pier branch. Last year an issue of Tcchno^raph was completely written and edited by Chicago engineering students. This 7 i'ch>i<)i>itipli is the second such issue. Again all contributions come from the Chicago branch of the University. The "Pier" students sincerely hope you enjoy this issue and hope to make it a yearly custom. Copyright. 1960, by Illini Puhlishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc- tober, November, December, January, February, March, April and May) by the Illini Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post ofRce at LJrbana, Illiii.iis, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Office 2li Engineering Hall, Urbana, Illiniii^. .'^ubscriiniims $l..iO per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights reserved by The Illinois TichiunirapU- Publisher's Represent.ative — Littcll-Murray- Barnhill, Inc., 737 North Micliigaii Avenue. Chicago 11, 111., 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, New York. :-.'^Si;^f€iJ? — &»',^«*.''. 'C, -\ Getting beneatli the surface of things . . . Throiifih a nciily developed \-ray diffriiclioit technique that extiiniiies streti.s-iiidiift'il clKiiiaes in the spiiciiiii Itelireen nlonis, General Motor.s liesearrli physicists are iinir able to determine residual stresses below the surface of hardened steel in 25% of the lime prerionsly required. Rodiii to t^row shmilil lie \(iiir most basic requiii'tni'iit in seokiiig a [Kisitioii. This is where General Motors ofll'ers you an exceptional advantage. Depending upon your own capabilities and enthusiasm, vou uill lind \irluallv limitless opportunity to move within a single CM division or lo (ilhci- (h\isioiis or lo a staff activity. Fields of work at General Motors vary from astronautics to automobiles, household appliances to ii)ck<'t propulsion, inerlial guidance to isotope research — to mention a few. General Motors offers (inancial assistance to employees who wish to enter or progress in postgraduate studies. And undergraduates may gain from work experience in tbi' summer cmplovmciil program. Before you make vour linal I'liiploymeiit decision, ask your placenicril oiriccr about General Motors, or write to General Motors. Salaried Personnel Placement, Personnel Staff. Detroit 2. Michigan. (ilv\KI{AL MOTORS GM positions now available in these fields for men h-ilding Bachelor's. Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Metallurgical, Chemical, Aeronautical and Ceramic Engineering • Mathematics • Industrial Design • Physics • Chemistry • Engineering Mechanics • Business Administration and Related Fields. THE TECHNOGRAPH ...NEWS IS HAPPENING ATNORTHROP\ Take this 3-Minute Quiz to help you determine your future 1. What part of the country has the best future for your type of work? 2. What part of the country offers an outstanding opportunity to enjoy your leisure ? 3. Where can you work and still earn advanced degrees ? 4. How important to you is the challenge of opportunity — and salary that matches your achievements ? 5. Where can you work with outstanding men in your field? FIVE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS... NOW CONSIDER THESE ANSWERS: 1. If your interests are in the fields of electronics or the aircraft/missile industry, you will want to join the outstanding scientists and engineers in the space age center of the world - Southern California. 2. If you work at Northrop you will live in Southern California - famous for its year-round vacation climate. Here you're close to the beaches, mountains and desert where you can tnjoy an active life in the sunshine. 3. Northrop encourages you to work for advanced degrees and to keep current with the latest developments in your chosen field. With Northrop's program, you will continue to learn while you earn with no-cost and low- cost education at leading Southern California institutions. 4. At Northrop you will work with the newest, most-advanced research and test equipment. And with over 30 operational fields from which to choose you can apply your talents to the work you enjoy-in the fields best suited to your inclinations. At Northrop you will earn what you are worth. With this growing com- pany you receive increases as often as you earn them. And these increases in salary are based on your own indi- vidual achievements. Northrop's vacation and fringe bene- fits are extra liberal. 5. Men you work with at Northrop are acknowledged leaders in their fields. They are selected because they have the skill to guide younger men. These are men who know how to delegate authority, encourage your progress, and assure you of your fair share of credit for engineering achievements. ITS NOT TOO EARLY TO PLAN YOUR FUTURE. WHICH OF THESE 3 DIVISIONS OF NORTHROP ARE BEST FITTED TO YOUR TALENTS? NORAIR DIVISION is the creator of the USAF Snark SM 62 missile now operational with SAC. Norair is cur- rently active in programs of space research, flight-testing the USAF- Northrop T-38 Talon trainer and Northrop's N-156F Freedom Fighter. RADIOPLANE DIVISION, creator of the world's first family of drones, pro- duces and delivers pilotless aircraft for all the U. S. Armed Forces to train men, evaluate weapon systems, and fly surveillance missions. Today Radioplane is readying the recovery system for Project Mercury. NORTRONICS DIVISION is a leader in inertial and astronertial guidance systems. Nortronics explores infra- red applications, airborne digital com- puters, and interplanetary naviga- tion. Other current programs include ground support, optical and electro- mechanical equipment, and the most advanced data-processing devices. Write today for complete information about your future at Northrop. NORTHROPX C O R P a RA Tl O N ' Engineering & Scientific Personnel Placement Office Northrop, P.O. Box 1525, Beverly Hills, California F. Kelly, W. J. Miller, and J. P. Tobin of the Westlnghouse Atomic Power Department lift the "core plate" off the nuclear core for the first U.S. -built power reactor designed for use abroad (Mol, Belgium). Waltz Mill Experimental Reactor helps Westinghouse engineers solve problems The new Westinghouse Testing Reactor at Waltz Mill, Pa., provides engineers with complete facilities for an- alyzing the effect of nuclear radiation on various mate- rials, processes and designs. If a Westinghouse engineer is working on develoj)ment of atomic fuels or the design of reactor components for an atomic power plant, he can count on help from the men at Waltz Mill. The Westinghouse Te.sting Reactor is one of only two such privately owned reactors in the country. It pro- vides a high radiation field comparable to that of a working reactor, and in addition has special controlled environment loops for the study of radiation effects at high temjieratures and pressures. Work presently being carried out here for other departments of the company includes studies of thermionics, crystal structure, and thermoelectric effects as well as the work on atomic reactor designs and fuels. The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to know all the answers . . . our work is often too ad- vanced for that. Instead, his abilities and knowledge are backed up by specialists like those at Waltz Mill. If you have ambition and ability, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportuni- ties for talented engineers. Want more information? Write today to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Ard- more & Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pennsylvania. you CAN BE SURE . ..IF ITS Westinghouse THE TECHNOGRAPH Why diversification makes a better all-around man Divi RsiFicATioN ot effort makes for versatility — and ver- satility pays oft' in business as well as on the athletic field. We've found that to be especially true here at Koppcrs. Koppers is a widely diversified company — actively en- gaged in the research and production of a wide range of re- lated and seemingly unrelated products, such as remarkable new plastics, jet-engine sound control, wood preservatives, steel mill processes, dyestuffs, electrostatic precipitators, coal tar chemicals, anti-oxidants and innumerable others. Because we are diversified, our work is interesting. Through a system of lateral movement, our engineers and manage- ment personnel are given the opportunity to learn many of the diverse operations at Koppers. The result? Versatility. While you are moving laterally at Koppers, you are also moving up. Your responsibilities are increased. Your ability is evaluated and re-evaluated. And you are compensated accordingly. You don't have to be with Koppers for 20 years before you get somewhere. If you have ability, ideas, spark — you'll move ahead, regardless of seniority or tenure. At Koppers, you'll stand on your own two feet. You'll get responsibility, but you'll also have free rein to do the job the way you think it should be done. No one will get in your way. Koppers is a well-established company — a leader in many fields. Yet, it's a forward-looking company, a young man's company. Perhaps, your company. Why not find out? Write to the Manager of Manpower Planning, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh 19, Pennsyl- vania. Or, see your College Placement Director and arrange an appointment with a Koppers representative for the next recruiting visit. KOPPERS MARCH, 1960 . diversification These specialized electronics systems are an important part of Collins' con- tribution to advancements in military and commercial communication. Collins was selected over several com- panies because it could do the job — economically, with excellent c(juipment, and provide capable engineering assist- ance for all phases. Collins needs engineers and physicists to keep pace with the growing demand for its products. Positions are challeng- ing. Assignments are varied. Projects currentlv underway in the Cedar Rap- ids Division include research and de- velopment in Airborne communication, navigation and identification systems, Missile and satellite tracking and com- munication, Antenna design. Amateur radio and Broadcast. Collins manufacturing and R&D in- stallations are also located in Burbank and Dallas. Modern laboratories and re- search facilities at all locations ensure the finest working conditions. Your placement office will tell you when a Collins representative will be on campus. For all the interesting facts and fig- ures of recent Collins de\elopments send for \-our free copies of Signal, pub- lished ([uarterly by the Collins Radio Companv. Fill' out and mail the at- tached coupon today. You'll receive every issue published during this school year without obligation. iCOLUNSt i '^ ^ ■■■■■■■■m FREE J ' >^ 3 ■ Pro Co Ce Pie du Na fessionol Placeme tins Radio Compo Jar Rppids, Iowa ase send me eac ing this school y nt, . ny, 1 Collin s Signal published ■ Address City Stote ■ College or University Major degree Minor ■ ■ Graduation date _ COLtlNS RADIO COMPANY . CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA . DAtLAS. TEXAS . BURBANK, CALIFORNIA hi THE TECHNOGRAPH Interior of Saran Wrap* plant. DOW is tomorro^w-minded product Publishing a complete list of Dow products — all 700 odd of them — is an elusive project. By the time such a list was off the press, new names would have to be added to bring the list up to date. The reason: develop- ment of new products is the order of the day at Dow, every day of the working year. These new products are developed to meet the needs of the many industries Dow serves. Today's problems in manufacturing and processing must be solved, and, as these industries advance, new chemicals and materials will be needed to implement tomorrow's technology. At Dow, research and development aim at anticipating these future needs . . . thus a "tomorrow-minded" attitude toward products is always evident. The product group of Dow Agricultural Chemicals, for example, has expanded manyfold in recent years through a vigorous research and developmental pro- gram. In the early '50's it consisted of two or three products. Today it includes many varieties of weed killers, fertilizers, fumigants, insecticides, feed additives and animal health aids. A new crab grass killer has recently made its debut, first in a series of new "ag chem" products slated for the homeowner market. Dow's work in automotive chemistry is typical of the "tomorrow-minded" attitude. Dow currently supplies a number of chemicals and plastics materials to auto makers — latex-based metal primers, antifreeze, uphol- stery materials and brake fluids, to name a few. But a quick tour through Dow's two Automotive Chemicals Laboratories would reveal that Dow will be ready with the right chemicals and plastics for the job, no matter which way future automotive design goes! One under development, for example, is a chemical that cools the engine by continuous boiling. One of the most outstanding success stories at Dow is that of Separan", a product developed to fit into industry's future. This chemical is a flocculant, or "settler" of solids in solution. Perhaps "super floc- culant" would be a better description because Separan takes minutes to do jobs that formerly took days. Introduced in 1955, it has gained widespread recognition in mining, pulp and paper and other industries. In such a climate of creativity and tomorrow-minded- ness, new opportunities at Dow are constantly opening up for people who have their eyes — and their thoughts — on the future. If you'd like to know more about the Dow opportunity, please write: Director of College Relations, Department 2426FW, the dow chemical COMPANY, Midland, Michigan. 'trademark THE DO-W CHEMICAL COMPANY • MIDLAND, MICHIGAN MARCH, 1960 [ROcms}^ lF^iF(o>(^(UJc f(o)lF^OO(^irD THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Pier Desk The Widening Gap . . . It becomes more and more evident to the sensitive engineering student as he advances in his undergraduate years, that there is a gap in the knowledge available with this type of education. The four-year engineering college seems to be producing more trained technicians and tradesmen than engineering graduates with university training. There is certainly nothing wrong with an honest trade or a skilled tech- nical ability, bul the job of the university is to train men for responsible places in society and if possible instill a quest for learning and knowledge. How can this be done with the present "liberal" background available in engineering? As the curriculum now stands it is very possible to go through four years of "education" without opening your mouth to express an opinion. Engineers come off the production line without a command of their native tongue, without the ability to communicate in writing, sometimes without even a rudimentary idea of the current world situation, and certainly without the more sophisticated attributes of a cultural background. Certainly you can go through life without knowing what mokes Beethoven or Shakespeare great, but you can also live without knowledge of the laws of thermodynamics. Each is important in its own way. However, a knowledge of both mokes your education that much more complete. What is the answer to this sorry situation? Many fine engineering schools have attempted to "humanize" their engineers by expanding the curriculum to five years. This is certainly a step in the right direction. It is much better than 13 hours of non-tech electives in 140 hours of credits. Among the schools to make this step ore MIT and Cornell, names familiar to most. The combined liberal arts-engineering program available at this uni- versity shows a progressive attitude at Illinois. However, to go a step further, it is the responsibility of the university to acquaint its students with their cultural heritage. This would force some to take "dem reodin" courses and some even to "like dem reodin" courses. We can delegate the responsibility of producing tech- nicians and tradesmen to industry and trade schools. — Sheldon Altmon MARCH, 1960 ^M/e DRIVE AND CONTROL IDEAS FOR ENGINEERS Tips on better designing with flexible shafts REMOTE CONTROL AND POWER DRIVE: Retractable hard top simplified by flexible shafts. In the Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner, the roof retracts into the trunk, and the trunk lid closes and locks. All this is done auto- matically, within 40 seconds. Powering this ingenious mechanism are six 3 16" high speed, remote control flexible shafts, driven by three reversible electric motors. The use of flexible shafts enabled the designerstouseonly one motor to drive each pair of actu- ators, thus solving synchronization problems and at the same time cutting down on the number of motors needed. Flexible shafts (1) and (2) rotate the trunk lid locking screws m and out of engagement. Flexible shafts (3) and (4) drive a pair of screw-jack actuators to raise or lower the trunk lid. Flexible shafts (5— not shown) and (6) drive a pair of actuators and their associated linkage to raise or retract the roof. '# POWER DRIVE: Powe ring a movable co mponent ■ . ■ is easily accompiislied witti flexible shafts. Position of barrel type feeder on this new/ Detroit Pow/erScrevi/driver is highly adjustable, because it is driven by a flexible shaft. Power take- off is at the main drive motor. COUPLING : Solve alignment and vibration problems... with S. S. White cou- pling shafts — short pieces of flexible shafting without com- panion casings. Here is one being used be- tween an adjustable pulley and a gear pump. Now available THE S. S. WHITE FLEXIBLE SHAFT HANDBOOK New 4th Edition. . . Send for your free copy! This authoritative handbook has been recently revised to include new selection and application data for S. S. White Standard . . . Pre-engineered . . . Custom-designed flexible shafts. A guide to product design. 10 ;. S. WHITE INDUSTRIAL DIVISION DEPT. 02. 10 EAST 40tri STREET NEW YORK 16, N. Y. THE TECHNOGRAPH United Air Lines pilots review flight plan calculated by Bendix G-15 Computer at UAL's Operating Base, Denver, Colorado. BENDIX COMPUTERS ... AND HOW TO FIGURE YOUR FUTURE AS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Jet air line speeds bring new com- plications to the problems the air- line captain must solve. Helping him to prepare and follow his Flight Plan are two important Bendix'^' contributions: (1) The Bendix G-15 Computer, which makes pre-flight calculations of wind, weather, fuel, and load in seconds; and (2) air- borne Bendix Doppler Radar, which gives the pilot instant, constant navigation data that previously re- quired continual manual calculation. Similar Bendix scientific and engi- neering advances are geared to the entire modern industrial complex. Opjiortunities for the engineering graduate are nearly limitless. BENDIX HAS 24 DIVISIONS, 4 SUBSIDI- ARIES— Coast to coast, Bendix activ- ities are decentralized— and, at the same time, generally adjacent to the industries they serve. There is great latitude in choice of work area for the young engineer. SIZE AND STABILITY - In terms of MARCH, 1960 corporate size, Bendix ranks in the top GO industrial firms (dollar sales) in the United States. In fiscal 1959, Bendix sales totalled more than $080,000,000. An investment in future sales was the $120,000,000 in engineering expenditures. DIVERSE PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH — The graduate engineer has a chance to specialize with Bendix. He can probe electronics, nuclear physics, heat transfer, ultrasonics, aerodynamics, power metallurgy — and a long list of other challenging fields. Or, he can aim for bi'oader areas of mathematics, research, ad- ministration, and management. CHANCE TO LEAD - Bendix is a di- versified engineering-research- manufacturing firm. Bendix products include: Talos and Eagle guided missiles; Doppler radar systems for aircraft navigation ; numerical control systems for machine tools; power steering and power brakes for automotive vehicles; nuclear devices; flight control systems for aircraft ; satel- lite controls. More important to you, as an engineering graduate, are the vast numbers of new projects now being planned — projects to which you can contribute your knowledge and ingenuity. BENDIX IS SYNONYMOUS WITH ENGI- NEERING— At Bendix, you can join an engineering stafl^ of more than 12,000 people-5,000 of them grad- uate engineers. Bendix offers you a chance to exercise your engineering degree in a real engineering capacity. See your placement director or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corpo- ration, 1108 Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. A thousand diversified products 11 The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe. But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man. This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them . . . the kind of space found between mainland and off- shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply base, between the site of a mountain crash and a waiting ambulance— above all, Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be- tween all earthbound places. Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs are some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the ve- hicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation. Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet. rilKORSKY AIRCRAFT For information about careers with us, please ad- dress Mr. Richard L. Auten, Personnel Department. One of the Divisions of United Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH Pier Personalities . . AN INTERVIEW with Ogden Livermore Mr. Ogtlen Li\einiore, assistant pro- fessor in physics at the Chicago Under- graduate Division of the University of Illinois and a former advisor for Tiih is one of the original stalwarts of the academic staff at our Lake Shore insti- tution. Horn on November 17, 1809, Mr. Lixermore has been interested in physics as far back as he can remember. His in- terest extends into the limitless practical applications associated with this science. His hobby as he calls it is "gagetry and gimmickr\." In his youth he used to %-^ *■•'. ^ ^i. M^ f W/ri^Tt Hr^^ I y py^ m • ' Professor Livermore tinker around cars, and became familiar enough with them to invent a few ac- cessories. His inventions include a radi- ator curtain and a hand operated therm- ostat for the car ; both, he claims, made long before they ever came out on the market. l'rofess(jr Lisermore who li\es with his wife in Chicago's suburban Evanston has developed his hobby to include vari- ous household gadgets. One of Mr. Liv- ermore's latest inventions is a special support for a ladder. The windows on his house are so tall that if a ladder were placed at the bottom, the top of the window could not be reached. This makes washing them difficult. He solved the problem by the use of his special brace. The brace enables the ladder to be placed at various heights on the win- dow without leaning against the glass. Mr. Livermore very proudly sketched the brace and it's application for this re- porter. His hobby has led to the con- struction of man\- of the lecture demon- stration "toys" for the physics depart- ment. Mr. Livermore received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Illinois in 1922. He also has received an M.A. from Northwestern in Education and studied physics and worked in metal re- search at I.I.T. His teaching career started in 1937, and has covered everything from kinder- garten up. Second graders are his favor- ites. He loves to talk with people and he finds that "the second graders are grownup enough to talk to, but not grownup enough to take offense." Mr. Livermore came to the Pier in 1946 when it opened. He remembers when the teachers had to walk across a plank bridge that was over a gully of water in the corridor on the way to the lunchroom. That first year was a hectic one. Remodeling had not been complet- ed yet and there weren't enough chem- istry teachers to go around. Although he had been hired as a physics instructor, Mr. Li\ennore taught quant., qual., and begirmim; chemistry. Mr. Livermore was the first sponsor tor Tech. at the Pier, and ran it success- fully for eight years. Because of his work on Tech the Dean of Women pre- sented him \\-ith a handsome pin that he proudlv wears. With the pin came a membership in The Activities Honorary Society. When asked why he took up teach- ing his first words were "I like to show oft." But this is very misleading. Mr. Livergood "likes personalities." He is the type of instructor who meets every one of his students individually. He takes a very personal interest in them and all their problems. His hobby has enabled him to reach students and help them to understand problems in physics. This helpfulness and un\isual friendli- ness won him honorary membership in Omega-Beta-Pi, a pre-med scholastic fraternity at the Pier, and Phi-Eta- Sigma. Professor Livermore feels that his term as an integral part of the Chicago campus has been, to say the least, an enjoyable one. He feels that our engi- neering school is one of the best. The only improvement that he can see would be the addition of a few more yoinig ladies to boost morale and the decor (.Amen). Take advantage of the MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE The screw is a combination of two mechanical principles: the lever, and the inclined plane in helical form. The leverage applied to the nut combines with motion of the nut around the bolt to exert tremendous clamping force between the two. One of the greatest design errors today, in fact, is failure to realize the mechanical advantages that e.xist in standard nuts and bolts. Smaller diameters and less costly grades of fasteners tightened to their full capacity will create far stronger joints than those utilizing bigger and stronger fasteners tight- ened to only a fraction of their capacity. Last year, one of our engi- neers showed a manufacturer how he could save $97,000 a year simply by using all the mechanical advan- tages of a less expensive grade. When you graduate, make sure you consider the mechanical advan- tages that RB&W fasteners provide. And make sure, too, that you con- sider the career advantages RB&W offers mechanical engineers — in the design, manufacture and application of mechanical fasteners. If you're interested in machine design — or sales engineering, write us for more information. RUSSELL, BURDSALL & WARD BOLT AND NUT COMPANY Port Chester, N. Y. 115 year MARCH, 1960 13 Space exploration will really come of age when manned rockets can leave earth, accomplish their missions and return without disposing of parts of themselves en route. This breakthrough depends on the rapid development of both nuclear rocket engines and the space vehicles capable of using them. Douglas is putting forth a major research effort in the area of manned nuclear space ships. Every environmental, propulsion, guidance and struc- tural problem is being thoroughly explored. Results are so promising that even if the nuclear engine breakthrough comes within the next five years, Douglas will be ready to produce the vehicles to utilize this tremendous new source of space power! Douglas is seeking qualified scientists and engineers for this and other vital programs. Write to C.C. LaVene, Box 600-M, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Elmer Wheaton, Engineering Vice President, Missiles and Space Systems, goes over new space objectives that will be made possible by nuclear propulsion with Arthur E. Raymond, Senior j^^ll^l A O Engineering Vice President of 1^ w iJ w LMO MISSILE AND SPACE SYSTEMS ■ MILITARY AIRCRAFT ■ DC-8 JETLINERS ■ CARGO TRANSPORTS ■ AIRCOMB ■ GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 14 THE TECHNOGRAPH This huge research center at Whiting, Indiana, is only part of .Standard Oil's research faciUties. A recently completed technical service and quality control lab- oratory, not shown here, is the largest laboratory of its kind in the country. In addition, large research laboratories are operated by several affiliates. Where the fuels of the future are born! From time to time, we are asked if gasoline and oil today really are better than they were five or ten years ago. People can't see the difference, smell it, or feel it. The answer is an emphatic yes. And this aerial view of Standard Oil's research center at Whiting, Indiana, is graphic evidence of the extensive research work that goes on be- hind the scenes day in and day out. Thousands of research experts— chemists, engineers, and technicians — work together in Standard's modern laboratories, improving present fuels and lubricants and developing new ones for cars that will not be a reality until about 1965! Rocket fuels, too, are being developed. Standard's development of clean- burning, highly-reliable solid fuels has been a real con tribu tion to America's missile program. Since our first research laboratory opened 69 years ago, research scientists of Standard Oil and its affiliated companies have been re- sponsible for many major petroleum advances — from making a barrel of oil yield more gas- oline to discovering a way to revive almost-dry wells. Each process had the effect of adding billions of barrels to America's oil reserves. At Standard Oil, scientists have an oppor- tunity to work on a wide variety of challeng- ing projects. That is one reason why so many young men have chosen to build satisfying careers with Standard Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY 910 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO 80, ILLINOIS THE SIGN OF PROG RESS .. THROUGH RESEARCH MARCH, 1960 15 U.S. and British Schools By Arvydas J. Tamulis Ri-ceiitly, much has been said about our educational system, and especially in comparison with the systems of other countries. No longer does the public of this country pose the question of whether Johnny can read, but their primary con- cern was whether Johnny can read bi-r- ter than Ivan. Lest 1 bore you with the much worn out auestlon of onr school system versus Nikita's little n-d school house, perhaps it woidd be of interest to note the comparison of tiie education a student receives in Amer- ica as compared with his English speak- ing contemporary in England. At the mention of education in Brit- ain, one immediately thinks of the time- honored names of Oxford and Cam- bridge, and their outstanding positions as places of learning in the world. A notable fact to bring out here is that Britain, with a population of 31 mil- lion, has only ' the merchants on the street. The merchants' contribution was assessed on the basis of net front feet of store area along State Street on a six-year amortization basis. The city contribution is what a normal city light s\stem would cost to install and maintain. Every three months the poles are serv- iced. The lumenaires are cleaned, de- fecti\e lamps are replaced, aiul instru- ment testing is performed on all radio equipment. This unique lighting system has an output of nearly 3,300 lumens per lineal foot of roadway, three times the in- tensity of the next highest system. It is interesting to note how this sys- tem came into existence. In the early 1920s the merchants of State Street de- cided that their street would have more than just the normal lighting facilities. They wanted a street that would be known around the world. In cooperation with Commonwealth Edison and the best illumination engi- neers of the day they developed this sys- tem. On October 24, 1926, this system, owned and operated by the merchants, was put into operation as President Coolidge pressed a golden telegraph key. But times change and a lighting sys- tem that is second to none in 1926 is far from that position within 25 years. It began to show signs of old age, and excessive maintainance costs combined with the fact that it was no longer the queen of streets again brought the State Street merchants together with a com- mon bond. A new lighting system was again their mutual interest. What was needed was a light system that would : 1. .Make State Street the brightc■^r street in the world. MARCH, 1960 19 STATE STREET LIGHTING 2. Would Ix- ail arti^ti^.