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THE UNIVERSITY 

OF ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 

580.G 

LP 

1894-1*B9T 



[Price 



PROCEEDINGS 



OF THE 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 




From November 1896 to June 1897. 



LONDON': 

PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, 

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., 

BY TATLOE AND FRANCIS, RED LION COUET, FLEET STREET. 



LP 






PROCEEDINGS 



OF THE 



LINNEiN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 



(SESSION 1894-95.) 



November 1st, 1894. 

Mr. Charles Baeon Clabke, F.R.S., President, in. the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Arthur Philip Grreen and Mr. Frederick Lewis were 
elected Fellows. 

At the request of the Eoyal Society of New South "Wales, the 
President announced the offer by that Society of a series of 
prizes for the best communications on cerbaiu specified subjects. 

Messrs. H. and J. Groves exhibited an undescribed Chara 
from Westmeath, and made remarks upon its peculiar mode of 
growth. 

There were exhibited for Mr. J. Gr. Otto Tepper some photo- 
graphs of a remarkable Fungus from South Australia, Lacco- 
cephalum basilapidoides, MacAlp. & Tepp., which explained the 
formation of the peculiar stone-like nodules occasionally found 
when clearing scrub-land. These were found to be due to the 
agglutinating nature of the mycelium of this fungus, the grains 
being permanently cemented by lime and ferruginous oxides. 

The Eev. Gr. Henslow made some remarks on a peculiar mode 
of propagation of Oxalis cernua observed in Malta, and exhibited 
some views taken during his sojourn there. 

Mr. Miller Christy exhibited a long piece of leaden pipe which 
had been gnawed through its entire length by Eats, in a manner 

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINOS. — SESSION 1894-95. h 

529129 



2 PEOCEEDLNGS OF THE 

which showed that the object was not, as generally supposed, to 
get access to water. 

Mr. H. M. Bernard exhibited some photographs of Corals taken 
with the " Kodak " camera. 

A series of that remarkable Beetle Goliathus gtganteus from 
"West Africa was shown by Dr. E. A. Heath ; and Mr. E. M. 
Holmes exhibited some plants from Japan. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Mediterranean and Xew Zealand Eetiporce, and a 
Fenestrate Bryozoan." By A. W. Waters, F.L.S. 

2. " Theletiemeae et Graphideae novse." By Dr. J. Miiller, 
of Aargau, F.M.L.S. 



November loth, 1S94. 

Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. J. E. S. Moore exhibited preparations illustrative of his 
investigations concerning the origin and nature of the achromatic 
spindle in the spermatocytes of Elasmobranchs. His results 
were approximately in agreement with those arrived at by 
Hermann in regard to the corresponding elements in Amphibia, 
and more in accord with those of I^hikawa relating to the division 
of jS'octiluca. As to the spindle-fibres themselves, it is supposed 
that during the diastral stage of the division they were the optical 
expression of thickenings in the wall of a membranous cylinder 
stretched out between the chromosomes. 

The Bev. G-. Henslow exhibited some curious iron implements 
of somewhat varied pattern used in Egypt for cutting oif the 
top of the Alexandrine Fig, Ficus Sgcamorus, Linn., the operatioa 
being necessary to render it edible by getting rid of the parasitic 
insect, Sycophaga crassipes, by which it is always infested. The 
practice was said to be very aacieut, being described by Theo- 
phrastus, and alluded to by the same word Kri^wv in the 
Septuagint version of the Old Testament (Amos, vii. 14) in 
translating from the Hebrew. 

Mr. H. jS". Bidley showed some drawings of the green larva 
of a Sphinx Moth mimicking a green tree-snake, Trimeresurus 
WagJeri, as well as a cluster of Caterpillars mimicking a fruit, all 
of which were found in Singapore. He also showed a drawing, 
from life, of the Tannin-producing Gambir-plant, Uncaria Gamhir\ 
in flower. 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOU". 3 

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited some germinating seeds of 
Pepper, showing the testa being carried up by the cotyledons. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. "A Revision of the British Copepoda belonging to the 
Grenera Bradya and Ectinosoma." By Thomas Scott, P.L.S., 
and Andrew Scott. 

2. "Eecent Observations on the Plant yielding Bhang, Can- 
nabis sativa, Linn." By Dr. David Prain, F.L.S. 



December 6th, 1894. 

Mr. CflAELEs Baeon Claeke, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Walter Tothill was elected a Pellow. 

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited and made some remarks upon a 
small collection of Japanese Marine Algae, some of which were of 
considerable rarity in European collections. 

Prof. D. Campbell brought forward some illustrations of the 
relations of vascular Cryptogams as deduced from their deve- 
lopment. His remarks were followed by a discussion in which 
Prof Bower, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. Carruthers, and Prof. Marshall 
Ward took part. 

The following paper was read : — 

" A New Eevisiou of the Dipterocarpeae." By Sir Dietrich 
Brandis, P.E.S., P.L.S. 

December 20th, 1894. 

Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Peter Ewing was elected a Fellow. 

Mr. W. Betting Hemsley exhibited a series of specimens and 
figures illustrating the parasitism of Loranthus aphyllus, Miers, 
and other plants, from the Herbarium, Kew. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a specimen of a small Siberian 
Warbler, Phylloscopus superciliosus, which had been obtained 
near Beverley, Yorkshire, in October last, and made some 
remarks upon its haunts, habits, and migration, and upon the 
previous instances which had been noted of its accidental occur- 
rence in the British Islands. 

12 



PEOCEEDIirGS OF THE 



The following papers were read : — 

1. " On the Spinning-Glands of Fhri/nus." By Henry Meyners 
Bernard, F.L.S. 

2. " Contributions to the Knowledge of Monocotyledonous 
Saprophytes." By Percy Groom, F.L.S. 



January 17th, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles BAEOif Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Stephen Trovte Dunn, Mr. James Peter Hill, Mr. "Robert 
Okell, Mr. William Burne Stonham, Surg.-Capt. John Henry TuU 
Walsh, and Mr. James Wilshire were elected Fellows. 

Mr. George Murray exhibited lantern-slides representing a 
new part of PacJiytheca, consisting of a cup-shaped receptacle in 
which Pacliytheca was fouud by Mr. John Storrie of CardiflF, 
The walls of the cup are composed of radiating chambers like 
those of AcetabuJaria, and in the centre there are traces of an 
axile structure. Mr. Murray considered that this discovery only 
made the interpretation of the nature oiPachytheca more difficult 
than ever. 

Mr. Arthur Lister exhibited and made remarks upon a 
Land-Bail, Crex pratensis, which had been found a few days pre- 
viously near Axminster in Devonshire, where it had been killed 
by coming in contact with telegraph-wires. The occurrence in 
midwinter of a bird which is a summer visitor to this country 
seemed to him to be worth notice. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited specimens of northern sea-birds 
which had been driven upon the East Coast of England during 
recent gales : amongst -others the Little Auk, Mergulus alle, of 
which great numbers had come ashore dead or in an exhausted 
condition ; the Little Gull, Larusminutus, obtained at Whitstable 
on January 5th; and an example of Briinnich's Guillemot, Uria 
Brunnichii, Sabine (Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 538), a species 
which, though abundant in Greenland, North-east Iceland, and 
Spitzbergen, is of such extremely rare occurrence on our coasts, 
that not more than two or three authenticated instances of its 
appearance here have been recorded. The specimen exhibited 
liad been forwarded by Mr. W. J. Clarke of Scarborough, near 
which seaport it had been shot on the 7th December last. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On some Variations in the Number of Stamens and 
Carpels." By I. H. Burkill, F.L.S. , 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 5 

2. " Variation in the Floral Symmetry of Potentilla Tormen- 
tilla, Necker.— Part I. The Modes of Variation." By A. G. 
Tansley, F.L.S., and Miss E. Dale. 

February 7th, 1895. 

Mr. Charles Babon Clarke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. George Henry Adcock and Mr. John Eedman Bovell 
were elected Fellows. 

The vacancies on the list of Foreign Members caused by the 
deaths of Monsieur Pierre Duchartre, Dr. Nathan Pringsheim, 
and Dr. Eduard von Kegel, having been announced by the 
President, the following nominations were made on the recom- 
mendation of the Council, and the Certificates ordered to be 
suspended : — 

Dr. C. F. Otto Nordstedt, Keeper of the Botanical Museum 
at the University of Lund, Editor of the ' Botaniska Notiser,' <tc. 

Dr. Michael Woronin of St. Petersburg, author of ' Zur 
Entwickelungsgeschichte des Ascoholus pulcherrimus, Cramer, 
und einiger Pezizen,' &c. 

Dr. Rudolph A, Philippi of Santiago, author of ' Reise darch die 
Wiiste Atacama im Sommer 1853-1854,' &c. 

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a dried specimen of Aplopappus 
Llaretcd, and samples of the so-called Gum Kino, Pterocarpns 
erinaceus, of which some account was given by Mr. E. M. Holmes. 

Mr. George Murray exhibited a number of lantern-slides of 
floating Algae, of which be gave brief descriptions, referring to 
the localities in which they had been found and the literature 
relating to them. 

By permission of the Director of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, 
Mr. W. B. Hemsley exhibited dried specimens of a number of 
new plants from Eastern Asia. Conspicuous among these was a 
new genus of the ScitaminecB from the mountains of Northern 
Siam, characterized by having minute unisexual flowers destitute 
of staminodia, and a one-celled ovary with parietal placentation, 
and two filiform stylodia ; a remarkably broad-leaved iyA-macAea 
from the same region ; new species of Hypericum, Ventilago, 
Mesona, and Helicia from Formosa; and a new genus of 
Cyrtandreae. From a collection made in Yunnan, Western 
China, by Mr. W. Hancock of Hong Kong, came a new Jasminum, 
allied to J. nudifiorum, with primrose-yellow flowers an inch 
and a half in diameter, an elegant species of Fetrocosmea 
(Cyrtandreae), and a showy Brandisea (Scrophularineae) with long 
racemes of crimson flowers, which were much admired. 



6 PEOCEEDrNGS OF THE 

Mr. Thomas Hanbury exhibited a beautiful collection of fresh 
fruits of the Aurantiese grown in his own garden at La Mortola, 
Mentone, and gare an account of some of the more remarkable 
varieties, their mode of growth, and the conditions under which 
they had been grown. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Comparative Morphology of the Graleodidae." By H. 
M. Bernard, P.L.S. 

A paper by Mr. J. Gr. Boerlage, " On ChionantJius QJiaeri^'' 
was deferred until the following Meeting. 



February 21st, 1895. 

Mr. Charles Baeon" Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

The President specially called attention to the fact that 
Monsieur Charles Brongniart of Paris had presented to the 
Society, through Sir John Lubbock, a copy of his valuable and 
important work, ' Eecherches sur les Insects fossiles primaires,' 
thanks for which had been voted in the usual course. 

Mr. J. H. Vanstone exhibited specimens of some nearly allied 
Hydrozoa, viz. Bougainvillea ramosa and B. musca ; and, after 
demonstrating their structure, gave reasons for concluding that 
although the latter had been described as distinct by Prof. AUman, 
the characters relied upon were not of specific value, but simply 
varietal. 

Mr. G-eorge Brebner exhibited some lantern-slides of Gloeo- 
siphonia capiUaris and other Algae, with accompanying descrip- 
tions, and gave an account of his method of preparing slides in 
colours. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Chionanthus Ghaeri, Graertn." By J. Gr. Boerlage. 
(Communicated by the President.) 

2. " New Marine Algse from Japan." By E. Morell Holmes, 
P.L.S. 

March 7th, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles BAEOif Claek:e, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

_ Mr. G-. P. Scott Elliot, who had been absent from England 
since September 1893 on a botanical exploration of Mount 
Euwenzori and the country to the north of the Albert Edward 
Nyanza, and had returned home only the previous day, gave 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. J 

an account of his journey and of its scientific results. He had 
originally intended to proceed from the mouth of the Zambesi by 
way of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika to Mukambas, and so on 
to the Albert Edward Nyanza, but abandoned the idea in favour 
of the route from Mombasa to Uganda. The country lying north- 
east of the Yictoria Nyanza was described as a large rolling 
grassy plain some 6000 feet above the sea-level, and well adapted 
for colouization. Proceeding west from the Victoria Nyanza to 
Mount Euwenzori, which lies north of the Albert Edward Nyanza, 
and is said to have an altitude of 18,000 feet, four months were 
spent in that district under the great disadvantage of a dense 
cloud hanging over the mountain the greater part of the day, 
which often prevented the party from seeing 50 feet ahead. The 
sides of the mountain were clothed at the base with a thick 
growth of trees resembling the Laurel of the Canary Islands, 
above that Bamboos to the 10,000-feet level, and above that 
again what the explorer could only liken to a Scotch peat-moss, 
into which the feet would sink at every step a foot or more. 
Large trunks like those of Erica arhorea of the Canary Islands, 
but indicating trees 80 feet high, were noticed. Amongst other 
plants especially noted were a Viola, a Cardamine, a gigantic 
XoSeZi'a, attaining a height of 5 or 6 feet, and a species of Hypericum 
resembling that found in the Canaries. Indeed the similarity of 
the flora investigated by Mr. Scott Elliot to that of the Canary 
Islands was said to be remarkable, while, as might be expected, 
the similarity to the genera of the Cape Flora increased as the 
traveller proceeded south upon his homeward route. 

Mr. Scott Elliot ascended Mount Ruwenzori to the height of 
13,000 feet, finding evidence of animal life and numerous insects 
to a height of 7000 feet. Above 10,000 feet his Swahili porters 
could not sleep without injury to their health ; and it was only 
with a reduced number of men that he was able to ascend another 
3000 feet. Amongst the animals specially mentioned was a 
species of Water-Buck (Cobus), a new Chameleon, a new Snake, 
and several new insects. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a remarkable head and horns of 
Capra cdgagrus, recently obtained by Mr. F. C. Selous in Asia 
Minor ; and made remarks on the geographical distribution of 
this and other allied species of wild goat. 

On behalf of Sir Joseph Hooker, the Secretary exhibited a 
bronze medal struck in honour of the late Alphonse de Candolle. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. "A general view of the Genus Cupressus." By Dr. Maxwell 
T. Masters, F.L.S. 

2. " Notes on Insects obtained during Mr. T. Bent's Expedition 
to Hadramaut, Arabia." By W. F. Kirby, F.L.S, 



8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

8. " On the Arachnida and Myriopoda obtained during the 
above Expedition." By E. Innes Pocock. (Communicated by 
W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S.) 

4. " On the Coleoptera of the same." By C. J. Gahan. (Com- 
municated by "W. Percy Sladen, P.L.S.) 

March 21st, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles Babon Clabke, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Eudolf Beer and Mr. William Henry Heathcote were 
elected Pellows. 

Prof. C. Stewart exbibited and made remarks upon a series of 
Corals, dwelling upon certain features which illustrated their 
structure. 

Mr. S. Pace brought forward a collection of Shells belonging to 
the genus Columbella, and made some observations concerning 
the peculiarities and geographical distribution of some of the 
species exhibited. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Terminal Plower in the Cyperacese." By Charles 
Baron Clarke, Pres. Linn. Soc. 

On the conclusion of this paper, Dr. H. Pield of Brooklyn, 
New York, made some remarks on the proposed establishment of 
a central international bureau for zoological bibliography, and 
the publication of an international zoological record. 

April 4th, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. John "Wesley Carr, Surg.-Capt. "William Harry "Wilson 
Elliot, and Eev. Alfred Thornley were elected Fellows. 

On behalf of Mr. W. B. Hemsley, Dr. Otto Stapf exhibited 
some new plants from the Solomon Islands, collected by the 
Eev. E. B. Comins. 

Mr. S. "W. Silver exhibited a specimen of the New Zealand 
Frost-fish {Lepidopus caudatus, Giinther), and commented upon 
the causes which had been assigned for the mortality to which 
this fish was periodically subject. Prof. C. Stewart, in reviewing 
published opinions on this subject, suggested the possibility of 



LINNEAIT SOCIETY Or LONDON. 9 

tbese fisli (wtich in winter are often thrown up on the beach in 
hundreds) being attracted by the silvery brightness of the frosted 
banks in the same way tbat birds perish from contact with the 
lanterns in lighthouses to which they are attracted during their 
migrations. Prof. Gr. B. Howes thought, from the published 
remarks of those who had written on the subject, that in some 
instances at least the fish supposed to be the Frost-fish belonged 
to another species, and some confusion had been thereby created. 

Mr. S. W. Silver also exhibited a specimen of polished Totara 
wood {JPodocarpus Totara, A. Cunn.) from New Zealand, as illus- 
trating tbe ornamental nature of a remarkable native tree, which 
might be turned to good account, but which was being generally 
destroyed to clear the ground for agriculturalists. 

Mr. George Murray exhibited some calcareous pebbles formed 
by freshwater Algae, and, with the aid of the oxy-hydrogen lantern, 
showed the minute details of structure in specimens from different 
localities. 

Dr. J. D. Haviland exhibited a collection of Termites, including 
specimens from Borneo. His remarks were supplemented by 
Mr. A. Constable with special reference to the habits of the 
Indian species. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Cyrtandracese of the Malay Peninsula." By Henry 
N. Kidley, M.A., P.L.S. 



April 18th, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles Babok Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. "William "Watson "Will was elected a Fellow. 

The President announced that the following Auditors to 
examine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the 
Council, and by show of hands these were unanimously elected : — 

-rr .1 ri -7 f Mr. Albert D. Michael. 
For the Council | p^^^ j^^^ Reynolds Green. 

-r;, _j7 17, 7 7 r Mr. James Groves. 
For the Fellows | ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^j^^^^ 

Mr. T. B. Blow exhibited specimens of the aquatic plant 
Mourerajluviatilis, Aubl., from the river Essequibo, with obser- 
vations on its life-history and lantern-slides illustrating the 
natural haunts of the plant. 



lO PEOCEEDHfaS OF THE 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited and made remarks upon a collection 
of "West-African Lepidoptera which had been forwarded by 
Mr. J. T. Studley from Old Calabar, and was to be presented to 
the British Museum. 

Mr. Howard Saunders exhibited a specimen of the European 
"White-winged Crossbill which had been shot in Co, Fermanagh 
in February last, and was lent for exhibition by Mr. C. Langham. 

Some photographs of the heads of Englisb Red Deer, showing 
successive growths of antlers in the same stag by comparison of 
the shed horns, were exhibited on behaK of Mr. Lucas of 
Warnham Court, Horsham. 

The following paper was read : — 

" Observations on the Loranthaeese of Ceylon." By E. W. 
Keeble, B.A. (Communicated by E, Darwin, E.E.S., E.L.S.) 

Mr. Trevor-Battye exhibited and gave an account of some 
plants observed by him during his recent sojourn on the Island 
of Koiguev. 



May 2nd, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Dr. C. E. Otto Nordstedt, Dr. Michael Woronin, and Dr. 
Eudolph A. Philippi were elected Foreign Members. 

Mr. H. M. Bernard showed, under the microscope, the circum- 
scribed patches of setae above and below the stigmata on the 
pupa of the Vapourer Moth {Orgyia antiqua). The arrangement 
suggested a vanished notopodium just wliere in the Hexapods a 
dorsal branch of a parapodium ought to have vanished according 
to the exhibitor's method of deducing the different groups of the 
Arthropoda from their Annelidan ancestors, as sketched in his 
recent paper on the Galeodidae. 

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited some new British Algse from 
Dorsetshire and Sussex, amongst others TJlvella confluens and 
Ectocarpus Beinholdi, both discovered last month at Weymouth, 
and the latter previously known only from the Baltic. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited and made remarks on a specimen 
of Cuculus canorus in the rare hepatic plumage of the so-called 
Cuculus Tiepaticus, Sparrman, recently obtained at Bishops 
Waltham, Essex. 



LI>'N"EAIf SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 



The following paper was read : — 

" Tbe Distribution of Plants on the Southern Side of the Alps." 
Bj the late John Ball, M.A., F.E.S. With an Introduction by 
W. T. Tbiselton Djer, C.M.G., F.E.S. 



May 24th, 1895. 

Anniversary Meeting. 

Mr. Chables Baeon Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Albert D. Michael, on hehalf of the Auditors, presented 
the Treasurer's Annual Statement of Accounts, duly audited, as 
shown on p. 12. 

The Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and 
elections of new Fellows for the past year, as follows : — 

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 15 Fellows had died, or 
their deaths had been ascertained, viz. : — 



General B. Benson. 
Mr. Prank E. Cheshire. 
Capt. A. Clark-Kennedy. 
Dr. Hugh Cleghorn. 
Mr. John Hagger. 
Prof. Jas. Allen Harker. 
Mr. Brian H. Hodgson. 
Dr. David Lyall. 



Mr. Charles McEae. 

Eev. S. Mateer. 

Dr. Aaron George Medwin. 

Mr. Alex. Goodman More. 

Eev. Jas. Tait Scott. 

Mr. Alfred White. 

Dr. P. Buchanan White. 



POBETGI?" MeMBEES. 



Prof. James Dana. 
Prof. Pierre Duchartre. 



Prof. Natanael Pringsheim. 
Dr. Eduard von Eegel. 



During the past official year 10 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : — 



Mr. Frederick H. Bowman. 

Mr. John Evans. 

Mr. Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer. 

Mr. Wilfred Godden. 

Mr. Alfred William Howitt. 



Mr. James Mellor. 
Mr. Thomas Eraser Peppe. 
Mr. Arthur Everett Shipley. 
IMr. James Thornhill. 
Mr. W. H. Twelvetrees. 



And 18 Fellows and 3 Foreign Members had been elected. 



12 



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LCTNEAir SOCIETY OF LOyDOK". 1 3 

The Librarian's Eeport was also read as follows : — 

Durino: the past year there had been received as Donations 
from private individuals to the Library 50 volumes and 132 
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. 

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific 
Societies there bad been received in exchange or otherwise 
223 volumes and 109 detached parts, besides 46 volumes and 
9 parts obtained by exchange and donation from the editors and 
proprietors of independent periodicals. 

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee, 
had sanctioned toe purchase of 21S volumes and 1S4 parts of 
important works. 

The total additions to the Library were therefore 537 volumes 
and 434 separate parts. 

The number of books bound, during the year was as follows : — 

In half-morocco 345 volumes, in balf-calf 10 volumes, in full 
calf 2 volumes, in full cloth 75 volumes, in vellum 12 volumes, 
in buckram S volumes, in boards or half-cloth 15 volumes ; 
relabelled Chalf-morocco and cloth backs) 22 volumes. Total 
489 volumes. 