■ ami tuiu'tion- al achievt-'ment. 3. Yield a light which would not distort color (for display window pur- poses) ; increase siI-t'" <"■ '"S'^"*'" '■'"Hcc- tioiis in store windows; and one that would be up to ilate with comintj d- luniination trends. 4. Would furnish building and up- ward illumination as well as street light- inir. These are pretty toutrh conditions tor any light s\steni to meet. Robert O. Burton, a Chicagoan with extensive ex- perience in interior and lighting design, had his design selected from over lOU different designs studied in the two year planning of the renovated street. The simplicity of his form and its highly imaginative design, sets a lasting im- pression in illumination design. The current svstem went into opera- tion Nov. 13, 1959, (3.^ years after the first of the State Streets) giving Chica- go another major civic achievement. State Street taken the night of the opening ceremony, had been blocked to traffic /hen the street 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH CHICAGO'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE and INDUSTRY By Michael Murphy Just west of the lakefront on 57th Street stands one of the most beautiful buildinjis in the world, Chicago's Mu- seum of Science and Industry. The idea for a nuiseum of this t\pe was conceived hy Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck and Co., being prompted by the inquisitiveness of his son, William. While Mr. Rosenwald and his son were in (jermany in 1920, William was fas- cinated by the famous Deutsch's mu- seum of science and industry. Rosen- wald set out to found a nuiscum like it in Chicago. The site of the museum is the Fine Arts Building of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. The building was of Greek Classic style but with a modern layout. Many of the features of the fabulous striictm'e were copied from the Erechtheion, one of the tem- ples on the Acropolis, Athens, built in the 3th century, H.C. The original building was constructed of heavy brick walls with plaster coverings on the in- side and outside. After the Columbian Exposition the building was used as museiun which contained a collection of works which was mainl)' assembled from the Exposition. The name of the niu- seiun was the Field museum now known as the Chicago Natural History mu- seum. In 1920 the Field nuiseum left its slowly deteriorating building for a new home at its present location in Grant Park. Rosenwald decided to re- store the building and to use it as the location for a museum of science and industry. He offered $3,000,000 for its restoration and the south park district added another $3,000,000 to this which was acquired through a bond. Later gifts hy the Rosenwald family brought their total contribution to $7,000,000. The rebuilding of the structure con- sisted mainly of replacing the exterior of the building with Indiana limestone and interior with marble. All pillars which were originallv iron were re- [ilaced with stone. The man\' skylights were replaced with domes of tile and copper. One striking feature of the ex- terior of the building is the 24 Carya- tids which are supporting columns that have the form of draped female figures and are 13 feet tall. Reproductions of the sculptured panels which adorned the famous Parthenon ornament cast and west pavilions. Some 330,000 cubic feet of stone weighing 28,000 tons make vip the building. The structure contains 13,000,000 cubic feet of space and oc- cupies 263,000 square feet (approxi- mately six acres) of land. The Hoor space and exhibit space of the museum amount to 600,000 square feet and ap- proximately 400,000 square feet re- spectively. The building consists of three pavilions. The central pavilion offers space for exhibits, offices, reference li- brary, cafeteria, lunch rooms, kitchen, receiving room, and workshops. In the east pavilion can be found exhibits, studios, and storage space \\hile located in the west pavilion are exhibits, and auditorium seating 1000 and a lecture hall seating 300. The Museum of Science and Indus- MARCH, 1960 21 rry is :iM I'lliicational institution, the imrposc lit which is to acquaint thi- jivn- cial public with science and its applica- t'dn to inilustrial processes. An inscrip- tion in the Central Rotumla reaiis. "Sci- ence Discerns the Laws of Nature — Industry Applies Them to the Needs of Man." An explanation of tliis in- scription is thoroughh- carried nut In the niuseiun. W'iien the museum lirst opened its do')rs in I'Hd tliere were onh a tew exhibits scattered throus^hout the spa- cious building. This unimpressive atmo- -.■ihciT residted in the museum facing a linancial crisis. The trustees of the mu- seum called upon Maior Lenox R. Lohr to remed\- the situafon. ^Lnor Lohr who graduated from Cornell I nixersitv was a member of the L. S. Arnn Corns of Engineers for twcKc \ears. His work previous to bein"; called upon bv the iiuiseum trustees was that of i'en- eral manager of A Centurv of Prog- ress, the 1033-34 Chicago World's Fair and he also was president of the Na- tional Broadcasting Compaiu'. Major Lohr's main objecti\e was to remove the boring atmosphere general- ly associated with a mu-eum. He re- viewed the characteristics of other mu- seums and settled upon some definite re- sults. Smoking is permitted throughout the building and benches are provickd for visitors who become wear\. Due to the trcmendi)\is cost of most exhibits which are worth \iewing, the help of American industr\ was enlisteil. As anyone can see the ,id\ ertising which is accomplished by a company having an exhibit at the museum would more than pay for the cost of the exhibit. About fifty per cent of the exhibits are sponsored by industry. An exhibit by some organization is permitted by in- vitation only and then only under cer- tain circumstances. Although the name of th" company sponsoring the exhibit can be used freeh' in the exhibit no mention of excellence compared to other brand names is allowed. The com|i;m\ pays no fee for the space used but must pay for the complete construction and maintenance of the exhibit and for any demonstrators which are needed. Ex- hibits are kept for a period of three or five years depending upon .igreemen*^. If longer periods of exhibition aie de- sired the compaiu' must agree to keep the exhibits up to date. One exhibit, that of the Bell Telephone Compain changes thirty per cent of its material a year. The museum has about an equal number of its owai exhibits. These in- clude among other things a full scale operating coal mine, the captured (ler- man submarine L^-5(15, a full scale model entitled "Yesterday's ^L^in Street" and m;ui\ more. The majority of exhibits feature such 22 things as life, motion, or visitor pai'- ticipation. It is this st\le of exhibit which mainly accounts tor the large luuuber of visitors to the nuiseum year- ly. In l')S') the luunber of visitors amounted to 2,547,231 which w ,is a sizeable increase over the =;i(i,S4,S pi'o- ple wlu) visited the nuiseum in l')4ll. In l')4() the aver;ige stay of a visitor w:is ^S minutes but in l''S9 it was 3 hours, 12 minutes. People came from everv state in the uiudii ,ind I rom the District (if Colundiia and manv foreign coun- tries. The nuiseum has an operating co t of about :J;8()(),l)(H) a year. To meet this expenditure the museum has four sources of income — contributions from industi'V, income from securities, taxes levied bv the park district and profit' from admission to the submarine, cn.d mine, the Microworld and from th- sale of souvenirs and from the cafeterui. Although Julius Rosenwald gave >?,- 000 000 to start the museum he left no endowment — believing each gener.i- tion should provide for itself. One industrial exhibit of partlcular interest is the B. F. Goodrich exhibit which features a "guillotine." The pur- pose of this guillotine is to show the strength of a tubeless tire. A 34 pound blade is dropped from a height of 30 feet onto the tire with the resulting force equal to that of a car traveling 00 miles per hour and striking a curb. In the Radio Corporation of Amer- ica exhibit visitors stand in front of color television cameras and see them- selves on color receivers. The exhibits also show \arious phases of the science of color. Another fascinating industrial exhibit is that of the International Harvester Company's simulated 160 acre fami. This exhibit is complete with model buildings, animals and people. An ex- hibit along similar lines is that of Swift and Co. The title of this exhibit is food for life and a farmer is employe 1 full time to help maint;iin it. Every d.ay 100 chicks are hatched in this exhibit and young ducks, lambs, and pigs are replaced about every three or fm-iwym MARCH, 1960 23 engineers Automatic systems developed by instrumentation engineers allow rapid simultaneous recording of data from many information points. Frequent informal discussions among analytical engineers assure continuous exchange of ideas on related research projects. and what they c: The field has never been broader The challenge has never been greater Engineers at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft today arc concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems— air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types for propulsion in space. Many of these systems are so entirely new in concept that their design and development, and allied research programs, require technical personnel not previously associated with the development of aircraft engines. Where the company was once primarily interested in graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, it now also requires men with degrees in electrical, chemical, and nuclear engineering, and in physics, chemistry, and metallurgy. Included in a wide range of engineering activities open to technically trained graduates at all levels are these four ' basic fields: ANALYTICAL ENGINEERING Men engaged in this i activity are concerned with fundamental investigations in the fields of science or engineering related to the conception of new products. They carry out detailed analyses of ad- vanced flight and space systems and interpret results in terms of practical design applications. They provide basic information which is essential in determining the types of systems that have development potential. DESIGN ENGINEERING The prime requisite here is an active interest in the application of aerodynamics, thermo- dynamics, stress analysis, and principles of machine design to the creation of new flight propulsion systems. Men en- gaged in this activity at P&WA establish the specific per- formance and structural requirements of the new product and design it as a complete working mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING Here men supervise and coordinate fabrication, assembly and laboratory testing of experimental apparatus, system components, and devel- opment engines. They devise test rigs and laboratory setups, specify instrumentation and direct execution of the actual test programs. Responsibility in this phase of the develop- ment program also includes analysis of test data, reporting of results and recommendations for future efltort. MATERIALS ENGINEERING Men active in this field at P&WA investigate metals, alloys and other materials under various environmental conditions to determine their usefulness as applied to advanced flight propulsion systems. They devise material testing methods and design special test equipment. They are also responsible for the determina- tion of new fabrication techniques and causes of failures or manufacturing difficulties. Under the close supervision of an engineer, final adjustments ore made on a rig for testing an advanced liquid metal system. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft... Exhaustive testing of full-scale rocket engine thrust chambers is carried on ot the Florida Research and Development Center. For further information regarding an engineer- ing career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your college placement officer or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Connecticut. PRATT & VlfHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporotion CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida (llontiniud from I'agc J.ij by I'lifjineers to survey land in the phin- niiifi ot hif;h\va\s. Hy the use ol plintosiraninicriy a to- pofiraphie map can lie niaJe. Tills map shows the confiKii ration or shape of the land surface of an\ area with much detail. Due to the detail iinoKed it is a map ot small area as compared to a ^eo<;raphic map, and therefore is per- fect for the stock piles. The map is made up of contour lines. On a steep slope the lines are close together and on a gentler one they are further apart. There are four basic steps in the aerial in\entor\ of a raw material stock- pile. I. The Plane At a height of 1650 feet directly o\er the stockpile, a camera in the plane takes a series of photographs with ,i 55'( overlap. When a matching paii of the.se photographs is projected on a screen a 3-D picture of the area is ob- tained. The scale used for mea.surement of a stockpile area is obtained hy using known distances between markers. II. The map. The negati\es of the photographs are used to make positive prints on glass plates. The pair of plates are put in a stereoscopic plotter, which projects them together on a small white screen. The two positives are each projected in dif- ferent colois, one red and one blue. I he plottei' operator \xeais red anil blue glasses similar to those used tor Mew- ing .vl) movies. The stock|iile then ap- peals in 3-D to the operator and he can distinguish the peaks and \alle\s ,is the\ actually are. -A bright dot is superimposed on the picture. The dot is contiolled by the operator. He can adjust it to appear at any elevation. The dot is moved hy a tracing table to which a pencil point is attached. By moving the dot along the pile so that it always touches the surface of the slopes of the nioimds, the operator causes the pencil to draw a contour line at the bottom of the pile, and by moving up two feet with each successive line to the top of the stock- pile an accurate topographic map of the pile is constructed. III. Measuring the map. A plainmeter measures square area within an irregular outline, and b\ its use the area of the stockpile is obtained. With the counters set at zero tin operator places the glass covered viewci on the first contour line. He follows the line with a ilot in the viewer. After fol- lowing the line through the ma]) he procedes to the ni-\t ele\ation line and so on throiighdiit the map. A dial registers figures as the \iewer goes from ele\ation to ele\atioii and around the map. The figures are then interpreted by means of a scale, giving an accurate tabulation of the area with- in the contour lines. I\'. Final Analysis. The rest of the calculating is tloiie by machines. The volume, the density of the material, and an allowance for the \anations of slope of the stockpile are all taken into consideration. The result is an estimate of tonnage within one to two per cent error. This accuracy and the time sa\cd make the jobs of the men who make up the production schedule much easier than the old method. The steel industry, using aviation, 3-D photography, map making, calculat- ing machines, and engineers, "just for an inventory" keeps production at a constant rate. //?(5/\/ 5T0L-K P/LE 26 THE TECHNOGRAPH i^'^^ Dick Ernsilorff ^tiulies a microwave site-layout chart atop a moun- tain near Orting. in western Washington state. On assignments like this, he often carries |25,000 worth of equipment with him. ' / wmm kW^i^*' Here, Dick checks line-of-siglu mirror-flashing and confirms reception by portable radio. Using this technique, reflections of the sun's rays can be seen as far as 50 miles. He wears two kinds of work togs For engineer Richard A. Ernsclorff, the "uniform of the day" changes frequently. A Monday might find him in a checkered wool shirt on a Washington or Idaho mountain top. Wednesday could be a collar-and-tie day. Dick is a transmission engineer with the Pacific Tele- phone and Telegraph Company in Seattle. Washington. He joined the company in June. 1956. after getting his B.S.E.E. degree from Washington State University. 'T wanted to work in Washington," he says, "with an established, grow- ing company where I could find a variety of engineering op- portunities and could use some imagination in my work." Dick spent 21-) years in rotational, on-the-job training, doing power and equi])ment engineering and "learning the business." Since April. VJ^'). he has worked with micro- wave radio relay systems in the Washington-Idaho area. When Dick breaks out his checkered shirt, he's headed for the mountains. He makes field studies involving micro- wave systems and SAGE radars and trouble-shoots any problem that arises. He also engineers ''radar reinoting" facilities which provide a vital communications link be- tween radar sites and Air Force Operations. A current assignment is a new 11.000 mc radio route from central Washington into Canada, utilizing reflectors on mountains and repeaters (amplifiers I in valleys. It's a niillion-dollar-|)lus project. "I don't know where an engineer could find more inter- esting work," says Dick. * * * You might also find an interesting, rewarding career with the Bell Telephone Companies. See the Bell interviewer when he visits your campus. BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES HMl Dick slops by the East Central Office building in Seattle to look at some microwave terminating equipment. It's involved in a 4000 megdcvtle racho re la\ s\stem \h tween Seattle and Portland, Oregon. In the Engineering Lab in downtown Seattle. Dick calibrates and aligns transmitting and receiving equipment prior to making a path- oss test of microwave circuits between Orting and Seattle. MARCH, 1960 27 A FABLE OF THE BARNYARD ( (joiiliniiiil frijin I'agi 17 J been out in the competitive field tor u few days or weeks or months or years things will be different. The man who can adapt to every sit- uation, the one who knows moie than how to solve the necessary equation, the one who has taken electives which reacii tar from his field will excel. I might even add that those who really become proficient in extra-curricular pastimes by joining teams and clubs have an even greater edge. The really apparent parallel is iden- tical to that of our friends: the mule and horse. The horse was efHcient and \ielchn^. He >uppr(•^M•d his own ideas to please the children. H\it he was not exciting to them. He didn't have the ingenuity' to go beyond his training. The potential is equally bestowed on the horse and the mule to give children the ideasure of a ride in the afternoon. Yet one of them was the favorite — I'd even call him a "leader." This is compar- able to our plight as engineers. We have equal resources in engineering. Our required courses must be mastered. However, in fields outside the technical area, there is a tendency to siougii off. We must use these socio-humanistic fields to convey our engineering task to others. We must realize our own make-up, physical, mental, and spiritual. These non-technical areas are also the ke\ to getting along with your boss — knowing his limits and those of your co-workers and helpers. These and many other factors are needed in an engineer. We have a re- sponsibility to the world we create with our automation that goes beyond the knowledge that an eIe\ator cable will break with so much tensile stress. We must know if the people who will ride in that elevator are physically able to cope with the elevator's new facets. We m\ist know if they can withstand its acceleration, or understand its self-op- erative features. This may open a whole new field of human engineering. I Yours? 28 THE TECHNOGRAPH RCA REPORTS TO YOU NEW ELECTRONIC "BRAIN" CELLS FIT IN THE EYE OF A NEEDLE Basic building block for compact, electronic "thought savers" will serve you in your office, in defense -someday, in your home • Today, science not only is working on lahor-sa\ing devices — but on thought-saving devices as well. These "thought savers" are electronic computers — wonder-workers that free us from tedious mental work and are capable of astoundingly rapid compu- tations. Naturally, the more compact these computers can be made, the more applications they can have. Not only in industry, defense and research — but in the oflTice and ultimately in the home. "Squeezing" exacting components A big ad\'ance has recently been made liy RC.^ research towards making these "thought sa\'ers" smaller than ever before, for broader than ever use. Take, for example, the new "logic" circuit which actually fits in the eye of a needle. It is a new computer component developed by RCA. Today, the electronic functions of this micro- miniature device require a whole fistful of wires, resistors, transistors and condensers. These tiny units will calculate, sort, "remember," and will control the flow of information in to- morrow's computers. Yet they are so small that 100,000,000 of them will fit into one cubic foot! Cutting computers down to home size This extreme reduction in size may mean that some- day cigar-box-size electronic brains may help you in your home — programming your automatic appli- ances, and keeping track of household accounts. Remarkable proaress in micro-miniaturization is another step foncard hv RCA — leader in radio, tele- vision, in communications and in all flt'Ctronics — for home, office, and nation. Needle's eve linltis eleelroiiie "brain" eells — Photograph shows how new RCA "logic" element can be contained in the eye of a sewing needle. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN ELECTRONICS MARCH, 1960 29 ENGINEERING FIRSTS By I. E. Tuckman BOY MEETS SLIDE RULE 30 THE TECHNOGRAPH MASTERING THE SLIDERULE FIRST EXAM "Maybe I'll look it over tonight" NEXT DAY MARCH, 1960 31 FIRST PHYSICS LAB FIRST E.E. LAB / 'j; ^ M dy- c' ^) 'WORKS, DOESN'T IT?" I think I'll open a hot dog stand" FIRST JOB 'WE STRESS INDIVIDUALITY" 32 THE TECHNOGRAPH • The small gas turbine is an important aircraft and weight mark it as an important power source support item used primarily for starting jet engines for common commercial use. AiResearch is the and providing on-board auxiliary power. The high largest producer of lightweight gas turbines, ranging compressed air and shaft outputs for its small size from 30 H.P. to the 850 H.P. unit pictured above. EXCITING FIELDS OF INTEREST FOR GRADUATE ENGINEERS Diversity and strength in a company offer the and other electronic controls and instruments, engineer a key opportunity, for with broad knowl- • Missile Systems — has delivered more accessory power edge and background your chances for responsibil- units for missiles than any other company. AiResearch ity and advancement are greater. is also working with hydraulic and hot gas control The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch systems for missile accessory power. Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its * Environmental Control Systems — pioneer, leading diversification, which you will experience through developer and supplier of aircraft and spacecraft air an orientation program lasting over a period of conditioning and pressurization systems, months, allows you the best chance of finding your Should you be interested in a career with The most profitable area of interest. Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett Other major fields of interest include: Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your • Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and College placement office. For further information major supplier of centralized flight data systems write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley... ¥HE /AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angeles 45, California • Phoenix, Arizona i Systems, Packages and Components for: AIRCRAFT. MISSILE, nuclear and industrial APPLICATIONS I MARCH, 1960 33 I Nosing Us ivay duivn to earth, X-15's skin of a high-Nickel-containing alloy will glow with the dull cherry red of a tossed rivet. Inco-developed alloy to help X-15 carry first man into space Alloy perfected by Inco's continuing research program will help new rocket plane withstand destructive heats When the first manned rocket plane streaks in from space, temperatures may build up to as high as twelve hundred degrees. The ship's nose and leading edges heat to a dull glowing red in seconds. At this destructive temperature, X-15's metal skin could weaken, could peel off. Aircraft research personnel found the answer to this high-temperature problem in one of a family of heat- treatable nickel-chromium alloys developed by Inco Research. It with- stands even higher temperatures than 1200°F! Remember this dramatic example if you're faced with a metal problem in the future. It may have to do with product design, or the way you make it. In any event, there's a good chance Inco Research may help you solve it with a Nickel-containing alloy. Over the years, Inco Research has successfully solved a good many metal problems, and has compiled a wealth of information to help you. You may be designing a machine that requires a metal that resists corrosion, or wear, or high tempera- tures. Or one that meets some destructive combination of condi- tions. Inco Research can help supply the answer. Help supply the right metal, or the right technical data from its files. When you are in business, Inco Nickel and Inco Research will be at your service. The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York 5, N.Y. Inco Nickel makes metals perform better longer 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by The Staff New Flagging Tape A new, \ci>atili.- plastic flagging tape was iiitrniiuceil by Keiiffel &' Esser C(i. Made of tough, vinyl plastic in fne \iviii colors, it acts as a high-visibilit\ marker for identification piu'poses. Its far-reaching uses include locating bi)un(lar\ lines, stakes, stations, land- marks, center lines, property and utilit\ lines and danger areas. Ideally suited for engineers, survey- ois, real estate firms, utility companies. buiUlers. contractors and exploration companies, the weather and wind- resistant tape tears clean, takes pencil and ball point pen markings and re- mains supple at temperatures as low as minus M) degrees F. The tape conies in red, yellow, blue, white and orange. It is furnished in loUs 4 inches in diameter, Ij^-'nch wide, M)i) feet in length. Hints on Interviewing After accepting job^, graduating stu- dents shovdd not continue interviewing. College placement officers should not re- strict the number of interviews a stu- dent has. These are two suggestions among many in the first revisions of "The Principles and Practices of College Re- cruiting," a six-page leaflet published by the College Placement Council, Inc., Hethlehem, Pa., and the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Wash- ington. The leaflet lists mutual obliga- tions of students, employers, and place- ment officers. The Council and the Na- tional Chamber are sending the leaflet to i.3lHl college placement officers and ,1, ()()() top business, college, and govern- ment executives. With business booming again, the Council and Chamber expect a boom in the number of interviewers arriving on college campuses in the next few months to talk with the hundreds of thousands of senior and graduate stu- ilents in the class of 1960. The Council and Chamber expect that, as during the hectic 1957 recruiting season, the short- age of top quality science graduates will continue. The two organizations emphasize that departure from commonly accepted practices were few in 1957. They be- lieve that a trend toward serious in- fractions was averted by the suggestions in the first joint statement. Howe\er, they point out that in 1958 and in 19 59 the business recession caused a slacken- ing in recruiting competition. The leaf- let states that: "It is in the best inter- ests of students, colleges, and employers alike that the selection of careers be made in an objective atmosphere with complete understanding of all facts." Specific, mutual obligations of col- lege students, placement officers, and in- terviewers are listed. For exam|ile: "When a student is invited to visit an employer's premises at the employer's expense, he should include on his ex- pense report only those costs which per- tain to the trip. If he visits several em- ployers on the same trip, costs shouhl be prorated among them. . . . "The (college) Placement Ofl'icer and faculty members should counsel students but should not unduly influ- ence them in the selection of jobs. . . . "l-'mplou'rs should not raise (salary) offers already made, except when such action can be clearly justified as sound industrial relations practices: such as, when an increase in hiring rate is re- quired on an over-all basis to reflect salary adjustments in the employing or- ganization." The College Placement Coimcil serves the eight Regional Placement As- sociations of the I'nited States and Canaila. Business, industry, and govern- ment personnel officers and college placement directors are members. The Chambei- is composed of 3,450 business, trade, and professional organizations \\hicli haxe a membership of 2,750,000 hM^i^(■^^ mcU. Ductile Iron Pipe Production Seen Tripling This Year I'loduction of ductile iron pipe will triple this year and by 1961 it will climb to 100.000 tons annually. This predic- ti' co'i.cidental with a high degree of sid- phur elimination and a high-quality sid- pluu' dioxide oft-gas. After remo\al of nickel, copiier ;uul cobalt from the kiln product by leach- ing, the almost pure magnetic is ag- glomerated on balling discs and fired on an 8-foot-\vide traveling grate pellet sintering machine. The final product consists of pellets one inch in diameter analyzing 68 per cent iron, considered to be the highest quality tonnage iron ore produced on the North American continent. Advanred Infrared Sensistors l.ockhccil Aircraft Corporation re- ports development of an infrared device so sensitive it can detect the presence of a glowing cigarette miles away. Applications of infrared theory in a major new Lockheed research program have brought forth a similar device for West Germany's F-KHG Starfighters. Robert A. Bailey, California Divi- sion chief engineer, said the research product provides fire control systems with "nudtiple advantages" over equip- ment now installed in modern military aircraft. "Meeting all requirements for super- sonic fighter use, it is smaller and light- er, more reliable and more accurate than similar instruments in current use; in addition, it is operable both da\- .ind night," Bailey said. Designed to supplement electronic tracking gear, it will provide measure- ment of angular target movement after initial radar contact. Full Power Reached by Nation's First Dual Reactor Two pre.ssuri/.ed water reactors of the land-ba.sed prototype nuclear power plant for large surface ships have op- erated in parallel at full power at Idaho Falls, Ida. The plant, known as the AlW prototype, is the nation's first nuclear power plant to have two reac- 36 tors powering one propeller shaft. De- signed as the forerunner of the power plants for two Navy combatant ships now under construction, the guided nu'ssile cruiser. Long Beach, and the aircraft carriei", l'"nterpri>e, the ,'\1W i> the largest naval nucle.ir pciwcr plant in opeiation. Full power was achie\e office on the occasion of the sruilcnr inarcli last sprint;. It was proniiscil last \cai that the stii- lients would a^ain protest it no concrete action were made towaril school re- location. The demonstration liei^an with a funeral procession and niin-k coffin beini: carrieil to the east end of the pier. A ind the coffin with it flavor 38 short eidojix was s;i\en slii! into tile lake carryinf Daley's promises for action. The cofiin wouldn't break throufrh the ice because as one student out it, "this showed the weakness and shallowness of the proiii- i:cs made h\ the \!a\or." After this loud hut onlerly proces- sio:i about .^0 cars proceeded in a solemn line to Garfield Park, one of the pro- nosed locations, and •> cornerstone was laid. It read: "Let it be known that we, the students of the Universitv of Illi- nois at Chicaaro do hereby claim this land for a new UIC site on the 10th day of March, Anno Domini, 1960." The press covera'^e inchided all the Chicasro daili-s "Newsweek Maga/.ine" pjul XHC and CBS news commentators. 60-Story Cylinders Two cylindrical 60-story apartment towers, the world's largest residential structures, will be built on the north bank of the Chicago River between State and Dearborn. This unprecedented center will in- clude a 10 story office structure, a wide plaza and sculpture garden facing the river, a theater, a marina for 700 small boats, a restaurant, an ice-skating rink, a swimming pool and an 18 story garage. The project is called Marina City. Construction for the project will start this summer. Architect Bertand Gold- berg, 46, a Harvard graduate, and one time student of Mies van der Robe, de- votes the first IS stories to a spiral raiiip for automobiles, and the top 40 stories to pie shaped apartments, each with its own balcony. The cost for the project will be $36 million and will be financed by AFL- CIO Building Service Employees' In- ternational Union. The money will be taken from the Union's health and wel- fare funds to build up the central city where the members have their jobs. A 5 per cent retuiii on the investment will be guaranteed the union under Title THE TECHNOGRAPH //mmiy mm. Since its inception nearly 23 years ago, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has given the free world its first tactical guided mis- sile system, its first earth satellite, and its first lunar probe. In the future, underthe direction of the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration, pioneering on the space fron- THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE tier will advance at an accelerated rate. The preliminary instrument explora- tions that have already been made only seem to define how much there is yet to be learned. During the next few years, payloads will become larger, trajectories will become more precise, and distances covered will become greater. Inspections will be made of the moon and the plan- ets and of the vast distances of inter- planetary space; hard and soft landings will be made in preparation for the time when man at last sets foot on new worlds. In this program, the task of JPL is to gather new information for a better un- derstanding of the World and Universe. "We do these things because of the unquenchable curiosity of Man. The scientist is continually asking himself questions and then setting out to find the answers. In the course of getting these answers, he has provided practical benefits to man that have sometimes surprised even the scientist. "Who can tell what we will find when we ge( to the planets? Who, at thii present time, can predict what potential benefits man exist in this enterprise ? No one con say with any accu- y what we will find as we fly fariber away from the earth, I with instruments, then with man. II seems to me that we obligated to do these things, os human beings'.' DR. W. H. PICKERING, Director, JPL CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JET PROPULSION LABORATORY A Research Facility operated for the Notional Aeronautics and Space Administrotion PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Employment opportunities for Engineers and Scientists interested in basic and applied research in these fields: INFRA-RED • OPTICS • MICROWAVE • SERVOMECHANISMS • COMPUTERS • LIQUID AND SOLID PROPULSION • ENGINEERING MECHANICS STRUCTURES • CHEMISTRY • INSTRUMENTATION • MATHEMATICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS Send professional resume for our immediate considerafion. Interviews may be arranged on Campus or at f/ie Laboratory. MARCH, 1960 39 WHO'S <*ARRIVED" E. L. DISBROW TriSlale College, Angola, Ind. '51 ^H DISBROW exemplifies the opportunity to grow with a young, growing company. Now District Manager of the Dunham-Bush ISIinne- apoMs ofiice. he supervises widespread engineering activities of a group of sales engineers representing a multi-product technical line. Engineering degree in hand, Ed went to work for Heat-X (a Dunham- Bush' subsidiary f as an Application Engineer. Successive steps in the Dunham-Bush main office and as Sales Engineer in the New York territory brought him to his present managerial capacity. A member of Belle Aire Yacht Club, Ed leads a pleasant life afloat and ashore with his wife and two boys. Equally satisfying is Ed's job. In directing calls on consulting engi- neers, architects. pFant engineers, wholesalers, contractors and building owners, he knows he's backed by the extensive facilities of Dunham- Bush laboratories, ^'ou can see him pictured above on a typical call, inspecting a Minnesota shopping center Dunham-Bush air conditioning installation. Ed's success pattern is enhanced by the wide range of products he represents. For Dunham-Bush refrigeration products run from com- pressors to complete systems; the range of air conditioning products extends from motel room conditioners to a hospital's entire air condi- tioning plant. The heating line is equally complete: from a radiator valve to zone heating control for an entire apartment housing project. The Dunham-Bush product family even includes highly specialized heat transfer products applicable to missile use. DunHflin/BUSfl AIR CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION, HEATING PRODUCTS AND ACCESSORIES Dunham-Bush, Inc. WEST HARTFORD 10, • CONNECTICUT, • U.S.A. ^i^l^M^B^^HB^^ SAIES Offices LOCATED IN PRINCIPAl CITIES ^^B^^^^^^^^^^^ 40 Scvfii ot the National Housing Aii. Lntil now iinion.s have been investinjj; these funds largely in government se- curities. .'Xrchitect (joldberg has raised the 896 projected apartments well above city noise and dust, while providing garage space underneath for every family. The rooms open on a wide living room, opening on a wider balcony, to the wide arc of the hori/on and strike an im- mense contrast with the boxlike rigidity of most city structures. Goldberg has adopted a trunk and branch construction, "foliated forni rather than the usual post-and-beam construction" ( the building will be sup- ported from its core, rather than b\' a box-like framework). This combats the high wind force at this height. Rents will start at 51 1 ^ a monrii. Use Radioactivity in Search for Water Atomic tracers are being used in an effort to locate and measure new reliable sources of underground water. This information was released in a report by the Atomic Energy- Commis- sion and the U. S. Geological Surve\. Research projects to develop the new atomic techniques for discovering water resources are underway in New Jer.sev, Wisconsin and New Mexico. Tritium, an atomic substance injected into the atmosphere in nuclear bomb tests, is being used by the researchers. Raindrops are "tagged" so that they may be traced as they find their way into underground water reservoirs. Raindrops have an affinity for absorb- ing minute and harmless quantities of tritium from nuclear fallout in the at- mosphere. Music Gap! Saul Karsunsky, a communication en- gineer and musical scholar has designed an electronic luusical instrument called a crystadia. This was reported by the Soviet news agency Tass. Tass reports th.at the instrument produces sounds like wind instruments "of very unusual and original timbres.' The Light Fantastic Argonne national laboratory near Le- mont is doing research with a giant "Atomic Spotlight" which penetrates living tissue with beaius of colored light. In years to come, a treatment of one colored light may soothingh' put one to sleep or another atomic light ma\ change ones mating habits. The light was built by Dr. Charles F. Ehret of Argonne's division of bio- logical and medical research, who calls it a biological spectrograph. He is using it to study the effects of various colored light — both visible and invisible — on THE TECHNOGRAPH THESE MEN HAVE ONE THING IN COMMON ...BESIDES SUCCESS HARRY SUMNER, Sales Engineer, B.S. In Business Administration, University of South Carolina RICHARD C. WILSON, Assistant Manager of Distribution, B.S. in Aeronautical Engineering, Uni- versity of Kansas LAWRENCE M. DUNN, Manager of Architectural Department, Sales Devel- opment Division, B.S. In Mechanical Engineering, iovi^a State University GUSTAV 0. HOGLUND, Division Chief of Alcoa Process Development Labora- tories, B.S. In Aeronautical Engineering, University of Michigan THOMAS R. GAUTHIER, Cleve- land Works, Chief Metallurgist, B.S. In Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University hese men huve a faith. An abiding #1 - ^ At^^^^BBlH faith. It's in tho future of a metal. Aluminum. hey all are department heads at Aluminum Company of America. They all started with Alcoa as young men fresh ut of college. They all have prospered as Alcoa has prospered. hey all have received their promotions on merit . . . the same merit which has contrilnitod signally to Alcoa's status lis the Twentieth Century's outstanding corporate success story. loday, the prospects for a new employee at Alcoa are even brighter, even more challenging than they were when these len first went to work. This is because the prospects for Alcoa and for ahimiiium are brighter. I a dynamic future in this kind of corporate environ- iient interests you, contact your placement officer to jrrange an interview. For more details, write for our iree booklet, A Career For You With Alcoa. Write 1 . ^, ,,. . rn/AAi -o-ii* For exciting drama walch "Alcoa Presents" every LiUminum ( Ompany Ot America, 810 Alcoa CUllUing, Tuesday ABC-TV and the Emmy Award wmmns ittsburgh 19, Pa. "Alcoa Theatre" alternate Mondays, NBC-TV Your Guide to Ihe Best in Alunnr Follow he eader IS no game with Delco. Long a leader in automotive radio engineering and production, Delco Radio Division of General Motors has charted a similar path in the missile and allied electronic fields. Especially, we are conducting aggressive programs in semiconductor material research, and device development to further expand facilities and leadership in these areas. Frankly, the applications we see for semiconductors are staggering, as are those for other Space Age Devices: Computors . . . Static Inverters . . . Thermoelectric Generators . . . Power Supplies. However, leadership is not self-sustaining. It requires periodic infusions of new ideas and new talent — aggressive new talent. We invite you to follow the leader — Delco — to an exciting, pi'ofitable future. If you're interested in becoming a part of this challenging Delco, GM team, write to Mr. Carl Longshore. Supervisor — Salaried Employment, for additional information— or talk to our representative when he visits your campus. N-- /Delco Radio Division of General Motors »w^ KOKOMO. INDI.A.NA 42 THE TECHNOGRAPH New products lead to better jobs at Du Pont BLUBBER OR RUBBER? It looks like a whale, but it's actually a king-size collapsible container for carry- ing liquids and powders. Bags like this are made of fabric woven with DuPont "Super Cordura"* high-tenacity rayon yarn, coated with Du Pont neoprene syn- thetic rubber; capacity: 3,000-20,000 gallons. They are among the most dra- matic and practical advances in indus- trial packaging. DuPont has made many contributions to this field and to practically every kind of business or industry you can name. Naturally, all this diversified activity creates many interesting jobs. Jobs in research. Jobs in production. And jobs in sales and marketing. Good jobs that contribute substantially to the steady growth of DuPont and the peo|)le who are the company. * "Super Cordur For qualified bachelors, masters and doctors, career opportunities are today greater at Du Pont than ever liefore. There is an interesting future in this vigorous company for metallurgists, phys- icists, mathematicians, and electrical and mechanical engineers, as well as for chemists and chemical engineers. If you join DuPont. you will be given a project assignment almost at once, and you will begin to learn your job by doing it. Advancement will come as rapidly as your abilities permit and opportunities develop. DuPont personnel policy is based on our belief in promotion from within the company on a merit basis. If you would like more information about opportunities at DuPont, see your placement oflicer or write E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), 2120 Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware. s rcgislcred tradi mark for Us hUlh-lctmritii ration yarn MPOK Better Things for Better Living . . . through Chemistry MARCH, 1960 43 c A DOOR IS OPEN AT ALLIED CHEMICAL TO Opportunities for professional recognition If you feel, as we do, that the publication of technical papers adds to the professional stature of the individual employee and his worth to his company, you will see why Allied encourages its people to put their findings in print. Some recent contributions from our technical stall are shown below. It's interesting to speculate on what you might publish as a chemist at one of our I 2 research laboratories and development centers. The possibilities are virtually limit- less, because Allied makes over 3,000 products— chemi- cals, plastics, fibers— products that offer careers with a future for chemists, chemistry majors and engineers. Why not write today for a newly revised copy of "Your Future in Allied Chemical." Or ask our interviewer about Allied when he next visits your campus. Your placement office can tell you when he'll be there. Allied Chemical, Department j6-R2 61 Broadway, New York 6, New York SOME RECENT TECHNICAL PAPERS AND TALKS BY ALLIED CHEMICAL PEOPLE "What is a Foam?" Donald S. Otto. National Aniline Division Aincriiun Munaxcincnt Associaiitin Seminar on Polymeric Packaging Materials 'Electricailv Insulating. Flexible Inorganic Coatings on Metal Produced by Gaseous Fluorine Reactions" Dr. Robert W. Mason, General Chemical Research Laboratory American Ceramic Society Meeting, Electronic Division "Gas Chromatographic Separations of Closing Boiling "Isocyan ate Resins" Leslie M. Faichney, National Aniline Division Modern Plastics Encyclopedia "Concentration of Sulphide Ore by Air Float Tables- Gossan Mines" R. H. Dickinson, Wilbert J. Trepp, J. O. Nichols, General Chemical Division Engineering and Mining Journal "Urethane Foams" \* Isomers" Dr. A. R. Paterson, Central Research Laboratory Second International Symposium on Gas Chromatography at Michigan State University "Correlation of Structure and Coating Properties of Polyurethane Copolymers" Dr. Maurice E. Bailey. G. C. Toone. G. S. Wooster, National Aniline Division: E. G. Bobalek. Case In- stitute of Technology and Consultant on Organic Coatings Gordon Research Conference on Organic Coatings 'Corrosion of Metals by Chromic Acid Solutions" Ted M. Swain, Solvay Process Division Annual Conference of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers "Use of Polyethylene Emulsions in Textile Applications" "Sulfur Hexafluoride" Dr. Maurice E. Bailey, National Aniline Division For publication in a book on modern plastics by Herbert R. Simonds "The Booming Polyesters" James E. Sayre and Paul A. Elias, Plastics and Coal Chemicals Division Chemical & Engineering News "7', 2', 4'— Trimethoxyflavone" Dr. Sydney M. Spatz and Dr. Marvin Koral, Na- tional Aniline Division Journal of Organic Chemistry "Physical Properties of Perfluoropropane" James A. Brown, General Chemical Research Lab- oratory Journal of Physical Chemistry Robert Rosenbaum, Semet-Solvay Division D. D. Gagliardi, Gagliardi Research Corporation American Association of Textile Color ists & ( hemists Dr. Whitney H. Mears, General Chemical Research Laboratory Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology BASIC TO AMERICA'S PROGRESS DIVISIONSi BARRETT • GENERAL CHEMICAL • NATIONAL ANILINE • NITROGEN • PLASTICS AND COAL CHEMICALS- SEMET-SOLVAY ■ SOLVAY P ROCESS • 1 NTE R N ATI ON AL 44 THE TECHNOGRAPH BRAIN TEASERS Edited by Steve Dilts The following teasers are quite popu- lar and are typical of the variety iin(il\- ing logic. A doctor met a good friend who was a ]aw\er and said, "I just saw three women walking along the street. The sum of their ages is twice mine, and the product of their ages is 2450. What are their ages?" The lawyer replied, "I can't tell." The doctor then added, "The oldest is younger than you are." (None are older than one hundred). I'lobably after graduation from high school, plane geometry faded into the background for you. Here's a chance for you to see how much you can re- member about it. See if you can find the fallacy in this proof that all tri- angles are isosceles. 1. Construct any triangle ABC. 2. Put in AG so as to bi.sect angle CAB. Angle CAG = Angle GAB. 3. Construct the perpendicular bisec- tor of CB. 4. Name the point O at which the bisector of CB intersects AG, and D the mid-point of CB. 5. Construct OC and OB. OC = OB. 6. Construct OE perpendicular to AC and OF perpendicular to AB. ,()EA = /OFA. 7. OA= OA. iS. Triangle AE(^ similar to triangle AFO. (s.a.a.— s.a.a.) q. OE = OF. 10. Angle OEC = Angle OFB = Rt. Angle. 1 1. Triangle OEC similar to triangle OFB. (hyp. leg ^ hyp. leg). 12. AE = AF; EC = FB. 13. AC = AB. 14. Therefore every triangle is isos- celes. Stop, if you've heard of the three mis- sionaries and the three cannibals. Again it's a question of crossing a river in a boat which holds only two men. The complication is that although each of the missionaries can row, only one of the cannibals, the cannibal king, can do so. Naturally, you must never let the cannibals outnumber the missionaries on either side of the river. Suppose that we have a bucket con- taining a gallon of water and a keg con- taining a gallon of wine. We measure out a pint of the wine, pour it into the water, and mix thoroughly. Then we measure out a pint of the mixture from the bucket and pour it into the keg. Is there now more or less water in the keg than there is wine in the bucket? Here are the answers to last month' teasers. C asks himself: Can my hat be green? If so, then A will know immediately that he has a red hat, for only a red hat on his head would cause B to lift his hand. A would therefore leave the room. B would reason the same way and also leave. Since neither has left, C deduces that his own hat must be red. A systematic approach would be to jot down the foiu- possibilities — TT, TL, LT, LL — then eliminate the pairs that are inconsistent with the premises. A quicker solution is reached if one has the insight to .see that the tall native must answer "Yes" regardless of wheth- er he lies or tells the truth. Since the short native told the truth, he must be a truth-teller and his companion a liar. Let /; be the number of steps visible when the escalator is not moving, and let a um't of time be the time it takes Professor Slapenarski to walk down one step. If he walks down the down-moving escalator in SO steps, then ri — 50 steps have gone out of sight in 50 units of time. It takes him 125 steps to run up the same escalator, taking five steps to e\ery one step before. In this trip, 125 — /; steps ha\e gone out of sight in 125/5, or 25, units of time. Since the escalator can be presumed to run at constant speed, we have the following linear equation that readily yields a \alue for n of 100 steps: 50 125 50 25 To determine the value of Brown's check, let -v stand for the dollars and v for the cents. The problem can now be expressed bv the following equation: lOOy + ;(. _ 5 = 2 ( WQx + y). This reduces to 98.v — 199a- = 5, a Diophan- tine equation with an infinite number of integral solutions. Only one solution, however, meets the problem's condition that the value of y be less than 100. This solution is: .v^31 and }■ = 63, m.iking Bi'own's check $31.63. MARCH, 1960 In the field of Sports JjsJ is there, too . . Paint, glass, plastic and fiber glass products of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company and chemicals by PPG's subsidiary, Columbia- Southern Chemical Corporation, are used to make better sports equipment and more attractive sports centers. These products include such items as: • Special finishes for baseball bats, tennis rackets, gym floors, bowling alleys. • Herculite® heat-tempered glass for basketball backboards and protective partitions. • Fiber glass and Selectron® plastic for fishing rods, golf clubs, boat hulls. • Chemicals for processing leather and other materials for soccer balls, football helmets, baseball gloves. • Pittsburgh Paints® and Color Dynamics® to protect and beau- tify stadiums, arenas and other sports centers. Throughout the sports world — and your world — PPG products serve as the useful result of man's imagination. It could be your idea that sparks the next product advance in one of the countless fields where today PPG solves tomorrow's challenge. The door is open — for your imagination, your career, your secu- rity. .Simply contact your Placement Officer or write to Manager of College Relations. Pittsburgh Plate Glass C:ompany, One Gateway Center, Pittsburgli 22, Pa. PAINTS • GLASS • CHEMICALS • BRUSHES • PLASTICS • FIBER GLASS TTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANY 46 THE TECHNOGRAPH Energy conversion is our business An orientation to home? Domain orientation? The secret of a lodestone? The cosmic ray accelerator? An aspect of a unified field? Fundamental to Allison's business — energy conversion — is a complete familiarity with magnetism in all its forms. This knowledge is essen- tial to our conversion work. Thus we search for a usable defini- tion of magnetism— not only what it is, but why it is. And to aid us in our search, we call upon the capabilities within General Motors Corporation and its Divisions, as well as the spe- cialized talents of other organiza- tions and individuals. By applying this systems engineering concept to new research projects, we increase the effectiveness with which we ac- complish our mission— exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weapons systems. Want (0 know afioul YOUR opportunities on the Allison Engineering Team? Write: Mr.R.C. Smith, College Relations, Personnel Dept. LUSON Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana MARCH, 1960 Al The Strange Science of Seeing Through telescopes, it's now possible to see stars that are inillions of billions of miles away. Through microscopes, we can take pictures of particles so tiny that a million billion of them, clustered together, would be invisible to the naked e\e. We've devised electronic e\'es, e\en supersonic eyes, but in spite of all the progress, one great question is still not fully answered : "How much liuht is reijuiied for see- ing?" Architects aiul interior decorators have to guess at the ,ui--wer all the time, llow much light, for example, should conu- from the fixture on the kitchen ceiling? With too little light, things become somewhat harder to find. The likelihood of dropping a dish or knock- ing over a bowl increases. Without the full amount of light she needs, the housewife subconsciously becomes an- noyed — and her annoyance rise to the level of consciousness if she stays in her kitchen long enough. But too much light can be just as bad — and ha\e the same effects. The room takes on the appearance of an ex- cessively light photograph. There's too little distinction between light and dark. (Hare rankles the nerves. Those who plan lighting for store windows face the same problem. Use too little light, and people won't notice the wares ; too much and the wares will be hard to see. A major advance in the seeing science came with the development of the foot- candle, today the most widely accepted unit of light measurement. A foot- candle, logically enough, is the amount of light produced by a standard candle at a distance of one foot. So — how many foot-candles do you need ? "As many as \-ou can get without burning your hair," was the answer in days when the fire was the sole source of indoor illumination. A variation of this answer applied to the gaslight and early electric days. But soon, when it became possible to get iiiorc than enough light, seeing scientists answered the question based on the size of the detail to be .seen. Knitting, for example, is a small detail relative to washing clothes. A major breakthrough in the science of seeing came in the late 1920's when the team of Cobb and Moss recognized that, in addition to size of detail, other factors hail a hearing on the amount of light >ou lu'fd : 1. How much contrast is there be- tween the detail and the background ? You need somewhat more light to wash white clothes in a white tub tliaii you need foi' blue jeans in the same tub. \i you're knitting a black sweater, you need more light if voii're using black need if voii're usins needles than white ones. 2. What's the time interval of seeing? The retl traffic light may be bright enough now, but if it were to flash on for just an instant — instead of remain- ing lit — it would have to be far strong- er. During the years since Cobb and Moss stated their findings, many other men contributed to determining opti- mum illumination levels. Names like Luckiesh, Weston, and Blackwell be- came well known as experts. Recently, Dr. H. Richard Blackwell, Director of the Vision Research Labora- tories, l^niversity of Michigan, devel- oped a new method for determining the illumination required for various seeing tasks. At the core of his method is his "Concept of Visual Capacity" — a con- cept that takes into account, in figuring out how much light is needed for a given task, how long the eye must rest on the thing being seen. If an eye can see and recognize something in a second, it has the capacity of assimiliating four bits of information in one second. One ASP (assimilation per second) means that the eyes take one full second to see the task, and 10 APS means that it can see the task in one tenth of a second (or, to put it in another way, the eye can see a succession of ten of the things in one second). Thanks to Blackwell's concept, it is now possible to be much more accurate in determining how much light is need- ed for a given seeing task. Blackwell found, for example, that reading the writing of a group of sixth graders who used a No. 2 pencil required 63 foot- candles for five APS. To read the writ- ing of a stenographer who uses a No. 3 (lighter than No. 2) pencil, Blackwell found that 76 foot-candles are needed. And to read a fovnth carbon copy of a letter requires 133 foot-candles. But these seeing tasks are easy com- pared with some tasks. To notice a brown stain on a gray cloth, for exam- ple, took 1100 foot-candles. A brown spot on a red necktie required 2400 foot- candles; And in a textile mill, spotting a broken thread on a spinner-bobbin re- (jiu'red light equivalent to that of 2'1()0 candles one foot away ! Who cares about these findings? Al- most nobody. Yet, almost everyone will benefit. Schools will be better lighted, thus promoting education and saving youthful eyes. Factories will also have more correct levels of illiunination, boosting both safety and production. Stores will be more attractive and sell more goods. Offices will be disrupted with fewer errors, homes by fewer argu- ments ilue to eye-strain. These predictions of better things to come are no pie-in-the-sky day-dreams; applications are already imderway. The Illuminating Engineering Society, for example, has already published the new, more accurate figures indicating required levels of illumination. And now that it's known how much light should be cast, for example, on the desk of a school child, science has even devised a method for maintaining that level of light con- stantly — automatically boosting the out- put of electric light when natural light declines, decreasing electric light as natural light increases. Designed by Su- perior Electric Company, the device is called a Lumistat and actually does with light what a thermostat does with heat ! The complete system is known as the Luxtrol Automatic Light Controller. Of comse, much research work in the lighting field remains to be done. Still unanswered are such questions as how much extra light is needed for old- er eyes . . . what's the best way to light our roads for peak seeing efficiency . . . how can we answer, with even greater accuracy, the question of how much light is required for a given task? Of one thing, though, we can be sure! Thanks to Moss and Cobb's rec- ognition of what determines how much light we need, thanks to Blackwell's concept and careful supporting experi- mentation, thanks to ingenious Lumistat and Luxtrol Automatic Light Control- ler — and thanks to scientists, who will provide us with the advances of the fu- ture — we will soon be seeing more at- tractive sights . . . through eyes that are less often sore. 48 THE TECHNOGRAPH Though the building is not ycl buih. lliu is a view from one of the apartments. How to look out a window before the building is up With 180 "view'apartments to sell, the developers of The Comstock turned to photography to get a jump on sales /\ feature of The Comstock, San Francisco's new co-operative apart- ments on top of Nob Hill, will be the spectacular panoramic views of the Bay area from their picture windows. How could these views be spread before prospective buyers — before the building was up? The devel- opers, Albert-Lovett Co., found the answer in photography. From a gondola suspended from a crane, color photos were made from the positions of the future apartments. Now, the sales representative not only points out the location of a possible apartment on a scale model, but shows you the view from your window as well. Photography rates high as a master salesman. It rates high in other business and industry tasks, too. The research laboratory, the production line, the quality control department and the office all get work done better and faster with photography on the job. Whatever your field, you will find photography can save you time and cut costs, too. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester 4, N. Y. (:Am:i-:KS wnii kodak With photography and photographic proc- esses becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportu- nities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design and production. If )ou are looking for such an inter- esting opportunity, write for infor- mation about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Dept., Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y One of a series hitorview ivith Ccneral Electric^s Earl G, Abbott, Manager — Sales Train ing Technical Training Programs at General Electric Q. Why does your company have train- ing programs, Mr. Abbott? A. Tomorrow's many positions of major responsibility will necessarily be filled by young men who have developed their potentials early in their careers. General Electric training programs simply help speed up this development process. In addition, training programs provide graduates with the blocks of broad ex- perience on which later success in a specialization can be built. Furthermore, career opportunities and interests are brought into sharp focus after intensive working exposures to several fields. General Electric then gains the valuable contributions of men who have made early, well-considered deci- sions on career goals and who are con- fidently working toward those objectives. Q. What kinds of technical training pro- grams does your company conduct? A. General Electric conducts a number of training programs. The G-E programs which attract the great majority of engineering graduates are Engineering and Science, Manufacturing, and Tech- nical Marketing. Q. How long does the Engineering and Science Program lost? A. That depends on which of several avenues you decide to take. Many gradu- ates complete the training program dur- ing their first year with General Electric. Each Program member has three or four responsible work assignments at one or more of 51 different plant locations. Some graduates elect to take the Ad- vanced Engineering Program, supple- menting their work assignments with challenging Company -conducted study courses which cover the application of engineering, science, and mathematics to industrial problems. If the Program mem- ber has an analytical bent coupled with a deep interest in mathematics and physics, he may continue through a second and third year of the Advanced Engineering Program. Then there is the two-year Creative Engineering Program for those graduates who have completed their first-year assignments and who are interested in learning creative techniques for solving engineering problems. Another avenue of training for the qualified graduate is the Honors Program, which enables a man to earn his Master's degree within three or four semesters at selected colleges and universities. The Company pays for his tuition and books, and his work schedule allows him to earn 75 percent of full salary while he is going to school. This program is similar to a research assistantship at a college or university. Q. Just how will the Manufacturing Training Program help prepare me for a career in manufacturing? A. The three-year Manufacturing Program consists of three orientation assignments and three development assignments in the areas of manufacturing engineering, quality control, materials management, plant engineering, and manufacturing operations. These assign- ments provide you with broad, funda- mental manufacturing knowledge and with specialized knowledge in your particular field of interest. The practical, on-the-job experience offered by this rotational program is sup- plemented by participation in a manu- facturing studies curriculum covering all phases of manufacturing. Q. What kind of training would I get on your Technical Marketing Program? A. The one-year Technical Marketing Program is conducted for those graduates who want to use their engineering knowl- edge in dealing with customers. After completing orientation assignments in engineering, manufacturing, and market- ing, the Program member may specialize in one of the four marketing areas; appli- cation engineering, headquarters market- ing, sales engineering, or installation and service engineering. In addition to on-the-job assignments, related courses of study help the Program member prepare for early assumption of major responsibility. Q. How can I decide which training program I would like best, Mr. Abbott? A. Well, selecting a training program is a decision which you alone can make. You made a similar decision when you selected your college major, and now you are focusing your interests only a little more sharply. The beauty of training programs is that they enable you to keep your career selection relatively broad until you have examined at first hand a number of specializations. Furthermore, transfers from one Gen- eral Electric training program to another are possible for the Program member whose interests clearly develop in one of the other fields. I'erf«niali:ed Career Planning is (.eneral Elevlric's term for the nelerlion, placement, and pro- fessional development of eniii- neers and scientists. If yon iionld like a Personalized Career Plan- ninti folder nhich describes in more detail the Company's train- ing proaramsfor technical gradu- ates, tirite to Mr. Abbott at Sec- tion 959-13, General Electric Company, Schenectady 5, ^V. Y, Vrogress Is Our Most Important Product GENERAL AeLECTRIC ; ^4.^jjc '^fLLINOIS April • 25/ TECHNOGRAPH 'INIVhRSfTyOfHiHBfls UnOBr TITBy the performance of men and macfiines depends on what they are made of. United States Steel makes the materials for the machines, whether it's a very tough armor plate, or heat-resistant alloy, or Stainless Steels. You might be interested in some of the USS steels developed specifically for aircraft and missiles: USS Strux, an alloy steel with close to 300,000 psi tensile strength primarily for aircraft landing gears; USS Airsteel X-200, an air-hardenable alloy steel with 230,000 psi yield strength for aircraft sheet and missile applications; USS 12MoV and USS 17-5 MnV Stainless Steels for high-speed aircraft and missiles; Stainless "W", a precipitation-hardenable Stainless Steel. New special metals, new methods for making them, present an exciting challenge. Men willing to accept this challenge— civil, industrial, mechanical, metallurgical, ceramic, electrical or chemi- cal engineers— have a future with United States Steel. For details, just send the coupon. djsS) United States Steel USS is a registered trademarl^ ^^^^^^ United States Steel Corporation Personnel Division 52S William Penn Place Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Please send me the booklet, "Paths of Opportunity.' Name Address^ City Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Jeri Jewett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Jim Fulton Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, No. 7 April, 1960 Table of Contents ARTICLES: The Radio Proximity Fuse Donald J. Blattner 10 The Wullenvi'eber Radio Direction Finder lohn W. Kravcik 13 Radar Speed Meters Verner K. Rice 26 New Super Conductors 38 FEATURES: From the Editor's Desk 7 The Deans' Page 22 Skimming Industrial Headlines 34 Brainteasers Edited by Steve Dilts 37 Book Review Section 40 MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman: Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arlv the Illini PuMi-liniL' I M,iii,,,m InKP.l ,i- -,..,,,-1 J.i-- iiiill,i, ii,.m1„i '■'<. I''_'ll, at the post oHici' :it fTli.ini, III11M.1-. iman ill, Ail ,.i M.ii.li i. IsT'i I illuH- _' 1 .S Engineering Hall. rrl..'in:i, llliiiHi.. Slll,■.cripli,.n^ $1..SII j.er year. Single C(i|iy 2S cents. All rights reserved by 1 hr Illinois TcchnoorapU. Publisher's Representative — Littcll-Murray- lianihill. inc.. 7.^7 -Xurth Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, II!., .^69 Lexington Ave., Ni-w Vi.rk 17. .\\w York. Engineer C. A. Booker and Technician L. G. Szarmach run an optimizing control test to achieve the highest profit rate for a simulated chemical distillation process. The New Products Laboratories help j the Westinghouse engineer verify his theories The engineer at Westinghouse can rely on the New Products Laboratories to help verify his theories. These laboratories at Cheswick, Pennsylvania, contain a group of advanced engineering development personnel who can converse in both the language of the fundamental scientist and of the designer. These laboratories, through their diverse scientific activities, aid the work of engineers in all departments of the corporation and provide a means to convert theory into i)roven equii^ment. Among the many projects which have come into being through the New Products Labora- tories are thermoelectric power generation, thermoelec- tric refrigation, ultrasonic cleaning, and OPCON, a new concept in [jrocess control systems. OPCON (optimizing control ) has proven successful in the chemical processes industry. Other possible applications include the petro- leum, steel and paper industries. The young engineer at Westinghouse isn't expected to know all the answers . . . our work is often too advanced for that. Instead, his abilities and knowledge are backed up by specialists like those in the New Products Laboratories. If you have ambition and ability, you can have a rewarding career with Westinghouse. Our broad product line, decentralized operations, and diversified technical assistance provide hundreds of challenging opportuni- ties for talented engineers. Want more information? Write today to Mr. L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Ard- more and Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pennsylvania. you CAN BE SURE . ..IF n's Westinghouse THE TECHNOGRAPH Separathig tlic clcmcni^.. . to form new and better metals In their searvh for slrontier, loiitihvr, or more henl-resislanl iiit'liillir tniilerials, Gencrtil Motors Reaearch chemists use the new anion exchantie resin technique to obtain exact analyses of complex experinivnlal alloys. Looking for a job with an cxcciilidnal fulurcy Aii' you ink'rfstcil in clci-li-onics . . . metals ... jet propulsion . . . aulonioliik-s . . . inertial guidance syslenisy These are just a few of many exciting fields of science and engineering at General Motors. Opportunities are virtually endless at GM. Progress can be rapid for men who have ability, enthusiasm and potential. You grow as you learn, moving up lluough your department and division, or over to other divisions. GM provides financial aid if you go on for your Master's or Doctor's. Also, uiulergrads can work at GM during the summer and gain wdrthwhile experience. For all the details on a rewarding career, see your Placement Olficei- or write to Gi Personnel Staff, Detroit 2, Michigan. d Motors, (iENERAL MOTORS GM positions now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Metallurgical, Chemical, Aeronautical and Ceramic Engineering. Mathematics. Industrial Design. Physics. Chemistry. Engineering Mechanics. Business Administration and Related Fields APRIL, 1960 for 35 years, Hersey Meters have been equipped with JENKINS VALVES Century-old Hersey-Sparling Meter Company does everything possible to make good its slo- gan — You can't buy a better Water Meter than Hersey. One example is seen in a rule that any part of the meter not made by Hersey must be obtained from sources which have Hersey's own policy of making the Best. For valves, Hersey's standard for quality has been JENKINS for 35 years. Hersey-Sparling's customers, like the buyers of any equipment that incorporates valves, see the famous Jenkins DIAMOND trade-mark on the valves as a sure sign that nothing has been spared in assuring reliability and low mainte- nance costs. Architects, engineers, contractors and operating men are bound to respect equip- ment that carries the valves they so often specify to assure trouble-free piping systems. Of course, valves of less quality can be had for a little less money. But it is worth remembering that Jenkins Valves, so widely known for reliability, cost no more than any good valves. Jenkins Bros., 100 Park Ave., New York 17. T F IV K T N S VA T V F S ^*W!^ ^^^"^ trusted trade-mark m THE VALVE WORLD 4 THE TECHNOGRAPH BENDIX COMPUTERS ... AND HOW TO FIGURE YOUR FUTURE AS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Jet air line speeds bring new com- plications to the problems the air- line captain must solve. Helping him to prepare and follow his Flight Plan are two important Bendix'''^ contributions: (1) The Bendix G-15 Computer, which makes pre-flight calculations of wind, weather, fuel, and load in seconds; and (2) air- borne Bendix Doppler Radar, which gives the pilot instant, constant navigation data that previously re- quired continual manual calculation. Similar Bendix scientific and engi- neering advances are geared to the entire modern industrial complex. Opportunities for the engineering graduate are nearly limitless. BENDIX HAS 24 DIVISIONS, 4 SUBSIDI- ARIES— Coast to coast, Bendix activ- ities are decentralized— and, at the same time, generally adjacent to the industries they serve. There is great latitude in choice of work area for the young engineer. SIZE AND STABILITY - In terms of APRIL, 1960 corporate size, Bendix ranks in the top 60 industrial firms (dollar sales) in the United States. In fiscal 1959, Bendix sales totalled more than $680,000,000. An investment in future sales was the $120,000,000 in engineering expenditures. DIVERSE PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH — The graduate engineer has a chance to specialize with Bendix. He can probe electronics, nuclear physics, heat transfer, ultrasonics, aerodynamics, power metallurgy — and a long list of other challenging fields. Or, he can aim for broader areas of mathematics, research, ad- ministration, and management. CHANCE TO LEAD - Bendix is a di- versified engineering-research- manufacturing firm. Bendix products include: Talos and Eagle guided missiles; Doppler radar systems for aircraft navigation ; numerical control systems for machine tools; power steering and power brakes for automotive vehicles; nuclear devices; flight control systems for aircraft; satel- lite controls. More important to you, as an engineering graduate, are the vast numbers of new projects now being planned — projects to which you can contribute your knowledge and ingenuity. BENDIX IS SYNONYMOUS WITH ENGI- NEERING— At Bendix, you can join an engineering staff of more than 12,000 people-5,000 of them grad- uate engineers. Bendix offers you a chance to exercise your engineering degree in a real engineering capacity. See your placement director or write to Director of University and Scientific Relations, Bendix Aviation Corpo- ration, 1108 Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. A thousand diversified products THE TECHNOGRAPH From the Editor's Desk Recent Developments . . . This little poem is for the benefit of those soon to leave our institutional education with their green box in hand. We hope it will prepare them for what may come. There otiee ivtis a young engineer- In the fifth year of his t/reiit aireer Sti// nhle and keen II itii a ill (if tin// niai hine \ (it his salary hail i/roiin Just his rear. I'he firm had another, J hear If ho varied his eollei/e eareer fie deheateil. he ivrole For this rag. p/ease note .\'nir he is ehief engineer. —Dr. Paul I). Holtzman Nuff said? (Dr. Holtzman by the way, is the head of the rhetoric depart- ment at Penn State University.) I was surprised to hear several students complain because we have drop- ped the joke page. Actually, we found through a recent survey that it is was disliked more passionately than it was liked, so we thought best to discard it. We hope that those who so violently opposed the magazine for this reason will now sit down and read the technical articles with as critical an eye as they read the jokes. We could use some constructive criticism on the articles. It WGS pleasing to find that the much talked about "Ugly American" was not only a "good guy," but also an engineer. Read this book if you have time. It's an interesting study in diplomatic blunderings by Americans. If I seem to ramble, it's because I don't have my mind on my work. I got married April 10th, and who wants to write editorials to bearded slide-rule toters at a time like this. -WDP Why diversification makes a better all-around man TAivrRsiFiCATioN of cfTort makes for versatility — and ver- ■^ satility pays off in business as well as on the athletic field. We've found that to be especially true here at Koppers. Koppers is a widely diversified company — actively en- gaged in the research and production of a wide range of re- lated and seemingly unrelated products, such as remarkable new plastics, jet-engine sound control, wood preservatives, steel mill processes, dyestuffs, electrostatic precipitators, coal tar chemicals, anti-oxidants and innumerable others. Because we are diversified, our work is interesting. Through job rotation, our engineers and management personnel are given the opportunity to learn many of the diverse activities at Koppers. The result? Versatility. While you are moving laterally at Koppers, you are also moving up. Your responsibilities are increased. Your ability is evaluated and re-evaluated. And you are compensated accordingly. You don't have to be with Koppers for 20 years before you get somewhere. If you have ability, ideas, spark — you'll move ahead, regardless of seniority or tenure. At Koppers, you'll stand on your own two feet. You'll get responsibility, but you'll also have free rein to do the job the way you think it should be done. No one will get in your way. Koppers is a well-established company — a leader in many fields. Yet, it's a forward-looking company, a young man's company. Perhaps, your company. Why not find out? Write to the Personnel Manager, Koppers Company, Inc., Room 230, Koppers Bldg., Pitts- burgh 19, Pennsylvania. Or, see your College Placement Director and arrange an appointment with a Koppers rep- resentative for the next recruitinc visit. KOPPER THE TECHNOGRAPH POWER NEEDS PIONEERS ... as much today as ever PIONEERING is a key word at Wisconsin Electric Power Company. The Company's future as a power utility was entrusted to the imaginative minds of its engineers when it decided to incorporate the experimental pulverized fuel boilers (1904 photo above left) into Lakeside power plant. This experiment soon resulted in record boiler efficiency and won world-wide acceptance. Today's 275,000 kw unit 5 at Oak Creek power plant (above right) is an example of the Company's continuing reliance on pioneering ideas to pro- vide power with ever-increasing efficiency and economy. Among the imaginative solutions to problems at unit 5 are: turbines with the floor line at the center of the turbine — solv- ing a space problem; motor actuated hangers to control stress in the main steam pipe; silo-type bins for coal storage — eliminating stress problems and cutting construction costs; aerodynamically tested duct work to reduce pressure loss between the dust collec- tor and fans, and specially designed finned aluminum tubes — heated with bled steam. We invite your questions about engineering opportunities in all fields — excellent pos- sibilities for you to pioneer in power. WISCONSIN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY SYSTEM Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Milwaukee, Wis. Wisconsin Michigan Power Co. Appieton, Wis. Wisconsin Natural Gas Co. Racine, Wis. APRIL, 1960 The Radio Proximity Fuse Secret Weapon of World War II By Donald J. Blattner fie Japaru'si- airplanes wliiih attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, l')41, scored 1') torpedo bits on American war- ships, undaunted by the ineffectual anti- aircraft fire thrown au;ainst them. Two days later, other Jap planes caught the British capital ships Pr'uuc of ll'/i/is and Rifiiilsc off the coast of Malaya and quickly sank them. During the year that followed, in a series of air-sea bat- tles highlighted by the epic encounters in the Coral Sea and at Midway, U. S. and Japanese aircraft inflicted heavy losses on each other's surface veij^els. The balance of battle swung in favor of the U. S. with dramatic ^iddenncss on January 5, 1943 when a Jap'Aichi 99 dive bomber flew within range of the I'SS Helena's five-inch gun!j. On tlie second salvo the Japanese plane crashed in flames. The shells fired by the Helena were of a new type; mounteeL-in the tip of each one was a tiny radio transmit- ter/receiver which caused the shell to explode as it came close to its intepided target. The tiny radie-^et was callfd a "proximity fuse." It defended the L . S. fleet against Japanese aircraft, enabling our planes to concentrate on offense; it helped save London from V-1 robot bombs; and it contributed to the defeat of the Nazi armies iriyrtnJ^attle of the Bulge. Its dexastaUj^Kf^ arrival on the battle fields of \ Voy)(i/\Var II was t h timeh' result oiJ fr " ?w w' wiii)ii l iV£i ii iw devel()pn«*H^--tM^am^_T2ie whole proj- ,ing molded into the plastic tip of the ect was shrouded in secrecy tcir^earihac - fu«cr'^fre"'m"Tfg ' !lll'(1 Ttif l5(KtT~of" tKe""' shell itself served as the radiating sys- tem, and were excited by a high fre- quency vacuum tube oscillator. The presence of a target body within the radiation pattern changed the energy ab- sorption of the antenna, cau.sing a change in oscillator plate current. This change of current was amplified in sev- eral tiny \acuum tubes and made to send a current through an electric blasting cap, thus detonating the shell. This seemingly simple device, actual- ly fantastically difficult to make opera- ti\e in the tiny space and rugged en- vironment of a shell, multiplied the ef- fcctixeness of the Na\y's anti-aircraft fire. While the first trickle of proximity fuses were reaching the Pacific fleet, only one out of four AA shells fired had a proximity fuse, yet these few account- curacy to insure bursts at the height and range desired. Shells travel several hundred feet in one-tenth of a second, so in practice the explosion might occur anywhere along a 1000 ft. path. Thus h.-mdicapped, artiilerv' fire was unable to follow the coimtours of terraui, and anti-aircraft was "good" when it brought down one plane for e\ery 2.^00 shots. A fuse operated by proximity rather than by contact or by timing was a sim- ple enough idea, ^ut to develop an oper- able device for mass production was in- credibly difficvilt. All combatants in World War' 1 1 attempted it, but the owl\' successful"* development of prox- imity fusts for shells was American. les Phinney Baxter Jird, historian of (Office of Scientific Research and De- velopment, has written that, except for the development of the atomic bomb, developnwlt of the proximity fuse con- stituted the most remarkable scientific achievement of the war. ' The fuse had to be sensit in operation, safe ly detonated whe ence of a tar tern were not. fragmentation be mere tro\"in ed for more than half of all enemy planes shot down by anti-aircraft fire. As the gunners became more accus- tomed to the new devices, the ratio of improvement grew even greater. To the Army, the proximity fuse of- fered an ideal means of opening holes in enemy lines for advancing troops. All bursts inflict most damage to troops in trenches and foxholes when exploded at the proper height. Shells fitted with radio proximity fuses could deliver uni- form bursts at the preferred height re- gardless of variations in terrain, bad weatljif, or darkness. There was danger, however, that the enemy migljt recover a dud and be able to duplicate the fuse in time fT> use it against us. THtrefore, the Qimbined Qii^fs of Staff main- roximit\' fuses coidd ,ater, where there of compromising the he Ci)i and rapid instant- le pres- pat- 1 to the en of 194i^-3-tl1s"threat--t(iJ:he area; the forces destined to ijiyade No the enemy might turn our weapon against us; exposure of our bomber for- mations to enemy proximity-fused fire coidd have imperiled allied mastery of the air. In nulitary terminology, the device that explodes a shell is called a fuse. Prior to the development of the prox- imity fuse, two types of fuses were iti use: contact fuses, exploded by contact with their target; and time fvises, set to explode a fixed time after being fired. Contact fuses were satisfactory for use against ships, tanks, and strong biuld- ings. For anti-aircraft and anti-person- nel fire, time fuses were used, set to ex- plode the projectile at a point w here the maximum number of fragments would pass through the target. The difHcult\ was to set the fuses with sufficient ac- ule tha be fii;^jLonly would ^ no risk device. Secret intelligeflte that the (jermans prep_ariiig to us e r obot bombs ainst London ;t«d tha^Swtsinf south- ern Kngland \vo;ieat cross channel operation. De- ' information -ctincerning the buzz was sped fp'om allied intelligence proximity fuse labora- nths before the first V-1 IjimrfTTeTi on LngiaTKr. X iromplete «Tockup of the robot bomb was con- structed and hinig_JijXij:^&li~tft:-i^to^\'f s near'AlbilS^mcfue, New _,Mexico. Tests were made to find-T\*lilch model prox- imity fuse woidd function best against these targets. The Combined Chiefs of Staff" relaxed their rules to permit the use of the fuses against the new Nazi menace. Three months before the first buzz bomb fell on British soil, a ship- ment of proximity fuses arrived in Eng- land. Inuring the second week in July, anti-aircraft guns with SCR-584 radars and M-9 predictors were concentrated on the Channel coast (where duds and early bursts would not be dangerous to civilians). In the first week of prox- imity fuse operation, 2'\'^'c of targets shot at were destroyed, 46*^ in the sec- ond. hV', in the third and 79',' in the fourth. On the last da\- of the 80-day 10 THE TECHNOGRAPH V-1 siege, 104 were detected by early warning radar, but only 4 reached Lon- don. Sixteen failed to reach the coast, 14 were shot down by the R.A.F., 2 were enmeshed by barrage balloons, and anti-aircraft fire destroyed 68. After the invasion was launched, the (.'iiinbined Chiefs released proximit\' tuscs for the defense of the artificial ".