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the 
elections, 

The President opened the business of the day, and the Pellows 
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers. 

The Ballot for the CouncU having been closed, the President 
appointed 'Mr. James Britten, Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, and 
Mr. Charles James Breese, Scrutineers, and the votes having 
been counted aud reported to the President, he declared the 
following Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : — 
Mr. AVilliam Carruthers. Mr. Herbert Druce, Dr. Albert Griiuther, 
Mr. George E. M. Murray, and Pruf. Charles Stewart ; and the 
following to be elected into the CouncU, viz. : — Prof. J. B. Farmer, 
Mr. Antony Gepp, Prof. George Bond Hovres, Dr. St. George J. 
Mivart, and Mr. A. Smith Woodward. 

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President 
nominated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been 
counted and reported to the President, he declared the result as 
follows : — 

President, Mr. Charles Baron Clarke. 

Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp. 

o ,1 Mr. B. Davdon Jackson. 

'^'^''"^^'"'"'\Prof. G.B.Howes. 

The President delivered his Address, as follows : — 



14 PKOCEEDINQS OF THE 



Peesidektial Addeess. 



Gektlemen, — I propose to occupy ten minutes with some 
remarks on the present position of this Society, and then to read 
you the Introduction to a paper on the Soondreebun of Bengal 
which I have had in hand some time. 

The Linnean Society was formed, according to its Charter, " for 
the Cultivation of Natural History in all its branches, more 
especially the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland." 
The breadth of its object has never been narrowed. There have, 
however, been established subsequently several Societies for the 
cultivation of special branches of Natural History : such are the 
Zoological Society, the Entomological Society, the Malacological 
Society. There remain numerous branches of Zoology, such as 
Crustacea, Corals, &c., down to Sponges, on which Papers come 
mainly to the Linnean Society. Papers on the larger animals, 
as on Birds, go generally to the Zoological Society, as papers on 
Insects go generally to the Entomological Society; but not 
exclusively. The position of this Society with reference to these 
Societies may be compared with the pos^ition of the Koyal Society 
with reference to the Linnean and Geological Societies. The 
Koyal Society has by no means given up Botany or Geology ; 
nevertheless, papers on Sytematic, Morphologic, Economic, and 
Geographic Botany are usually read here — not at the Eoyal 
Society ; papers on Stratigraphic and Petrologic Geology are 
usually read at the Geological, not at the Royal Society. The 
reason for this subdivision of work has been the increase of interest 
in scientific investigations, and in the consequent number of 
papers to be read, printed, and otherwise dealt with. It is also a 
convenience to have papers specially geologic collected in one 
Journal instead of their being scattered through the voluminous 
publications of the Eoyal Society, which has still got as much 
work left as it can manage. 

In the subject of Botany, no similar subdivision by the establish- 
ment of special Societies has yet been made. I believe this room 
to be the only place in the Metropolis where papers are taken 
And discussed. 

This Society shows life, by its Evening Meetings, its Publi- 
cations, and its Library. Now, during the past Session at least 
two-thirds of the time of the Evening Meetings has been occupied 
by Botany. My opening remarks have been designed to show 
you that this is so by the force of circumstances — the march of 
events ; and that the predominance of Botany has not been empha- 
sized by those who have to arrange the business at our Evening 
Meetings. 

I do not propose to attempt to recapitulate the Papers of 
the past year : they are, or shortly will be, in the hands of all 
the Members. I have been much interested by many Exhibits 
during the Session ; such as that of Mourera fiuviatilis by 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1$ 

Mr. Blow, GloeosipJionia by Mr. Brebner, Karyokinesis in Scj/- 
phium by Mr. J. E, S. Moore, and many others. Several Exhibits 
differ in no respect from Papers except in length : this is hardly 
a reason for overlooking them, as they sometimes contain as 
much matter as some lengthy papers. But they are reported 
very shortly indeed ; and those Members who are not fortunate 
enough to attend the Evening Meetings can get no sufficient idea 
from these short reports. But I must not suggest more extended 
publications. 

The quantity of our publications — especially, for the reasons 
already explained, of the Botanic publications — is now growing 
fast. Ton can best appreciate this from the statement that the 
papers now in hand, i. e. on the Assistant-Secretary's table for 
publication, are estimated to cost £1300 — largely Botany, — our 
average expenditure on publications having been, during the last 
seven years, £990. I believe that only those who have themselves 
been editors can really appreciate the amount of editorial labour 
involved by these publications upon the Secretaries and on the 
Assistant-Secretary. Several Members of this Society have sug- 
gested that the quantity of publication might be lessened — that 
authors might be compelled to adopt a more compressed style, 
or if they did not, that the Society's Officers might compress 
their work for them. One year's experience has convinced me 
that nothing can be done to effect any appreciable condensation 
in this way. 

The hands of the editorial officers are practically tied by the 
system of referring papers. The Council receives back, from 
a carefully selected referee, his report recommending that the 
paper should be printed as it stands. The Secretary who has 
to edit the paper can hardly, after this, alter or curtail the 
paper whatever his private opinion may be. Descriptions of 
new species are extended by the new process of epharmosis to 
cover a page or more ; the editing Secretary may grudge the 
space, but he knows that there are now many botanists who 
regard the anatomical as the most important part of the 
description. 

Finally, if every curtailment possible could be carried out, 
without affronting the authors, I do not think it would lessen our 
printed matter more than 8 per cent. ; nor would it appreciably 
lessen the difficulties of publication, which arise really from the 
extended interest now taken in science. 

As regards the editorial labour, the Council is disposed to aid 
their Botanic Secretary by giving him an assistant. But then 
remains to be met the cost of the Publications. You have just 
heard from the Treasurer that, for the first time in his long term 
of office, he has been obliged to sell out Stock. I do not regard 
the present sale as serious, though it is a sign of stress ; and 
the quantity of papers now on hand must be considered 
with it. 



J 6 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE 

The state of tlie Library leads to very similar reflections. It is 
obviously impossible for us to keep a complete Natural History 
Library. The Botanic Library is large, and the worst gaps in it 
may, I think, be filled up when we get the new Catalogue. But, in 
Zoolo"'y, the Library Committee has not the means to attempt to 
make the Library complete in any department. They can only 
lay out the money at their disposal in buying a selection of such 
Zoologic books as they suppose will be used by the Eellows. 
This is not by reason merely of want of space. There is some 
space in the Library still ; and we may get a great deal of space 
by presenting the "Wallich Herbarium either to the British 
Museum or Kew — a step which I advocated several years ago. 
The whole of Zoology and Botany has become more than this 
Society, powerful and flourishing though it be, can cover. I do 
not suggest that the Linneau Society should abandon any portion 
of its vast field ; but I think it will be compelled to consider the 
policy of concentrating itself, as far as possible — Papers, Publi- 
cations, and Library — on certain departments only of Natural 
History. 

I now turn to the Soondreebun of Bengal, which possesses 
interest of a varied kind, and has attracted attention especially 
since the short account by Sir J. D. Hooker, who visited it in 
1850. The last paper on it which I have is by Mr. E-ainey in the 
Proceedings of the Geographical Society for 1891. I have been 
in the Soondreebun, perhaps a year or two in all ; but I took no 
notes. I have been therefore glad, after I had nearly completed 
this paper, to receive through the kindness of Dr. Greorge King, 
Director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, a very full Forest 
E-eport of the Soondreebun by Mr. Hennig, who has been for 
several years Forest Officer in charge of tlie Soondreebun. I 
have added to my list of characteristic Soondreebun plants only 
two or three additional from Mr. Hennig's report ; the great 
value of his Report to me has been its verification of the list of 
plants I had drawn up partly from memory, partly from my 
herbarium numbers. 

The Soondreebun has supplied a battle-field for many con- 
troversies. 

First, as to the name, A prevalent tree in the salt-water swamp- 
forests of the mouths of the Ganges is Heritiera Fomes, Buch. 
Ham. : it is often 15-30 feet high and attains 60 feet, and is largely 
cut for fuel as well as for timber. It is now brought up to Calcutta 
in large quantities by boats and by the Mutlah railway ; and is the 
tree of chief economic interest in the Soondreebun. The name 
in Bengali for this tree is Soondree, while Bun in Bengal means 
a forest; so that the name Soondree-bun means Soondree-forest. 
Few Europeans knew that Soondree meant Heritiera Fomes, 
Buch. Ham. ; many knew the common Bengali word Soondar, 
i. e. beautiful. They therefore early corrupted the word into 



LTinfEAK SOCIETY 01? LOITDOX. 17 

Soonderbun, i. e. the beautiful forest. No Bengali, however, 
would call any juugle beautiful — least of all would he call 
mangrove-swamps beautiful ; so the name was further corrupted 
into Soondarbund or Soodarbunds. The word " bund " means a 
bank or a levee. The banks, however, in this lower Delta are not 
very beautiful ; and in the ' Indian Zoology,' published under the 
sanction of the Secretary of State fur India, I see that the word, 
bv further steps, has been got into Sanderbans. " Bans " means a 
bamboo ; but I know no bamboo called the Sander. Eainey, in 
'Proc. Greogr. Soc' n. s. vol. xiii. [1891] p. 293, agrees that the 
name is " Soondree-bun," and means " Soondree-forest ; " but he 
says the Soondree-tree whence the name is taken is Heritiera 
liitoralis, Dryand., not H. Fames, Buch. Ham. The two trees 
are much alike, and have been stated both to grow in the 
Soondreebun. I never could find S. littoralis, Dryand., in the 
Soondreebun, except when I collected it in "Warren Hastings's 
old garden at Baraset. Hennig gives the tree as " very rare " in. 
the Soondreebun, and it is not clear that he ever collected it 
himself there; while Dr. Praia tells me that he is satisfied that 
a. littoralis, Dryand., does not grow in the Soondreebun at all. 
I think it highly probable that a Bengali would denominate 
S. littoralis a Soondree if he saw it ; but, looking to its rarity 
and to the abundance and extensive economic use of H. Fomes, 
Buch. Ham., I set aside Mr. Eainey's derivation. To sum up 
this much disputed que:^tion, I adopt the old derivation ; I take 
the word to be Soondreebun, and to mean the forest of Heritiera 
Fomes, Buch. Ham. My friend C. H. Tawney, who has looked up 
Soondree in the Sanskrit authorities, thinks so too. 

Having settled the name, I proceed to define the area included 
in the term Soondreebun. The map shows the Delta formed by 
the Granges and Bruhmapootra ; it is bounded by the Hooghly oa 
the west, the Megua on the east ; and for the purpose of the 
present paper I call all the area between these rivers having salt 
or strongly brackish water Soondreebun. That is, the Soondreebun 
will be 150 miles in breadth, and will extend -lO-eO miles inland 
from the sea-face, and may occupy 8000 square miles. Thus, at 
Calcutta itself, the Salt- Water lakes are only a mile east from the 
town. In the Soondreebun the banks of the rivers are the highest 
land, as is the case in Deltas of the Mississippi, Po, and Deltas 
generally. If we consider the liead of the Delta to be the points 
w here the Bhagirutti leaves the Ganges, and the Jaboona the 
old Bruhmapootra, we see that above these points all the water 
drains into the Ganges and Bruhmapootra, while below this 
point the water escapes from the channels both by cutting through 
the banks and by flowing over them. The water in a main 
channel having a strong current, carries a great quantity of silt ; 
but directly it spreads over the bank or slips out by a canal into 
the vast swamp behind, it loses its velocity and drops some of its 
silt. The chief deposit of silt thus takes place near the streams, 
and in this way their banks become the most elevated portions uf 

JjLSN. soc. pboceedlngs. — SEssio:s^ 1894i-95. c 



:l8 PEOCEEDINQS or THE 

the country. This is very marked in the northern half of the 
Soondreebun which passes insensibly into the rice-swamp of 
Bengal : here a village stands, like Calcutta, along the river-bank, 
just out of the water, enveloped in trees ; before you get a mile 
from the river you reach the rice-swamp ; after you have crossed 
this, for two or three miles you see another large clump of trees 
before you ; and in this you find a village standing on the bank 
of another stream ; and so on ad infinitum. Near the sea, how- 
ever, in the Soondreebun, the banks of the creeks, and indeed the 
whole land, as seen from a boat two or three miles off, look to me 
(in some conditions of the atmosphere) lower than the sea. They 
are really only 2 or 3 feet above high-water mark : on the night 
of 31 Oct. 1876, a storm-wave passed, 10 feet high, over the 
islands in the mouth of the Megna, and also swept both its banks ; 
98,000 people were drowned. 

In putting forward this view of the physical geography of a 
river-delta, I am aware that it has been strongly contested. 
Thus Mr. Eainey, in the paper I have already cited, says : — " In 
non-deltaic lands the water radiates from an elevated central 
point and flows outward ; and this may be termed the centrifugal 
system of drainage. But in deltaic land, as the Soondreebun, 
the water from the surrounding parts flows inward to a de- 
pressed central point ; this may be termed the centripetal system 
of drainage." Mr. Eainey also says that "the various streams 
in the delta deposit the silt and sand they hold in suspension on 
their own beds, which gradually rise above the level of the 
adjacent lands." You will thus see that Mr. Eainey's views are 
diametrically opposed to the account I have put forward. This 
is an old controversy ; it arose from a statement of Liebig, who 
said that the rice-fields of Bengal were annually fertilized by 
silt, and thus enabled, without manure, to grow rice for a 
thousand years successively unexhausted. On the exclusively 
chemical theory Liebig was obliged to explain the perennial 
fertility of the Bengal rice-fields ; and this was the way be did it. 
But Eoxburgh pointed out that the valuable rice-lands, i. e. those 
which grow dibbled rice, are outside the delta, and that they only 
get rain-water which runs off them into the rivers. Against this, 
persons, imagining they were propping up Liebig, were found 
who advanced the decisive rebutter that the water from the 
rivers does, outside the deltaic area, overflow the fields of dibbled 
rice. Having thus brought this hotly contested matter to a pure 
matter of i'act, I leave it, reiterating merely that I am entirely 
of the opinion of Eoxburgh. It will be within the opportunities 
of any Eellow of this Society to test the theory of the centri- 
lugal system of drainage of rivers in their non-deltaic catchment 
areas, as in that of the Thames valley. 

The Soondreebun is by no means of one uniform character. There 
are (A) large areas of mud over which the tide flows gently at 
high v\ater. Here, when the tide retreats, the mud hardens in 



TjIksehn society of lokdon. tg 

the sun (except during the rains), showing a thousand cracks ; it 
is then possible in many places to walk for several hours among 
the mangroves, the mangrove vegetation being quite scattered 
and open. There are also (B) large open areas of grass : thej^e 
may be in the beginning of the hot weather merely swampy 
meadow ; by the end of the rains they are jungles of tall grass, 
often full of beasts. Then there are (C) the Soondreebun proper, 
where dense jungles of Soondree, themselves established on 
tolerably firm mud, are invaded by creeks of every size in all 
directions. There are all kinds of intermediate vegetation ; and 
the typical forms themselves are distributed very irregularly : there 
are, for instance, large areas of saline mud submerged at high 
water, with mangroves, near Calcutta; while, on the other hand, 
there are extensive grass-jungles in Khoolna and the south of 
Buriaal not far from the sea; a large area of these has been 
brought into cultivation within the last thirty years. The land 
is exceedingly fertile, both for pasture and rice, if the salt water 
can be excluded. Thirty years ago Mr. Woodrow made mud- 
clay banks to keep out the salt water from a tract near Port 
Canning; but these banks were so completely riddled by a small 
crab (which Dr. Prain tells me was an Ocypode), that his schemes 
were entirely defeated. In 1870 Lord Mayo was desirous to 
exclude the salt water from a considerable area near the Cal- 
cutta Salt- Water Lakes. The engineers undertook, in official 
letters, that no water should flood the land during the rains. 
John Scott, F.L.S., covered this area with crops during the hot 
weather ; and Lord Mayo, on the ground, declared triumphantly 
to me in the first week of June that it was the very finest farm 
in all the world ; but only one week later the rise of the water 
enabled the small crabs to attack the banks ; this fiue farm 
became submerged, and remained 2-4 feet under salt water for 
three months. 

On these mud-flats, submerged at high tide, the small fish 
Fariophthalmus runs in great numbers ; it runs nimbly, moving 
its two pectoral fins as a pair of legs. 

The grass jungles abound in animal life: the HMnoceros son- 
daicus, the axis-deer, the tiger, and the buffalo are character- 
istic among the larger animals. The tiger is troublesome to the 
villagers, and takes a good many human as well as bovine lives ; 
Grovernmeut pays 50 rupees for a tiger, 20 rupees for a cub. 
I have seen many tiger-traps in various parts of Bengal and the 
adjacent hills, but never knew a tiger caught in any of them. In 
the Soondreebun traps, however, the tiger is caught successfully ; 
villagers have assured me that they have captured thirty in one 
year at one trap. There is no real diflerence m the design of the 
traps ; but the Soondreebun trap, made of bamboos stuck deep 
into the ground, is perhaps 15 feet high ; the tiger will not 
creep into the low box-trap of the hills. The creeks contain in 
certain places sharks and crocodiles — in other places none — the 

c2 



.•20 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE 

distribution being most capricious. The great lizard called 
" Gooee sarp " is common in pools of braekisb water in the jungle ; 
the mongoose frequently has its burrows in the drier banks. 

One point o£ interest to naturalists that I have never been 
able to get a satisfactory explanation of, is the unequal dangerous- 
ness of the same wild animal in localities but little distant apart. 
The tiger in the Soondreebun is very dangerous to man ; at Dacca 
there are plenty of tigers, but little children walk alone in the 
■jungle at Dacca ; and I never heard of a tiger attackine a man. 
woman, or child at Dacca. It is said that the jungle is full of 
deer at Dacca, and that the tigers are not hungry. I will turn, 
then, to the crocodiles. The crocodiles on the Gorai (in the 
Soondreebun) are exceedingly dangerous. At the Calcutta 
Botanic Garden I have known a crocodile to seize a man who 
dipped a copper vessel into the Hooghly. On the other hand, in 
the Boorigunja you see everywhere men, women, and children 
playing in the river all the day long. "We are told again that the 
Boorigunja is very full of fish. Then on the lower Cobaduck 
the crocodiles are dangerous, while there is one section of it 
reckoned by the inhabitants perfectly safe. 

The animals which live in the Soondreebun are very much at 
home in the water. The tiger can swim long distances ; a tiger 
one night got upon the Dacca steamer w^hen moored more than a 
mile from any land. In the great swamps of Bengal — Mymen- 
singh, Sylhet, and Comilla — the villages during the rains appear 
island dots in the expanse of water; and this country is the home 
of the tiger. He does not swim very fast ; for Dr. Praiu tells 
me that when he chases the wild boar in the water, the boar can 
swim away. An elephant crossing one evening from Noakhali 
to an island of the Megna, w^ith his mahout on his back, was 
carried out to sea by a north-wester ; the next morning the 
mahout found himself out of sight of land. The elephant swam 
northwiird all that day, and the next morning the mahout found 
himself close to the island he originally started for. On landing, 
the elephant was perfectly fresh and worked that day, but the 
mahout was nearly dead from thirst. When I read in some 
geologic papers that the presence of the larger animals in England 
proves, a priori, laud-connexion between England and the Con- 
tinent, I do not esteem the argument convincing. An elepliaut 
would swim from Calais to Dover without diificulty. A buffalo 
can cross the Bruhmapootra in flood. 

The " Burisal Guns " are a natural phenomenon heard over 
a large area in the Soondreebun ; they are loudest in Burisal 
Station. I have never heard them close. They sound to me 
exceedingly like the Portsmouth guns as they are heard 10-20 
miles off inland. Much attention though they have attracted, I 
am unable to venture any explanation of these remarkable sounds ; 
in the opinioa of Sir John Phear (past President of the Asiatic 
Society of Bengal), they stand at present amongst the most uu- 
accouutable of the nattiral phenomena of the globe. 



LITTNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDOIT. 21 

I have drawn up the appended Tabular List (pp. 22-23) to show 
the Geographic Distribution of the Characteristic Vegetation o£ 
the Soondreebun : this list, containing 69 species, is of course only 
a portion, perhaps not one-sixth, of the plants which may be 
collected wild in the Soondreebun. 1 drew up this list to include 
those species which I can collect in the Soondreebun, but cannot 
collect in the Bengal Plain for 100 miles outside the Soondreebun. 
The Bengal Plain Plora is very well known to me ; I think 
few of my 69 characteristic Soondreebun plants will hereafter be 
found in Bengal out of the Soondreebun. I have discarded 
many species, either because of their being doubtfully indigenous 
in Bengal or often planted elsewhere ; or, more often, because 
they had closely allied forms in various other countries which 
might be regarded as different species, varieties, or geographic 
races. For my method of treatment, only such species are of 
value as are well-defined and easily determined in herbaria. 

The flora of the Bengal Plain may comprise 600 species, a very 
weedy set, of which possibly three-fourths are to be found within 
the Soondreebun area. If I had included all the species found 
in the Soodreebun, the quantity of this weedy, widely scattered 
Flora is so great that m my tables it would overlay and com- 
pletely obscure the distribution of the characteristic plants. The 
present way of dealing with the affinities of a Flora proves, in the 
case of the Soondreebun, successful from my point of view, i. e. it 
destroys all anomalies in geographic distribution. When I com- 
menced this paper, I thought the plan of selecting the characteristic 
plants and examining the distribution of these only in neigh- 
bouring countries was novel. But I find it is hardly so ; at least 
it has been frequently employed on a small scale, as by the 
French botanists in studying the distribution of the Sea-coast 
Flora of France. 

For the 69 selected characteristic species I have tabulated 
all the examples in the Kew Herbarium, in which collection the 
flora of the coasts is generally more fully represented than that 
of the interior. This Flora being essentially a muddy sea-coast 
flora, extends along the shores of the warmer parts of Asia, 
Polynesia, and Africa. After trying, not very successfully, to 
exhibit it by a map, I have constructed the appended Table, which 
rej)resents the distribution with tolerable completeness, though 
it represents that distribution in longitude only. The vertical 
lines are lines of longitude which I have drawn at the points 
where i found the best marked " breaks " in the distribution. 
The five central columns represent the distribution in India — 
i. e. the central column, the Soondreebun; the first column east, 
includes Chittagong, Arracan, Pegu ; the second one east, Malay 
Peninsula ; the first column west, the Coromandel coast ; the 
second column west, the Malabar coa^t. The Malay column 
turther east necessarily (from the linear character of the tabu- 
lation) throws South China, Malaya, and North Australia into 
one ; and the East African column includes the coast from 
Abyssinia to Natal together with Mascareuia. 



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LINNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDOIS'. 2$ 

I have, in the full tabulation which I have made, placed out 
the distribution in much greater detail, subdividing the areas ; 
but I find in the particular case of this maritime coast flora that 
the general result is sufficiently represented by the condensed 
table showing distribution in longitude only. 

Owing to the remarkable uniformity in the distribution of the 
species, I have been able to arrange them into asviall number of 
groups. Thus, of the 8 plants headed by Carapa moluccensis, 
Lam., eacb one extends coutinuously from Ceylun to Polynesia, 
neither farther nor less. 

The range of all the 69 species is continuous, i. e. each plant 
occurs in all the intermediate areas between its extreme western 
and eastern limits ; the exceptions to this statement are seen in 
the table to be so very few, that they may be attributed to the 
imperfection of the collections in the Herbarium. No doubt eacb 
grows almost exclusively on muddy, not on rocky coasts. 

The 8 species which extend to America are all abundant species. 
Westwards, 18 plants extend to Mascarenia and 1-1 to the East 
Coast of Africa. 

32 species extend to China, *. e. its southern coasts ; but only 
1 (the grass Zoysia pungens, Willd.) to Japan ; 2 other species 
to Liu-Kiu and Bonin Isles. This may be because the southern 
coasts of Japan are rocky and without deltas. The same grass, 
too, is the only species that extends to New Zealand. 

The two boundary-lines to the Soondreebun characteristic 
plants run very nearly along zoologic lines of demarcation. 

Out of the 69 plants cont^idered, 32 extend to the Pacific 
Islands, only 8 to America. Among these 8 are the only 6 found 
in the Sandwich Islands. The most strongly marked break in 
the whole table thus occurs between the iSandwich Islands and 
Polynesia ; while the connection between the Sandwich Islands 
and America is merely due to the Universal Plants. 

The numbers in the table represent (on the principle ex- 
plained in my paper on Tabulation Areas in the Eoyal Society's 
'Transactions') the proportional abundance of the species as 
deduced from Herbaria. It is noticeable how abundant the wide- 
spread species are. 

The 69 Soondreebun plants grow, nearly exclusively, on coasts 
and islands in tropical and subtropical climates ; but there are 
16 found very sparingly on mountains or in very sandy places. 
The latter are weeds like Sesuvium Fortulacastrum. Of the 
mountain species the most remarkable is the flowering fern Hel- 
minthostachys, a widely spread sea-coast plant ; but it has been 
collected in Wangtu, Kumaon, and Cachar. Of the few other 
mountain collections, several are more or less uncertain to me, as 
"VVallich's locality of Nepaul for Am oora cucullata, Eoxb. ; but 
looking at the number of these cases, I think there is a strong 
probability that some of them are right ; the case is parallel with 
the occurieiice oi Plant ago maritima, Linn., and Armeria vulgaris, 
WiUd., on mountains, but kot in the plains between the sea- 



26. PEOCEEDUfGS OF THE 

coast and the mountains. I ought to repeat that I excluded 
from this list of 69 plants, those Sooudreebun plants which extend 
over the plains of Bengal ; and, of these generally distributed 
plants, many reach the hills. 

As to the plants found in sandy places inland, we may regard 
them as arenaceous (as well as maritime) species. 

I have found that one important point in any tabulation is to 
leave oneself no options. The extent to which the personal 
weakness of working up to a theory desired to be established 
vitiates tables of geographic distribution is very large. 

Por example : — I will assume the Shepherd's Purse to be a 
tolerably well-defined species. It will be at my discretion in 
many areas to reckon this plant present or not. I may define 
the word " wild " as I like : if I say that a plant is wild if brought 
by a bird though the suitable cultivated soil has been prepared 
by man, and though the plant may also have been introduced by 
man, then it becomes an option with me in how many of the 
large areas of the world I locate the Shepherd's Purse. The 
case of variable and critical plants still further enlarges my 
option. Take the Eubi : I may make the English species 7 or 
70, which will entirely alter the numerical results of my tabu- 
lation. Moreover, in these critical plants the distribution of a 
species cannot be got from herbaria because only an adept in the 
group recognizes or collects properly. Pocke got several species, 
new to the South of England, in a three-mile walk out of 
Bournemouth. Purther, the naming of these critical groups 
differs among botanists ; so that attempts to correlate them from 
the names in botanic lists only leads to confusion and illusion. 
This source of error applies not only to critical, but to ditfieult 
plants ; no two plants can be more definitely distinct specifically 
to me than the JEleocliaris palustris, R. Br., var. uniglumis, and 
the Eleocharis multicaulis, Sm. I put them in two difterent 
sections ; but they are confounded in herbaria, and still more in 
the books, in such a way that to enter them in tables of geo- 
graphic distribution would merely mask the inferences at which 
we should arrive by omitting them altogether, except, of course, 
in so far as I confine myself to examples honajide collected and 
numbered in accurately stated habitats. 

Among the 69 characteristic Soondreebun plants I have included 
5 very critical sedges, because I happen to know them so well in 
the field that 1 was confident that 1 could name the herbarium 
examples accurately ; and their distribution in the table comes 
out normal, i. e. satisfactory. 

It is evident that with accurate knowledge of the species the 
number of 69 species which 1 have worked with may be greatly 
increased. 

In investigating the geographic distribution of the English 
Plora, I ventured at our last evening meeting to suggest that we 
might in the present state of our knowledge get at some results 
by working with a limited number of well-defined, generally 



Lnns'EAif SOCIETY or LOJfDOJf. 27 

known, easily observed species. It would not be a bopelessly 
large task, for instance, by a combination of local botanists, to 
get a very complete map of the distribution of such a plant 
as Chlora perfoliata, showing the soil, the elevation above sea, 
the aspect, the rainfall, and even the local abundance. We 
might, further, record the insect, if any, which fertilizes the 
species, and its local abundance. It might be possible to make 
a similar map for several years in succession. It appears to 
me that there is greater hope of result from such records than 
from a comparative tabulation of County Ploras, each containing 
700 to 1000 species. 

The first attempts to discover the affinity of the Macaronesian 
Plora were grounded on tabulation of all the species in Webb 
and Berthelot's work ; and the inference was that the Flora of 
the Canaries was more closely allied to that of Spain than to 
that of the Atlas and the adjacent coast of Africa. Later 
writers, excluding the weeds of cultivation which have been 
brought from Spain for 400 years, and narrowing their attention 
to woods and ravines apparently unaffected by man, have arrived 
at very different conclusions. But in these islands there must 
always remain an option, regarding a large number of plants, 
whether they are "truly indigenous" or not. We have a diffi- 
culty on each side of us : on the one hand, in England or 
Germany, where we have a large number of competent observers 
who can tabulate the present distribution of the oak, ash, &c., 
the aspect of the country is artificial by reason of planting and 
grubbing. On the other hand, in the forest primaeval, the one 
or twu' competent observers can only record their general im- 
pressions: they cannot map the numerical distribution of species 
over several hundreds of square miles. Some of the work of the 
Indian Forest Department, in mapping fully the distribution of 
one tree of economic value, might be utilized ; and the close 
observations of Kurz and Prain on the Flora of some small 
islands where the forest is untouched by man, and the narrow 
belt of immigrant vegetation can be accurately traced, are of the 
greatest interest. 

In the table I have proceeded, as tabulators must, by the 
comparison of identical forms. But geographic relation can 
sometimes be more surely established from the consideration 
of non-identical species. We heard Mr. Scott Elliot in this 
room commenting on the remarkable fact that a percentage of 
the plants of Senegambia is common to Guiana. Mr. Elliot 
attributed this to the great traffic between AYest Africa and the 
West Indies. Now, some of the species common to Senegambia 
and Tropical South America are very remarkable plants : such 
are, among the sedges, Scirpus spadiceus, Boeck., and Ascolepis 
hrasiliensis, Benth. ; there can be no question of the identity of 
these in the Old and New World ; they are well marked species ; 
they are not weeds of cultivation, and not likely to have been 
carried by ships. Still, they may have been so transported ; 



28 PEOCEEDINaS OF THE 

and Mr. Elliot is entitled to his opinion. But there is a 
remarkable genus of sedges, Mapania, established by Aublet on a 
Guiana plant, and there are two or three other species of the same 
genus known in Guiana. Now, quite recently collectors have 
found in West Tropical Africa four or five species of Mapania all 
distinct from the Guiana species, though, of the same section, and 
fitting in among the Guiana species. 

I am not able to point out anything in this manner regarding 
the atfinities of the Soondreebun Flora. 

I have said that the result of this tabulation of the distribution 
of the Soondreebun cbaracteristic plants was to me successful, 
in that it gets rid of all anomalies of distribution. 

(1) The areas of all the species are quite continuous. There 
is no species found in the Soondreebun and Polynesia but not in 
Malaya, aud not in any other intermediate area. I have only 
tabulated the plants of the Kew Herbarium ; yet the instances 
of a gap in distribution are very few and utterly unimportant : 
thus the rare plant Paramignya longispina. Hook, f., was only 
known from the Malay Peninsula ; Heunig has discovered it in 
the Soondreebun, while there is no specimen in Kew frum the 
intermediate coasts of Chittagong, Arracan, and Pegu. 

My eye lately fell on a paper on the Sparganium of Eussia. 
One highly critical species is confined (at present) to Amurland 
and New Zealand. I have no discontinuity of this kind in my 
diagram : if I found any such, it would lead me to reconsider the 
specific characters on which 1 had relied. 

(2) The numbers of species in common diminish regularly as 
we proceed from the centre, following the law of frequency or 
something approaching thereto : thus, of the 69 Soondreebun 
plants considered, 53 are found in Burma, 45 in Malay Peninsula, 
48 in Malaya, 32 in Tropical Australia, 30 in Tropical China, 31 
in Polynesia. 

(3) We have always supposed, from a very general guess, that 
the Soondreebun cbaracteri&tic Plora was especially that of 
Malaya, Polynesia, &c., and that it was much less closely con- 
nected with the African Flora. We find by the tabulation that 
this general guess was pretty correct, but that we have over- 
estimated the fact : we find that out of our 69 Soondreebun 
plants, 49 extend to the Coromandel coast, 53 have been collected 
in Burma; while 24 extend to the Malabar coast, and 18 to 
Mascarenia. These numbers show that the Soondreebun can 
hardly be described as the western extremity of the Polynesian 
Flora, and that there is no strong line of west demarcation at the 
Soondreebun : there is, in fact, a more strongly marked line at 
Ceylon. 

(4) If we were to form a list of the certainly wild and well- 
marked plants of Hampshire (as of the Soondreebun here), and 
were then to form a diagram (like this Soondreebun diagram) re- 
presenting their distribution in the maritime counties from Kent 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIS". 29 

to Cornwall, we should evidently obtain a diagram closely re- 
sembling in character and numeric proportions the Soondreebua 
'diagram. 

From all these regular results I argue backwards that the list 
o£ 69 Soondreebun species has been well selected, that the distri- 
bution of these species is fairly represented by the Kew Her- 
barium, and that the specimens have been correctly determined. 

The possibility of exhibiting the distribution of this Flora so 
simply arises from selecting a case where the distribution can (by 
unimportant compressions) be represented m a linear series. If 
we consider a Flora which spreads in all directions, the map or 
diagram becomes very complex: and even then the cross and 
lateral affinities can only be obscurely indicated. I chose a Coast 
Flora as the simplest case. I have ventured to observe, more 
than once during the past session, on papers where laborious 
observations have led up to indistinct results, that in our present 
very limited biologic knowledge, an investigator should look round 
well (before commencing an inquiry) to discover the simplest 
case, that in which he may observe and record the action of the 
smallest number of causes acting at the same time. This is a 
commonplace remark : chemists understand the principle very 
"well ; but I think biologists require reminding that humau 
industry is limited, and that their zeal, great as it is, ought only 
to be expended in the most economic manner. 

I need hardly add that in an area largely occupied by a peculiar 
set of plants, often called Mangrove vegetation, though consisting 
mainly of plants belonging to other Orders, I have caught many 
butterflies and beetles not noticed in the Bengal plain outside 
the Soondreebun ; but I am not qualified, even it time permitted, 
to address you concerning these. 



Sir Joseph Hooker moved : — " That the thanks of the Society 
be given to the President for his excellent Address, and that he 
be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated among the 
Fellow s," which was seconded by Dr. John Anderson, and carried 
unanimously. 

The Society's Grold Medal was then formally awarded to Prof. 
Ferdinand Cohn of Breslau, and was received on his behalf by 
Mr. B. Day don Jackson, for tx'ansmission through the Grerman 
Embassy. 

The Obituary Notices of deceased Fellows and Foreign 
Members were laid before the Meeting by the senior Secretary. 



30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 



Obitfaet Notices. 

Geneeal Egbson Benson, J.P., died at Bath, October 22nd, 1894. 
General Benson entered the service of the East India Company 
in 1839, and was for the greater part of his career on the Staff' 
of the Public Works Department. For his services during the 
Mutiny he received the thanks of the Government. He returned 
to England in 1877. An enthusiastic botanist, he had charge of 
the Public Gardens at Eaugoon from 1865 to 1869, and of the 
Botanical Gardens at Madras from 1872 to 1876. While in 
Burmah he discovered and forwarded to Kew many interesting 
orchids, one of which {Vanda Bensoni) bears his name. Sonerila 
Bensoni was found by him in the Neilgherry Hills. 

General Benson was elected a Fellow in 1870. [J. W. Morris.] 

James Dwight Dana was born at Utica, in the State of New 
York, on February 12th, 1813. He was educated at Yale College, 
New Haven, Conuecticut ; and after taking bis degree in 1833, 
he was appointed Instructor of Mathematics to the United States 
Navy, a post which enabled him to visit many parts of the world 
and to devote considerable attention to volcanic phenomena. 
From 1836 to 1838 he acted as chemical assistant to Prof. Silliman 
at Yale College, after which he was appointed Mineralogist and 
Geologist to the United States Exploring Expedition which was 
to circumnavigate the world under Commander Charles Wilkes. 
The cruise extended over four years (1838-1842), and the study 
and description of the material collected by the Expedition oc- 
cupied Dana for the followiiig thirteen years. 

During this expedition Dana devoted special attention to Corals 
and Coral Islands as well as to Volcanoes ; and his views (inde- 
pendently formed) harmonized in a remarkable manner with those 
arrived at by Darwin. His report on the Zoophytes collected by 
the Wilkes Expedition and his monograph on Corals and Coral 
Islands are classical works. In 1890 appeared his ' Character- 
istics of Volcanoes, with Contributions of Facts and Principles 
from the Hawaiian Islands.' So long ago as 1837 he published a 
' Descriptive Mineralogy,' which has always been regarded as a 
standard work of reference ; and his ' Manual of Geology,' issued 
in 1863, has also held a similar position with regard to North- 
American geology. In addition to these, he was the author of 
about 200 separate papers dealing with physics, crystallography, 
mineralogy, cosmical geology, and biology. 

In 1850 he was appointed Silliman Professor of Geology and 
Natural History at Yale College ; and in 1864, on the death of 
Prof. Silliman, became editor of the 'American Journal of Science,' 
of which he had been associate-editor since 1846. He was an 
original Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the 
United States, and was President of the American Association 



LIKUEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 3 1 

for fhe Advancement of Science in 1854. He was elected a 
Foreign Member of the G-eoL)gieal Society of London in 1851, 
and in 1872 received the WoUaston Medal, la 1877 the Ko\ al 
Society awarded him the Copley Medal, and in 1881 elected him 
a Foreign Member. 

He was the recipient of honorary degrees of Munich and 
Harvard : and was Honorary Member of the Academies of Paris, 
Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Eome, and of the Mineralo- 
gieal Societies of England and France. 

He was elected a Foreign Member of this Society in 1854. 
He died suddenly from heart failure on April 15th, 1895. 

PiEREE Etienne Simon Duchartre was born at Portiragnes, a 
small village near Beziers, on October 27th, 1811, the second of 
nine children, his father being an advocate at Bezier.s, and 
descended on both sides from country proprietors. About the 
age of 12 his family removed to Toulouse, where the subject of 
our notice completed his early training. Having finished his 
classical course while only fifteen years of age, he was compelled 
to wait till he was older to proceed to his Bachelor's degree ; 
and while waiting for this efflux of time, he attended certain 
scientific courses, and thus acquired a taste for botany. He 
gained several prizes in this department, much to the regret of 
his father, who wanted his son to follow in his own steps. In 
obedience to parental desire, our future Foreign Member applied 
himself for one year to the study of the Law ; but his repugnance 
to this could not be overcome, and his father allowed his son's 
strong bent to have its way. 

Thus it became necessary for him to seek some way of earning 
his daily bread, the means of taking his degree, aud also to help 
his family at that time, reduced in number to two. He gave 
lessons on botanical subjects at first in Toulouse, then from the 
year 1837 at Monsempron ; the year before this, 1836, he issued 
a fasciculus of dried plants of the neighbourhood of Toulouse, 
named " Flore pyreneen," as well as a memoir ot the local plants, 
which was presented to the Academy of Paris only in 1844. At 
Monsempron he found himself quite alone, and destitute of his 
accustomed books to help him in his work. He thereupon began 
his studies in the history aud development of the flower; and 
during the six years he lived at that place he prepared his thesis 
for the degree of Doctor. In 1843 Duchartre arrived in Paris, 
where an elder brother was living ; his ambition was to so succeed 
there as to be able to return to Lis home in the south as professor 
in the faculty of science. His purse being slenderly filled, he 
presented huuself to Brongniart and to Decaisne : both received 
him amiably, but at first were not able to give him the employ- 
ment wanted. He then accepted a position on tbe Stafl^ of the 
' Echo du Monde savaute ' by offering to make translations from 
Euglish, German, &c., in a short time becoming the Editor of 
this print. The following year Decaisae presented Duchartre to 



22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

D'Orbijjny, wlio was then busy on his great Dictionary, which had 
then reached to the letter Gr. To Duchartre was then assigned 
all that remained as regards botany, and he wrote for it a con- 
siderable number of articles. 

From this time it was tolerably easy to get paying work : he 
contributed to the ' Encyclopedie du XlXme Siecle,' and two or 
three similar serials, and undertook the whole management for 
the two years it lived of the ' Revue botanique,' under the active 
patronage of Benjamin Delessert, in whose library he was accus- 
tomed to spend several hours daily. From the first he wrote his 
papers in their final form ; and in his case long and frequent 
polishing was not the secret of his success. 

In 1849 he was nominated Professor of Rural Botany to the 
Institut Nationale Agronomique de Versailles, which only lasted 
three years: during these three years Duchartre was working 
hard but publishing little. He had to lead the way in France to 
certain branches cf instruction, and also to make a garden after 
his own plan. It was in this garden that he found out the value 
of flowers of sulphur in the destruction of the Oidium. 

On the suppression of this institute without compensation, 
Duchartre resumed his old way of life. He completed the 
' Manuel des Plantes ' which Herineq and Jacques began, and drew 
up for the period 1854!-61 the Bibliographic Review o£ the 
Botanical Society of France, that is to say, for its first eight 
years. By this time he had produced more than forty papers of 
more or less extent. Finally, in 1861, his difficulties were cleared 
away by his election as a Member of the Academic des Sciences, 
and two months afterwards as Professor of Botany in the 
Sorbonne, a chair which he retained for twenty-six years and 
fulfilled its duties with a rigorous exactitude. Winlst here he 
drew up his ' Elemens de Botanique,' which passed through three 
editions, amounting in number to 14,000 copies. At length 
having, in 1886, attained the limit of age, he retired from the 
chair; but this retirement did not stop his activity, as many 
subsequent communications testify. 

He died rather suddenly, 5th November, 1894, aged 86. By his 
express desire, no speeches were made over his grave. His election 
as Foreign Member of this Society dates from 3rd May, 1877. 

James Allen Haukee was born about 1848 ; and, after leaving 
school, was engaged for some years in commercial pursuits. 
The charms of nature had, however, a greater attraction for 
him than a business career ; and he ultimately decided to devote 
himseltto scientific study and research. In the spring of 1881 he 
occupied the British Association table in the Zoological Station 
at JNaples, where he carried out some interesting investigations 
on the Morphology of Annelids. 

In August 1881 he was appointed to the Chair of Natural 

History at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and 

. held that post until his death. He was considered an able 



liis:n"ea]S" society of londoit. 33 

and attractive teacher, and enjoyed tlie affectionate regard of 
'colleagues and studeats alike. 

He contributed a number of valuable papers — embracinof 
botany, geology, and zoology — to the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field 
Club, of which he was a Vice-President. He vras also Consulting 
Botanist and Entomologist to tlie Newcastle Farmers' Club. 

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1883. He died 
December 19tb, lb94, at the early age of 47. 

A LEX AjfDEK "William Maxwell Clark- Kennedy, the son of the 
late Colonel John Clark-Kennedy, C.B., of Knockgray, was born 
in 1851. He was educated at Eton; and on leaving in 1870, 
entered the Coldstream G-uards ; but his love of sport and travel 
induced him to retire from the army in 187-1 on being gazetted 
Captain. 

Whilst a school-boy he brought out, at the age of sixteen, a 
little book entitled ' The Birds of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire ; 
a Contribution to the Ornithology of the two Counties by an 
Eton Boy.' After leaving the army he travelled in Lapland and 
Norway, and published the account of his journey in a volume 
entitled ' To the Arctic Regions and Back in Six Weeks.' He 
was also the author of various poems and verses ; and contributed 
articles to a number of natural history and sporting periodicals. 
He was an ardent sportsman, and a genial country gentleman in 
the fullest sense of the word. 

He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, of the 
Zoological Society, and of the Society of Antiquaries of England 
and Scotland. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1871. 
He died at his house in Eccleston Square, London, after a brief 
illness, on December 21st, 1891, at the age of 43. 

De. David Lyall was born at Auchinblae in Kincardineshire, 
June 1st, 1817; and, after a long and distinguished service as a 
Medical Officer and Naturalist in the Royal Navy, he retired in 
1878. He died at Cheltenham, March 2nd, 1895, with the rank 
of Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals and Fleets, and a 
Good-Service Pension. 