\Iullberr\ " harbors constructed ofif tlie Normandy beaches, and later off Cherbourg, but no general release for use over land was permitted. The Army was eager for their use, however, so careful estimates were made of the short- est possible time in which (jerniany or japan might duplicate the fuse. FinalK, the Allied High Command determined to use it for howitzer fire in an offen- sive planned for December 26, 1944. I'efore this offensive could be launched, h()\ve\er, the Germans beat us to the punch, starting the great struggle known as the Battle of the Bulge. Fortunately, proximity fuses were on hand to stem the German advance toward Meuse and the threat to Lipg*.»As familiarity with the fuse and appreciatTNi^__of its capabil- ities grew, i/s use was ex>emlpJ from anti-aircraft 'and howitzer applications arrassing and inte/diction ;md in fog as well tis coun- perations anai+^'patt*^ of introduction The author is shown preparing a sketch of a proximity fuse for an artillery shell. to mcluile file b\- nigl ter-batter\ tile front. TF the proximity fuse had a dexastatin tect on the Nazis. Prisoners of wf characterized our artillery as the most demoralizing and destructive ever en- countered. The terrific execution in- llicted and the consternation resulting trom night and day bombardment con- tributed materially to victor\' in the Uulge. In the offensives that followed, notably the crossings of the Rhine, and in the defense of Antwerp against V-l's the proximity fuse continued to pro\e its worth. It was used to great effect in the Mediterranean theatre and in the heavy fighting on (Okinawa and Luzon. Near the end of the war, a radio prox- imity fuse developed for the Army's 81 mm mortar increased effectiveness of mortar fire by 10 or twenty- fold. For the Air Force, proximity fuse hombs and rockets were de\eloped, al- though they could not be used until it was certain that (jermany and Japan would not have time to duplicate them tor use against us. They were first used with great effect by bombers of the 7th Air Force asainst Iwo Jima in i'ehruary 1945. They paralyzed enemy AA and mortar fire on this and other occasions in the Pacific, European and .Mediterranean theatres. P r o x i m i t y- fused general-purpose, fragmentation, anHmj^-..h) withstand the shock of firing an?Si^iv1is: *^ach succi >i/c (nv. 1( ucces- was per- ke\J, room. Few tiieil in a diffsi* lividuals knjyh- lyliat the Vnil proi most I'Um'^ fiid; tli-it\th";- were wfVking onj'il^uiie .vil!;^ljiipments of profcimity fuses were ai'co.mpanied by armed guards, and iiO-pfrsonnel were permitted to leave shi|is transporting the fuses until each shell had been .accounted for. The tiny rugged tubes developed for pro\iniit\' fuses still find some use today in rockets and missiles, although they have been largely superseded by the post-war transistor. Casting resin tech- niques are now standard in rugged equipments. Probably the outstanding contribution of the proximity fuse pro- gram to electronic technology is the now-ubiquitous printed circuit; first de- veloped for proximitN' fuses, these wide- h' used circuits remind electronics peo- ple of the days when radio fuses stood between the free and slave worlds. APRIL, 19d0 11 The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe. But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man. This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them . . . the kind of space found between mainland and off- shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply base, between the site of a mountain crash and a waiting ambulance— above all, Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be- tween all earthbound places. Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs are some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the ve- hicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation. Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet. DIKORSKY AIRCRAFT For information about careers with us, please ad- dress Mr. Richard L. Auten, Personnel Department. One of the Divisions of United Aircraft Corporation STRATFORD, CONNECTICUT 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH THE WULLENWEBER RADIO DIRECTION FINDER At The University of Illinois By John W. Kravcik For quite a few years a research pro- gram in radio direction finders has been Soina: on at the l'niversit\' of Illinois under the sponsorship of the (^fHce of Naval Research. The program has been one of research and not one of desiginnt!; specific eqiu'pment. As earlv as 1946 research in the field of radio direction findino; was going on here at the L iiiversity of Illinois under the direction of Profes-or E. C. Jordan, now head of the Electrical Engineering Department of the University of Illi- nois. Various experiments and studies have led up to the existing status of radio direction finding research now in progress. This report will be mainh' concerned with an explanation of the Wullenweber system, the research that has gone on concerning the Widlen- \veber-T\pe Antenna Array; and also to a lesser extent the Adcock Radio Direction I-'inder for comparison. Although the evaluation of the Wul- lenweber radio direction finder has not \et been completed, indications are that it is very much superior to any other known type of direction finde'\ Man>' changes in design are now being con- sidered which will improve the Wullen- weber system. The Wullenweber sys- tem was designed and built by the Fed- eral Telecommunications Lab. and con- structed under the supervision of the L niversit\' of Illinois. Direction finders can be classified into two broad areas. One area is the fixing of a transimtter from a known re- ceixing site and the other is fixing of a receiver location from a known trans- mitter. The type of direction finding that will be discussed in this paper will be the type that is concerned with get- ting the bearing of a signal by evaluat- ing the direction of propagation at a re- ceiving point rather than evaluating the time of arrival. The latter is usually used in navigation system such as loran or inverse loran. One of the earliest methods u-ed to measure the direction of arrival of a radio wa\e was a loop antenna. H:d- anced, shielded loop antennas were satis- factory for low frequency ground wa\es, but the rotating loop left very much to be desired at higher frequency iono- spherically propagated signals. The Adcock system is the successor to the loop antenna, and until the ad- vent of the Wullenweber, was the best and most commonly used system for radio direction findings. Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the Adcock system. The sys- tem is deiined as a 4-elemcnt Adcock antenna system, 1ft feet in diameter, and is used in conjunction with a twin chan- nel receiver and cathode ray tube gonio- meter. This type of system is known as a small anerture radio direction finder. The difference between a large and small aperture system lies in the fact that in a small aperture the largest di- mension of the antenna system is one wave length ! The main downfall in the Adcock system is multipath propa- gation, or in other words, the same sig- nal arriving from two different direc- tions. The Wullenweber radio direction finder has now been completed by the University of Illinois and is in the test- iiig stage. The idea for the Widlen- weber was first concived bv the (Ternian Naval Ministry during World War II. Two systems were put into operation with a high degree of success. 1 he evaluation by the (jermans showed that the wide aperture Wullenweber had definite operational advantages over any other known direction finder. The technique used in the Wullen- weber is basically a method wherein the equi\'alenr pattern of a mechanicd- ly rotating planar array of antennas is obtained by a number of fixed antenna elements symmetrically placed in a cir- cle, behind which is a circular array of reflectors. In other words, two concen- tric circles are formed, the one with the larger diameter being the antenna ar- ray. The purpose of the reflectors, nat- urally, being to block any sirnal from being received from the back side of the antenna. Fig. 2 shows :oke and the goniometer are svnchronized, gi\ing a true indication of the bearing on the scope. The Wullenweber direction finder can be broken down into the following component parts: 1. Antenna Elements .and Screen 2. Cables 3. Goniometer -k Receiver S: Indicator APRIL, 1960 13 -XNC0N11M6- Sl6-KyAL_ --[ Othode- Rav lugE Cathoo e RA^TuBe ^L-OcLK PfA<3-RAM OF A^^oclK I^. P. P. Fig. 1 6. Indic'itnr Control Unit 7. Iiuliciitor Sci\o System The system was designed to operate in the range of frequencies of 4 to I f) mc. In designing the Wullcnwcbei- tin- first problem met was to decide upon the diameter of the array. Many factors entered into the determination of the diameter of the arra\', the three most important ones being sensitivity in an- gular activit)-, frequency range ami economy. It was felt that in onler to get any worthwhile improvement in a large aperture system over a small aperture system, it was necessary to make the diameter of the array at least one wave length at the low frequency range. After careful consideration the diameter of 1 ()()() feet was choosen. ( )ne himdred twenty antennas would be re- q\iired for this dimension. The next important step was to se- lect a site upon which to bvn'ld the sys- tem. An area of 40 acres was sufficient for the arra\' alone, but a total area of 360 acres was needed because the surrounding terrain must be completely free of obstructions. After months of searching for a suitable site, one was finally found about 10 miles southwest of Champaign. I'reliminar\- sur\cying and excavating were contracted out to local firms by the University. The an- tenna arrav construction began in late 1056. The supporting poles for the reflect- ing screen are 75 feet long. One hun- ilreti t\vi-nt\ poles were set into the ground ahciut feet deep. Boom boards were then hung between the poles to support the ground wires. The ground wires were then suspended from the boom boards every J/> degree and at- tached to a grovmd mat of 2 X 2 copper ground mesh. Normalh' better groimd- ing would be required, but the conduc- tivity of the soil at the site is extremely high. All the above mentioned work was done h\ local contractors. The antemias (folded dipoles) were designed here at the University b\' the people connected with the project. Most of the design was done on a model basis. The .-uitennas were then constructed .md set into place on 2X2 foot con- crete found.-itions. The height of the .■mteiuias ,-ire appro\imatel\' U) feet. A coupling box mounted at the base of each antenna was iiro\ided to house the coupling translormer, element terminat- ing resistors, and cable termination. Nat- urally, 120 coupling boxes were re- quired. These boxes are air tight, water- proot, met.al contamcrs. In orstem. The Wullen- weber also has another distinct ad- vantage over the Adcock in that it is much easier to read visu.ilK the bear- ing of a signal. In the .Adcock sxstem one cannot tell \\here a signal is coming from if the station is not identified. This is so because on the Adcock indi- cator a double looped pattern is dis- play ed. (See Fig. 4c). The display of a nndtipath signal is very hard to read from the Adcock while from the Wul- lenwebei- it is quite simple. A cure-all has not been fr nian\ times moie than that of the Adcock. From the above then, one can see that the economics of the two sys- tems is an important factor. As for the future of the Wullen- weber, there are man\' things that are under consideration. Below are listed some of the more important ones along with some of the changes that have al- ready been made. 1. C.\)nsideration of using the new t\ pe of exponential t\pe of antenna that has b?en dexeloped here at the Univer- sity of Illinois. This would change the range to 2 to 32 mc. 2. Redesign of the dela\' lines to meet the above frequency reqiurements. 3. I sing an inducti\e t\pe goniom- eter instead of the capacitive t\pe so as to reduce losses. 4. L sing a transistorized switching circuit to replace the goniometer. 3. Obtaining a digital computer to be installed as part of the system so as to increase the speed of data handling. U. Redesign of the inchcator to make It more stable. Although the full capabilities of the Widlenweber ha\e not \et been realized it is believed that the potentials of the system are tremendous as compared to any other type of direction finder. It will he interesting to note in the future whether or not the Wullenweber direc- tion finder will be developed to its full extent. FIGURE 4C ADCOCK INDICATION Wanted: Stamplickers I ncle Sam is probably amassing the world's largest collection of trading stamps after ordering its drivers to turn them in whenever they come with gaso- line bought on government credit. The (General Services Administration is ne- gotiating for cash refunds from stamp companies, but one problem remains: Who's going to lick and enter the stamps into books. 18 THE TECHNOGRAPH Pushbutton Curls WdiiH'n soon will be sporting push- button curls, re\eals Chemical Week, McCjiaw-Hill publication. Two com- panies will market aerosol permanent wave kits which are designed to give hair waxes at the Hick of a button. Candles for Defense The lowly candle is considered vital to U. S. national defense. A recent Fed- eral Government study, made to deter- mine their availability in case of attack, disclosed that the 1.1 billion candles made at 52 plants each year in the U.S. would suppl\' light to one room in all dwellings for 137 hours. Engineering Interns A college professor predicts that in- ternships and residencies now standard in the meilical profession, may soon be adopted b\ the engineering profession. He states that the last 25 years have produced so much new and professional- ly valuable scientific knowledge that graduate-le\el instruction is increasingly important. He expects off -campus grad- uate-le\el teaching to become an integral part of the total education program. Tomorrow's City A British version of toniorrow-'s city will solve traffic problems by featuring roads at rooftop level. Built-in Bomb rampeiing and pilferage of coin- operateil machines had reached such heights that one company has begvin building small tear-gas bombs into its machines. Airport Problem It the niai nrunuay ot the Aki(Jii .Municipal Airport is extended as plan- ned, it will intersect with a single-track spur of a railroad. Officials are expected to build a tunnel for the railroad, since an airport runway with railroad cross- ing gates seems highh impractical. Artistic Pipe Fittings .An industrial suppl\ firm, with an e\e on the welded art constructions now- found in modern museums, recently ran a contest for the most intriguing use of pipe fittings. Wiruiing entry was a pack- age of eight fittings and eight pieces of pipe assembled into a sukkah — a tent- like structure used in the Jewish re- ligious ceremony of the Harvest Season. Light, Tough Plastic Japanese scientists at Kyoto Inixer- sity have developed a plastic that is liglit- er than aluminum an dharder than steel. The synthetic resin is made from for- malin, a petroleum and coal derivati\e, and could be used for gearing, and other machine, aircraft and missile parts. Blind Man Beats Machine A hliiul m^p(■ct(ll re>t^ tiiu ball bear- ings — nine wouKI lit side by side on an aspirin — made by a New Hampshire bearing company for missile gyroscopes and electronic brains. The blind man's sensitive touch can detect vibrations that distinguish good bearings from rejects better than the complex electronic sys- tem which was designed to do the job. Hats 'Cost' $13,660 It is costing North Carolina ;/;l.i,(ibO to allow its troopers to wear hats while on patrol car duty. In a recent bidding, the dealer offering the lowest bid had models that were too small to accom- modate troopers plus hats. The state had to pa\' the extra sum to buy cars that fit hat-wearing patrolmen. Stick-On Paint Painting now can be as easy and neat as applying an adhesive bandage. The developer says his product is "pure paint" that comes sealed in a sandwich between two layers of paper. To use, a person strips off the bottom, sticks the paint down and then remo\es the pro- tective cover. Popcorn Packing Popped popcorn is used as packing to protect lamps from damage during ship- ment, according to Purchasing Week. Don't ever trust a coed. You'll be sorry if you do. Don't listen to their double talk That's my advice to you. They come to this here college Just to get themselves a man; With one for every four of us It's simple how they can. As Sophs they've good intentions. They're satisfied with one; But time instills a greedy lust. They add two more for fun. It's one against two others. Which starts a "battle-royal." They rake in all the profits As a pirate does his spoil. Wake up you merry gentlemeti. And get this through your dome If you must have a date at all Take out that girl at home. Plan YOUR FUTURE with Charles Thornton, Ga. Tech.. Sarbiet Singh, India We ofFer a training course to college graduates in Mechanical Engineering. Get details of this practical training course now, and prepare yourself for a career In the field of commercial and industrial refrigeration. Ask for Bullefin 412. IS (MO ■■fi-i;i*i n I M J^ I'lTW-ow APRIL, 1960 19 James Elam (M.S.. Tiinhic '5.9) is slud\jinz various tcchnicjiics of speech analysis at IBM. Tlic objective of this work is voice-machine "ommunication. He's breaking through sound barriers to find new applications of human speech It is believed that once clear, distinct signals can be obtained from human speech sounds, the human voice can be used for direct com- munication with machines. James Elam is working in this direction. Voice-Machine Communication Problems The problems in\'oh ed are tormiduiile. Macliine "understanding" of human speech will be limited by both the sensitivity and the number of electronic "recognizers" of speech-sound patterns that can be built into the machine. To further complicate matters, the human voice is capable of making an almost infinite variety and subtlety of sound patterns. Only in tlieory could a machine be built that could recognize all of them. A Solution in "Phonemes"? To further this work on voice-machine communication, James Elam is studying various techniques of speech analysis. In one scheme, recordings are made of voices reading words. These are then examined in their frecjuency spectrum, and a power within discrete bands is plotted. The plots, or spectrograms, are used to break down words into basic sounds called "phonemes." Each phoneme has a separate and distinct pattern and is capable of giv- inou when an IBM representative ^^•ill next visit your campus. Or vou mav write, outlining brieflv vonr hack- ground and interests, to: Manager of Technical Employment, IBM Corporation, Dept. 846, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New \ork. The Dean s Page . . . The Objective of an Engineering Education By W. L. Everitt Dean of Engineering, University of Illinois Your editor invited me to write an editorial tor the Technofiraph. An edi- torial is intended primarily to pass out advice, which, in turn, has its danjjers as indicated by an essa\ on Socrates, which a high school student wrote in three short sentences: Socrates was a teacher. He went .about telliiifi people what to do. They poisoned him. What is the \alue cit \ciur college education? There has been too nuich evaluation recently in terms ot statistics such as — The hifih school fjiaduate who does not go to college earns, on the average, .\ dollars during his lite. A college graduate earns, on the average, \ dol- lars. Hence, tile value of a college edu- cation is : (Y — X) dcdlars While this is no doubt an encourage- ment to families who have sacrificetl and strugglecl, or are considering doing so, to help their children through col- lege, it is, in fact, stuff and nonsense. The real values of a college education do not lie here. Even if there were no such place as college, those who now go to college would earn, on the aver- age, more than those who do not, simply because college is a sorting mechanism of a kind, admittedly inadequate, such that the graduates of college are on the average more ambitious, more eager and able to learn, and have more family sup- port and backing. But certainly, this sifting process would not in itself justify the cost of the plant, facilities, person- nel, and student time now dedicated to higher education. Other. sim|>ler nieairs could be devised. Is the value of your education then that you ha\e learned how to be happ\ ? .Matiy believe that this is a worthy ma- jor objective in life. Hut 1 am afraid that the ignor.int an to recall them instantly might help \ou on a quiz show? ( )ne cm also hope that, with the facts which you acquire, you will gain at least the basis for wisdom and judgment, more important because these terms im- ply knowledge plus understanding. Is there even a danger in college? H we are given a false confidence in our .selectivity, our intellectual acumen, or our knowledge, we can well end up "smart alecks with no scn.se" who do not take pains or time to use good judg- ment. Dr. A. W. Hull of the (ieneral Elec- tric Company once gave a defimtion of the purpose of a college education which I like. It was: "The \alue of a college education is that it gi\es one confidence in his ability to learn. ' But confidence in one's abilit\' is not enough. One needs also the desire and energy not only to learn, but to relate and apply what one has learned to the needs of men. .'\bility to learn and re- late should be one of the results of your college education, ilesire and energy you must still suppl\- N'ourself. In view of the explosive expansion of technology, engineering education especially has faced a most difficidt task. We ha\'e had to recognl/e that tlie edu- cation III ,in engineer is a three-w;iv re- sponsibility. The engineering college or Institute mirst teach what It best can, stressing particularly fiuidamentals or principles of widest po.sslble applica- tions: — the "why" and not the "how." The student's employer after graduation must make provision for Instruction in the "how," the applications to a particu- lar job or Industry. But most of all, the Individual must carry on a continual program of self-education to fill out those deficiencies which he. himself, must recognize. It is no excuse In pro- fessional life to be satisfied with Ignor- ance of any needed knowledge, or per- nu't a lack of understanding to continue long simply because you did not take a course In the subject. An Illiterate young man came to this country without funds and so found it necessary to go right to work. He start- ed out driving a garbage wagon, but being of a frugal nature, he soon owned It. Next, he bought a garbage truck, then a fleet of trucks and ultimately ob- tained the contract for garbage disposal for a large seaboard clt\' requiring a fleet of scows. One da\' he heard that there were complaints on where the scows were dumping. He went out to look the matter over and fell off one of his scows and drowned. At the funeral, his wife was asked by a friend, "Did Stanislaus lea\e you well fixed ?" She replied, "Oh, yes, he left about ten mil- lon." The friend remarked, "To think, Stanisaus left ten million dollais and he never even learned to read or write. " And his wife said, "Nor swim." You are going to have to learn to swim by yourself. In this complicated and rapidly-moving world, we not only need to swim in a familiar environment but also have the courage to plunge into strange ones. \'our engineering edu- cation should then gi\e you a desire to continue as a student throughout your life, confidence In your abllit\ to grow intellectualh , aiul the courage to at- t.ack the unknown. 22 THE TECHNOGRAPH What happens to your career... after you join Western Electric? You'll quickly find the answer is giuicth. The signs of progress — and opportunity — are clear, whether your chosen field is engineering or other professional work. There is the day-to-day challenge that keeps you on your toes. There are new products, new areas for activ- ity, continuing growth, and progressive programs of research and development. For here telephone science is applied to two major fields — manufacture and supply for the Bell Telephone System, and the vitally important areas of defense communications and missile projects. You'll find that Western Electric is carccr-mindcd . . . and (/oi/-minded! Progress is as rapid as your own indi- vidual skills permit. We estimate that 8,000 supervisory jobs will open in the next ten years — the majority to be filled Ijy engineers. There will be corresponding oppor- tunities for career building within research and engi- neering. Western Electric maintains its own full-time all-e.\penses-paid engineering training program. And our tuition refund plan also helps you move ahead in your chosen field. Opportunities exist for electrical, mechanical, indus- trial, civil and chemical engineers, as well as in the physical sciences. For more information get your copy of Consider o Career of Western £/ec(ric from your Placement Officer. Or wri:e College Relations, Room 200D, Western Electric Company, 195 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. Be sure to arrange for a Western Electric interview when the Bell System team visits your campus. MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLY UNIT OF THE BELL SYSTEM Principal manufacluring locations at Ctiicago, III: Kearny, N. J.; Baltimore, Md.: Indianapolis, Ind ; Ailentown and Laureldaie. Pa,; Burlington, Greensboro and Winston-Salem. N. C; Buffalo, N. Y,; North Andover, Mass , Lincoln and Omaha, Neb.; Kansas City, l^o ; Columbus. Ohio Oklahoma Cily, Okla., Engineering Research Center, Princeton, N, J,; Teletype ■"■orp,. Chicago 14, III. and Little Rock, Ark. Also W. E. distribution centers in 32 ollles and Installation headquarters In 16 cities. General headguarlers; 195 Broadway, New York 7, N.Y APRIL, 1960 23 'Weldable' Concrete |\ii-,^i.i ^l.l^n^ llu' Winter OKmpics at Squaw Valley, Calif., is suspended from cables slunji over steel towers in much the same way as suspension hridses are supported. The roof span is ,^(HI feet — the length of a football fiel 111 the stadium will seat S.dtld. been de- right it- position. New Plastic Lifeboat A new pla tu- lilehoat has vcloped in Cicrmany that will self automatically from any , The lifeboat is completely enclosed and its four hatchways can be hermetically sealed so that the lifeboat is watertight. I'lastic bubble sections on the top of the lifeboat offer complete visibility. Fuel Consumption Cut Fuel consiunption is said to be re- duced 20 per cent by a dual-carburetor system developed in Russia. The system originally was designed for an enguie for cold climates where diesels are hard to start. Russia claims this system ex- ceeds even the diesel in economy. NEW PREFIXES FOR UNITS The National Bureau of Standards has decided to follow the recom- mendations of the International Committee on Weights and Measures to use new prefixes for denoting multiples and sub-multiples of ^'^fj^^ CommitteG adopted the prefixes at its meeting in Pans m the fall of 1958. In addition to the 8 numerical prefixes in common use which are given in the table below, the Committee expanded the hst by adding the 4 prefixes marked with an asterisk. Thus, for example, 10'- farad is called 1 picofarad, and is abbreviated 1 pf. I.IULTIPL3S AND ^;iJ3-MULTirLE'o 10 10^ 10^ 10' 10' 10 10 10' 10" 10 10 10 12 -1 -6 -9 -12 PREFIXES GYMBOLLS tera m i|> giga G* mega M kilo k hecto h deka dk deci d centi c milli m micro u nano n*fc pico p ^ CERAMISTS & CERAMIC ENGINEERS Do you have an idea that you would like to develop and produce? We want a new product to manufacture, and we will back the right fellow and the right idea with a small factory and laboratory and the ability to furnish any other help needed, especially good successful business experience. Address Tin Tnlino^/raph—Box b Scooting to Work \V'nrker> in the next few years may he using a motori/,ed scooter for travel- ing in large plants. A scooter, designed by a college student, now beats the smallest foreign car tor fuel economy, using only three ounces of gasoline iin ,1 ten-minute run. To start the engine, rider places one foot on platform, pushes (iff with the other. He holds a handle and leans in the desired direction to Jets Clear Snow Air Force jets are using sonic booms to set of^f safe snowslidcs along a high- wav in (Glacier National Park. The pl.ines crash the sound barrier o\er ac- cumulations of snow overhanging the highway. The bipst triggers the slides, making it safe to remove snow from the road. Smallest Radio-Phonograph A ja|iane.se compain has ilesigned the smallest radio-phonograph — small enough to be held in one hand. The radio-phonograph weighs 45 ounces and has demensions of 7>^ by 5>^ by two inches. It uses a micro-motor, seven transistors, two diodes and a thermistor. Blisterproof Paint A Canadian paint company has intro- duced a plastic-based outside paint which cuts application time in half and is more blisterproof than any other type. The acrylic-latex paint has "pores" and "breathes" like the human skin, prevent- ing the build-up of moisture vapor be- neath it that usually causes blisters. Worker Wives Work A Chicago consultant in human mo- tivation ad\ises businessmen to solve employee production problems by talk- ing to workers' wives. If management can convince a wife that the quality of her husband's work contributes to her security, the husband is sure to get the message, he sa\'s. TV Help for Dentists Dentists soon may be using a tele- vision camera for inspecting their pa- tients' mouths. Th" camera in a proto- type closed-circuit T\^ system, has a lens located at the end of a probing cable and permits a distortion-free, magnified image of any part of a patient's mouth. Worst Diets Teen-age girls have the worst diets low in calcium, iron, thiamine and vitamins— reports P^ood Engineering. McCjraw-Hill publication. THE TECHNOGRAPH 24 This "windniiH" or turliine, spun by hot sas, powers the turhorar. For surli a hot spot, designers depend on Nickel to help them solve heat-resistance problems. How Inco Nickel is helping develop the new gas turbine car of tomorrow It will be power-parked: the gas turbine engine in your dream car of the future and tomiprriiws Irncks and buses. Onlv one Npark |iliig— runs on kt-i-osene This new engine is much lighter, smaller. It has far fesver parts. No pistons. No water system. Only one spark plug. Runs on lower-grade fuels. Not yet in production ! Before the car is a showroom reality, engi- neers face a number of problems. One problem— the one Inco is helping with — is metals. Strong and economical metals to resist beat and corrosion. Gas turbines operate at up to 160fl°F. These temperatures step up corrosion of metals, promote troublesome distortions. So the job is to develop practical alloys able to carry the load— alloys that can, at the same time, offset the corrosives, resist the distort- ing forces found at jet-high temperatures. How far has Inco research gone in its search for prurliral alloys? Difficult as they are. the problems of metal performance at high temperature are a APRIL, 1960 familiar story at Inco. Inco research has dealt with them for years. And come up with solutions in the gas turbine and in many oilier fields. In conventional, atomic, and thermionic power. In petrochemistry. In heat treating. In jet aviation. In mis- silry. Even in Hollywood's 8000°F carbon- arc "suns." Inco's files contain a wealth of metal infor- mation . . . over S(KI,OII(l indexed and cross- referenced case histories, for example. Keep this in mind against the day you may need information. P i960. Inco The International NickeK^ompany.Inc. New York 5, N. Y. ^ International Nickel mo. The Inlernalional Nickel Company, Inc., is the U. S. affiliate of The Inlernalional Nickel Company of Caiia.la. l.imiteil. I'ro.lucer of hico Nickel. Copper, Col.ah, Iron Ore, Tellurium, Selenium. Sulfur ami Plalinuni. I'allu.lUim and Oilier Precious Mclals. 25 Tran^NrMtXe,- Retewev Fig. 1 \r\\\:\a.\ Vo^^'^ RADAR SPEED METERS By Verner K. Rice I'lior to a ffw \i'ars after tlie second World War tlie only method that mail had to detcriiiiiic the speed of a moving; vehicle, when he was not in the vehicle, was to time its travel between two lixed points over a known distance. With the invention of Radar and its ultimate utilization for commercial purposes we have come up with a nifty little device called a Radar Speed Meter. The p\ir- pose of this article is to discuss the method of operation of speed radar, to talk brieHy of two different kinds of speed radar, and to see what factors af- fect its accuiaiy and linw they can he eliminated. RAn.'\R, which is short for Radio Detection and Ranging, in its general aspects consists of a transmitted pulse of radio frequency energy directed to- ward a target, a portion of which is re- flected from the target and returns to the received which shares a common an- tenna with the transmitter. The echo is picked up on the receiver and convert- ed into a form that is suitable for mak- ing time measurements to determine the range to the target. At the extremely high frequencies iiscd in radar, in the microwave region, radio waves beha\e like light; they are transmitted to and reflected from the target in a str.iigln line. Thus the direction of the rad.ir ,in- teiuiae indicates the direction of the tar- get. A Radar Speed Meter, while it uses a reflected radio wa\e to deteniiine the speed of a \chicle, uses a little iliHcr- ent phenomena for it's operation than the ordinary search type of radar. A Radar Speed Meter's transmitter trans- mits a continuous wave in contrast to the puLsed type of transmission that is used in the ordinary search radar. A ve- hicle moving in a beam of reflected sig- nal either up or down depending on whether the vehicle is approaching or going away from the transmitter. This shift in frequency of the reflected wave is called Doppler Effect and is propor- tional to the speed of the vehicle. Actual- ly, the name Radar Speed Meter is a misnomer. A speed meter that uses radio waves in the above manner to deter- mine a vehice's speed should be called a Doppler-Radar Speed Meter. Figure 1 shows how Doppler Effect works. The r.-ular transiuitter located on the left in the figure sends out a train of contiinious radio waves, that propagate to the left at a constant velocity. The wave A hits the nicuing \ehicle at the indicated iiu'tial point and sends back tow.ard the recei\er the reflected wa\e A'. After the first wave hits the \ehicle at the initial point the vehicle continues to move toward the transmitter thus causing the wa\e H to hit the car a lit- tle sooner than it would ha\c if the cai' had remained stationary at the initial point. This action will cause the re- Hected waves A' and IV to be a little closer together than the original waves ,'\ and H. Since the transmitted and re- flected waves are traveling at the same \elocit\ there will he luore waves per second cutting the receiving anteiuia than were transmitted. The increase in the number of waves per second con- stitutes an increase in frequency over the transmitted frequency. Thus the fre- quency of the reflected wa\e will vary in proportion to the speed of the rellect- ing object. The frequency \aries according to the following equation. c + v R= T C — V R is the recei\ed signal frequenc\' in cycles per second. T is the transmitted frequency in cvcles per second. ' C is the velocity of light 1S'(),()()0 miles per second. V is the velocity of the \ehicle in nules per second. A sample calculation \v\\\ illustrate the use of the above foriutia. (n'ven:T= 1 (f.SiS, 0(10, (10(1. 0(1 CPS C = 186,000 MPS V = 6S MPH O.OISOS MPS R = ISdOOO+aOlSOS 186000— 0.01805 (10525000000.00) = 10,525,0()2,041.()0 CPS 2041 CPS CPS =.31 65 MPH MPH ( (',itntiniit. The returnirifx echo tre(]ueiicy to- gether with a small amount of tiic transmitted frequency are fed into the mixer stage of the receiver, where they are hetrod\iu'd or heat together to pro- duce a sum, difference, and the two original frequencies. These frequencies are fed into a low-pass filter to elimin- ate all but the difference frequency. The difference frequencN is selected because it m.ikes possible the use of audio fre- cpiency amplifier and detector circuits. .Audio frequency circuits are iiuich easier to design and construct than the ultra ultra high frequency circints that would be necessar\ if the sum frequenc\ were used. The output of the filter is amplified and then sent through a cir- cuit that gives an output proportional to the applied frequency. The output of tlic frequency measuring circuit oper- ates a meter or strip chart recorder that is calibrated in miles per hour. Most of us, if we drive a car, have at one time or another passed an un- marked car sitting along side of the highway with a small, oli\e-drab colored bo\ sitting on a tripod next to it, or maybe sitting on the ledge over the back seat pointing at the traffic, or per- haps peeking out of a partially opened trunk. Whether we knew it or not at the time we were being checked b\ a radar speed meter. This particidar model radar speed meter, made by the Automatic Signal I^ivision of Eastern Industries Inc., was one of the first speed radar iised by our state police. The radar operates at a frequency of 2,4S3 megacycles and is accurate to within plus or minus 2'', from to 1(10 miles per hour. The re- ceiver-transmitter are packed in a sin- gle case together with the amplifiers and detector and indicating circuits, the unit is portable and can be opeiated off of 12(1 volt AC or a 12 volt battery. A block diagram of this speed radar is shown in figure 2. The oscillator employes a 2C40 in a idtra ultra high frequenc\ circuit to feed a coaxial hybrid mixer assembh. Part of the output of the oscillator is picked off in the mixer assembly and used as the local oscillator signal, the rest is fed out to the antenna system where it is radiated into the traffic pat- tern. The anteima system is made up of eight dipoles arranged to give a direc- tive radiation pattern. The returning echo signal is hetrodyned with the local oscillator signal in the mixer assembly, and then the difference frequency is fed 32 into a series of broad-band cascaded audio amplifiers to the grid of the fre- quency measuring circuit. The frequen- cy measuring circuit is one-half of a 12AU7 connected as a grid limited audio amplifier. See figure ?i for a sche- matic diagram ot the tre(|ueiK'\ meas- uring circuit. The incoming signal Es drives tin- tube from a full conduction condition into cutoff, as the tube is cutoff by the incoming signal the voltage across the tube rises to the value of B plus. This higher operating frequencv, and allow^ the transmitter to be placed in ,i nuuh smaller space. Another advantage of using a kly- stron for the oscillator is that the fre- quency is more stable. The antenna structure of this radar is a good ileal different from that of the first piece ot eijuipment. The antenna is a tapered piece of plastic that is attached to the ejid of the wa\e guide that comes out of the klystron. The antenna shapes radia- ted energy into a cone that is seven and ANTIJNNA COAXIAL HYBRID MIX-^R BROAD BAND AI-'PLIPIERS OSCILLATOR \oltage rise which occurs at the fre- quency of the incoming signal is placed across the RC circuit of Rl and CI. The input impedance of the RC circuit as seen b\' the output of the tube is a function of the frequency. As the fre- quency of the incoming signal rises the impedance of the RC circuit decreases and the current through the resistor Rl increases giving a voltage drop across Rl that ri.ses in proportion to the ap- plied signals frequency. The voltage across Rl is read on a conventional VTVM circuit whose meter is calibra- ted directly in miles per hour. The func- tion of the two diode limiters is to in- sure that no reverse voltage is read across the resistor Rl which would cause the meter to read backwards and might damage it. Another more recent Radar Speed .Meter that the avithor has had the op- portunitN' to work with is the radar speed timer built by the .Muni Quip Corporation. The equipment is a good deal smaller than the first unit and is built in two separate sections. The receiver-transmit- ter is housed in an aluminum housing that is circidar in shape and about the size of an automobile spotlight. The re- ceiver-transmitter is connected to the amplifier and frequency measuring chas- sis by two short lengths of cable. The transmitter uses a klystron tube for the oscillator, which makes possible a much FREQUllIJCY KEASURING DETECTOR INDICATING DEVICE Fig. 2 one-half degrees wide on either side of center. The receiving antenna is simi- lar in shape to the transmitting one and lies directly below it. The incoming sig- nal is hetrodyned with the local oscil- lator in a crystal mixer assmbly in the receiver-transmitter chassis and then fed into the amplifying and frequency meas- uring chassis. This equipment operates at a frequency of 10,525 megacycles with a maximum radiated power of 50 milliwatts and is accurate to within 2','i from to 100 miles per hour. Now that we ha\e iliscussed the theory of operation of a Radar Speed Meter and two different types of Radar Speed Meters, what are the princi- ple sources of error? The principle sources of error in Radar Speed Meters result from shifts in carrier frequency, frequency measurements and meter in- accuracies, and errors in reading either due to parallax or human error. An- other error results from the fact that the speed read by the meter is not the linear speed of the vehicle relative to the ground. Reference to Fig. 4 shows that the speed of the vehicle relative to the point P, where the receiver-trans- mitter is located, is equal to Vo Cos(^, and is negligible for small value of theta. This factor however limits the dis- tance that the received-transmitter can be placed from the road and still give accurate readings. This factor of error is always in fa\or of the il river and al- THE TECHNOGRAPH ( ) Fig. 3 ways understates the true speed. Carrier frequency' drift results in a very small error in readings assuming that drift is limited to 1 !VIC, which is a reasonable assumption with a well reg- ulated power supply and a klystron that has a cavity that is fixed in dimensions and subjected to small temperature vari- ations. Parallax errors which result when the operator does not look directh' down on the meter needle, can be largely eliminated by making the meter needle small and placing it as close as possible to the calibrations on the meter face. Parallax can give errors of plus or minus .5 to 1.5 miles per hour. Operator errors, like the poor, are alwa\s with us, and there is nut too much that can be done about them, ex- cept to make the meter calibration as clear as possible and very easy to read. In summary the advances in radar technology have given \is a very port- able, accurate, and jam proof piece of equpiment that can be used to measure speed. KoM^ Vo On RXi>A^ -h TkA^/^MlTTeI< Fig. 4 APRIL, 1960 33 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by The Staff Lockheed X-7 Retires to UCLA The Lockheed-built Air Force X-7, which holds the free world's speed and altitude records for air-breathing mis- siles, is joining the "teaching staff" at UCLA. Converted into a space age teaching tool, the X-7 was contributed by the Air Force to L^CLA where the missile is being installed at the uni\ersity's engineering building on the Wcstwood campus. This X-7, an early special edition now several years (dd, was built at the Van Xuys plant of the Lockheed Mis- siles and Space Division at an original cost of $1.5 million. However, fast- changing developments in the field have made this older version obsolete and, rather than scrapping this earl\ .\-7, the Air Force decided to tuiri it o\er to UCLA where its \al\ie as teaching equipment is estimated at more than $100,000. Prior to being sent to L'CLA tin- mis.sile was repainted and refurbished by Lockheed, which also contributed the display stand. -•Accepting the 3ll million pounds of gum chewed a year by Americans would en- circle the earth 60 times if f(unied into one stick. And, it could be stretched to Mais. Slanted Parliament The British Minister of Works ad- mits that two of Parliament's towers aren't in top form. The 329-foot-high Big Ben tower and the 336-foot-high Victoria are each 15 inches out of plumb. Fngineers believe it ma\- be due to wartime bombing. 34 THE TECHNOGRAPH Power for Arkansas Mure than 14 feet in diameter and M) feet lonir. this steel frame will house the world's largest 36()()-rpm turbine- generator. The unit is now under con- struction at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation's East Pittsburgh, Pa., plant. Rateil at ,iS4,l)(l() kilovolt amperes, the completed unit is scheduled to be delivered to the Arkansas Power and Light Company's new station near Hel- ena during the summer of 1960. The 325,000-kilowatt steam turbine to drive the generator is being built at the \Vestinghouse plant in Lester, I'a. Revolutionary Aircraft Landing System A new and revolutionary instrument landing system for aircraft is under de- velopment by Boeing Airplane Com- pany. It weighs less than 10 pounds and costs only a fraction of present sys- tems in operation. The Boeing technique requires onh' the addition of two small units to auto- matic direction finding equipment (ADF receivers) cmrently used on most aircraft plus two radio "homer bea- cons" on the ground. Present all-weather navigation, ap- proach and landing systems require ground-based radar or very high fre- quency (VHP) radio navigational aids costing millions of dollars each and normallv foimd oidv at major improved fields. The Boeing system had its beginning in 1958 when research engineers were tossed this problem : Develop a method of low altitude navigation and landing aircraft on unimproved fields in zero- zero conditions without the aid of lights, complex ground equipment and groimd station persotuiel. In addition, the equip- ment on the ground had to be light- weight, inexpensive, extremely portable and operable by luitrained personnel. Because of its line of sight limitations, VHP radio transmission is extremely re- stricted at low altitudes. Due to this, Boeing researchers turned to low fre- quency channels. By solving two prob- lems the low frequency signal's ten- dency to follow the earth's curvature would make it ideal for low altitude communications. The problem areas were: Static en- countered on low frequency channels can induce bearing, or heading inaccur- acies. Also, during "blind" landings the pilot doesn't have time to continually compute his position — infonnation nor- mally provided by the more complex ground stations. The basic Boeing idea calls for in- stallation of two "homer beacons" on the gro\ind. Transmitting a steady, low frequency signal, one beacon would be placed on the centerline of the runway's departure end and the other at a known distance to the left or right at the ap- proach end. To operate with the beacons, the air- plane's standanl ADP receivers woidd need a special filter and coupler — both weighing less than six pounds. The fil- ter, after screening information coming out of the ADP, provides the system with a true heading. The coupler, a tiny but ciiticalh' ac- curate "brain," then examines all avail- able data and supplies the same intelli- gence to the pilot, except for altitude, that normally is given by ground-based na\igational and landing aids. Sigjials from the beacons are chan- neled through the new system to at in- strument continuously showing the pilot his exact location in reference to the runway regardless of wind. The "third dimension," continual and exact alti- tude information, is supplied by the plane's radar altimeter W'hile the ADP coupler reports constantly the number of feet remaining before touchdown. Correlating his altitude and distance- to-touchdown information with what he sees on a visual display instrument, the pilot can bring his aircraft down safe- ly without ever looking outside. The new system already has com- pleted more than 40 hours of flight test- ing, including 60 successful approaches. Pive of the approaches tenninated in blind touchdowns on the runway. De- \eloped basically for military operations, Boeing considers potential widespread application exists for both commercial and private flying. from test temperature as measured si- multaneously by nine thermocouples (one in the center and one in each cor- ner) was plus or minus 0.5 degrees F at 150 degrees F, and plus or minus 4.0 degrees 1'" at ^HD degrees F and 1000 degrees F. The temperature range of the oven is 125 degrees P to 1000 degrees F, with a heat-up time of room tempera- ture to 725 degrees P in one lioin-; to 1000 degrees P in 3^j hours, with only 2500 watts maximum electrical input. Durability (under conditions of use) and ease of cleaning were other factors weighed in choosing stainless steel for the oven's interior, according to the manufactiM'er. Overall exterior dimensions are i-i'/j inches wide by 42 inches high by 33 inches deep. The interior work area measm'es 20 inches wide by 19 inches high by LS inches deep. Weight is ap- proximately 200 pounds. The oven's operation is simple. Con- trols are located on the front panel above the door. The controls include : ( 1 ) an electronic, thermistor type, tem- perature controller which is connected to a 10-tvnn helical potentiometer with panel-mounted dial (graduated from to 1000) for t]ne temperatm'e setting; (2) a controller which cycles the heat- ers to produce a pre-determined average wattage (adjustable from approximately 6 per cent to 100 per cent of total heat- er wattage); (3) a master switch atid pilot light; (4) an adjustable safety thermostat to prevent accidental o\er- heating. The exterior design permits stacking of o\ens, if desired. Constant Heat for Lab Ovens King Solomon's Furnaces Keeping an o\en hot isn't much of a job. But keeping it at the exact same heat for long periods is a task that calls for unsual cqiu'pment. Many labora- tories, specialized businesses, and indus- trial plants need such ovens. The Amer- ican Instrument Company has just in- troduced a piece of eq\n'pment to answer this special need. The new oven has approximately four cubic feet of work space, with an all- stainless steel interior, including the in- side panel of the door. The stainless is a contributing factor to two of the oven's outstanding features — constant and vmiform heat. In a laboratory test, a temperature recording of a thermocouple suspended in the center of the oven for approxi- mately four hoins, showed a constanc\ of plus or mimis 0.5 degrees F at 1^0 degrees F, 500 degrees F, and 100 de- grees F. Electric resistance heaters are located in all six walls, weighted ther- mally to produce maximum temperature uniformity. The maxinuim deviation A real claim to fame of King Solomon is the copper blast furnace complex he built in the Arabah desert in Palestine. The furnaces were similar in construc- tion to modern Bessemer-system smelt- ers invented a century ago and each could smelt 14 cubic feet of material at one time. Where There's Smoke . . . There's no lire in a new waste re- ceptacle that \ises smoke to put out flames. When a fire starts in the re- ceptacle, its smoke is diverted back to- wards the flames, cutting off oxygen and putting nut the (ire. Gracious Living Mass production has come to the out- house. An alunu'mnn outhouse, original- ly conceived for public parks and for- ests, has drawn "amazing response" from farmers. A 63/.-by-5^-foot model costs $300. APRIL, 1960 35 From school . . . through job . . . to professional achievement America's colleges and universities give engineering students excellent training in basic disciplines. But this is only a preliminary to a professional career. Future success depends largely upon wise choice of job opportunities. The U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, offers young engineers outstanding opportunities . . . the opportunities that really count. In considering your job situation, look into training and graduate programs, research and working facilities, challenge of assignments, and professional advancement opportunities. You will be pleased to learn how well a position with the U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, meets your needs. TRAINING PROGRAM OFFERS BREADTH NOL. White Oak, has a one year rotational training program under which an employee is given four-month assignments in research, engineering, and evaluation departments . . . and a voice concerning assignment upon completion of the program. ASSIGNMENTS ARE CHALLENGING Assignments are a\ailable in aeroballistics; underwater, air and surface weapons; explo- sion and chemistry research: physics and applied research; and mathematics ... and the employee has a voice in selecting the field of his choice even during his training program. GRADUATE PROGRAM TIES IN WITH SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS The graduate program, under supervision of the University of Maryland, permits an em- ployee to obtain advanced degrees while working. Many courses are conducted in the Laboratory's own conference rooms, and employees are given generous time to attend these courses. Highly significant projects for theses and dissertations are available, of course. OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFESSIONAL ADVANCEMENT The Laboratory retains patents in employee's name for professional purposes, and for commercial rights in some instances. Attend- ance at society meetings is encouraged, and there are ample opportunities to engage in foundational research. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES TOP-FLIGHT The Laboratory has some of the finest equip- ment available anywhere for research and development work. The Laboratory's loca- tion at White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland is in an attractive and dynamic suburb of Washington, D. C. ... an atmosphere con- duci\e to the best of living and working conditions. Position vacancies exist for persons with Bachelor, Master or Doctoral degrees, with or without work experience, at starting salaries ranging from $5,4.^0 to S7,510. For additional information, address your inquiry to: Employment Ofiicer, L). S. Naval Ord- nance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland. M®& U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory White Oak • Silver Spring, Maryland 36 THE TECHNOGRAPH BRAIN TEASERS Edited by Steve Dilts Gi\eii nine conis, one of which i'^ counterfeit and too liglit, finil a meth- od of finding the counterfeit h\' bal- ancing the coins against each other on a pan balance; there is a limit of two trials. The next three teasers are courtesy of S(ii>!/i/i( .1 iii(>iicin. Professor Merle White of the mathe- matics department, Professor Leslie Black of philosophy, and Jean Hrown, a young stenographer who worked in the university's office of admissions, were lunching together. "Isn't it remarkable," observed the lady, "that our last names are Black, Brown and White and that one of us has black hair, one brown hair and one white." "It is indeed," replied the person with black hair, "and have \ou noticed that not one of has hair th.at matches his or her name?" "By golly, you're right!" exclaimed Professor White. If the lady's hair isn't hroxxii, what color is it? A square formation of Arnn cadets, 50 feet on the side, is marching fonvard at a constant pace. The company mas- cot, a small terrier, starts at the center of the rear rank, trots forwaid in a straight line to the center of the front rank, and then trots back again in a straight line to the center of the rear. At the instant he returns to his position at the rear, the cadets lia\e advanced exactl)' 50 feet. Assunu'ng that the dog trots at constant speed and loses no time in turning, how many feet does he tra\el ? If \'ou sohe this problem, which calls for no more than a knowledge of ele- mentary algebra, you may wish to tackle a much moiT difficult version proposed b\' the famous puzzlist, Sam Boyd. In- stead of moving forward and back through the marching cadets, the mas- cot trots with constant speed around the outside of the s(]uare, keeping as close as possible to the square at all times. ( For the problem we assume that he trots along the perimeter of the squaie. ) As before, the formation has marched t() feet by the time the dog returns to the rear. How long is the dog's path ? If the reader does not want to get in- \(il\ed with fifth-degree equations, he had better not attempt this second ver- sion. In H. G. Wells' novel Tin First Men III !lic Mddii our natural satellite is found to be inh.-ibited by intelligent insect creatures who live in caverns be- low the surface. These creatures, let us assume, have a >init of distance that we shall call a "lunar." It was adopted be- cause the moon's surface area, if ex- pressed in square liinars, exacth' equals the moon's \olunie in cubic Ulnars. 1 he moon's diameter is _',]()(! miles. How many miles long is a lunar? Here are the answers to last month': teasers. I he iiuiiihcr 24^11 ni;i\ be di\ided into the following prime factors: 1, 2, 5, 5, 7, 7. Of all the possible permuta- tions and combinations of these six num- bers to yield three numbers which sum to less than one hundred, there are onl\ two sets which have the same sum: ( ^, 11), 40) and (7, 7, 51)). The identical sum would be the reason wh\ the law- yer would not know ;it first. The doc- tor must be .■>_'. Since the oldest woman is younger than the lawyer and the lawyer was able to tell their ages, the lawver must be 50, and the women must be 40, 1(1, and 5. The fallacN of the proof that all tri- angles are isosceles is that the construe tion is only possible for an isosceles tri- angle or an equilateral triangle. The king t;ikes oxer a cannibal and returns to take o\er the other one. He returns and two nussionaries go over. One missionary comes back with a can- nibal to take over the king and to bring back the other cannibal. Then two mis- sionaries go over, and the king makes two trips to bring over his tribesmen. There is exacth the same .-imount ot water in keg as there is wine in the bucket. Regardless of the proportions of wine an' are beginning to find ap- plication in midget computers u.seful for airborne control of rockets and mis- siles. "Because of the \\i(lespread applica- tion as a nuclear fuel, the mctallurg\- r)f uraruuni :uul its allo\s has been e.\- 38 tensi\el\' explored. Hut no comparable rcsearcli li.is been carried out on the electrical propeitics of these materials. Our purpose was to study the unique electrical resistance of uranium alloys down to very low temperatures and to continue a basic investigation of super- conductivity that has been pursued in these laboratories for many years. "The measurements of electrical re- sistance," Dr. Hulm said, "were made on uranium-molybdciuim and uranium- niobium aIlo>s that ha\e been stabilized in crystal structure by heating to 16^11 degrees Fahrenheit for 24 hours and rapidly quenching in water. "The alloys showed surprising tem- perature-resistance behavior. Contrary to all known alloys, their elecficnl re- sistance became progressively larger as the temperature was decreased all the way down to one or two degrees abo\e absolute zero, at which temperat\ues they became superconductors. The su- perconductivity," Dr. Hidm said, "also w.as surprising in view of the rise in electrical resistance preceding it. Corre- lation of the superconductivity and re- sistivity data has thrown new light on the electronic structure of the atoms making up the alloys," he declared. To probe more deeply into the super- conducting behavior of uranium alloys, the Westinghouse scientists then studieil a group of "intermetallic compounds." Such compoimds form when uranium is chemically combined with such metals as ahmiinum, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. It was from these studies that the completely new superconduct- ors emerged. "Fo\ir undiscovered superconductors were found among the intennetallic compounds containing cobalt, manga- nese and iron," Dr. Hulm reported. "Of special interest is the fact that two of them are the first superconduct- ing compounds ever known to contain manganese and iron. "Heretofore, the presence of these two elements has been regarded as 'death' to the supercoiulucting state. That theory is no longer acceptable. Indeed, these new superconductors not only are a reality, but may be among the most useful in superconductor re- search.' THE TECHNOGRAPH Zj • Flij^lit data systems are e^M-nlial i-qiii|iiiR'iil lor inents. Pioneer in this and otiiei lli^lit ami electronic all modern, high speed aircraft. In the AiResearch systems, AiResearch is also working with highly sen- centralized system, environmental facts are fed to a sitive temperature controls for jet aircraft, autopilot central analog computer (above), which in turn indi- systems, submarine instrumentation, transistorized cates to the pilot where the aircraft is, how it is amplifiers and servo controls for missile application, performing, and makes automatic cf)ntrol adjust- and ion and radiation measuring devices. EXCITING FIELDS OF INTEREST FOR GRADUATE ENGINEERS Diversity and strength in a company offer the engi- neer a key opportunity, for with broad knowledge and background your chances for responsibility and advancement are greater. The Garrett Corporation, with its AiResearch Divisions, is rich in experience and reputation. Its diversification, which you will experience through an orientation program lasting over a period of months, allows you the best chance of finding your most profitable area of interest. Other major fields nf interest include: • Missile Systems — has delivered more accessory power units for missiles than any other company. AiResearch is also working with hvdraulic and hot gas control systems for missiles. • Environmental Control Systems — piimeer, leading devel- oper and supjilicr of aircraft and spacecraft air con- ditioning and pressurization systems. • Gas Turbine Engines — world's largest producer of small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 delivered ranging from .