Dr. Lyall received his Medical education at Aberdeen, where 
he took his M.D. Degree, having previously been admitted a 
Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons at Edinburgh. As 
was not uufrequently the case with young Aberdonian medical 
men, he sought to improve his medical knowledge and throw 
himself early on his own resources by undertaking a voyage to 
Greenland as Surgeon to a whale-ship ; and this no doubt led to 
his being selected, immediately after entering the Royal Navy in 
1839, for service under Sir James Ross in the expedition then 
being fitted out for a scientific voyage to the Antarctic Regions. 
He was appointed Ast^istant Surgeon of H.M.S. 'Terror' (the 
consort of H.M.S. ' Erebus '), under Commander Crozier, to 
which duties Sir James (then Captain) Ross added those of 

link. soc. peoceedisgs. — session 1891-95. d 



34- • PEOCEEDIITGS or THE 

forming botanical collections. During the voyage of tliis ship, 
whicli did not return to England till late in 1842, his conduct was 
officially reported to the Admiralty as " meriting the highest 
commendation." He had further the advantage of the fellowship 
which led to the life-long friendship of Dr. (now Sir) J. D. 
Hooker, and to him were due many of the botanical results of 
the expedition. " Mr. Lyall," says Sir Joseph (' Fl. Antarctica ' 
p. xii), "who was appointed to take charge of the botanical 
collections on board the 'Terror,' formed a most important 
herbarium, amounting to no less than 1500 species." Duriug 
the fine winter months of 1842, when the ships remained in. 
Berkeley Sound, he formed a " beautiful collection of interesting 
Algag, which made an important addition to Antarctic botany " 
{op. cit. part ii. p. 215). On this expedition was found ia 
Kerguelen's Land the remarkable plant which Dr. Hooker 
named Lyallia — " Genus dicatum Doctori D. Lyall, amico meo 
periplique Antarctic! participi, assiduo solertique plantarum 
indagatori." 

Shortly after the return of the Antarctic expedition, Dr. Lyall 
Avas appointed to the Mediterranean, where he served iu several 
vessels as Assistant Surgeon till 1817, when he was promoted, 
and, at the recommendation of Sir W. Hooker, was selected as 
Surgeon and K'aturalist to accompany Captain Stokes in H.M.S. 
'Acheron ' on the survey of the coast of New Zealand. Here, 
devoting himself to the collection of the lower orders of plants 
especially, he amassed the most beautiful and important her- 
barium in those branches of botany which had ever been formed 
in the islands, besides making considerable discoveries in phaeno- 
gamic plants and collecting many that had only been previously 
gathered by Banks and Solander and the Porsters *. 

Among his many important botanical discoveries iu this survey- 
was that of the monarch of all buttercups, tlie gigantic white- 
flowered Ranunculus Lyallii, the only known species with peltate 
leaves, the Water-Lily of the New Zealand shepherds. In 1852 
Dr. Lyall was appointed Surgeon and Naturalist to the 'As- 
sistance,' one of the squadron sent out to the Arctic regions 
under the command of Sir E. Belcher in search of Sir John 
Eranklin. When in this service he received an acting order as 
a lieutenant in command of one of the sledges employed in the 
search ; and, further, as Senior Medical Officer of the Expedition, 
he was appointed Superintending Surgeon of the ' North Star' 
when the crews of the ' Investigator,' ' Eesolution,' and ' Intrepid,' 
and the invalids of the 'Assistance ' and ' Pioneer ' retreated to 
that ship, which was subsequoitly lost in the Arctic Sea. 
During this Arctic expedition Dr. Lyall made good collections 
at every point visited from Disco Islands to the Polar Islands. 
A list of these is published in the Journal of the Linneau Society.* 
It contains about ninety Phanerogams and vascular Crvptof^amsj 
and a large number of Musci, &c. Exclusive of Greenland" this 
* Journ. Linn. Soc. i. (1857) p. 114, and vi. (1862) p. 157. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIS'. 35, 

is far the largest herbarium ever formed in the American Polar 
seas, and exceeds those of all previous Arctic expeditions put 
together; but, as was to have been expected, no novelties re- 
warded his labours. On his return he was appointed to the 
' Pembroke,' Captain Seymour, under whom he served throughout 
the Baltic Campaign of 1855, and was present at the bombard- 
ment of Sweaborg. After a short period of home service iu the 
' Eoyal "William ' at Devouport, Dr. Lyall was commissioned as 
Surgeon and Naturalist to H.M. Surveyiug-sliip 'Plumper' and 
afterwards to the ' Hecate,' under Captain (now Admiral Sir 
George) Richards, employed in the delimitation of the sea- 
boundary between Grreat Britain and the Uuited States in the 
Pacidc Ocean. Prom this his services were, in 1858, transferred 
to the land-boundary commission under Col. Sir John Hawkiiis, 
H.E., which he accompanied iu its survey of the boundary-liue 
between British Columbia aud the United States possessions from 
the Gulf of Georgia to the summit of the Hocky Mountains. 
Prom this expedition Dr. Lyall brought home a magnificent 
herbarium, one of such importance that, at the urgent repre- 
sentation of Sir William Hooker, he was borne on the books of 
H.M.S. ' Pishguard ' at Woolwich as Staif Surgeon, a vicarious 
appointment that allowed of his residing at Kew for the purpose 
of arranging, reporting on, and distributing his collections. The 
results are published in a valuable contribution to the Linneau 
Society *, which contains an excellent botanical account of the 
regions traversed from the sea to 8000 feet alt. of the Eocky 
Mountains, where the various zones of vegetation in British 
Columbia are for the first time indicated and scientifically 
portrayed. Immediately after the conclusion of his labours at 
Kew, Dr. Lyall was appointed Surgeon to Pembroke Dockyard, 
at that time a permanency. When the regulations affecting this 
service were changed in 1868, he accepted home appointments to 
H.M.S. ' Trincomalee ' and ' Daedalus ' consecutively till 1878, 
when he retired, finally residing at Cheltenham, where, shortly 
before his death, he met with an accident — the breaking of an 
arm, — from the effects of which he never wholly recovered. 

Dr. Lyall's only other published contribution to science was a 
paper on the habits of the New Zealand Ground-Parrot or 
Kakapo, Strigops habroptilusf. He married, in 1866, Miss P. 
A. Eowe, daugiiter of Dr. Eowe, of Haverfordwest, by whom lie 
had three children, who survive hun. He was elected a Pellow 
of the Linneau Society in JN^ovember 1862. (Jos. D. Hooker.) 

James Buntan Lillie Mackay was the second son of the 
Eev. Alex. Mackay, M.A., LL.D., and was born in 1855. He 

* "Account of the Botanical Collections made by David Lyall, E.N., M.D., 
F.L.S., Surgeon and Naturalist to the N. -American Boundary Commission," in 
Journ. Linn. Soc vii. (18(53) pp. 124-147. 

t 'Proceedigs of the Zoological Society,' 1852, pp. 31-33. 

d2 



^6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

wa8 educated at Cambridge, and lectured on Chemistry at Trinity- 
College. He then went to Australia, and became well known in 
University and scientific circles in Melbourne. He held the chair 
of Geology and Mineralogy, and was Director of the Bendigo 
School of Mines. He was a Fellow of the Chemical Society, 
and was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1888. He died of 
typhoid fever at Bendigo on March 11th, 1S9J, aged 39 years. 

Alexandee GrOODMAN MoEE was the son of Mr. Alexander More 
of Malvern, both his father and mother being of Scottish extraction. 
He was born in 1831, and was educated at liugby and Cambridge. 
After leaving the university he went to liv^e in the lsl6 of Wight, 
where his taste for natural history was fostered by the friend- 
ship of several ardent naturalists, especially theEev. C. A. Bury, 
Frederick Boud, and H. Eogers. More at once applied himself 
industriously to the study of the botany and zoology of the 
island, in the latter section his attention being first directed to 
insects and birds, and then ultimately extended to the Chiroptera 
and other small mammals as well as fishes. In 1860 he contributed 
" Outlines of the Natural History of the Isle of AVight " to the 
Hev. Edmund Veuables' ' Guide ' to that Island. From 1858 
onwards papers by him appeared at intervals in various scientific 
journals i'.ua magazines, one of the earliest being a communication 
(Zool. 1858) on the Distribution of Butterflies in Great Britain ; 
and mention may also be made of an important paper which was 
printed in ' The Ibis,' 18(55, " On the Distribution of Birds in 
Great Britain during the JS^esting-S.^ason." He also published, 
in 1885, a ' List of Irish Birds,'" a second edition of which 
appeared in 1890. 

Botany, however, appears to have exercised a greater fasci- 
nation upon Mr. More than zoology ; he ultimately became a 
high authority upon the flowering plants of Ireland; and in 
1SG6, in conjunction with Dr. David Moore, he published a volume 
entitled ' Contributions towards a Cybele Hibernica.' 

Whilst at Cambridge he was elected an Associate of the Eay 
Club in 1851. In 1867 he was appointed Assistant Naturalist 
in the Museum of Natural History of the Koyal Dublin Society, 
and in 1881, on the death of Dr. Carte, he became Curator of 
the Natural History Department. He held this position until 
1887, when Jailing health compelled him to retire. He was a 
]Vi ember of the Eoyal Irish Academy and of the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh ; and was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1856. 
He died in Dublin on March 22ud, 1895, at the age of 64. 

Another deplorable gap in the ranks of our Foreign Members 
has been caused by the death of Natanael Peingsheim on the 
6th October, 1894. 

He was born atWziesko, in Upper Silesia, on the 30th November, 
1823. His first putdication was his thesis for the Doctorate at 
Halle in 1848, on the thickening of the plant-cells, thus early 



LINNEAN SOCIEXr OF LONDON. 37 

sTiowing his special bent. His career was not cramped by official 
duties ; for he had the good fortune to be able to devote his 
energies to the work he loved best without having to first secure 
the means of living ; in this respect his life offers the strongest 
contrast to that of Duchartre, which is given on p. 31. During 
a large portion of liis life he lived at Berlin, where he worked in 
his own laboratory, and brought out the great achievement c£ 
his, or rather the record of his work and that of his disciple?, 
the ' Jahrbiicher der wissenschaftliche Botanik,' from 1858 to the 
36th and last voli^me, which has appeared in 1894 : it is now 
continued by Professors Pfetfer and Strasburger. The important 
department of systematic botany was almost wholly neglected in 
this series ; hence to many the general title may appear arrogant ; 
but the influence of these volumes has been a great stimulus to 
morphologic and physiologic botany. 

Eduard August von Kegel, who passed away on the 5/17th 
April, 1892 {cf. aartenflora, 1892, p. 225 & p. 2G1), was born at 
Grotha on the 13th of August 1815, the son of a Professor at the 
Grymnasium and Chaplain to the Forces in that town. Quite 
early in life he manifested a strong leaning to the practical side 
of plant cultivation ; and when in 1833 he removed to Groettingen, 
he busied himself in the Botanical Grarden there for 2| years 
as a voluntary assistant. He resisted his mother's solicitations 
to study botany as a science, but preferred to continue the 
career to which he felt him?elf irresistibly drawn ; and, under the 
guidance of Prof. Bartling, after the period already mentioned, 
he spent another eighteen months in the same institution, wheie 
the collections of Preiss were in course of reception. From 1837 
to 1839 he was transferred to Bonn, under Prof. Treviranus : be 
here showed great energy and industry, but also the power of 
great endurance ; for on holidays it was frequently his custom 
to pass his Sundays in botanizing, spending the most of the nights 
in getting to and from his selected hunting-ground, yet not 
allowing himself to be late for his work on the following morning. 
He next w^ent to the Berlin Grarden, where he had the care of 
tue hardy plants and the due gathering of seeds and the culture 
of the heaths. Link and Kunth had not troubled themselves 
fur many years about the plants which were committed to the 
care of Eegel ; consequently he had much to make up : about 
this period he brought out his first works on gardening. In 
February 1812 he was called to take the chief post in the Ziirich 
Garden, and speedily found himself in complete accord with his 
friends Prof. Heer and C. von Naegeli. The beautifully placed 
garden was then of little importance; revenue was supposed to 
be raised by trading in the stock of the garden ; but in the 
first year of his new position there the amount only reached the 
trifling sum of £12. A new impetus was given, and in the 
year 1855, when he relinquished the post, the turnover amounted 
to ten times that sum. By exchange with other gardens, Eegel 



^8 TEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

soon increased the number and value of the plants in cultivation, 
largely helped by the importation of Warszewicz's plants from 
Tropical America, many of which were Gesneriaceae, which aiter- 
wards bore fruit in the series of articles on the revision of that 
order which came out in ' Flora.' He edited for several years 
two Swiss garden journals ; and in 1852 lie started the ' Grarten- 
flora,' which he continued to edit for the long period of thirty-two 
years ; the year in which he began this well-known publication 
was further marked by the bestowal of the degree of Doctor by 
the University of Ziirich. 

In the midst of these labours he was invited to assume the 
direction of the Imperial Gardens at St. Petersburg, and settled 
there in October 1855 : here he remained during the rest of 
active life ; and in addition to the constant description of new 
plants in the ' Gartenflora,' he contributed many papers to the 
'Acta ' of the garden, wherein also the results of the botanical 
expedition of his son, Dr. Albert von Regel, appeared. 

At the beginning of the winter of 1890 he had a slight stroke 
of apoplexy; and although he rallied somewhat, his work was 
done. In spite of the unremitting care of his family, he gradually 
sank and passed away, as above stated, in the 77th j ear of his age. 

The recognition of his merits was marked by the unprecedented 
number of Orders bestowed on him, no less than twelve from 
various nationalities adorning his full dress. He was elected 
Foreign Member of our Society in May 1890. 

Feancis Buchakai^ "White, whose death at the early age of 52, 
and apparently in the prime of life, came with appalling sud- 
denness to his many friends, was another of those favoured 
naturalists who are free from their early years to work at scien- 
tific pursuits without thought of earning money for the mere 
act of living. He was born at Perth on the 20th March, 1842, 
the son of a successful physician who survives his son, received 
his first instruction privatelv, and went up to the University of 
Edinburgh, graduating in 1864 as M.D., his thesis being "On 
the Eelations, Analogies, and Similitudes of Insects and Plants." 
Before this he had show n his partiality for natural history pursuits 
by certain notes in an entomological journal as early as 1857. 

He married in 1866, and thereupon he and his wife spent a 
twelvemonth travelling abroad, visiting France, Italy, and Switzer- 
land : on his return he settled down at Perth, and being entirely 
independent of the need of medical practice, he thenceforward 
gave himself almost entirely to the advancement of the knowledge 
of the natural history of Scotland. For several years he spent 
about six months annually in exploring secluded parts of his 
native land. Strongly built, he was able to make long and 
fatiguing excursions without perceptible exhaustion. In this 
way he added to the sum of knowledge both of the insect fauna 
as well as the flora of the parts visited by him. From time to 
time he published articles on various biologic subjects, the most 



LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOIT. 39 

notable perhaps beino; his paper on the British Willows, which 
came out in our own Journal, vol. xxvii. in 1890. 

Tbe wide sympathies of the man are shown by the large 
amount of information published by liim, as recounted in the 
April number of the ' Scottish Naturalist ' of this year, pp. 81-90, 
a periodical which he edited unweariedly from 1871 to 1882. 
During the last few years he suffered a little from rheumatism ; 
but it was not so severe as to greatly interfere with his usual 
pursuits: in 1894, however, symptoms of heart affectiou showed 
themselves ; and he passed away at his house, Annat Lodge, 
Perth, on the 3rd December, 1894, leaving a widow, two sons, 
and several daughters. He was elected Fellow of this Society 
5th June, 1893. 



The President having called attention to the retirement of the 
Zoological Secretary, Mr. W. Percy Sladen, after holding office 
for ten years, an announcement which he felt sure would b,e 
received with universal regret, it was proposed by Mr. Car- 
ruthers, seconded by Mr. Crisp, and supported by Mr. Charles 
Breese : — '* That the Fellows of this Society, regretting the re- 
tirement of Mr. Walter Percy Sladen from the post of Zoological 
Secretary which he has occupied for the past ten years, desire to 
record upon the Miuutes of the Society an expression of their 
high appreciation of the services which he has rendered to the 
Society, and of the very able manner in which he has at all 
times discharged the duties of his office." 

This resolution having been put, was carried unanimously ; 
and, after a sympathetic reply from Mr. Sladen, the proceedings 
terminated. 

June 6th, 1895. 
' Mr. W. Peecy Sladen", F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and 
confirmed. 

Mr. Bernard Barham Woodward was elected a Fellow. 

On behalf of the President, the Vice-President in the Chair 
read the following nominations as Vice-Presidents during the 
ensuing year, viz. : — Mr. John Gilbert Baker, Mr. Frank Crisp, 
Mr. Arthur Lister, and Mr. W. Percy Sladen. 

Mr. M. Buysman, who has laboured for many years to establish 
a garden at Middleburg for Economic Plants, exhibited specimens 
to show the excellence and completeness of his preparations. 

Oa behalf of Mr. T. J. Mann, who had lately returned from 
Ceylon, Mr. Harting exhibited specimens of a Butterfly, Cato- 
phaga galena^ Felder, which had been observed migrating iu 
thousands across the northern part of that island during March 



40 PEOCEEBINGS OF THE 

and April last, in a direction from N.E. to S.W. The movement 
commenced about 7 a.m. and lasted until noon, when it decreased, 
and was renewed in the afternoon for another two hours. 
Mr. Harting referred to the remarks on this subject made by 
Sir Emerson Tennent (' Nat. Hist. Ceylon,' 1861, p. 404, note), 
to the observations of Darwin on the countless myriads of butter- 
flies met with at sea some miles off the mouth of the Plata (' Nat. 
Toy.' 1852, p. 158), and to a paper by Mr. R. M<'Laehlan on the 
migratory habits of Vanessa Cardui (Entom. Month. Mag. xvi. 
p. 49). He did not think that the movement was analogous to 
the migration of birds, which migrated in opposite directions in 
spring and autumn ; for the insects moved only in one direction, 
and did not return, vast numbers perishing en route. The phe- 
nomenon rather resembled what had been observed in the case of 
lemmings, locusts, and dragonflies, and might be explained as a 
sudden exodus from the birthplace, leadiug to a compensating 
reduction of the species after a season exceptionally favourable 
to its increase. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On a new Distomum.'''' By Gr. S. West. (Communicated 
"by Prof. George Bond Howes, Sec.L.S.) 

2. " On Pseudocodium, a new genus of Algse." By Mme. van 
der Bosse. (Communicated by George Murray, F.L.S.) 

3. " On the Nature of Mobiusispongia parasitica." By A. 
Yaughan Jennings, F.L.S. 

4. " On a new Genus of Eoraminifera of the Family Astro- 
rhizidse." By A. Vaughan Jennings, F.L.S. 



June 20th, 1895. 

Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. George Massee was elected a Fellow. 

Messrs. E. Baker and C. Eeid exhibited some rare plants from 
the limestone hills Co. Kerry, including Pinguicula grandifiora, 
Lam., contrasted with Pinguicula vulgaris, and Saxifraga Geum 
contrasted with 8. umbrosa, with a view of determining their 
value as subspecies or geographical races. 

Mr. Carruthers exhibited some feathers of a Cuckoo taken at 
"Whitchurch, Shropshire, on 23rd May last, amongst which were 
some moulted feathers which were held connected with the new 
ones which had replaced them by means of the barbed seed- 
capsules of a subtropical grass, Cenchrus echinatus. 

On behalf of Mr. S. Loat there was exhibited a Cuckoo's egg 
taken from the nest of a Hedge-Sparrow, together with five 



LINNEAN SOCIETr 01" LONDOK. 4^ 

"wliite eggs of that species, an abnormality not often met with. 
An examination of these eggs under the microscope showed that 
in regard to the texture of grain of the shell thej agreed with 
eggs of the Hedge-Sparrow, and not with those of the Eobin, of 
which white varieties are not so rare. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On some jN'orth-A.mericanDesmidiese." Bj William West, 
P.L.S., and G. S. West. 

2. " On the Structure of the Isopod Grenus Ourozeukfes." 
By A. Yaughan Jennings, F.L.S. 

3. "A Revision of the G-enus >SVZ(?ffle." By F. Xewton Williams, 
F.L.S. 

4. "The Egg-Cases of Port Jackson Sharks." By E. E. 
Waite, E.L.S. 



APPENDIX. 

A Memoir of Gteoeg Diostsius Eheet *. 
Born at Heidelberg, 30 Jan. 170S. Died in London, 9 Sept. 1770. 

[Written by himself, and translated, with notes, 
by E. S. Barton.] 

Mt dear parents were Ferdinand Christoph and Anna Maria 
Ehret, both natives of Heidelberg, who supported themselves 
with difficulty by their own garden. On account of the early 
death of my father, I was taken from school early and sent as a 
gardener's apprentice to my father's brother at Bessungen, near 
Darmstadt, where I had to do the most ignominious work during 
my three years of apprenticeship. The instruction in the art 
of drawing which I had received from my father (who was a 
good draughtsman) I did not give up, notwithstanding the 
slavery during my apprenticeship, and employed all my spare 
hours in perfecting myself in sketches. As I gradually im- 
proved in this art, my cousin employed me at the end of my 
apprenticeship to draw sketches for him in his room. 

For some time 1 remaiued as journeyman gardener with my 
cousin, and then returned to Heidelberg, remaining there more 
than a year with my mother, who during my apprenticeship had 
married Herr Anton Godfried Kesselbach. He had the two 
gardens of the Elector of Heidelberg m his charge, one of which 
he placed under the care of myselt and my brotiier. He was a 
Catholic, but he made no objection whatever to our religion. 

About this time I -was recommended by my cousin to 
Herr Joachim Sievert, gardener to the Margrave at Carlsruhe, 

* For some of his correspondence, see Proc. Linn. See. 1883-86, pp. 42-56. 



4? PEOCEEDHiTGS OF THE 

I was the first and ouly journeyman gardener, and remained there 
two years. 

During my time the garden improved greatly, from the bota- 
nical point of view, under the direction of that excellent man, my 
good friend Dr. Eichrodt. About this time there came Herr 
August Wilhelm Sievert with his travelling companion Herr 
Christian Thran, wbo, as I believe, still lives at Carlsruhe. 

As this Sievert painted very beautifully in water-colours, 
which I had striven to do from my youth, I did all in my 
power to profit by this opportunity ; but he never gave me any 
special instruction in this art, only employing me to grind the 
colours. In my leisure hours I sometimes tried to paint, and 
executed some tulips for the Margrave, who at that time hadtbe 
greatest desire to have paiutings of all his byaciuths, &c., and 
had appointed different painters for the purpose. 