->() to 8S() horsepower. Should you be interested in a career with The Garrett Corporation, see the magazine "The Garrett Corporation and Career Opportunities" at your Col- lege placement office. For further inforrnalion write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley . . . THE /AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angeles 45, Cdlijornia • Plioenix. Arizona I Systems, Packages and Components for: AIRCRAFT, missile, nuclear and industrial applications j APRIL, 1960 39 BOOK REVIEW SECTION MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS by the Malleable Founders Society. The Ann Arbor Press, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1960. 526 p. ($10.00). .Malleable iron C"a>tmi;s. a eomprc- hciisi\c and up-to-date handbook on one of America's most \ersatlle eii-tical bent coupled with a deep interest in mathematics and physics, he may continue through a second and third year of the Advanced Engineering Program. Then there is the two-year Creative Engineering Program for those graduates who have completed their first-year assignments and who are interested in learning creative techniques for solving engineering problems. Another avenue of training for the qualified graduate is the Honors Program, which enables a man to earn his Master's degree within three or four semesters at selected colleges and universities. The Company pays for his tuition and books, and his work schedule allows him to earn 75 percent of full salary while he is going to school. This program is similar to a research assistantship at a college or university. Q. Just how will the Manufacturing Training Program help prepare me for a career in manufacturing? A. The three-year Manufacturing Program consists of three orientation assignments and three development assignments in the areas of manufacturing engineering, quality control, materials management, plant engineering, and manufacturing operations. These assign- ments provide you with broad, funda- mental manufacturing knowledge and with specialized knowledge in your particular field of interest. The practical, on-the-job experience offered by this rotational program is sup- plemented by participation in a manu- facturing studies curriculum covering all phases of manufacturing. Q. What kind of training would I get on your Technical Marketing Program? A. The one-year Technical Marketing Program is conducted for those graduates who want to use their engineering knowl- edge in dealing with customers. After completing orientation assignments in engineering, manufacturing, and market- ing, the Program member may specialize in one of the four marketing areas: appli- cation engineering, headquarters market- ing, sales engineering, or installation and service engineering. j In addition to on-the-job assignments, related courses of study help the Program member prepare for early assumption of major responsibility. Q. How can I decide which training program I would like best, Mr. Abbott? A. Well, selecting a training program is a decision which you alone can make. You made a similar decision when you selected your college major, and now you are focusing your interests only a little more sharply. The beauty of training programs is that they enable you to keep your career selection relatively broad until you have examined at first hand a number of specializations. Furthermore, transfers from one Gen- eral Electric training program to another are possible for the Program member whose interests clearly develop in one of the other fields. Personalized Career I'luiinitig is General Electric's term for the selection, platenient, and pro- fessional development of engi- neers and scientists. If you iiould like a Persoinilized Career Plan- ning folder nhich describes in more detail the Company's train- ing programs for technical gradu- ates, nrite to Mr. Abbott at Sec- tion 959-13, General Electric Company. Schenectady 5, iV. 1. Progress fs Our Most Imporfanf Product GENERAL AeLECTRIC INOIS May • 25^ TECHNOGRAPH What kind of a person would read a book like this? This book isn't fancy. Its actual size isn't much bigger than what you see here. But it tells a lot about U.S. Steel. Its operations. Facilities. Growth. Working benefits. It gives a rough idea of the Corporation's many career opportunities. (Imagine how many engineers are needed in a company this size.) A reader won't find any flowery phrases in this book about success. That part is up to the individual. U.S. Steel wants men with drive and initiative who aren't afraid of competition. A lot of people like that have already read this book. They work for us now. Are you that kind of person? Send the coupon. USS is a registered trademarif United States Steel f^y^y/y>yuO/^/^ BasicFacts about ir.S.STEE£ United States Steel Corporation Personnel Division Room 6085, 525 William Penn Place Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Please send me ttie free booli, "Basic Fads about U.S. Steel." Name Address- City Editor Dave Penniman Business Manager Roger Harrison Circulation Director Steve Eyer Editorial Staff George Carruthers Steve Dilts Jeff R. Golin Bill Andrews Jeri Jewett Business Staff Chuck Jones Charlie Adams Jim Fulton Photo Staff Dave Yates, Director Bill Erwin Dick Hook Scott Krueger Harry Levin William Stepan Art Staff Barbara Polan, Director Jarvis Rich Jill Greenspan Advisors R. W. Bohl N. P. Davis Wm. DeFotis P. K. Hudson O. Livermore E. C. McClintock THE ILLINOIS TECHNOGRAPH Volume 75, No. 8 May, 1960 Table of Contents ARTICLES: Wankel's Wonder Pote Thelander 6 Power From Solar Energy lack L. Diederich 13 Automation and Transfer Machines Max E. Zuigley 18 Inertia! Guidance M. Staloff 22 Hydraulic Valve Lifters J. R. Marchetti 27 FEATURES: From The Editor's Desk 5 The Deans' Page H. L. Wakeland 10 Skimming Industrial Headlines Edited by The Staff 30 Brainteasers Edited by Steve Dilts 31 MEMBERS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED Chairman; Stanley Stynes Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Arkansas Engineer, Cincinnati Coopera- tive Engineer, City College Vector, Colorado Engineer, Cornell Engineer, Denver Engi- neer, Drexel Technical Journal, Georgia Tech Engineer, Illinois Technograph, Iowa En- gineer, Iowa Transit, Kansas Engineer, Kansas State Engineer, Kentucky Engineer, Louisiana State University Engineer, Louis- iana Tech Engineer, Manhattan Engineer, Marquette Engineer, Michigan Technic, Min- nesota Technolog, Missouri Shamrock, Ne- braska Blueprint, New York Quadrangle, North Dakota Engin western Engineer, Notre Dame Review. Ohio State Engineer, State Engineer, Oregon State Techni< angle, Pittsburgh Skyscraper, Purdui neer, RPI Engineer, Rochester Indicator, SC Engineer, Rose Technic, Southern Engi- neer, Spartan Engineer, Texas A & M Engi- neer, Washington Engineer, WSC Tech- nometer. Wayne Engineer, and Wisconsin Engineer. ;er, North- Technical Oklahoma al Tri- Engi- Cover old man Sol is the source of useful povv^er we are beginning to learn. Barb Polan also has found in him a source for our last cover of the year. For more details on the sun see page 13. Copyright. 1960, by Illini Publishing Co. Published eight times during the year (Oc; tober, November, December, lanuary, February, March, April and May) by the Illini Publishing Company. Entered as second class matter, October 30, 1920, at the post crtici' at I'rli.iiKi. Illiiinis. umler the .'Vet of March 3, 1879. Office 215 Engineering Hall, rrliana. inin..i, Suhvcnptions $1.50 per year. Single copy 25 cents. All rights i€/ [^OKCIIUll Drop Forging Association • Cleveland 13, Ohio MAY, 1960 The Dean 's Page . . . Russ Martin, C.E. ENGINEERING atid ATHLETICS •if lir By H. L. Wakeland Associate Dean of Engineering sum Viiki-\kli, I.i;. "He's An E!ngineer?" (Occasionally you will hear this question asked during a college ball game when a player makes an exceptional play. The general public today has a great tendency to associate all college athletes with mental medi- ocrity, overgrown brawn and profes- sionalism. Publicly aired cases of unde- sirable recruiting tactics and illegal sup- port of college students has unfortun- ately slandered many high level, sin- cere and deserving college students that have had the gumption to participate in an athletic activity as well as their school work. Engineering students at the L nivcr- sity of Illinois have shown that it is possible to be a good engineering stu- dent and also participate in varsity sports. They have illustrated that enjji- neering education and college athletics can be compatible and they certainly have not stood for mental or scholastic mediocrity. Of the 260 students listed in varsity eligibility lists this year, 40 or 15.4'^,' of them were enrolled in the College of Engineering. These 40 students had an average grade point of 3.67 which by College of Engineering standards ranks them above the all engineering student average of 3.54 and would place them in the upper 40*^; of the engineering classes. This grade point also places them considerably above the all Liu'ver- sity average of 3.49. Scholastically, the highest ranking athlete on these lists in cross country, golf, swimming, wrest- ling, and football were engineers. On the varsity football eligibility list five of the six top students scholastically were engineers. Following is a breakdown of the engineers participating in each niajor sport and their scholastic averages. The high mental calibre of these stu- dents is also indicated by their average high school percentile rank which places them in the upper 20'; of their high school classes. It is estimated that approximately 75 engineers participated on freshmen teams this year. Of these 75 students — 26 reported for football and 7 for bas- ketball. Their composite record, shown be'ow, is not as high as upperclassmen engineers on the varsity squads. Of the 26 reporting for freshman football, 15 received freshman numerals and four of the seven reporting for bas- ketball received numerals. Through competition, both scholastic and athletic, the number of engineers participating in sports is reduced from the freshman year to the senior year. Students unable to carry a sport along with their engi- neering studies are bluntly advised to drop sports participation. Though the freshman scholastic average of athletes is not high, it will improve as man\ drop athletic competition of their own volition or are advised to do so. Each year there are engineering fresh- men who distinguish themsehes athleti- cally. During the past four \ears engi- ( Conliniicd nil Piii/f 12) ENGINEERING STUDENTS LISTED ON VARSITY ELIGIBILITY LISTS K iiinbci of Average E nginc ers Si ho/astir IU(/h Sehool Varsity Sport Pa, ticipating Average Pereentile Football 11 3.63 84 Baseball 7 3.23 S2 Tennis 4 4.(iS 94 Basketball 3 3.50 8(1 Cross Country 3 3.77 78 Fencing 3 3.91 94 Oojf 2 4.01 81 Swimmmg 2 3.S=i 81 Track 2 3. Ml 97 Wrestling 2 3.72 93 Gymnastics 1 4.(111 79 Total 40 3.67 81.5 10 THE TECHNOGRAPH • Shown above is a ireoii refrigeration system for manned flight environmental control systems, Garrett the Boeing 707. Through its unique design, a 10-ton designs and produces equipment for air-breathing cooling capacity is provided at one-tenth the weight aircraft as well as the latest space vehicles such as of commercial equipment. The leading supplier of Project Mercury and North American's X-15. DIVERSIFICATION IS THE KEY TO YOUR FUTURE Company diversification is vital to the graduate cngi- neers early development and personal advancement in his profession. The extraordinarily varied experi- ence and world-wide reputation of The Garrett Corporation and its AiResearch divisions is supported by the most extensive design, development and pro- duction facilities of their kind in the industry. This diversification of product and broad engineer- ing scope from abstract idea to mass production, coupled with the company's orientation program for new engineers on a rotating assignment plan, assures you the finest opportunity of finding your most profit- able area of interest. Other major fields of interest include: major supplier of centralized flight data systems and other electronic controls and instruments. • Missile Systems — has delivered more accessory power units for missiles than any other company. AiResearch is also working with hydraulic and hot gas control systems for missiles. • Gas Turbine Engines — world's largest producer of small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 delivered ranging from 30 to 8.50 horsepower. See the magazine, "The Garrett Corporation and Career Opportunities," at your college placement office. For further information write to Mr. Gerald Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems — pioneer and D. Bradley in Los Angeles. THE AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angrlrs IS. (Mlijarnnt • I'lun-nix. Arizona Systems. Packages and Components for: AIRCRAFT. MISSILE. NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS MAY, 1960 11 ENGINEERS AND ATHLETICS. . . ( (jOiitiniiid friDii I'ngt 10) lU'i'ts ha\i' rcccivfil cither tliicc or four ot thf I I KriNliiiu-ii Si'holastic AtliK-tic Awards pri'si-iiti'il each \car. These awards arc sjiven to the lili;hest raiikinj; freshman in each sport. •Any student considering an enj;ineer- ing education and also wanting to par- ticipate in a varsity sport should not he deceived by these statistics. This com- bination is not for the student who is lackadaisical or complacent or willing to do only enough to "get by." This com- bination of ed\ication and athletics, like any other combination of education and student activities is for the alert — the aggressive — the ambitious student who realizes that with achievement comes sacrifice. The College of Engineering is justly proud of the students who dis- tinguish themselves scholastically and athletically as it is proud of engineers making similar achievements in oth^-r student activities. The college has al- ways emphasized scholarship first and ENGINEERS REPORTING FOR FRESHMEN FOOTBALL AND BASKETBALL SQUADS . IviKU/C \ II III her Si'h'iimtii llii/h School Freshman Sport Reporting iverage Percentile Football Hasketbali 2(. 7 3.17 79.6 7S.h Combineil averages 3.21 79.3 activities second and will continue to do so. It shoidd be known tiiougli. that this group of athletes is not a stumbling, mediocre, overgrown group ol athletes being subsidized to "stay" in school but rather aie a high level group of stu- dents willing to work and having the ability and desire to prepare theni- seKes for their future opportunities in engineering and society. ENGINEERS RECEIVING FRESHMEN SCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC AWARDS School Year 1956-57 School Year W55-56 Robert G. Hreckenridge — Tennis Ronald S. Nietupski — Football Thomas H. Gabbard — Wrestling School Year li>57-5S Lars F. Henriksen — Football Howard W. Hill— Golf Roger A. Sedjo — Wrestling Alan !•". Gosnell — Basketball John A. Uronson — Football Robert \I. Lansford — Tennis Stephen B. Lucas — Wrestling School Year 1^58-59 Stanley F. Yukevich — Football (jeorge \L Fisher — Baseball Michael K. Yates — Swimming John C. Zander — Wrestling We're Looking for NEW STAFF MEMBERS for Next Year's TECHNOGRAPH IF YOU ARE • EDITORIAL • PRODUCTION • BUSINESS [INTERESTED "I AND/OR I TALENTED J IN THESE FIELDS • CIRCULATION • ART and MAKE-UP • PHOTOGRAPHY Conlact Us at 215 Civil Engineering Hall Between 3 and 5 P.M. -Phone Uni. Ext. 2493 12 THE TECHNOGRAPH THE PROSPECTS OF POWER FROM SOLAR ENERGY By Jack L. Diederick The idea of harnessing the power of the sun has interested both fantas\' writers and serious scientists for a long time. Their interest is easy to under- stand. In two days the earth recei\es in sunh'ght more energ>' than is stored in all the known reser\es of fossil fuels. Time and again men have devised schemes for tapping sun-energ\' directly, usually by focusing to heat something, such as the boiler of a steam engin?. None of these attempts to convert sun- light into power has e\er achieved com- mercial success. Yet all over the world there is a clamor for more energy. Scientists in many lands are making a concentrated effort toward finding ways of putting the sun's energy to work niiu'e directly, more efficiently, and on a nuich broadv'r scale. Our Sun As A Source The sun is a huge incandescent ball kept at temperatures of a million de- grees or more by atomic and nuclear re- actions. Radiation spreads from the sun in all directions; the earth, 93,000,000 miles away, is in line to receive only a small fraction of this energy. Of the radiation directed to our planet, only a small proportion gets through our at- mosphere and clouds and reaches the earth's surface. Half of the radiation received is in the form of visible light which can bring about chemical reac- tions ; the other half of the energy, which cannot be seen and is chemically inac- tive, provides radiant heat. Both forms of the sun's energy, however, can be used for heating and for the operation of an engine. Actualh' the sun is the source of all our conventional forms of energ)': coal, oil, natural gas, wind, water — not to mention food. The sim showers on earth 30,000 times as much energy as we are now using for all purposes. Why then, one asks, is it so difficult to utilize this boundless source of energy more direct- h? The answer is that in most cases it is not difficult but is simply uneco- nonucal. The patent offices of all nations are full of devices to harness sunshine. Many of these could produce useful power, but their output would be so small that it would not justify the cost of the equipment. Although the amount of sunshine that falls on the earth is very large, it is also spread very thin. Thus any attempt to produce solar power means collecting the energy falling on a large area. This is the main reason for the high cost. In areas of the world where fuel is expensive because it must be brought great distances, solar power uiu'ts may be economical. An enterprising Italian company is actually marketing a small solar engine for such locations. In Cen- tral Australia where sunshine is plenti- ful and fuel must be brought by truck some 1,000 miles from the coast, the use of solar engines for pumping water and similar purposes is close to being economically sound. In other parts of the world, there are two ways in which the present far from adequate methods can be im- proved : first, by raising the efficiency of the actual conversion of the solar ener- gy, and secondly, by developing "collec- tors" which are not prohibitively expen- sive to manufacture on a large scale. At present there are several devices which have been developed for the trans- formation of solar energies into useful forms. Most are in the embryonic stages, however, and are far from perfected. With certain refinements these devices might well become extremely useful and valuable to mankind. Photo-cell Possibilities In recent years there has been hope- fid progress in exploiting the possibili- ties of the photo-electric cell. This de- vice is fairly familiar to us today in the form of the photographic light meter, the automatic door opener, and many other similar uses. The photo-electric cell transforms light energy directly into electrical energy; however, it can de- liver only about one half of one per cent of the energ)' it absorbs. Engineers and scientists have thought that this conversion efficiency is much too low to be of an\' practical value in mak- ing the photoelectric cell of any com- mercial worth for the production of power. But now the Bell Telephone Laboratories have developed a new pho- toelectric cell — or solar battery, as it is called — which is twenty times more ef- ficient than the usual cell. This new cell is capable of deriving electric power from the sunlight at a rate of ninety watts per square yard of collector sur- face. A photoelectric cell is an extension of some of the principles invohed in trans- istors. Basically it works like this: The element silicon, which has four valence electrons and is very stable, is combined with small amounts of the elements arsenic and boron, haxing fi\e and three valence electrons respectiveh. These two added elements, wlien ab- sorbed into the crystalline structure of the silicon, create an electrically unstable situation. The arsenic attaches its four valence electrons to the neighboring sili- con crystal but has one luiattached elec- tron left over. The boron does just the opposite : being short one valence elec- tron, it attaches itself squarely to the silicon atoms. An analog}' can he drawn between this situation and a bridge party where there is not the correct luunber of play- ers to fill all the tables. For example, if all the tables were filled except one which had three players instead of four, there would be one vacancy. If one "dummy" player were to move from one of the other tables to fill the va- canc\, he would leave a \acancy at his table. This has a dual effect — not only has the player moved positions but so has the vacancy: i.e., the player who moved is at a different table now and so is the unoccupied chair. Therefore, in this "unstable" bridge situation there is a constant movement of both players and of vacancies. The same situation exists in the sili- con-arsenic-boron crystalline structure. The extra "pla\er" is the extra valence electron from the arsenic atom and the "vacancy" is that left by the lack of a fourth boron valence electron. As the "players" or electrons are negatively charged, the "vacancies" must then have the effect of a positive charge. There MAY, 1960 13 thni exists a stati- of iiiistalilc i-quilibri- iiiii. When light falls upon this alioN aiui the photons of lijiht ciu-isin arc absorhcil, the eiiiiilibrium is liisturbed. Klcctroiis aiul vacancies begin to How and to set up an electrical potential within the substance which, if properly tapped, will produce an electric current. Kach pho- ton of light absorbed creates an electron- vacancy pair. Not all wavelengths of light have the energy to dislodge elec- trons, of course, and some wavelengths have too much energy for efficient use. About 45',' of the energy in the total spectrum of the sunlight can be trapped by such a photoelectric solar battery. He- cause of va-ious other losses in the con- struction of such a battery. howe\er, it can't convert more than 29'', of tlv.- net sunlight energy reaching it. The question that now comes to mind is: will its efficiencN' of conversion be great enousrh to make this solar battery conuiierciallv applicable? For exampl", can a rural housekeeper now install one of these systems and then ignore or quit his commercial electricity supph com- pletely? To do this he would have to provide for some means to store the energy converted during the day so that it would be available for use at niglit. This would necessitate storage batteries of high enough capacity to store about two weeks supply of power in prepara- tion for a stretch of cloudy weather. .-Ml in all, this would require about one ton of storage batteries costing ap- proximately $500 and yearly main- tenance charges of iicarK $1,11(10. This example shows that solar energy is def- initely not "free" power and that large scale commercial applications of photo- electric power are not everywhere feas- ible right now. However, it is not safe to assume that the solar battery will be of no use with further development. Communications In fact, it appeals that there are going to be many applications in the field of communications for the photoelectric source of power. Communications, as a matter of fact, are idealh suited for the solar battery: small power demand, often in remote inaccessible spots where there is no available power from other lines. In these uses the solar battery has one great advantage over the dry cell: the solar units will never run down be- cause it is recharged an which supplies the power during the hours of darkness. The whole unit gen- erates enough power for the effective continuous operation of the system at 10 watts, suppUing eight phones on a rural line. Solar Furnaces Another interesting adaptation of solar power is the solar furnace. In Mont-Louis, France, in the Pyrenees Mountains, is located a factory which manufactures refractory furnace linings. Very high temperatures are necessary for this process, as the refractory ma- terials have a very high melting pout. Heat is usually obtained from electric arc furnaces, but this particular factory has been using solar fvu'iiaces at a 25 '^i lower cost than for the electric arc method. The apparatus consists of two large mirrors to gather and concentrate the rays of the sun. A flat mirror is mount- ed on a motor-powered swivel so as always to direct the rays into the para- bolic reflector. This steps up the effec- tive energy falling on the surface of the earth by a factor of 20,000, pro- ducing temperatures in excess of 5400° F (iron melts at 2800°F). Its equivalent power is 75 kilowatts; comparable elec- tric arc furnaces would require a gener- ator driven b\- .-i 1000 HP motor. Domestic Use Another \ery important potential use of solar power is in the field of domestic heating and air-conditioning luiits. As a matter of fact the Federal (lovernment expects a market for 13 million solar heating plants by 1975. In New York there are already two houses which have had operative solar heating systems since 1949, both working quite satisfactorily. One method is to heat air by the rays in glass collectors outside the house. The air is then circulated to the heat storage area where it is absorbed in bins of spec'al salts. Then when heat is need- ed in the home, a combined radiant and hot air heating system transfers the en- ergy from the salt bins to the living areas. Usually a standard commercial heating luu't is also provided as an auxili- ary supph in case of many cloudy days or excessive heat demands during the early morning hours. Another method of heat storage sometimes used instead of salts is a very large water tank in the b;isement which wdl absorb and retain heat. Thvrc is still some doubt, how- ever, as to whether a pure solar heating s\stem will be completely self-sufficient in northern latitudes. Sometimes, to reduce over-all costs, solar heating and an air-conditioning s\srem are combined. The air-coiulition- ing function is just the opposite of the heating fiuiction. Hot air is pumped ovit of the living area during the day, stored in the heat storage area, and the stored heat expelled to the outside at night. A system like this is actually in opera- tion today. Evaluation To summarize, it may be said that u>ing solar energv to supply low-temper- ature heat is alreadv economical in many circiuiistances, and a large increase in the number of houses heated and cooled by solar energy can be expected in the next few years. The production of power from the sun by means of a heat engine is still uneconomical in most areas. Advances in methods of collector design show promise of improving the economics to a point at which solar en- ergy will be worth while in many areas where cheap conventional fuels are not available. Even today it is economical in a few extreme cases. Among the non- thermal processes, photosynthesis may one day offer another reasonable method of harnessing sunshine. Large-scale power operations by the photoelectric process will be significant only if im- proved methods are developed which will reduce the cost of the apparatus significantly. Efforts in solar research have thus far been limited, and problems are many. No new era of solar energy properties is just around the corner. Years of re- search and development are necessary. Hut the basic concepts are within our grasp and without much doubt can be brought to realization in the forseeable future. REFERENCES Business Week: "Sun Powered Photu- System," Oct. S, '55, p. 90. Pofiiilar Sc'uncc: "New Siui Furnaces May Cool Houses, Too." Vol. 166, June, 1955. Pof>ii/)ir Sricnrr: "The Latest In Solar Power," Vol. 168, January, 1956. Scicntifif American: "Solar Fac- tories," Vol. 39, Februar\-, 1956. Srienlific Aineriean: "What Is The Future of Solar Energy?" Vol. 39, Jiuie, 19 56. Srienlific American: "Progress In Solar Power," Vol. l')\ July. 1956. 