As I was very young and was thought more of by the Margrave 
than any of the other gardeners, on account of my enthusiasm and 
industry in painting, there arose sometimes disputes, which at 
last I could bear no longer ; so after two years' service I tendered 
my resignation, to try my fortune further afield. 

Before I departed, my gracious prince expressed a desire to 
speak with me, and as he held a day of audience, I went on the 
appointed day, according to his desire, into the ante-room of his 
audience-chamber. The room was full of all kinds of people, and 
I expected to have waited a long time ; but my gracious master 
sent his chamberlain and summoned me the first of all to his 
presence, for he knew that I was about to leave Carlsruhe. I 
was some time with him, and there was nothing but complaints 
about his gardeners, that he could depend on none of them ; he 
was sorry I was going away, but, on account of my youth, he 
could not refuse me permission to try my fortune further in the 
world ; and he off"ered me his assistance if I should wish to 
return, saying he would provide for me at any time. Soon after 
this I began my journey with my elder brother who had come 
later to my cousins at Bessungen as apprentice, and whose term 
of apprenticeship had expired. 

We started for Vienna, and went first to Wiirtemberg to see 
their ways of gardening ; from thence to Ulm on the Danube ; 
but on the way to Vienna we were obliged, for want of money, 
to work at the oars. 

I had a letter of recommendation from Herr August "Wilhelm 
Sievert to the celebrated Herr Detlef Simpson, gardener at 
E-egensburg, asking him to help us ; and Herr Simpson kept me 
there as I had learnt so little painting, in order, as he intended, 
to introduce me to Herr [Apotheke] Weinmann and Herr 
[Banquier] Leskenkohl. 

My brother proceeded, at the first opportunity, to Vienna on 
.the Danube. 

I engaged myself for a mere nothing for one year, a nominal 
.pay of 50 K[roner], to Herr Weiumana; and in that time, so 



LrNTfEAN SOCIETY OF LOJTDOIT. 43 

far as I can remember, I executed for him nearly 500 paintings 
principally from nature, and also several paintings for Herr 
Leskenkohl. 

[Herr Weinmann was collecting paintings for his ' Phytanthoza- 
iconographia,' which was afterwards published.] 

When the time came to demand my yearly salary, Herr 
"Weinmann retained some of my money (I received 20 K., but he 
would not pay me the remaining 30 K.) ; and gave as his reason 
that I had not eutirely completed his work, as I had promised to 
do in a year. [The work was to consist of 1000 plates.] 

Thereupon I left him, and Herr Leskenkohl received me to 
paint his plants, with a salary of 100 Eeichsthaler ; and I re- 
mained for tbe next five years at Eegensburg, and completed 
three volumes of the ' Hortus Malabaricus.' 

Now, though I had been so cast down through my first falling 
out with Herr Weinmann, I thought less of it, and forgave tbe 
loss of my money, since I had profited mucb by him in botany, 
which perhaps might serve me in the future. I began to make 
a better collection of plants than Herr Weinmann, and turned 
my attention in my leisure hours to botany and painting. In 
order to cut myself off entirely from gardening, I completed in 
the five years a considerable collection of plants [.560 paintings] 
growing round Eegensburg, among them being many exotic ones. 

This collection was made known through the late Herr Beurer, 
a new acquaintance of mine who was beginning his studies [as 
an apothecary] towards the end of my stay in Eegensburg. He 
admired my collection, and asked if I would not sell it, as he 
could perhaps find me a patron, and asked what I wished to 
obtain for it. I made up my mind at last and sold the collectiou 
(how many hundreds there were of them I have quite forgotten) 
to Herr Dr. Wiedmann of Nuremberg. [Dr. Trew says that 
this collection was first offered to him through Herr Beurer ; but 
although he recognized the excellence of the work, he declined to 
buy the drawings, as they were mostly of native and common 
plants, and were painted on ordinary small writing-paper. 
Dr. Trew found Ehret a purchaser in the person of Dr. Wied- 
mann, and at the same time requested Ehret to paint for him as 
many plants as he could on large tine paper. Ehret sent him 
80 plates from Eegensburg in 1732.] 

Through this, my first transaction of the kind, I had at the 
same time the honour of making the acquaintance of the learned 
Dr. Trew, in order to paint plants for him, and I continue to do 
so, through God's help, up to the time of writing these lines, 
May 15, 1758. 

During the end of my stay in Eegensburg I took a journey to 
the University of Altorf to see the Botanic (warden. Herr Beuer 
[Baier ?] was then botanical professor, and I went into the garden 
to hear him lecture on the plants. Now, he had a large audience, 
and no one spoke a word ; but I interrupted him in the lecture 
(which was not allowed, though I did not know it), and a^ked him 



44 PEOCEEDIIfGS OF THE 

different questions about the plants. He gave a pleasant answer 
to all my questions. After tlie lecture he took me himself all 
r )und the garden, showed me all, and invited me to remain with 
him sometime if I would paint for him. But my connexion with 
Dr. Trew, mentioned above, gave me enough to do. 

As my intention was to see [Dr. Trew] personally, I went 
from there to Nuremburg. However, as I had leave for only one 
month from Herr Leskenkohl, I remained only a few days in 
!Nuremburg and painted some plants — the Cortusa, Hadix, 
Spadia, &c. Through this personal acquaintance with the vener- 
able Dr. Trew, T went more deeply than ever into botany and 
painting. [Dr. Trew showed Ehret which parts of the flower 
and fruit should be clearly represented to show the different 
sexes.] 

Soon after this I tramped back to Eegensburg, and remained 
there some time with Herr Leskenkohl, who was most eager to 
possess the whole of the ' Hortus Malabaricus,' of which the first 
three volumes were ready. As more than six years were neces- 
sary to complete the other volumes, it seemed to me too long, 
especially as my best years would be lost in copying. 

80 I went with but little money to Switzerland, over the .Lake 
of Constance, to Sasle, to see everything in the Botanic Garden, 
intending to continue painting plants for the venerable Dr. Trew, 
which I did. 

However, it happened that I made the acquaintance of Herr 
Samuel Burckhardt, who was then desirous of laying out an 
entirely new garden on his estate, and he engaged me iu order to 
make first a plan of it, which was soon done ; he took me into 
his service, and I remained with him for a year. 

It happened that during this time the war between the Emperor 
and the French began. The French crossed the Rhine at 
Hinningen, a fortress near Basle, and entered the territory of 
the Margrave of Baden. Thus my gracious master, the Margrave 
Carl, was obliged to retire ; and having a residence at Basle, ho 
came hither, which rejoiced me very much. As soon as he came 
to Basle, Herr S. Burckhardt (who had the title of Hofrath) went 
to wait on him. He told the Margrave that he was laying out an 
entirely new garden; the Margrave asked him what sort of 
gardener he had ; he replied, " One of the name of Ehret, who 
about six years ago served as gardener to your Highness at 
Carlsruhe." The Margrave was not a little pleased, and replied 
that since I had left Carlsruhe be had not had any man on whom 
he could rely ; and thus they conversed for some time. 

As soon as Herr Burckhardt left him, he came back at once to 
me, and related this and all that he had heard of me from the 
Margrave, and asked why I had not told him all that myself. I 
replied that I preferred that it should have happened as it 
had done; and then he tuld me that the next morning the 
Margrave himself was coming to see and speak with him, which 
also took place. He [the Margrave] told me all that had 



LiirtfEAN sociETr or London. 45 

Tiappened in his garden at Carlsrube since I had left Mm, and for 
the second time invited me to enter his service. But as I wished 
to see more of the vrorld (which he could not gainsay me), my 
plan was to go to Prance and Holland. Shortly after that 
1 went away, notwithstanding the war between France and 
Germany ; I had no fear, since Herr Burckhardt had obtained for 
me a passport from the Grovernor of Strassburg. Prom the 
Margrave I received a letter of recommendation to Herr ClifTord 
in Holland, and from the excellent Dr. Eiehrodt a similar letter 
to Herr Bernhard de Jussieu at Paris. My testimonial from 
Herr Burckhardt. which I still have, runs thus: — "Herr Georg 
Dennis Eliret, of Heidelburg, has been with me for some time as 
an experienced artistic gardener, and during that time has laid 
out a garden in a new way; he is also learued both in flowers 
and plant peculiarities, and also in designing and drawing ; and 
has rendered to me in this way faithful service, to which end I 
earnestly recommend him to all amateurs. Witness my hand 
hereby, Basle, 27 May, ITSl. S. Bueckhaedt." 

Before I go further, I must here add that, for the comfort of 
my journey to Prance, I left my letters of apprenticeship and 
recommendation in the hands of Herr Burckhardt, who, I believe, 
still has them. Por this reason I have been unable to put any 
certain date in my writings hitherto, as to when my years of 
apprenticeship began, &c. 

The recommendation of the Margrave to Herr Clifford, of 
which I have the copy written by a Secretary, runs thus : — 

"As regards the required recommendation from His Serene 
Highness tj Herr Clifford, Herr Ehret will find the same in the 
accompanviug envelope. His Serene Highness has signed a letter 
saying that before Herr Eliret starts for Prance he must provide 
himself with a sufficient passport, otherwise ill might befall him, 
and he might poissibly be threatened, even like the Germans 
already confined there, with the Bastille. Wishing you well, 
I remain always. Sir, 

Your very humble servant, 

" Basle, 25 May, 1734." Eehaed." 

"SlE, 

" The bearer of this, G. D. Ehret, has been a gardener here, 
and 7 years ago worked in my garden. He desires now to visit 
the celebrated gardens of Prance and Holland, and has asked me 
to recommend him in a letter to Herr Clifford, especially as it is 
within my knowledge that siuce he has been in Germany he has 
acquired a good knowlege not only of his own business, but has 
also so perfected himself m the drawing and painting of flowers 
and herbs, that he is in a position to lay out a new garden, as he 
has indeed given a good proof here in Basle ; and that he has at 
all times led a most uprigbt life. 

" I have for these reasons acceded to Ehret's most reasonable 



46 PROCEEDINGS or THE 

request, and recommend him herewith earnestly to Herr Clifford. 
to give him such assistance as he needs. I shall never fail to 
reciprocate this kindness with like services. Gael." 

Besides this, I received a letter of recommendation from the 
private physician of the Margrave, Dr. Eichrodt,to Prof Beruhard. 
de Jussieu in Paris. I am sorry that I took no copy of that, for 
it was admirably written. 

Soon afterwards Herr Burckhardt procured me a French, 
passport from the Governor of Strassburg : — 

"Leonor du Matne, Comte du Bourg, Marechal de France, 
Commandeur des Ordres du Eoy, Gouverneur-Greneral des 
Provinces de Haute et Basse Alsace, et Gouverneur Parti- 
culier de la Ville et du Chateau de Belfort. 

"B est ordonne a tous ceux qui sont dans I'etendue de notre 
gouvernement, & nous prions tous autres, de laisser sureraent & 
iibrement passer le nomme George Ehret, Jardinier venant de 
Basle pour aller en France, s'y perfectionner dans sa profession, 
apres quoy il retournera au dit Basle chez le S. Burckhardt, son 
maitre, sans luy donner aucun trouble ny empechement, au 
contraire toute sorte d'aide & assistance en cas de besoin. Le 
present bon pour son sejour en France seulemeut. Fait a 
Strasbourg le douze mai mil sept cent trente quatre. 

O 

Par Monseigneur." 

[From Basle Dr. Trew only received twelve paintings from 
Ehret, since his time was fully occupied in laying out the new 
garden.] 

Thereupon I departed (having 12 louis d'or in my pocket) to 
Berne, lodged at the ' Falcon,' the largest inn, for a month, and 
began again to paint. Now as mine host, named Frederick, was 
a great lover and connoisseur of painting, I spent some days in 
painting a piece for him ; and I was thus kept by him all the 
time I was there free of charge ; and he gave me also a present 
of a piece of gold worth Ig louis d'or. 

I left Berne and went to Lausanne and Geneva (at that time 
there was a dispute between the magistrate and the burghers ; 
and they all collected in large numbers in the street) ; from thence 
on the Ehone to Lyons. As there was no one on the boat but a 
French lady from Lyons with her servants, I was sometimes 
questioned by her as to my trade, whence I came, whether I was 
afraid of travelling to France in this time of war, whether I had 
a passport, and the like. At last I was obliged to show her my 
passport and also my letter of recommendation from Dr. Eichrodt, 
which surprised her exceedingly. She said to me, " When you 
come to Paris you will become acquainted with M. du Fay, 



Li.vx. Pkoc. 1894-95.] 



{To face page 46. 




GEORG DIONYSIUS EHRET. 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY Of LONDON. 47 

Grovernor of tlie Eoyal Herb-Grarden, who is a near relation of 
mine." I have forgotten this lady's name. 

Through this letter of recommendation I was again sent free 
of charge by this lady from Geneva to Lyons. There she seut 
me to a good inn, saying I was not to go away from it till a good 
and cheap opportunity arose, which also happened in a week. An 
empty postchaise was going to Montpellier, and only cost me 
5 shillings for that distance. 

I was taken by my postillion to a frightfully dear house in 
Montpellier, and I knew no one, and no one knew me ; but in a 
few days I made the acquaintance of a German doctor through 
my landlady, because I understood very little j)atois. She intro- 
duced me to him, one Herr Antoine Frederic Molie, Doctor of 
Medicine, from the town of Christian-Erlang in Evduce. I have 
some of his own handwriting by me still. 

Now when I made the acquaintance of this Dr. Molie I told 
him of my acquaintance with Dr. Trew, whereupon he said 
that be also knew him. Immediately he found for me a new, 
good, and cheap lodging before the evening came, with which I 
was entirely satisfied, and remained over a month at Montpellier 
to look round the herb-garden and the surrounding country ; 
but during this time there was a great heat, and almost all the 
plants were burnt up by it. Nevertheless, I prepared some 
paintings for Dr. Trew, and, if I remember riglitly, sent them off 
from there to Nuremberg. 

[Dr. Trew remarks that he only received three paintings from 
here on account of the plants being dried up ; but these showed 
all the more care and a marked improvement m execution.] 

As it was my intention to go to Paris, I did not care to make 
any special fi lends at Montpellier ; but instead I started with 
some muleteers over the mountains of Auvergne to Clermont. 
After three days' journey from Montpellier, we came to the little 
town Milliau, where we remained for some days and rested 
ourselves. 

Now, since on this journey I took pleasure, as is my custom, 
in the collecting of wild flowers, the muleteers took me for a 
doctor, though I coniradicted them many times. They told it 
secretly to the host where we lodged at Milliau in Auvergne, and 
he asked me whence I came, and what was my business. I 
answered him that I travelled lor pleasure, and was a lover of 
plants. " Oh," said the host, " I will soon find out ; my son is a 
doctor practising in this town, and he has also studied botany 
under Professor Chicoyneau at Montpellier." At this I was 
astonished, and thought 1 might learn something from him. The 
young doctor [Dr. Lame] thereupon soon came to examine me 
as to what brought me hither; but I soon satisfied him by 
showing him my passport, and the open letter of recommendation 
from Dr. Eichrodt. Thereupon he desired to go botanising with 
me, and conducted me about in the neighbourhood, where 1 found 
many beautiful plants, and particularly some which in Germany 
are cultivated in gardens. 



48 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE 

I may here reinark that in the mountains the plants are later 
than in Montpellier. 

We collected over 100 in the few days I was there, and 
gave most of them their botanical names; for though he under- 
stood little of botany, he was most eager about it. He doubted 
if the names w'ere right : in order to satisfy him, I unpacked 
the Flora Norimb. of Volk, which I had brought all the way from 
Eegensburg : I found therein most of the names, although not 
all, and he was satisfied. 

He and his father treated me most generously all the time 
I was there, and charged me nothing. They gave me a 
letter of recommendation to M. de Chicoyneau, who had gone 
from Montpellier to Versailles as private physician to the King. 
The letter was not written directly to M. de Chicoyneau, but to 
one of his acquaintances at Versailles who should introduce me. 

The letter, which I still have in the original, for I did not 
deliver it, runs thus : — 

" De Milliau, le 8 Aoust, 1734. 
" MOKSIEUE, 

" Conn( issance [sicl voire honestete, j'ay crue que vous voudriez 
bien la temoigner a Mr. Ehret, alleraand, garcon d'unvrai merite, 
que sacuriosite, etla grande envie qu'il a [de] se perfectionner de 
plus en plus dans la connoissance des plantes, a fait traverser quan- 
tite de pays. II a passe par Montpellier, ou Banal n'a pas eu toute 
la complaisance, et moins encore I'attention qu'il merite. [Banal 
■was herb-gardener at Montpellier.] Sans doute qu'il n'a pas 
conuu ses talens, qui paroissent assez par ses ouvrages, et je puis 
dire avec verite que si le jeune homme avoit eu de principes, comme 
il m'a assure qu'il n'avoit pas, c'eut ete un prodige. II connoit tres 
bien les plantes. J'ai ete le mener aux environs de Milliau, mais ils 
n'ont pas plantes qu'il n'ait designe par leurs [noms]. Je pensois 
qu'il avoit un recommendation de Mr. de Chiquoyneau [Chicoy- 
neau] fils, au pere de Mr. de Chiquoyneau premier medecin du 
Eoy ; mais il m'a dit que non. Si vous voulez bien le luy faire 
connoitre vous m'obligerez tres fort, et s§achant que Mr. de 
Ciiiquoyneau aime les botanistes de son merite il sera aise de 
luy faire plaisir. En mon particulier j'eu auroi beaucoup si 
j'apprens qu'il a cause aux une et aux autre par la connoissance 
je procure et qui pent devenir avantageuse pour le public. J'ay 
I'honneur d'etre tres parfaitement 

" Votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur, 

Pelet." 

I then continued my journey to Clermont, and as I had found 
several rare plants at Milliau, which were unknown to me, I took 
Them Mith me to find out about them from M. Bernhard de 
Jussieu. He soon told me the names, one of which I remember 
still, 'Ageratum alpinum serratifolium.' 

At Clermont I was again most fortunate. It was a great 
market-day, and no lodging was to be had for money, and no one 
would take me in 5 so I resolved to spend the night in the haj 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. 49 

over tte mules' stable ; but it was impossible to stay there or 
rest, both on account of the heat and also the smell of the stablp. 
So I walked about the streets of Clermont, when I happened to 
meet a man and complained to him that no lodging was to be 
had. This man took me at once to his lodging, and I assured him 
that he need not fear me, that he could enquire about me of the 
muleteers. He gave me his own bed for the night, and treated 
me also to a glass of wine and some supper. 

In order not to remain longer here, I continued my journey, 
walking quite alone, and reached Paris safely. I at once delivered 
my letter of recommendation from Dr. Eichrodt to Professor 
Bernhard de Jussieu ; and he thereupon gave me a room and a 
bed in the great garden-house which stands empty in the herb- 
garden ; and here I stayed all the winter. Here I completed 
some paintings of rare plants for Dr. Trew, and, if I remember 
rightly, sent them from Paris to Nuremberg. 

["Among these was the Japanese Lily, mentioned below, 
Lilio-narcissus, the gold dots incomparably painted on parch- 
ment."] 

I did not expect any more from the herb-garden than my free 
lodging. However, 1 n)ade the acquaintance of M. le Marquis 
de Gouvernet, in whose garden flourished the JajDanese Lily, in 
French ' La Grrenesienue.' I could hardly execute enough copies 
of this plant, because he made presents of them. Tlierebv i 
gained part of my living, at the same time doing some work for 
M. du Pay and some other people. However, even then I could 
not manage, and my money was coming to an end, although 
MM. Antoine and Bernhard de Jussieu assured me that if I 
needed auything they would help me, as, indeed, once happened. 
But I became afraid to ask for more lest I should be a burden 
to them; so I resolved to go in the spring to Holland, which 
undertaking 1 laid before the MM. de Jussieu. They, however, 
dissuaded me, saying it would be much better for me to visit the 
English gardens ; and though I represented to them that I had 
no acquanitances there, they persisted so much that I could 
not refuse, and M. Benihard de Jussieu loaded me so with letters 
of recommendation, that it could hardly go ill with me (and 
when I started for England he gave me twelve letters of recom- 
mendatiou), also one from M. du Pay to the Duke of' Richmond ; 
also an excellent passport through M. du Pay, Governor of the 
garden, which he received from the King, signed with his own 
hand. 

The passport runs thus : — 

(N.B. The passport written by the King himself is written in 
old Prench.) 

" De par le Eoy, 

"A tons Gouverneurs et noz Lieutenans generaux en noz 
provinces et armees, Gouverneurs particuliers et Commandans 

LINK-. SOC. PEOCEEDLN-aS. — SESSION 1894-95. e 



5© PEOCEEDINGS or THE 

de noz Villes, places etc., et a touz autres noz Officiers, Justiciers 
et Sujetz qu'il appartiendra, Salut. Nouz voulnns et vouz man- 
dourons expressement que vouz ayez aJaisser sureinent et libre- 
ment passer leBomme George Ehret, jardinier, allemaud, de notre 
Jardin Eoyal des plantes, allant en Angleterre, sans luy donner 
ny soufl'rir qu'il luy soit donne aucun empechement, maiz au 
contraire I'ayde ou assistance dont il aura besoin. Le present 
passeport valable pour troiz moiz seulement : car tel est notre 
plaisir. 

" Donne a Yersailles le vingt-liuit fevrier 1735. 

" Louis. 
" Par le Eoy. 

" Gratis. CliemalinP 

"When this passport was handed to me, T was given to under- 
stand that everyone does not receive such a thing. Many people 
have wondered over it. M. le Marquis, to whom I also showed 
it, told me that although the passport only held good for three 
months, it would nevertheless bring me back without trouble. 

I then began my journey to Calais. The fortresses between 
Paris and Calais render a good passport necessary, especially iu 
time of war ; but as a German I needed for nothing, and tra- 
velled iu this dangerous war-time supplied with the best pass- 
ports. I travelled quite alone with my small package on my 
back, and feared nothing. 

I came first to Abbeville, where, according to custom, I was 
immediately asked by the sentinel whence I came, 1 answered, 
from Paris ; and he demanded my passport, which I refused to 
give into the hands of a common soldier. Thereupon I was led, 
with fixed bayonets, to the Governor, showed him my royal pass- 
port, and was immediately set free. The next day 1 continued 
my journey, and arrived safely at Calais. 

While in my autobiography I am still in Prance, I must add 
one or two things of interest. 