14 THE TECHNOGRAPH complete instrumentation for NASA's Project Mercury COLUNS ELECTRONICS The reality of MeDonnell's manned sat- ellite will be a great milestone in NASA's exploration of space. Collins Radio Com- pany is proud to participate in Project Mercury by supplying the complete elec- tronics system, including orbital radio voice conimimication, a command system for radio control, a telemetry data system, a Minitrack beacon system, a transponder beacon system for precision tracking, and a rescue radio voice and beacon system. Collins needs engineers and physicists to keep pace with the growing demand for its products. Positions are challenging. Assign- ments are varied. Projects currently under- way in the Cedar Rapids Division include research and development in Airborne communication, navigation and identifica- tion systems. Missile and satellite tracking and communication. Antenna design, Ama- teur radio and Broadcast. Collins manufacturing and R&D in- stallations are also located in Burbank and Dallas. Modern laboratories and re- search facilities at all locations ensure the finest working conditions. Your placement office will tell you when a Collins representative will be on camp\is. For all the interesting facts and figures of recent Collins developments send for your free copies of Sipnal, published quar- terly by the Collins Radio Company. Fill out and mail the attached coupon toda\'. You'll receive every issue published during tliis school year without obligation. Professional Placement, Collins Radio Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Please send during this s ne each Collii :hool year. Signal published COLLINS COLLINS RADIO COMPANY MAY, 1960 • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • DALLAS, TEXAS • BURBANK, CALIFORNIA h Address City Stote College or University Major degree Minor Graduation date ■■■■■■■■■■I laDBHBBaBB 15 The care and feeding of a It takes more than pressing a button to send a giant rocket on its way. Actually, almost as many man-hours go into the design and construction of the support equipment as into the missile itself. A leading factor in the reliability of Douglas missile systems is the company's practice of including all the necessary ground handling units, plus detailed procedures for system utilization and crew training. This com p lete job allows Douglas missiles like THOR, Nike HERCULES, Nike AJAX and others to move quickly from test to operational status and perform with outstanding dependability. Douglas IS seeking qualified engineers and scientists for the design of missiles, space systems and their supporting equipment. Write to C. C. LaVene, Box 600-M, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Alfred J. Carah, Chief Design Engineer, discusses the ground installation requirements for a series of THOR-boosted space r\A||/^| AQ probes with Donald W. Douglas, Jr., President of l/UUULMO MISSILE AND SPACE SYSTEMS ■ MILITARY AIRCRAFT ■ DC-8 JETLINERS ■ CARGO TRANSPORTS ■ AIRCOMB-^ 16 I GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT THE TECHNOGRAPH "I found I could be an engineer — and a businessman, too" William M. Stiffler majored in mechanical engineering at Penn State University — but he also liked economics. "I wanted to apply en- gineering and economics in business." he says, "and have administrative responsibility." Bill got his B.S. degree in June. 1956. and went to work with the Bell Telephone Com- pany of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg. During his first two years, he gained on-the-job ex- perience in all departments of the company. Since June. 1958, he's been working on trans- mission engineering projects. Today, Bill is getting the blend of engineer- ing and practical business-engineering he wanted. "The economic as])ects of each proj- ect are just as important as the technical aspects," he says. "The greatest challenge lies in finding the best solution to each problem in terms of costs, present and future needs, and new technological developments. "Another thing I like is that I get full job- responsibility. For example, I recently com- pleted plans for carrier systems between Scranton and four other communities which will bring Direct Distance Dialing to cus- tomers there. The transmission phase of the project cost almost a half-million dollars and was 'my baby' from terminal to terminal. "Telephone engineering has everything you could ask for— training, interesting and varied work. res|)onsibility, and real management opportunities." Bill Stifllcr and many college men like liim have found inter- esting careers willi the Bell Telephone Companies. There may he a real opportunity for you, too. Be sure to talk with the Bell interviewer when he visits your campus — and read the Bell Telephone hooklet on tile in your Placement Odice. BELL TELEPHONE COIVIPANIES MAY, 1960 17 Automation and Applications of Transfer Machines Automation is an integration of me- chanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electri- cal, and electronic devices to perforin anil control operations of producti mechanization has largely elimin.ited the need for man's physical power, auomation will eliminate the need for the mental control tasks that were previously a.ssociated with this power. This is not to imply that all of man's work is finished. It is rather the begin- ning of an era in which the duties of workers will be on a much higher plane than before. It maiks the beginning of an era in which tile formulation of ideas and design and maintenance of machines will be the major responsibili- ties, tasks of the people in our industrial force. Mechanization and automatic ma- chinerv have been available for years. Where, then, is the dividing line be- tween the emplovnient of manually con- trolled automatic machinerv' and auto- mation? This dividing line lies in the methods employed to control the ma- chines and in the materials handling aspect of mechanized operations. In mechanized production operations, the machines that are used must be in- dividually set up for the operations to be performed, and must be controlled by an operator. The inspection of the finished product as it comes from these machines must be carried out manually, even tbf)ugb the person engaged in this inspection ma\' have the use of very ad- vanced techniques. In this process, when the finished material is not within the (('.(intiniuil on Ptuic 20) Proc-t'- r'5e./7o//7f ^/e/ve/?/ ^ — ^ ©- c^'o/^^^'/ c/- Muhsr^Z/i-I O/^^/^ ^ /i^^/^ ^^^'^^'''/ If^ ^ F, rvccbs .A ^^iJ^'- -k^^/A-A {U - ^i/hpcil- <^^::i^^e<:7 -/.co/y /^'-tr/y/rcV 18 THE TECHNOGRAPH TIROS satellite orbiting towards ground station in Eastern United States. RCA-BUILT "TIROS" SATELLITE REPORTS WORLD'S WEATHER FROM OUTER SPACE As you read these lines, the most remarkable ''weather reporter" the world has ever known hurtles around our globe many times a day, hundreds of miles up in outer space. The TIROS satellite is an orbiting television system. Its mission is to televise cloud formations within a belt several thousand miles wide around the earth and trans- mit a series of pictures back to special ground stations. Weather forecasters can then locate storms in the making ... to help make tomorrow's weather forecast more accurate than ever. The success of experimental Project TIROS opens the door to a new era in weather forecasting — with benefits to people of all lands. This experiment may lead to advanced weather satellites which can provide weathermen with hour- by-hour reports of cloud cover prevailing over the entire world. Weather forecasts, based on these observations, may then give ample time to prepare for floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons and blizzards — lime which can be used to minimize damage and save lives. Many extremely "sophisticated" techniques and de- vices were required to make Project TIROS a success — two lightweight satellite television cameras, an infra-red horizon-locating system, complex receiving and trans- mitting equipment, and a solar power supply that collects its energy from the sun itself. In addition to the design and development of the actual satellite, scientists and engineers at RCA's "Space Center" were responsible for the development and construction of a vast array of equipment for the earth-based data processing and command stations. Project TIROS was sponsored by the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. The satellite pay- load and ground station equipment were developed and built by the .\stro-Elcctronic Products Division of RCA, under the technical direction of the U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory. The same electronic skills which made possible the success of nmri's most advanced weather satellite are em- bodied in all RCA products — RCA Victor black & white and color television sets, radio and high-fidelity systems enjoyed in millions of American homes. THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN ELECTRONICS RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA MAY, \9i0 19 ENGINEER WHO'S ''ARRIVED" E. L, DISBROW ^^^ Tri-Slate College, Angola, Ind. '51 Bh d DISBROW exemplifies the opportunity to grow with a young, growing company. Now District Manager of the Dunham-Bush Minne- apolis office, he supervises widespread engineering activities of a group of sales engineers representing a multi-product technical line. Engineering degree in hand. Ed went to work for Heat-X (a Dunham- Bush subsidiary) as an Application Engineer. Successive steps in the Dunham-Bush main office and as Sales Engineer in the New York territory brought him to his present managerial capacity. A member of Belle Aire "V'acht Club, Ed leads a pleasant life afloat and ashore with his wife and two boys. Equally satisfying is Ed's job. In directing calls on consulting engi- neers, architects, plant engineers, wholesalers, contractors and building owners, he knows he"s backed by the extensive facilities of Dunham- Bush laboratories, ^'ou can see him pictured above on a typical call, inspecting a Minnesota shopping center Dunham-Bush air conditioning installation. Ed's success pattern is enhanced by the wide range of products he represents. For Dunham-Biish refrigeration products run from com- pressors to complete .systems: the range of air conditioning products extends from motel room conditioners to a hospital's entire air condi- tioning plant. The heating line is equally complete: from a radiator valve to zone heating control for an entire apartment housing project. The Dunham-Bush product family even includes highly specialized heat transfer products applicable to missile use. AIR CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION, HEATING PRODUCTS AND ACCESSORIES Dunliam-Bushp Inc. WEST HARTFORD 10, • CONNECTICUT, • U. S. A. SAIES OFFICES lOCATED IN PRINCIPAl CITIES (Continued from P/it/c IS) limits of the (icsignateil tolerances, the operation of the machine must he ad- justfil to correct the deviation. Ill the use of automatic machinery which has automatic testing devices as an integral part of the processing, faulty parts may also be rejected by the test- ing device and the operation halted, or .some sort of warning de\ice ma\ he used to make the operator aware that adjustment is necessary. Open vs. Closed Loops The two s\.sti-ms abose, which com- prise the major portion of present pro- duction facilities, are known as open- loop systems. .Automation employs what is known as a closed-loop system, in which the input to the process and the process itself are controlled h\ the re- sults of testing the output. The figure on page 18 shows the basic principles of the open and closed-loop systems. The simplest examples of the closed- loop system are the flyball governor and the thermostat. As the speed of the shaft o:i which the governor is mounted is increased, the weights are lifted by centrifugal force, and through the prop- er linkage these weights activate a \al\e which increases or decreases the amount of steam entering the steam eiiT'iie. In the case of the thermostat, a thcmo- couple is used to activate the switch of the heating unit. In each of these cases, however, it can be seen that the output of the system directly controls the input, and these are therefore closed-loop sys- tems. In the application of automation to production processes, several combina- tions of the factors of production arc possible, but all employ the same basic principles. Machines which perform multiple operations may be of several basic types, the choice of which depends upon considerations of space, relative position in the entire production opera- tion, and economy. These machines which load, move the material through different phases of the operation, per- form the different operations, carry on inspection, and unload the finished pro- duct are known as transfer machines. Transfer Machines Most transfer machines are controlled by computer, either analog or digital. Analog computers are so named because they set up physical models in order to solve problems. In the electronic ana- log computers these models are in the form of voltages. The chief advantage of the analog computer is the fact that the device need be no more complicated than the problem or model that it deals with. Another advantage is the fact that the analog computer gives continuous and instantaneous solutions to the prob- lems presented. The digital computer is a much more 20 THE TECHNOGRAPH t^i no. ) Xnt>pt^ flop complicated inacliinc- tlian the analog, but is capable of solviii"; much more complex problems. The name is derived from the fact that these machines are designed to solve problems by perform- ing mathematical operations on the data supplied. Because of this, there is a time lapse between the feeding of the infor- mation to the machine and the solution of the problem. With increasing refine- ments in the design of this type of ma- chine, howver, the time for the opera- tions is being measured in millisecoiuls, and in very advanced machines in micro- seconds, so that their use is becoming more and more widespread. Machine-Tool Uses In the use of computers to control machines, the sequence of operations to be performed is recorded on punched or magnetic tape. These instructions are read into the computer, and are stored in its memory circuits. The computer then controls the operations of the ma- chine by referring to these instructions in the proper sequence. In* most transfer machines electronic inspection devices relay any deviations from prescribed conditions to the con- trolling computer, which in turn makes adjustments to the operation, correcting for the deviations. The above sketch shows a schematic diagram of a sequence of operations controlled in this manner. Transfer machines with this type of control may be of two types, unitized or sectionized. The unitized machine operates as a complete unit, and in order to shut down one phase of the operation the entire machine must be stopped. In the sectionized machine, groups of re- lated operations are built in different sections, so that one section can be in- operative without affecting the others. In these machines, reserve banks of the material in process are kept on hand for each section, so that if a section is shut down the sections performing the subse- quent operations can draw material from the reserves and total production will not be affected. In connection with the sectionized machine a device called a toolorometer is used. This is an .uitomatic tool pro- gramming method whereby a memory device keeps track of the number of op- erations that each tool has performed. At a predetenuined number of opera- tions the toolorometer then automatical - h' stops the section in which the tool is located, to allow for tool replacement. At the same time other tools in the sec- tion which are close to their change times can be replaced, thus eliminating tile need for fvirther stoppages. Down time due to tool changing and break- age is a big factor in limiting the num- ber of operations that a transfer ma- chine may be designed for, and there- fore such controls are very important. In the materials-handling phase of the transfer-machines operation the ma- terial to be processed moves through the machine on pallets or on some sort of conveyor. If the pallet system is used, the material is clamped into blocks when it enters the machine. The motion of these types of machine is intermittent, as the movement must stop while the operations are being performed. In some machines movement is constant, the ma- terial moves through the machine on conveyors, and is pushed into the heads of the various tools by loading and un- loading devices. The use of transfer machines is seem- ingly imlimited. Our industry has just scratched the surface in adapting these machines to our production. As an example of some of the uses of trans- fer machines: in 1956 the Plymouth V-S engine line consisted of one transfer ma- chine 560 feet long, and two cylinder head assembly lines 126 feet long. The three lines were coordinated and timed to produce 150 finished engines per hour. Ford V-8 engine blocks were pro- duced by a transfer machine 350 feet long which performed 555 separate operations and turned out 100 parts an hour. The Russians have a plant where aluminum ingots are taken in one end and at the other enil aluminum pistons are sorted into four sizes, inspected, greased, wrapped in paper, and packed in boxes of six. All operations are car- ried out automatically, and this plant produces 3.^0(1 pistons in .'i twenty-four hour i\<\\ with a work fence of onh' m'ne men per shitt. Other Applications Automation is not limited to the use of transfer machnies in the mdustries mentioned, but rather to every phase of business. In the fields of data processing and the flow processes in the chemical industry, completely automatic opera- tions are being utilized. In transporta- tion, railroads are practicing automatic handling of cars in \ards from central control computers. With its implications of less work to be done, automation has, for some time, been a controversial subject for discus- sion between labor and management. It is being used more and more, however, and just as mechanization and mass production methods enabled us to raise our standard of living constantly and at the same time have more leisure, so automation will further this trend. RKFKRKXCES CidddiiKiii . L. Lduilon. "Man and •Automation," Penguin Books, Ltd., Harmondsworth, .Middlesex, England. J line Stephen. "The Automatic Fac- tor\ , ' Instruments Publishing Com- pan\-, Pittsburgh 12, Pennsylvania. Riisinoff, S. £., "Automation in Prac- tice," The American Technical Society, Chicago, Illinois. The Inslltutinn of Pi ndiietion Kn^i- neers. "The Automatic P^actory, What Does It Mean." E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., London, England. Miehi(/fin Stale I'niversity . "Ail- dresses (liven at The Centennial S>ni- posium." East Lansing, Michigan. "Doc, vou've got to help me. Last night I drank two ipiarts of stolen gold paint." "(niod Heavens! How do you feel now?" "Guilty." MAY, 1960 21 INERTIAL GUIDANCE By M. Staloff In tliis the so callcil ;i. (Hit iin biitli sides, ami we liiul that the raihus is thrtr luiiais. '1 In- iiuHJti's ratlins is l.dSO miles, so a huiai niusr he ,?()(• miles. » » » 1. One hour. 2. Yes. 3. One per year. 4. He is alive. 5. The match. 6. All of them. 7. One hour: one now, the second after a half hour, ami tlie last at the end of an iiour. S. White polar bear. 'I. Intil he is completely in the woods ; then he is running thrmu/li the woods. 111. I nited States of .America; In ( Mul We Trust. 11. Zero; si\ outs; /.ero /iiHvf lie- rween the top and bottom of tlie inning. 12. Nickel and fifty cent piece— one of these isn't a nickel. 13. Nine. 14. Seventy. 15. They were playing other men. 16. Two apples. 17. No; since Christ had not yet lived, the symbol, H.C, was not yet used. IS. The beggar is the woman's sister. 19. Moses didn't take any; Noah did. 20. He can't since he is dead. 21. U'onihrini/ should be jitiiitliririf; in No. 8. MORE INDUSTRIAL SKIMMING son Jr. of electrical engineering and astronomy as consultant. H the moon were a polished ball, signals would be reflected from a tiny point. Since it is not, they bounce back toward earth from a fair sized part of the rough surface. The radius of the area has been estimated as much as one- third the radius of the moon. To find out, the Evans Signal Labor- atory, Fort Monmouth, N. J., will beam a r.idio signal at the moon. As it bounces back to earth, this signal will be received at the University. The radio interferometer has a re- ceiving pattern like the spread fingers of a hand. Every time the moon passes over one of the fingers the signals will come in strong; between fingers it will drop oflf. By adjusting these radio fingers into space, the engineers will feel out the width of the reflective area and meas- ure it. Camera-Binocular One of the latest gadgets developed in Japan is a binocular that takes pic- tures. The camera has an f :3.7 lens and a 30-exposurc magazine. The binocular has 400 millimeter 1.8 teleconversion lenses and magnifies 15 times. t C'intiiiiu il fro/i' I'll//, .^(1 ) Credit Card Complaint A San Francisco appliance dealer complained over lunch in a restaurant recently that nobody, except banks and women, likes bank credit cards, because they cost retailers a percentage of their profits. "We could fight the banks, but women would rather argue with the old man after charging a purchase than try to get money from him in advance," he said. The dealer then paid the check with his credit card. Chemistry Goes To Hollywood A new era in high school chemistry will be unveiled when the image of Prof. John C. Bailar Jr., University of Illinois chemist and president, Amer- ican Chemical Society, appears on a mo- tion picture screen to introduce a proj- ect sponsored by that society and made possible by the Fund for Advancement of Education and Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica Films Inc. He will be introducing a series of 160 half-hour long sound-color motion picture films which present an entire one-year high school chemistry course. The films are intended for classroom CERAMISTS & CERAMIC ENGINEERS Do you have an idea that you would like to develop and produce? We want a new product to manufacture, and we will back the right fellow and the right idea with a small factory and laboratory and the ability to furnish any other help needed, especially good successful business experience. Address Thi 'J'li h/irji/mph — Box 6 use. They include closcups of experi- ments and scenes of chemical plants. Prof. Bailar will attend the preinier showing along with government, educa- tional, and scientific leaders, science writers, and other representatives of science and the public. In his introductory remarks. Prof. Bailar points out that "The American Chemical Society is directly concerned not only with training of professional chemists and chemical engineers, but also with the problem of acquainting every high school student with the meaning and importance of chemistry. Teacher in the filmed series is Prof. John F. Baxter, University of Florida, whom Prof. Bailar presents as "the classroom colleague for every teacher who uses the films." "As president of the American Chem- ical Society," says Prof. Bailar, "I be- lieve this project will make a signifi- cant contribution to improvement of high school chemistry, and thus to strengthening the American educational system." Costly Mistake It has cost the Alaska District of the Corps of Engineers $210,000 to find out that cold weather and steel-framed windows do not mix, according to En- gineering News-Record. Wood frame windows are replacing the old ones at two subarctic Air Force bases. It was found that frost builds up so heavily on the steel in subzero weather that the windows are rendered useless for illuminating purposes. Smoke Much? Puffing a cigarette while working or driving is a hindrance, not a help, reports Factory Management and Main- tenance. Carbon monoxide gets the blame. The bloodstream absorbs the gas 210 times faster than oxygen. It takes only 3 per cent of carbon monoxide to cause measurable impairment of vision and depth perception. Heavy smoking causes a carbon monoxide con- centration as high as 10 per cent. C)ne cigarette adds one-to-one-half per cent of the gas to your system. It was the sleepy time of the aft- ernoon. The prof, droned on and on formulae, constants and figures. A Ch. E. Student sitting in the second row, was unable to restrain himself and gave a tremendous yawn. Unfortunately, as he stretched out his arm he caught his neighbor squarely under the chin, knocking him to the floor. Horrified, he bent over the prostrate form just in time to hear him murmur, "Hit me again, Sam, I can still hear him." 32 THE TECHNOGRAPH If your sights are set on outer space- U.S. Air Force I.C.B.M. "Titan" shown in the vertical test laboratory at the Martin Company, Denver, Colorado. you'll find Photography at Work with you. From the time a scientist's mind first sparks an idea for exploring space, photography gets to work with him. It saves countless hours in the drafting stage by reproducing engineers' plans and drawings. It probes the content and structure of metals needed by photomicrography, photospectrography or x-ray diffraction. It checks the opera- tion of swift-moving parts with high- speed movies — records the flight of the device itself — and finally, pictures what it is in space the scientist went after in the first place. There's hardly a field on which you can set your sights where photography does not play a part in producing a better product or in simplifying work and routine. It saves time and costs in research, in production, in sales and in office routine. So in whatever you plan to do, take full advantage of all of the ways photography can help. CAREERS WITH KODAK: With photography and photographic proc- esses becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design, sales, and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, wn.^'tij"; information about careers with Kodak. \ddfe'=s: Business and Technical Personnel Dep>Hrtmer.t. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rochester 4, N. Y. TRADEMARK One of a series Interview ivitJi General Electric^ s Byron A. Case Manager — Emijloyee Compensation Service Your Salary at General Electric Several surveys indicate that salary is not the primary contributor to job satisfaction. Nevertheless, salary con- siderations will certainly play a big part in your evaluation of career op- portunities. Perhaps an insight into the salary policies of a large employer of engineers like General Electric will help you focus your personal salary objectives. Salary — a most individual and per- sonal aspect of your job — is difficult to discuss in general terms. While recog- nizing this, Mr. Case has tried answering as directly as possible some of your questions concerning salary: Q Mr. Case, what starting salary does your company pay graduate engineers? A Well, you know as well as I that graduates' starting salaries are greatly influenced by the current demand for engineering talent. This demand es- tablishes a range of "going rates" for engineering graduates which is no doubt widely known on your campus. Be- cause General Electric seeks outstand- ing men, G-E starting salaries for these candidates lie in the upper part of the range of "going rates." And within General Electric's range of starting sal- aries, each candidate's ability and potential are carefully evaluated to de- termine his individual starting salary. Q How do you go about evaluating my ability and potential value to your company? A We evaluate each individual in the light of information available to v . type of degree; demonstrated sj^nc^ ar- ship: extra-curricular contrib;irif,ti> .work experience; and persf^.-al ci'.>alities as appraised by inter^-iewercj and faculty members. These coi-siderations deter- mine where within G.E.'s current sal- ary range the engineer's starting salary will be established. Q When could I expect my first salary increase from General Electric and how much would it be? A Whether a man is recruited for a specific job or for one of the principal training programs for engineers — the Engineering and Science Program, the Manufacturing Training Program, or the Technical Marketing Program — his individual performance and salary are reviewed at least once a year. For engineers one year out of col- lege, our recent experience indicates a first-year salary increase between 6 and 15 percent. This percentage spread re- flects the individual's job performance and his demonstrated capacity to do more difficult work. So you see. salary adjustments reflect individual perform- ance even at the earliest stages of professional development. And this emphasis on performance increases as experience and general competence increase. Q How much can I expect to be making after five years with General Electric? A As I just mentioned, ability has a sharply increasing influence on your salary, so you have a great deal of per- sonal control over the answer to your question. It may be helpful to look at the cur- rent salaries of all General Electric technical-college graduates who re- ceived their bachelor's degrees in 1954 (and now have five years' experience). T'.eir current median salary, reflect- mg both merit and economic changes, is about 70 percent above the 1954 median starting rate. Current salaries for outstanding engineers from this class are more than double the 1954 median starting rates and, in some cases, are three or four times as great. Q What kinds of benefit programs does your company offer, Mr. Case? A Since I must be brief, I shall merely outline the many General Electric em- ployee benefit programs. These include a liberal pension plan, insurance plans, an emergency aid plan, employee dis- counts, and educational assistance pro- grams. The General Electric Insurance Plan has been widely hailed as a "pace setter" in American industry. In addi- tion to helping employees and their families meet ordinary medical expen- ses, the Plan also affords protection against the expenses of "catastrophic" accidents and illnesses which can wipe out personal savings and put a family deeply in debt. Additional coverages in- clude life insurance, accidental death insurance, and maternity benefits. Our newest plan is the Savings and Security Program which permits eni-_ ployees to invest up to six ,'~',cent of their earnings in U.S. S.ivmgs ^ --nds or in combinations of Eorii:ua'''"d Gen- eral Electric stock. These savings are supplemented by a Company Propor- tionate Payment equal to 50 percent of the employee's investment, subject to a prescribed holding period. // yoii Uf>iil)l Itkf