M. Bernhard de Jussieutold me many times about the gardens 
and plants which he had seen in England (a few years earlier), 
and interested me much; at another time he told me how he 
had seen the garden of Mr. CoUinson, where there were many 
beautiful plants, particularly one which was quite new. Mr. Col- 
liiison, who wished to know what it was, asked M. de Jussieu for 
the name. He replied it was a new plant which he had never 
seen. Mr. Collinson pressed him to give it a name, whereupon 
he answered, " If I must do so, then let it be a Collinsonia." 
This M. de Jussieu related to me. 

So I journeyed from Calais to London, and having a letter of 
recommendation to Mr. Collinson, I was curious to see his garden, 
and particularly the new Collinsonia. I related to him M. de 
Oussieu's story, and the plant kept this name, through me, among 
the botanists in England, notwithstanding that it had never been 
published. 



LTNNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOTT. 5 1 

When I reached London, 1 had to run about not a little to 
present my letters of recommendation. 

I went first to Mr. [Sir Hans] Sloane, who promised to help 
me if I needed it ; and so did all the others. I have still one, 
wliich I did not deliver, having forgotten it. and this I will insert. 
It was to Dr. Mortimer, Secretary of the E-oyal Society. 

[The letter is inserted, but does not appear to be worth copying 
into this narrative.] 

To Mr. Miller (whose acquaintance I have dropped for several 
years) I give all credit for the trouble which he took to recom- 
mend me, a few days after my arrival. I obtained a supply 
of work for some considerable time ; but by degrees it dimi- 
nished. 

[Ehret brought a letter of introduction to Miller, whom he 
had not known before. The supposition that Miller and Ehret 
were formerly friends and that Miller induced Ehret to come 
to England is quite erroneous.] 

In my spare time 1 worked at plants to send to Nuremberg. 

As Dr. Trew himself knows, the most of my work, perhaps one 
of the greatest collections, is at Nuremberg. To save time, I 
will leave all that to him, and go on with my story. [Dr. Trew 
remarks that at this time Ehret sent him about 200 paintings 
of new plants from London.] 

I remained a year here, and then, as I had my letter of recom- 
mendation from the Margrave, I resolved to go to Holland, 
where I arrived safely. I remained a year in Leyden, and there 
I heard of Mr. Linnaeus, who was staying with Mr. Clifford at 
Haarlem. I completed during this time several curious plants, 
with their characteristics added thereto, which I had found in 
England, in order to recommend myself still further when pre- 
senting the letter. I walked to Haarlem and presented the 
royal letter of recommendation ; and as the date of it was two 
years earlier, I was questioned as to where 1 had been during 
the interval, upon which point I satisfied Mr. Clifford. 

I showed him my work in the presence of Mr. Linnaeus, than 
whom no one was more eager in the characters of plants. 
There were some quite new plants among them. Mr. Clifford 
then asked me if I wished to sell them, and what my price 
was, took almost everything that I had with me, and paid me 
what I asked, namely, 3 Dutch gulden a piece. He kept me 
more than a month at Haarlem; and in tliat time I completed 
all the figures which came out in the * Hortus Cliffortianus,' Col- 
linsonia, Turnera, etc., which I liad brought from England. I 
told Mr. Linnaeus the story as related above about the first author 
of Collinsonia ; but when he w as a beginner he appropriated 
everything for himself which he heard of, to make himself famous ; 
but I contend, on the other hand, that he was not the first author 
of Collinsonia, but M. Bernhard de Jussieu. [As Dr. Trew 
remarks, the true authorship of Collinsonia is passed over in the 
' Hortus Cliffortianus,'] 

e2 



52 PEOCEEDIKGS OT THE 

I profited nothing from him in the dissection of tbe plants ; 
for all the plants in the ' Hortus ClifFortianus ' are my own under- 
takins^, and nothing was done bv him in the way of placina: all 
the parts before me as they are figured : for I had done all this, 
as the noble Dr. Trew knew, many years before T had ever heard 
of Mr. Linnaeus. [Dr. Trew confirms this, saying the paintiogs that 
Ehret had sent him before this time were done in the same way.] 
If he had been able to show them in this way, why have not 
the characteristics of the remainder in the book been added which 
were not drawn by me ? Nevertheless I received no special credit 
for this, but was treated only as a common draughtsman. 

During the time I was with Mr. Cliftord I was treated cour- 
teously. I did not then know that Linnseus intended to publish 
a' Hortus ClifFortianus.' Linnaeus and I were the best of friends ; 
he showed me his new method of examining the stamens, which 
I easil}' understood, and privately resolved to bring out a Tabella 
of it. As my work with Mr. Clifford was now coming to an end, 
I returned to Ley den and edited the plates under the title 
"Clariss. Linnsei, M.D. Methodus Plantarum Sexualis in Sys- 
temate Naturge desciipta. Lugd.-Bat. : 1736. G. D. Ehret. 
Palat.-Heidelb." 

[" This table or plate is printed on a half-sheet, and contains 
24 figures of the different number and connection of the stamens 
with the pistils."* It was first published in Linnaeus's ' Genera 
Plantarum,' first edition, Leyden, 1737, and is entitled ' Caroli 
Linnsei Classess (sic) Literae.' The letters of the alpliabet are 
used in the original drawing; but in the engraAdng they are 
replaced by figures. Etiret's name is omitted from the engraving. 
" This very plate, very badly copied, ana, as is the custom with 
engravers on copper, very carelessly reversed, and without 
Herr Ehret's name, is also to be found in the edition of this 
work, which was brought out at Leipzig in 1748 in S^'o, after the 
Gth book-fair ; but in the copy of the same edition which I possess 
the plate is omitted." The original drawing o£ the Linnean 
classes is preserved in the Botanical Department of the British 
Museum. It is signed " G. D. Ehret. Eecit et edidit. Lugd.- 
Bat. 1736." This drawing came into the possession of the British 
Museum with a collection of Ehret's sketches and drawings.] 

With this Tabella I once more earned some money ; for I sold 
it at 2 Dutch gulden apiece ; and almost all the botanists ia 
Holland bought it of me. 

I also took a journey to Amsterdam, to see everything ia 
the Botanical Garden there. The Dutch gardens did not please 
me 80 well as those in England, which are full of rare plants. 

I journeyed then again to England, and as the ' Musa fructii 
cacumerico longior ' belonging to Baron Joseph Ayloffe was 
blooming, in the year 1786 I drew it for him and engraved it ou 
copper. ["It may be remarked that Herr Ehret now began to 
engrave some of his own paintings on copper."] 
* The quotations are from Dr. Trew's MS. life of Ehret in the British Museum. 



LIKIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53 

In tlie year 1737, in August, the 'Magnolia flora ingenti 
candido' was blooming iu the gardeu of Mr. Charles Wager at 
Parsons Green, near Fulham. I went there nearly every day 
from Chelsea to Parsons Green, whicii is about 3 miles distant, 
to observe tbe plant from its first bud and what might come 
(theie were no more) till the flower was quite complete. I drew 
every individual part of it in order to publish a perfect botauical 
plate ; and I was the first to observe the characters of it minutely, 
and my valued patron. Dr. Trew, liaa made me through this not a 
little kuown ia the Commercia Litteraria. I sent some of these 
plates, through the late Herr Beurer, who was then returning, to 
M. Bernhard de Jussieu ia Paris, who auswered me in this 
letter : — 

" MONSIEFE, 

" Je voudrais bien pouvoir vous temoijjner combien je suis 
sensible aux attentions que vous avez eu jusqu'icy, de me faire part 
de dessins des plantes nouvelles et autres qui fleurissent rare- 
meiit chez vous. 11 ne me manque que les occasious de vous en 
marquer ma reconnoissance. J'ai regu la plauche du Magnolia. 
Celte plante est tres bien representee et j'y ay reconuu uue 
exactitude surprenante dans toutes les parties qui composent cette 
magnifique fleur. Je souhaiterais fort vous estre utile et pouvoir 
vous procurer des moyens plus avantageux de satisfaire vostre 
gout ; je tacherois pour lors de vous persuader de ma reconuois- 
sance et des sentimeuts d'estime avec lequel je suis 

" A'^ostre tres humble et tres obeissaut serviteur, 

"B. i)E Jussieu.'" 
"A Paris le 26 juillet, 1738." 

It happened that when this plate w^as finished, I went to 
Lord Petre's garden to find something new. This gentleman 
was building the largest glass-houses in England, if not in the 
world. (See my Tab. 3, the large house for the Papaya, which 
stands quite free therein.) His property lies 15 miles from 
London [at Brentwood], close by the great road whicii goes from 
Loudon to Harwich, where all tbe foreigners from Holland and 
London cross the sea. I remained there some days, and collected 
many rare specimens ; and on my return to London 1 left them at 
an iuu near Lord Petre's garden, to be sent on by the first coach 
to London. 

As the Harwich coach was the first to pass, my rare speci- 
mens wei'e put on to tbat, and 1 awaited them the same evening 
in London at a large inn in Gracechurch Street. When the 
coach came, 1 asked for my packet and received it. Meanwhile 
two Germans descended from the coach and consulted what they 
sliould do for a lodging; no one understood them. 1 listened to 
all this, and resolving to help them, 1 went round to look at their 
faces. 1 at once fancied that 1 knew one of them, and thought 
to myself, he is exactly like Herr Beurer; so I asked him at once 
iu these words, "Are you not Herr Beurer? " He said at once, 



54 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE 

" Herr Ebret ! " Our old acquaintanceship was reneAved, after 
a lapse of several years, until he was removed from the temporal 
to the everlasting world. 

Shortly after Herr Beurer's arrival Herr Linnaeus came to 
London. He stayed a month here, and I sent him plates to 
finish the ' Hortus Cliffortianus.' 

About this time I had married one Susanna Kennet, sister of 
the wife of Mr. Philip Miller, herb-gardener at Chelsea (1738), 
whose father was a Mr. Keonet, a burgher and baker at South- 
wark in London, who had honourably supported himself in his 
trade of baker. In order to keep this account short, I will here 
add that we had three children ; two died soon after their birth, 
and one still lives, whom I sent, as a small boy, to the University 
of Oxford, the best school, till he was 15 years old. Two years 
ago 1 apprenticed him to an apothecary and surgeon at Watford, 
in Hertfordshire, for 7 years, and spent 50 guineas upon him. 
He loves his profession, and has done very well so far. 

[Dr. Trew says that in 17^2 Ehret published a plate of the 
above-mentioned Papaya, which fruited for the first time in 
Europe on the 30th January of that year. Dr. Trew further adds 
details of the plate, which need not be inserted here.] 

Some years after I came to England I became acquainted 
with the excellent Dr. Mead, Eoyal Physician, who engaged me ; 
and I prepared for him, from time to time, paintings of rare 
plants, mostly with a description of them, on great folia of parch- 
ment, at one guinea apiece. The number of them reached at 
last 200. 

This work, over which I spared no pains, was not kept secret 
by Dr. Mead, as by others, but he showed it to everyone in 
order to bring rne on in the w^orld, and made suggestions for 
di-< posing of my work at sales, as many painters have done. 

While this work was on hand, I was preparing at the same 
time [drawings of] many rare plants, and those which now are 
appearing in the ' Plantse Selectse.' 

Dr. Mead died, and all his collection of curiosities was sold a few 
years ago by auction, when my 200 plates, complete and bound 
in two volumes, were laid before everyone. This brought me no 
little glory, and they were sold for 160 K. [about £36] . If they had 
been divided up in the auction, they would have brought in twice 
as much money, for they were too many for a single lot. 

During the time that I was earning my living from Dr. Mead 
and others, I began, in 1748, to issue plates of rare plants 
under the title ' Plantse et Papiliones Eariores depictse et aeri 
incisae a Georgio Dionysio Ehret, Palat. Heidelb. 174!8,' which 
plates from that time to 1757 only reached 14 in number. Tab. 4 
and 8 of these plates are represented with the character of the 
plants under the title " Characteres PJantarum variarum ob- 
servati, delineati, et aeri incisi a Georgio Dionysio Ebret, Palat. 
Heidelb. 1748." 

During this time I published a large plate of the great 'Agaricus 



LIKNEATf SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 55 

ramosus cornu reniferi referena,' 1744 ; as also all the plants 
drawn in Dr. Pocock's Historj, and engraved them on copper. 
I also prepared those of Dr. Hughes' ' History of Barbadoes,' 
and, lastly, Dr. Browne's ' History of Jamaica.' AU the plants were 
drawn by me, and the descriptions, so far as I could see them 
from the dried plants, were added by rae alone, after dissection. 
And then, lastly, all the plants in Dr. Eussel's 'History of 
Aleppo.' 

I may here remark on the eagerness of Dr. Browne over the 
plants. He sent me a great number to my rooms that I might 
choose forty of them ; and before I had laid on a single stroke 
he paid me 40 guineas, for he feared 1 would not accept his work 
without being prepaid. But the plants of Dr. Browne and 
Dr. E-ussel I refused to engrave on copper, although they wished 
to pay me some money for it ; indeed, they even offered me twice 
as much as any other engraver on copper. 

I must shorten my writing as much as possible, and add the 
correspondence with Herr Linnaeus since I left Holland ; but to 
add all of it here in this place is, I think, unnecessary. I will, 
however, here give the contents of two letters : — 

"Amico antique Gr. D. Ehret s. pi. d. 

"Multa tibi debeo, amice colende, quod multoties pulcherrima 
tua dona ad me misisti. Doleo et dolui semper quod . . . licuit 
numeris officiis . . . , quum ego remotissimus habitem. Omnes 
qui videut tuas picturas stupescunt. Est nobis Pictor Academiae 
senex qui nee videt nee audit, omnes huu [? plorant] ejus fatum, 
. . . . , ut te possent invitare, quamvis deservient obtinere, cum 
tui .... non vident orbis. 

"Accepi tuum Cereum minimum, et Agaricum ramosum, et 

Magnoliam, singula artis magisteria 

" Dabam Upsaliae, 1747, d. 12 Aug." 

" Pictori egregio D''" Gr. D. Ehret, amico antiquo. 

". . . . Ad banc Academiara nostram Upsaliensem comparavimus 
et instruximus observatorium astronomicum, hortum bota- 
nicum, theatrum anatomioum, instrumenta physica, et omnia 
quae ad ornamentum scientiarum spectant. Solus pictor deficit. 
Habemus senem pictorem, cujus fata expectamus ; tum nil magis 
votis nobis esset, [quare ?] si tepotuissemus nobis comparare, tum 
haberemus omnia. 

" Dabam Upsaliae, 1747, d. 2 Oetobris." 

That all may now come in order concerning my desire to enter 
a botanic garden, I will here relate how iu the year 1750, in 
November, I was elected without any difficulty to the Botanic 
Garden of the Univer^^ity of Oxford. I only remained a year in 
that service ; but in that time I behaved in such a way that the whole 
University was satisfied with me. It was Dr. [Humphry] Sibthorp 



56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

[successor to Dr. Dillenius] who brought me there, through his 
flattering letters ; but the friendship soon came to an end. The 
man became exceedingly jealous of me because I was more thought 
of in botany than himself. I should have a great deal to say did 
I mention here all his unkindness, for which cause I requested 
permission to resign at the end of the year, left the Grarden 
and resumed my former work again. I did myself no harm at all 
by this, but rather good ; for I had not only made myself known 
in Oxford to all the students in botany, but also to my present 
distinguished scholars, who, having heard much fame of me in 
Oxford, still remain witb me. I am sure the good Dr. Sibthorp 
will always remember me. 

Here I must mention the journey with Mr. Ellis to Bright- 
helmstone, in Sussex, in June 1764. See Ellis's Essays, Intro- 
duction, p. viii. 

I received a letter from Dr. Oeder inviting me to enter the 
Eoyal service at Copenhagen. The letter was sent to me at 
Buistrode, the property of the Duke of Portland, where I was 
staying at that time. It runs thus : — 

" Most honoured Sir ! 

" My name and the greater part of the contents of this 
letter are, as Mr. Ellis tells me, already known to yon. As it is 
uncertain when you will come to town and I shall have the 
pleasure of speaking to you, I will convey to you in writing what 
I should prefer to have said by word of mouth. 

"A botanic garden has been founded in Copenhagen under 
the special superintendence of the Court Marshal, Count von 
Molke, and I am appointed by him the Professor of Botany. 

"I am now, by command of his Majesty the King, travelling 
about to see the principal botanic gardens. In this garden a 
delineator of botanical drawings is to be always maintained on 
the St-dS under suitable conditions. If you, honoured Sir, should 
be disposed to accept this post, I am convinced that we should 
make a good acquisition; 1 will not burden you with praise, my 
letter and oifer give the be.st proof of my respect for your 
powers. 

" lam commissioned to find someone to suit us ; and the con- 
ditions which I am empowered to offer are as follovss : — 
" 1. The post is for life. 
" 2. The salary is 150 Ee, or £30 sterl. 

" y. Eor every plant that is drawn, large or small, only to be 
painted in Indian ink, there is reckoned 4 lie, whereby an 
artist can earn more, since he can draw in a year more 
thsin 60 plants, and thereby make 250 lie beyond his fixed 
salary. 
" 4. This yearly salary of 400 Ee, or £80 sterl., of which I have 
said 150 lie is fixed, and the remainder, namely 250 He, 
depends on the industry of the artist, may be rendered a 
certainty, for if through our fault an opportunity of 



li>tst;an society of lo>'dox. 57 

earning the 250 fails, the remainder of the money is placed 
to his account without his having furnished the work. 
Should he draw more than 60 plants in the year, he 
would earn so much more over and above the J:00 E,e. 

5. The artist must accept no out.-ide work without the 
knowledge and consent of the botanical Professor. 

6. He must accompany the botanical Professor on his 
travels; and while travelling he will be free in all respects 
from the above-named conditions, 

" If, you, honoured Sir, do not object to my proposal, but wish 
to discuss anything with me in connection with these terms, tlieii 
we must and can talk it over by word of mouth, when I can give 
you more details of the nature of the post offered to you. 

"I propose to remain 5 weeks longer iu England, then I go to 
Paris, and in January or February of next year I return to 
Copenhagen. The following May I begin my journey to Xorway, 
whither, if you come to us, you will accompany me, and probably 
stay there with me 3 summers and 2 winters. Do not fear 
Norway ; we shall travel with all comfort. The mode of living is 
English. 

" In the terms of agreement it is possible, as I said, to make 
alterations, which could be done at a personal interview. 

"You, honoured Sir, are a well-known and tried man, which 
will assuredly be taken into consideration in Copenhagen. 
" I am, honoured Sir, 

" Yours obediently, 

" De." Oedee." 

In the year 1749 I began to give instruction in painting of 
plants and flowers to the highest nobility of England ; and in my 
whole life I have not been so prosperous as during the last years, 
God be thanked I 

Although I accepted the post in Oxford in 1750, my intention 
was to publish plants on my own account (because the salary 
was not large) in order to earn more money ; and I intended, if 
this proved successful, to give up all my pupils. But my pupils 
were glad when I came back ; indeed, they w^ere much more eager 
to have me than before. It I could have divided myself into twenty 
parts I could have had my hands full. 

I recommended all those to whom I gave instruction to lay all 
the plants, that they did with me, into books. Now, in these 
eight years some of my pupils made collections of 100. Yes, some 
even finished 2, 3, and 4 times as many ; and on each sheet were 
added the right botanical names. This all touk place under my 
direction ; and there had never been anything of the kind iu 
England before. 

I will only mention a few of my pupils. Among them were 
the following persous : — the Duchess of Norfolk, the Duchess of 
Leeds, two daughters of the Duchess of Portland, two daughters 
of the DuchesK of Bridge water, two daughters of the Duke of 



jS PEOCEEDINQS OF THE 

Kent, tte Counters of Carlisle, the Countess of Morton, two 
daughters of Lord Pomfret, three daughters of the Earl of Essex, 
a daughter of Lord Guildford, Lady Carpenter, four daughters 
of Sir John Heatheote, etc., etc. 

Of all these people very few wish to leave off; and I have had 
some of them for eight years in my hands, so that I can receive 
no more. 

My work lasts for six months in the year, that is, from the 
beginning of January till June, when they all depart to their 
coLintrv seats for the summer, and I stay now and then for some 
time with one or other of them ; thus I have an excellent oppor- 
tunity of seeing much in England. 

I must also mention that ttiis winter, 1758, a considerable 
collection of my work, which I had prepared for a Baron Francis 
St. John a few^ years ago, was sold at an auction. I weut pri- 
vately to the auction to hear how my work went ; and as they 
were sold singly, they ran up to a high price, so that most of 
them went at double the money, some for two or three times as 
much. This brought me not a little fame, and many people 
congratulated me on it. 

Through the many acquaintances which I made in England 
by my work, I was elected a Eellow of the E-oyal Society of 
London on May 19th, 1757. 

It is a strange thing that the names of all the foreign Fellows 
of the Koyal Society are published in a separate list, and are 
not mixed with those in the English list, as is the custom in 
England. My name, however, was entered in the English list, 
and I am the only German among them. 

N.B. — But, according to English custom, I had to pay 
25 guineas to the Society on my election. Foreigners do 
not pay. 

"Written by GEOEa Diontsius Eheet of Heidelberg the 
27 tb October, 1758, in Park Street, London. 



[This translation has been made by Miss E. S. Barton from 
the original MS. in German, preserved in the Botanical Depart- 
ment of the British Museum, a few obvious misspellings being 
corrected. The accompanying portrait is from a photograph of 
an original painting in the possession of Mrs. G-rover, tlie widow 
of one of Ehret's lineal deseendant^l ; and the translator desires to 
express her indebtedness to Mrs. Grover as well as to Capt. Miller 
Layton for kindly helping her to obtain an authentic portrait of 
their ancestor.] 



LINXEAV SOCIETY OF LOXDOIS". 59 

DoJfAXrO^'^S TO THE LlBRART, 1894-95. 

Volumes and more important Pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges, 
chiefly from private individuals. 

Agai-dh, J. Gr. Analeeta Algologica, Continuatio II. 4to. Luad, 1894. 

Author. 
Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Peninsula. No. 3. 8vo. Singapore, 1S93. 

H. N. Ridley. 

Albsrt P"^ Prince do Monaco. Resultats des Carapagnes Scientifiques acconi- 

plies sur son Yacht. ^ Fasc. vii. fol. Paris, 1894. Prince de Monaco. 

Auieghino, Dr. F. Enumeration Synoptique des Especes de MaminiCeres 

Fossiles des formations E )cenes de Patagonia. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1894. 

Author. 

Sur les ongules fossiles de L'Argentine. Svo. Buenos Aires, 1894. 

Author. 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 ser. Vols, xiii., xiv. Svo. London, 

1894. Dr. W. Francis. 
Beddard, F. E. A Monograph of the Order of Oligochi^ta. 4to. Oxl'ord. 

1895. Author. 
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana. Vol. xi., fasc. 2-4. 8to. Coimbra, 189.3. 

Prof. J. A. Henriques. 
Braithwaite, Dr. R. The British Moss-Flora. Part 16. roy. Svo. Barcelona, 

1895. Author. 

British Association (Oxford) Report, 1894. Svo. London. 1894. 

Council Brit. Assoc 
Buer, Odon de. Historia Natural Botanica, Vols, i.-iv. 8vo. Barcelona, 

1891-94. P. Barr. 

Buller, Sir Walter L. Illustrations of Darwinism, and other Papers. 8vo. 

Wellington, 189.5. Author. 

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. New Series. Vol. I. 8vo. 

Kingston, 1894. W. Fawcett. 

Bunbury, Sir Charles J. F. Life, Letters, and Journals of, Edited by his Wife, 

Frances Joanna Bunbury. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 189.'i. Mrs. Lyell. 
Candolle. Casimir de. MeliaceiB Novre. Svo. Geneve, 1894. Author. 
Piperaceaeafricans et niadagascariensis. Svo. Leipzig, 1894. Author. 

Nouvelles Considerations sur la Phyllotaxie. Svo. Geneve, 189."). 

Author. 
Chodat, Prof. R. Golenkinia, genre nouveau de Protococcoidees. Svo. Paris, 

1894. Author. 

Materiaux pour servir a I'Histoire des Protoco -coidees. Svo. Geneve, 

1895. Author. 
Polygalaceaenova' vel parum cognit:^. Svo. Geneve, 1895. Author. 

Remarques sur le Monostroina hulbostim. Svo. Paris, 1895. 

Author. 

Sur le genre Lagerheimia. Svo. Veneta, 1895. Author. 

Chodat, Prof. R., et Huber, J. Recherches experimentales sur le Pediasfritm 

Boryanum. Svo. Berne, 1895. Authors. 

Christy, Miller. About Rockall. Svo. London, 1895. Author. 

Coghlan, T. A. The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales. 7th Issue. 

1893. Svo. Sydney, 1893. Agent-General for New South "Wales. 
Collins, F.Howard. Supplement to Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy. Svo. 

London, 1894. Author. 

The Tidal Streams of the North Sea. 4to. London, 1894. Author. 

The Tidal Streams on the West Coast of Scotland. 4to. London, 1894. 

Author. 
Curtis, C. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns found growing 

wild in the Island of Penang. Svo. Penang, 1892. Author. 

Douglass, G. Norman. On the Herpetology of the Grand Duchy of Baden. 

Svo. London, 1894. Author. 



6c> PHOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Diirancl, Th. Index Generum Phanerngamorum. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1888. 

Author. 
Durand, Tb., et H. Fitter. Priinitise Florae Costaricensis. Fasc. 1 & 2. 8\o. 

Bruxelles, 1891-93. Authors. 

Durand, Th., et Hans Schinz. Conspectus Flora Africse. Vol. v. 8\o. 

Bruxelles, 1895. Th. Durand. 

Eyer, B. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuff's. 8vo. London, 1894. Author. 

Eiitomologi.st. Vol. xxvii. 8vo. London, 1894. R. South. 

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxx. 8vo. London, 1894. 

Editors. 
Entomologists' Record. Vol. v. 8vo. London, 1894. Editor. 

Fitzgerald, R. D. Australian Orchids. Vol. ii. part 5. fol. Sydney, 189."). 

Jas. Norton. 
Floyer, E. A. L' Agava rigida. 8vo. Le Caire, 1894. Author. 

Fox, W. Annual Keport on the Botanic Gardens and Forest Department for 

1894. fol. Singapore, 189.^. Author. 

Garden. Vols, xlv., xlvi. 4to. London, 1894. W. Robinson. 

Gardeners' Oiroiiiele. 3rd ser. Vols, xv., xvi. 4to. London, 1894. Editor. 
Gill, W. Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration in South 

Australia for 1893-94. fol. Adelaide, 1894. Author. 

Green, Prof J. Reynolds. Researches on the Germination of the Pollen-Grain 

and the Nutrition of the Pollen-Tube. 4to. London, 1894. Author. 

Gurney, J. H. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norfolk 

and Norwich Museum. Part 1. roy. 8vo. London, 18()4. 

J. H. Gurney, jun. 

A Sketch of the Collection of Raptorial Birds in the Norwich Museum. 

12mo. London, 1872. J. H. Gurney, juri. 

• Notes on Birds collected in the Transvaal Republic by Thomas Ayres. 

8vo. London, 18(i9-87. J. H. Gurney, jun. 

Gurney, juur.. J. H. Rambles of a Naturalist in Egypt and other Countries. 

8vo. London, 1876. Author. 
Irish Rock Birds. 8vo. Norwich, 1893. Author. 

On the Collection of Raptorial Birds in the Norwich Museum. 8vo. 

London, 1893. Author. 

Catalogue of the Birds of Prey (Accipitres and Striges), with the number 

of Specimens in Norwich Museum. 8vo. London, 1894. Author. 

Haeckel, E. Systeniatische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflauzen. Theil I. 

Svo. Berlin, 1894. Author. 

Hanbury, F. J. The London Catalogue of British Plants. 9th Edition. 8vo, 

London, 1895. Author. 

Hart, J. H. Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, for 1894. 

fol. Port-of-Spain, 1895. Author. 

Hincks, Rev. Thos. Marine Polyzoa : Contributions towards a General History. 

8vo. London, 1890-91. Author. 

Hughes, T. MuKeuny, H. W. Monckton, and W. F. Hume. Notes of a Geolo- 

logical Excursion in Switzerland. 8vo. Loudon, 1895. 

Horace "W. Monckton. 
Hulme, F. E. Natural History Lore and Legend. 8vo. London, 1895. 

Author. 
Insect Life. Vol. vi. nfis. 1-4. 8vo. Washington, 1893-94. Sir J. Lubbock. 
Iwanzoff, N. Ein Fall von scheinbarem Hermaphroditism us bei dem Barsch 

{Perca fluvlatilis). 8vo. Moscow, lb93. Author. 

Zur Anatomie der Knochelchen des mittleren Ohres bei Amphibien und 

Reptilien. 8vo. Jeua. Author. 

Der mikroskopitche Ban des elektrischen Organs von Torpedo. Svo. 

Moscow, 1895. Author. 

Jackson, B. Daydon. Index Kewen.sis. Fasc. 3. 4to. Oxford, 1894. 

Sir Jos. D. Hooker. 
Journal of Botany. Vol. xxxii. Svo. London, 1894. Jas. Britten. 

King, Dr. G. The Anonaceae of British India. 4to. Calcutta, 1893. 

Author. 



LINKEA.?? SOCIETY OF LOXDOK". 6l 

Kirk, Thos. The Forest Flora of New Zealand, fol. Wellington, 18?0. 

Author , 

KoUiker, Dr. A. ron. Der feinere Bau nnd die Functionen des sympatbisehen 

Xervensystems. 8vo. Wi'irzburg, 1804. Author. 

I'eber die feinere Anntomie nnd die pby.siologische Bedeutung des sym- 

patbisehen ^Nervensystems. 8vo. Wien, 1894. Author. 

Kuntze. Dr. O. Geogenetis.-be Beitra>;e. 8vo. Leipzig. 1895. Authcr. 

Kurtz, Dr. F. Sertuni Cordobense. 8vo. La Plata, 1893. Author. 

Contribuciones a la Palteophytologia Argentina. I. -II. 8vo. La Plata, 

1894. ' Author. 

Die Flora des Cbilcagebietes im siidostlichen Alaska. 8vo. Leipzig, 

1895. Author. 

Lowe, E. J. Fern Growing, roy. 8vo. London, 189.5. Author. 

Lowne, Prof. B. T. Tbe Anatomy, Physiology, ^Forphology, and Develop- 
ment of the B.uw-fly. Part (i. 8vo. London. 1895. Authcr. 

McAlpine, D.. and J. G. O. Tepper. A new Australian Stone-making Fungus, 

Laccoccphdhim basifajiil'idcs, McAlp. & Tepp. 8\o. Melbourne, 1894. 

J. G. O. Tepper, 
Maconn, .Jas. M. Contributiousfrom the Herbarium of the Geological Si.rvey 

of Canada. Js^os. 1 & 2. 8vo. Montreal, 1894. Author. 

Macoun, John. The Foresrs of Canada and tlieir Distribution, with Notes on 

tile more interesting species 4to. Jlontreal, 1894. Author. 

Maiden. J. H . and W. S. Campbell. The Flowering Plants and Ferns of New 

South Wales. Part 1. 4to. Sydney. 1895. Authors. 

Mann, A. Was bedeutet "Metamorphose" in der Botanik ? Svo. ^lunohen, 

1894. Author. 
Masters, Dr. Maxwell T. The " Cedar qf Goa." 8vo. Loudon, 1894. Author. 
Martelli, U. Bibcs Sardojon. n. pp. 8vo. Genova, 1894. Author. 
Mathew, Eev. Murray A. The Birds of Pembrokeshire and its Islands. 8vo. 

London, 1894. ' Authcr. 

Naturalist. Vol. xix. 8vo. London, 1894. Editors. 

Nature. Vols. 50, 51. 4to. London. 1894-95. A. Macmillan. 

Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Nuova Serie. Yol.i. 8vo. Firenze, 1894. 

T. Caruel. 
Osten Sacken, C. K. Contributions to the Stndy of the Liponeuridre, Zo^w 

(Blepharoceridre. Lotio. olim). 8vo. Berb'n, 1894. Author. 

Correction to my paper: Three Trochobolse &c. 8to. Berlin, 1894. 

Author. 

Eristalis tenax in Chinese and Japanese Literature. 8to. Berlin. 1894. 

Author. 

Synonymica abont Tipnlidae. 8vo. Berlin, 1894. Authcr. 

Packard, Dr. Alpheus Spring. The Labrador Coast. 8to. New York, 1891. 

Author. 

On the Inheritance of Acqnired Cliaracters in Animals with a comple e 

Metamorphosis. 8vo. Boston, 1894. Author. 

Penzig, Prof O. Considerations generales sur les Anomalies des Orchideis. 
8^0 Cherbourg, 1894. Author. 

Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine. Fasc. 20. fol. Paris, ] 894. 

Author. 
Quatrefages, A. de. Les Emules de Daiwin. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris. 1894. 

J. E. Harting. 

Eeid, Clement. On Charred Pine-wood from Dorset Peat-Mosses. 8vo. 

Dorchester, 1895. Author. 

On Scottish Inter-Glacial Deposits. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

The Origin of Megaceros-Marl. 8vo. Dublin, 1895. Author. 

Eeport of the Auttralian Museum, New South Wales, for 1894. fol. Sydney, 

1895. Trustees. 
Beport (Administration) of the Madras Government Museum for 189;-{ 94. 

fol. Madras, 1S94. Trustees. 

Report of the Department of Mines and Agriculture, New South Wales for 

1894. fol. Sydney, 1895. Govt, of N. S. Wales. 



62 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAlf SOCIETY OE LONDON. 

Eeport on the Botanic Gardens and Forest Department for 1893. fol. Sin- 
gapore, 1894. H. N. Ridley. 
Eeport on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1893-04. fol. 

Luck now, ] 894. Govt, of India. 

Eeport on the Progress and Condition of the Government Botanical Gardens, 

Saharanpur and Mussoorie for 1893-94. fol. Allahabad, 1894. 

Govt, of India. 
Eeports of the Forest Department in the Bombay President y, including Sind, 

for 1893-94. fol. Bombay, 1895. Govt, of India. 

Eepori.s of the Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1893-94. fol. Madras, 

1894. Govt, of Madras. 

Eeports, Scientific Eesults, Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger,' 1873-76. 

Summary of Eesults. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1895. H.M. Govt. 

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 

li 09. 19-24. 8vo. Port-of-Spain. 1894. J.H.Hart. 

Eoyal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Eecord. Vol. v. nos. 57-BO. 

8vo. London, 1894. Society. 

Eoyal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1894. 8vo. 

London, 1894. Director Roy. Gardens. 

Sarders, A. Eesearches in the K^ervous System of Myabie glutinom. 8to 

London, 1894. " Author. 

Sawer, J. Ch. Eliodologia. 8to. Brighton, 1894. Author. 

Schlich, Dr. W. A Manual of Forestry. Vol. iii. Svo. London, 1895. 

Author. 

■ . Vol. iv. Forest Protection, by \V. E. Fisher. 8to. London, 1895. 

Dr. W. Schlich. 
Smith, J. G. North American Species of Sagittaria and Lophofocarjnis. Svo. 

St. Louis, 1894. Sir Jchn Lubbcck. 

Smyth, H. Warirgton. Notes of a Journey on the Lpper Mekong, Siam. 

Svo. London, 1895. Mr. S. W. Silver. 

Stewart, Dr. F. E. An Illustrated Monograph on Kola. 8vo. Detroit, 1894. 

Mr. Thos. Christy. 
Stossich, M. I Distoini dei Eettili. 8vo. Trieste, 1895. Author. 

II Genere Ankylostomtmi Dubivi. Svo. Trieste, 1895. Author. 

Notizie Elmintologiche. Svo. Trieste, 1 895. Author. 

■ Ofisevs&zioni &u\ kolenophonis megalocepkal'us. 8vo. Trieste, 1895. 

Author, 
Swainson, Geo. Some curious Aquatic Larvre. Svo. Warrington, 1894. 

Author. 
Talbot, W. A. Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers of 

the Bombay Presidency. Svo. Bombay, 1894. Authcr. 

Tapper, J. G. O. Descriptions of New or Little-known Species of Blattarije, 

Gryllacridfe, and Stenopelmatidte collected at Lake Callabonna, S. A. Svo. 

Adelaide, 1895. Author. 

• The Blattarise of Au.«tralia and Polynesia. Svo. Adelaide, 1894. Author. 

Till ehri. New Series. Vol. viii. Svo. Demerara, 1894. Elditor. 

Verson,E., ed E. Bi.sson. Sviluppo postembrionale degli organi sessuali acces- 

sori nel maschio del B. mori. viii. 8vo. Padova, 1895. Authors. 

W'alsh, Dr. J. H. Tull. List of Deep-Sea Holothurians collected during 

Seasons 1887-CO, with descriptions of new Species. Svo. Calcutta, 1891. 

Author, 

• On the Habits of certain " Harvesting" Ants. 4to. Calcutta, 1891. 

Author. 
Watson's Botanical Exchange Club. 10th Annual Eeport, 1893-94. Svo. 

Ashbourne, 1894. T. A. Cotton. 

Woolward, Florence H. The Genus MasdevalUa. Part B. fol. London, 1894. 

Marquess of Lothian. 

Woronin, Dr. M. Die Sclerotienkrankheit der gemeinen Traubenkirscho urd 

f^ev Yber esche {Scltrotinial'adi undi iiderotinia Auc'uparia:). 4to. St. Poters- 

burg, 1895. Author. 



INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. 



SESSION 1894-95. 



Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting is not indexed. 



Accounts, 1894-95, 12 ; presentation of, 
II. 

Adcock, G. H., elected Fellow, 5. 

Address, Presidential, 13-29. 

Africa, W., Goliathus giganteus^roxn., 2. 

Algse, floating, 5 ; new British, 10 ; 
new genus of (Pseudocodium), 40 ; 
pebbles formed by, 9 ; shown, 6. 

Alps, plants on southern side of, 11. 

Anderson, Dr. J., vote of thanks to Pre- 
sident, 29. 

Anniversary Elections, 13. 

Ajjlopappus Llardce shown, 5. 

Arabia, insects &c., from Bent's Exped , 
7,8. 

Arachnida from Hadramaut, 8. 

Asia, plants from, shown, 5. 

Astrorhizidce, new genus of, 40. 

Auditors elected, 9. 

Auk, Little, on coast, 4. 

Aurantiea; grown at Mentone, 6, 

Australia, Laccocephalum from, shown, 
I. 

Autobiography of Ehret, 41-58. 

A:s.m.u\e,\eT,Crix prafensis at, iu winter, 4. 

Baker, B., new plants from Kerry, 40. 

Baker, J. G., nominated V.-P., 39. 

Ball, J., Distribution of Plants in Alps, 
1 1. 

Barton, E. S., translation of Ehret's 
autobiography, 41-58. 

Battye, T., plants from Kolguev, 10. 

Beer, E,., elected Fellow, 8. 

Benson, Gen. R., deceased, 1 1 ; obit- 
uary, 30. 



Bent, T., insects &c., from Hadramaut 

Expedition, 7, 8. 
Beverley, Siberian Warbler from, 3. 
Bernard, H. M., morphology of Galeo- 

didse, 6 ; photos, of Corals shown, 2 ; 

setiB of pupa of Yapourer Moth, 10 ; 

spinnmg glands of Phrgnus, 4. 
Bharg plant, 3. 
Bibliography, zoological, 8. 
Bisho))'s \\ althara, Cuckoo from, 10. 
Blow, T. B., Moiirerajiuriatilis, Aubl.. 9. 
Boerlage, J. G., on Chionanthus Gkacri, 

Gaertn , 6. 
Bovell, J. K, elected Fellow, 5. 
Borneo, Termites from, 9. 
Bosse, Mme. van der, Fseiidocodium, 

new genus, 40. 
Bo'igainvillea ramosa and B. mmca 

shovrn, 6. 
Bower, F. O., on Vase. Cryptogams, 3, 
Bowman, F. H., withdrawn, ii. 
Bradga, British species of, 3. 
Brandis, Sir D., Dipterocarpeje, 3. 
Brandisia, Hook. f. & Tiioms., new 

species, 5. 
Brebner, G., Algie shown, 6. 
Breese, C. J., Scrutineer, 13 ; vote of 

thanks to retiring Secretary, 39. 
British Copepoda, 3. 
Britten, J., Scrutineer, 13. 
Brongniart, Ch., donation by, 6. 
Bryozoan, fenestrate, 2. 
Burkill, I. H., Variations in Stamens 

and Carpels, 4. 
Butterliies migrating in Ceylon, 39. 
Buysman, M., botanicil specimens, 39. 



64 



INDEX. 



Campbell, Prof. D., on Vascular Crypto- 
gams, 3. 

Candolle, A. de, merlal of, shown, 7. 

Cannabis sativa, Linn., 3. 

Capra xgagrus, head and horns, 7. 

Cardamine, species on Riiwenzori, 7. 

Carpels, variations in number, 4. 

Carr, J. W., elected Fellow, 8. 

Carruthers, W., moulted feathers of 
Cuckoo, 40 ; on Vase. Cryptogams, 3 ; 
removed from Council, 13; vote of 
thauks to retiring Secretary, 39. 

Caterpillars, mimicry by, 2. 

Catophaga galena, Felder, migrating, 

39- 
Cenchrus ecJiinatus, Linn., on moulted 

feathers, 40. 
Ceylon, Butterflies migrating in, 39 ; 

Loranthaceai of, 10. 
Chara from Westmeath shown, i. 
Cheshire, P. R., deceased, 11. 
Christy, E. M., pipe gnawed by rats, i. 
Christy, T , Aplopappus Llarefm shown, 

5 ; germinating pepper-seeds, 3. 
Clarke, C. B., Auditor, 12 ; flowers of 

Cvperaceie, 8 ; re-elected President, 

13- 

Clark -Kennedy, Capt. A., deceased, 1 1 ; 

obituary, 33. 

Cleghorn, Dr. H., deceased, 11. 

Cohus, on Ruwenzori, 7. 

Cohn, Prof. F., awarded Linnean Me- 
dal, 29. 

Coleoptera from Hadramaut, 8. 

CoIumheUa, shells of, 8. 

Comins, Rev. R. B., plants from Solo- 
mon Islands, 8. 

Constable, A., on Indian Termites, 9. 

Corals, photos, of, shown, 2 ; structure 
of, 8. 

Council elected, 13. 

Crisp, F., nominated V.-P., 39 ; re- 
elected Treasurer, 1 3 ; vote of thanks 
to retiring Secretary, 39. 

Crossbill, White-winged, 10. 

Cryptogams, development of, 3. 

Cuckoo, moulted feathers, 40. 

Cucidus canoriis in hepatic plumage, 10 ; 
hepaticus, Sparrm., 10. 

Cupreasus, Tourn., review of, 7. 

Cyperace£e, terminal flower of, 8. 

Cyrtandraceffi of Malaya, 9. 

Cyrlaudrefe, new genus of, 5. 

Dale, Miss E., on Potejitilla Tormentilla, 

5- 
Dana, Prof. J., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 

30.. 
Darwin, F., Loranthacese of Ceylon, 10. 
Deer, English, 10. 



Desmidiaces from N. America, 41. 
Dipterocarpese, revision of, 3. 
Donations to Library, 1894-95, 59-62. 
Dorsetshire, new British Algae from, 10. 
Druce, H., removed from Council, 13. 
Duchartre, Prof. P., deceased, 11 ; 

obituary, 31. 
Dunn, S. T., elected Fellow, 4. 
Dyer, W. T. T., distribution of plants 

in Alps, II. 

Ectinosoma, British species, 3. 
Ectocarpus Reinholdi shown, 10. 
Egg-cases of Australian Sharks, 41. 
Eggs, white, of Hedge-Sparrow, 41. 
Ehret, G-. D., autobiography of, 41-58. 
Elasmobranchs, spermatocytes of, 2. 
Election of Officers and Coimcil, 13. 
Elliot, Gr. F. S., on Ruwenzori E.-cpedi- 

tion, 6. 
Elliot, Surg.-Capt. W. H. W., elected 

Fellow, 8. 
Erica arborea, mentioned, 7. 
Essequibo, Mourera jiuviatilis, Aubl., 

from, 9. 
Essex. Cucidus canorus from, 10. 
Evans, J., withdrawn, 11. 
Ewing, P., elected Fellow, 3. 

Farmer, J. B., elected Councillor, 13. 
Fellows deceased, 11 ; withdrawn, 11, 
Fenestrate Bryozoan, 2. 
Fermanagh, Crossbill from, 10. 
Ficus Sycamorus, Linn., implements in 

cult., 2. 
Field, H., on zoological bibliography, 8. 
Floyer, E. A., withdrawn, 11. 
Foraminifera, new genus of, 40. 
Foreign Members, deceased, 1 1 ; elected, 

10 ; nominated, 5. 
Formosa, new plants from, 5, 
Frost-flsh of New Zealand, 8. 

Gahan, C. J., Coleoptera from Hadra- 
maut, 8. 

GraleodidEe, morphology of, 6. 

Gepp, A., elected Councillor, 13. 

Germinating pepper-seeds, 3. 

Glcp-osiphonia capillari» shown, 6. 

Godden, W., withdrawn, 11. 

Goliafhus giganteus shown, 2. 

Graphidea; novEe, 2. 

Green, A. P., elected Fellow, i. 

Green, Prof. J. R., elected Auditor, 9, 12. 

Groom, P., on Monocotyledouous Sapro- 
phytes, 4. 

Groves, H. & J., Chara exhib., i. 

Groves, J., elected Auditor, 9, 12. 

Guillemot, Briinnich's, 4. 

Gum Kino, 5. 



IXDEX. 



6; 



Giinther, Dr. A., removed from Council, 



Hadramaut, Insects &c., from, 7, 8. 

Hagger, J., deceased, 11. 

Hanbury, T., Aurantiefe grown by, 6. 

Hancock, W., plants collected by, 5. 

Harker, Prof. J. A., deceased, 1 1 ; 
obituary, 32. 

Harting, J. E., Cuculuscanorus in hepatic 
plumage, 10 ; head of Capra agagrus 
shown, 7 ; Lepidoptera from Old 
Calabar, 10; migrating Butterflies, 
39 ; northern sea-birds shown, 4 ; 
Phylloscopu^ super oil iosus shown, 3. 

Haviland, G. D., Termites from Borneo, 

9- 

Heath, E. A., GoUathus giganteus shown 

hy, 2. 

Heathcote, W. H., elected Fellow, 8. 

Helicia, Lour., new species of, 5. 

Hemsley, W. B., plants from Eastern 
Asia; 5 ; do. from Solomon Islands, 
8 ; on Parasitism, 3. 

Henslow, Eev. G., implements used in 
cult, of Alexandrine Fig, 2 ; Oxalis 
cernua in Malta, i. 

Hill, J. P., elected Fellow, 4. 

Hodgson, B. H., deceased, 1 1. 

Holmes, E. M., elected Auditor, 9, 12 ; 
Japanese Algae, 3 ; new Japanese ma- 
rine AlgK, 6 ; new British Alg«, 10 ; 
plants from Japan shown, 2. 

Hooker, Sir J. D., medal shown by, 7 ; 
vote of thanks to President, 29. 

Howes, Prof. G. B., comm. by (West), 
40 ; elected Councillor, 1 3 ; do. Se- 
cretary, 13 ; New Zealand Frost -fish, 

9- 

Howitt, A. W., withdrawn, 11. 

Hydrozoa shown. 6. 

Hypericum on Ruwenzori, 7 ; new spe- 
cies of, 5. 



Insects, &c., from Hadramaut, 7, 8. 



Auditor, 



; re-elected 
medal for 



Jackson, B. D 

Secretary, 13 ; receives 
Prof. F.'Cohn, 29. 

Japan, marine Alga? shown, 3 ; new 
Algae from, 6 ; plants from, shown, 2. 

Jasminv.m, Tourn., new species of, 5. 

Jennings, A. V., new genus of Forami- 
nifera, 40 ; on jSIobiusispongia parasi- 
tica, 40 ; on OurozeuJdes,/^!. 

Keeble, F. W., Loranthacese of Ceylon, 



Kerry, new plants from, 40. 

LIXN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. - 



Kirby, W. F., Insects from Hadramaut, 

7-' 
Kodak photos, of corals shown, 2. 
Kolguev, plants from, 10, 

Laccocephalum basilapidoides shown, i. 
La Mortola, Aurantiere grown at, 6. 
Land-Rail in winter, 4. 
Langham, C, Crossbill from Fermanagh, 

10. 
Larus minutus, 4. 
Lepidoptera from Old Calabar, 10. 
Lepidopiis caudatus, Giinther, 8. 
Lewis, F., elected Fellow, i. 
Librarian's Report, 13. 
Library, donations to, 1894r-95, 59-62. 
Lichens, new, 2. 
Linnean Medal awarded, 29. 
Lister, A., Crex pratensis in Dorset in 

winter, 4 ; nominated V.-P., 39. 
Loat, S.. Cuckoo's egg, 40. 
Lobelia, Plum., a gigantic species of, 7. 
Loranthacete of Ceylon, 10. 
Loranthus aphyllus, Miers, shown, 3. 
Lubbock, Sir J., presentation through, 

6. 
Lucas, Mr., English Red Deer, 10. 
Lyall, Dr. D., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 

33- 
Lysimachia, new species, 5. 



Mackay, J. B. L., obituary, 35. 
M'^Lachlan, on Fanessa Cardui, men- 
tioned, 40. 
McRae, deceased, 11. 
Malayan Cyrtandracese, 9. 
Malta, Oxalis cernua in, 1. 
Mann, T. J., Butterflies from Ceylon, 

39- , , 

Massee, G., elected Fellow, 40. 

Masters, M. T., on Cupressus, 7 ; Scru- 
tineer, 13. 

Matier, Rev. S., deceased, 11. 

Medal, Linnean, awarded to Prof. F. 
Cohn, 29 ; bronze, of A. DeCandolle 
shown, 7. 

Mediterranean Betipors, 2. 

Medwin, Dr. A. G., deceased, 11. 

Mellor, J., withdrawn, 11. 

Mentone, Aurantieae grown at, 6. 

Mergulus aUe, 4. 

Mesona, new species, 5. 

Michael, A. D., elected Auditor, 9, 12; 
presentation of Accounts, 11. 

Migrating Butterflies in Ceylon, 39. 

Mivart, St. G. J., elected Councillor, 

'3- 
Mobiusispongia parasitica, 40. 

Monocotyledonous Saprophytes, 4. 

Moore, J. E. S., achromatic spindle, 2. 

SESSION 1894-95. y* 



66 



INDEX. 



More, A. G.. deceased, ii; obituary, 
36. 

Mourera fluviatUis, Aubl., 9. 

Mueller, J., on Lichens, 2. 

Murray, G. R. M., coram, by (Bosse), 
40 ; floating Alffse, 5 ; freshwater 
Algas forming pebbles, 9 ; on Pachij- 
theca, 4; removed from Council, 13. 

Myriapoda from Hadramaut, 8. 

New South Wales, Royal Society of, 

offers prizes, i. 
New Zealand Frost-fish, 8 ; Totara 

wood, 9 ; Betiporce, 2. 
Nordstedt, C. F. O., elected Foreign 

Member, 10; nominated, 5. 

Obituary notices, 30-39. 

Officers elected, 13. 

Okell, R., elected Fellow, 4. 

Old Calabar, Lepidoptera from, 10. 

Orgyia antiqua, setas of pupa, 10. 

Oiiroseuktes, 41. 

Oxalis cernua in Malta, i. 

Pace, S., on Columhella, 8. 

Pachythcca, a new part of, 4. 

Peppe, T. F., withdrawn, 11. 

Pepper, germinating, 3. 

Petrocosmea, 01i\er, new species of, 5. 

Philippi, R. A., elected Foreign Mem- 
ber, 10; nominated, 5. 

Tkrynus, spinning-glands of, 4. 

Phylloscopus supcrcilioms shown, 3. 

Pingincida yrandijloTa, Lam., 40. 

vulgaris, Linn., 48. 

Pocock, R. I., Arachnida and Myria- 
poda from Hadramaut, 8. 

Podocarpus Totara, A. Cunn., 9. 

Potentilla TormentiUa, Neoker, 5. 

Prain, D., Bhang plant, 3. 

President elected, 13. 

Presidential Address, 13-29. 

Pringsheim, Prof. N., deceased, 11 ; 
obituary, 36. 

Pterocarpus eritiaceris, shown, 5. 

Pupa of Vapourer Moth, 1 o. 

Rats, leaden pipe gnawed by, i. 

Red Deer, English, 10. 

Regel, Dr. E. von, deceased, 1 1 ; obit- 
uary, 37. 

Reid, C, new plants from Kerry, 40. 

Report on Library, 13. 

Ridley, H. N., drawings shown by, 2 ; 
Malayan Cyrtandre£e, 9. 

Royal Society of New South Wales, 
prizes offered by, r. 

Ruwenzori Expedition, 6. 



Saprophytes, monocotyledonous, 4. 
Saunders, H., European Crossbill, 

10. 
Sax/fraga Geum, Linn., 40. 

umbrosa, Linn., 40. 

Scarborough, Guillemot from, 4. 

Scitamincie, new genus of, 5. 

Scott, A., cf. Scott, T. & A. 

Scott, D. H., on Vase. Cryptogams, 3. 

Scott, J. T., deceased, 11. 

Scott, T. & A., British Copepoda, 3. 

Secretaries elected, 13. 

Selous, F. C, Capra cegagrus, 7. 

Shark, egg-cases of, 41. 

Shipley, A. E., witlidrawn, 11, 

Siam, new Scitaminea3 from, 5. 

Silene, Linn, revision of the genus, 41. 

Silver, S. W., New Zealand Frost-fish, 

8 ; Totara wood, 9. 
Sladen, W. P., comm. by (Pocock, 

Gahan), 8 ; nominated V.-P., 39 ; 

Secretary retired, 39 ; vote of thanks 

to, 39. 
Solomon Islands, plants from, 8. 
Sphinx Moth, mimicry of, 2. 
Spinning-glands of Phrynus, 4. 
Stamens, variations in number, 4. 
Stapf, Dr. O., plants from Solomon 

Islands, 8. 
Stewart, C, Frost-fish of New Zealand, 

8 ; on Corals, S ; removed from 

Council, 13. 
Stonham, W. B., elected Fellow, 4. 
Storrie, J., Pachytheca found by, 4. 
Studley, J. T., Lepidoptera from Old 

Calabar, 10. 
Sussex, new British Algae shown, 10. 
Sycophaga crassipes, 2. 

Tansley, A. G., on Poteniilla Tormen- 
tiUa, 5. 

Tepper, J. G. O., Laccocephalum shown, 
I. 

Termites from Borneo, 9. 

Theletremeaj novfe, 2. 

Thornhill, J., withdrawn, 11. 

Thornley, Rev. A., elected Fellow, 8. 

Totara wood, 9. 

Tothill, W., elected Fellow, 3. 

Treasurer elected, 13. 

Trimeresurus Wagleri, 2. 

Twelvetrees, W. H., withdrawn, 11. 

Ulvella co7}fluens shovm, 10. 
Uncaria Gamhicr, Roxb.,2. 
Uria Briinnichii, 4. 

Vanessa Cardui, migrating, 40. 
Vanstone, J. H., Hydrozoa shown, 6. 
Vapourer Moth, setseof pupa, 10. 



INDEX. 



67 



Variation in number of stamens and 
carpels, 4 ; in floral symmetrj- of 
Potent ilia, 5. 

Ventllago, Gaertn., new species. 5. 

Vice-Presidents nominated, 39. 

Viola on Ruwenzori, 7. 

Waite, E. R., egg-eases of Australian 

Sharks, 41. 
Walsb, Surg.-Capt. J. H. T., elected 

Fellow, 4. 
Ward, M., on Vascular Cryptogams, 3. 
Water-pipe gnawed bj- rats, i. 
Waters, A. W., Mediterranean and Xew 

Zealand BctiporcB. 2. 
West. Ct. S.. a new Disfomuyn, 40 ; 

Nurth-American Desniids, 41. 
West, W., and G-. S. West, >'orth-Ame- 

rican Desmids, 41. 



Westmeatb, Chara from, shown, i. 
Weymouth, AlgJE from, 10. 
Wbitcharch. Cuckoo from, 40. 
White, A., deceased, 11. 
White, Dr. F. B., deceased, 1 1 ; obit- 
uary, 38. 
Wbitstable, Larus minutus from, 4. 
Will. W. W., elected Fellow, 9. 
Williams, F. N., Eevision of Silene, 41. 
Wilshire, J., elected Fellow, 4. 
Woodward, A. S., elected Councillor, 

Woodward, B. B., elected Fellow, 39. 
Woronin, M., elected Foreign Member, 
10 ; nominated, 5. 

Yunnan, new plants from, 5. 

Zoological bibliography, 8. 



PUINTEH BY TAYLOR AKD FKANCIS, RED LtON CuUKT, FLEET STRKET. 



PROCEEDINGS 



OF THE 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 



(SESSION 1895-96.) 



November 7th, 1895. 

Mr. Charles Barox Claree, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. George Massee was admitted a Fellow of the Society. 

Several volumes of Crjptogamic exsiccata recently received 
from Madame "Weddell as a bequest trom her late husband, a 
Foreign Member of the Society, were shown, and some remarks 
made thereon by the Botanical Secretary. 

A portrait of the French Naturalist Gruillaume Rondelet, Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Chancellor of the University of Mont- 
pellier, 1545, recently presented to the Society by Dr. H. 
Woodward, F.R.S., was exhibited by the Zoological Secretary, 
who gave a brief account of his life and work, supplemented by 
remarks from the President. 

Mr. C. T. Druery exhibited and made remarks on a Scolopen- 
drium raised by Mr. E. J, Low^e, bearing archegonia and antheridia 
upon the fronds, constituting a more ad^'anced please of apospory 
than any previously noted. Some additional reuiarks were made 
by Mr. G-eorge Murray. 

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters exhibited specimens of the fruit of 
JPyrus Sorhus, Aheria cqffra, and small fruits of Cocos australis, 
Irom the gardens of Mr. Thomas Hanbury at La Mortola, Mentone, 
and some larger fruits of Cocos australis from Naudin's garden at 
Aulibes, Alpes maritimes. 

LIXN. SOC. PEOCKEDIXftS. — SESSION 1895-96. h 



2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Mv. J . E. Harting exhibited a specimen of tbe American Yellow- 
billed Cuckoo (Cuculus mnericanus), which had been picked up 
dead in a garden at Bridport, Dorsetshire, on October 5th, as 
recorded in 'The Zoologist' for October (p. 376), and gave some 
account of its wanderings and previous occurrence in the British 
Islands. As showing the means whereby land-birds sometimes 
cross the Atlantic, he read a letter from Mr. Ealph Neilson of 
Eulwood Park, Liverpool, dated October 31st, in which the writer 
stated that during a recent voyage from Boston, Mass., in the 
steamship ' Ottoman,' when off Cape Eace, ten or a dozen of these 
birds came on board, and several of them were captured. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Mimicry in Butterflies of the Genus Hypolimnas.'" By 
Col. Chas. Swinhoe, F.L.S., F.E.S. 

2. "A Eevision of the Genus Pentns:' By G. F. Scott Elliot, 
E.L.S. 

3 "An Account of tl^e Butterflies of the Genus Gharaxes." 
By Dr. A. G. Butler, F.L.S. 

November 2 1st, 1895. 

Mr. J. G. Baker, F.E.S., Yice-President, in the Chair, 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

His Grace Herbrand Duke of Bedford, Messrs. Bernard Arnold 
and Edward Bernard Fernan were elected Felluws of the Society. 
Mr. B. B. Woodward was admitted. 

The Eev. G. Henslow exhibited a MS. Common-place Book of 
the latter end of the 14th century. The entries, in Latin and 
English, were found to consist chiefly of medical recipes, in which 
about 200 plants are named for their uses, and some methods of 
distilling Aqua Vitce described. There were also notes on 
Geometry and Astronomy, and some calculations of altitudes and 
superficies. Mr. Baker thought the number of plants named at 
the date referred to was a matter of some interest to botanists, 
and suggested publication of the list of names, with their identi- 
fication where possible. 

Mr. Henslow also exhibited a series of shells of Buccinum 
tmdatum and Fusus antiquus, showing the variation in form which 
occurs in the reparation of injury sustained at an early stage of 
life, the subsequently renewed whorls assuming shapes re- 
sembling those of other species in the same genus, and even in 
other and very different genera. Usually the uninjured whorls 
could be detected by the apex being of the normal character, but 
in some cases the abnormality appeared to be congenital, being 
carried completely into the apex. This appeared to the Exhibitor 



LIlNNEAN society of LONDON. 3 

to raise the question whether these were acquired characters, aud 
hereditary, having been impressed upon the offspring born after 
the i.iarent shell had been injured and renewed by growth. 
Mr. E. R. S\ kes and Mr. B. B. Woodward offered some criticism, 
deprecating the suggestion of anything like " mimicry," aud 
regarding the resemblances in question as purely accidental. 

Mr. T. H. Buffham exhibited lanteru-slides of a red marine 
Al2:a, Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Hariot, found floating in the sea 
at Falmouth. This species, recorded previously only from Japan, 
bears thickened branches terminating in a hook (hence the specific 
name), in this respect resembling B. caUfornica, Buffham, which 
was also shown. Microscopic characters of each were described, 
and compared with those of B. asparagoides, Ag. It was sug- 
gested that if B. Iiamiferq had been introduced from Japan, 
it could only have been from spores, or possibly the hamose 
branches might develop into plants, since the Ealmouth specimens 
were quite fresh aud must have been living near the place of 
discovery. Remarks on the mode of distribution of Algae were 
made by Mr. George Murray and Mr. E. A. Batters. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On the Development of a Single Seed in the Emit of the 
Coconut Palm, Cocos nuciferay By Dr. Daniel Morris, C.M.Gr., 
E.L.S. 

2. " On Assimilation in Plants uuder Abnormal Conditions." 
By A. J. Ewart, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. Harvey Gribson, 
E.L.S.) 

3. " On a New Species oiBinites from the English Wealdeu." 
By A. C. Seward. (Communicated by Prof. Reynolds Grreeu, 
E.L.S.) 

December 5th, 1895. 

Mr. C. B. Clarke, E.R.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. Bernard Arnold and Rupert Yallentin were admitted; 
and the following were elected Fellows of the Society : — William 
Miller Christy, Rev. Henry Purefoy Fitzgerald, A. W. Greffcken, 
Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. Thomas Roscoe Rede 
Stebbing, and William 0. Stenteford. 

The President called attention to a portrait of the late Prof. 
C. C. Babington, of Cambridge, which had been lately presented by 
his Widow to the Society. On the motion of Dr. Murie, seconded 
by Mr. A. W. Bennett, a vote of thanks to Mrs. Babington 
was unanimously accorded. 

Prof. C. Stewart offered some remarks on the types of the 
axes of certain Gorgonaceas, in which he referred chiefly to the 
importance or otherwise of the presence of spicules in the axes, 

6 2 



4 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE 

and exhibited the following species in illustration of his re- 
marks: — Faragorgia arhorea, Melitodes ochracea, Suberogorgia 
suherosa, Corallium ruhrum, Galligorgia vcrticiUata, VerruceUa 
guadalupensis, Isis hippuris, PlexaiireJIa crassa, and Eunicella 
verrucosa. Some criticism was offered by Dr, Murie, chiefly in 
relation to the structure of Gorgonia Jlabellum and Gorgonia 
setosa. 

Mr. Martin Woodward exhibited and made remarks on a 
living specimen of Ouramosba, which he thought should be re- 
garded as a common Amoeba attacked by a parasitic fungus. 

The following papei's were read : — 

1. " On a New Species of Grass, Bromus iiiterruptus, in 
Britain." By George Claridge Druce, F.L.S. 

2. " On some New or Kare Phasmidae in the Collection of the 
British Museum." By W. Eorseli Kirby, F.L.S. 



December 19th, 1895. 

Mr. "W. P. Sladeis", Vice-President, in the CI. air. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. "William Scott was elected, and the E-ev. T. E. Stebbing, 
E-ev. H. P. Pitzgerald, and Mr. A. "W. Gefifcken were admitted 
Pellows of the Society. 

Mr. W. B. Hemsley exhibited specimens and photographs of 
Cactece from the Galapagos Islands, and gave an account of 
some of the more remarkable species, 

Mr. George Brebner exhibited and described, with the aid 
of microscope and lantern-slides, the following new and rare 
Algae : — Golaconema Bonnemaisonice, Batters, C. Gliylocladice, 
Batters, Trailliella intricata, Batters {Spermothamnion Turneri, 
var. intricata. Holmes & Batters, ' Revised List Brit. Algse '), 
Ectocarpus velutinus, Kuetz., var. laterifructus, Batters, and 
Hymenoclonium serpens. Batters {GallitJiamnion serpens, Crouan). 
These were found by Mr. Brebner while studying the marine 
Algse of Plymouth and the neighbourhood. The first two were 
endophytic and new to science ; the discovery of the tetraspores 
of the third (which in regard to position and development are 
unique in the group to which it belongs) justified the creation 
of a new genus for its reception {cf. Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 8). 
The fourth was a variety of a well-known parasite on Himanthalia 
lorea, Lyngbye, probably only a late autumn and winter form 
not hitherto described. The fifth was a young specimen of a rare 
Alga first discovered in this country b}^ Mr. Holmes, and found, 
like the others, in Plymouth Sound. 



LTNNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 

Mr. J. E. Hartino; exhibited a living specimen of the Snow- 
Bunting, Emheriza nivalis, which had been captured with several 
others off Cape Race on board the s.s. ' Ottoman ' in October 
last, during the voyage from Boston to Liverpool, as mentioned 
at a former Meeting (November 7th). 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " A Eevision of the Grenus Vanilla." Bv Robert Allen 
Rolfe, A.L.S. 

2. " Report on the Ceplialopoda of the Calcutta Museum." 
By E. S. Goodrich, F.L.S. 

January 16th, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Clakke, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. 

Tlie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and conBrmed. 

Messrs. Oliver Yernon Aplin and William Cole were elected 
Pellows of the Sjciety. 

On behalf of Mr. G-. H. Adcock, E.L.S., of Geelong, Victoria, 
Mr. A. B. Rendle, F.L.S. , exhibited and made remarks upon 
some photographs of Ralcea grammatophylla, F. MuelL, a little- 
knowu species of the Proteacecs, of local distribution in South 
Australia. 

Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot exhibited specimens of Bark Cloth from 
Uganda and the shores of Lake Tanganyika, and gave an account 
of the mode of its preparation from the bark-cloth Fig, also of 
the fleshy Euphorbias and the Acacias of British East Africa, illus- 
trating bis remarks with lantern-slides from photographs taken 
by himself. Mr. Elliot remarked that the native cloth manu- 
factured on the shores of the Tanganyika was made on the same 
sort of rough loom which he had seen employed near Sierra Leone, 
and that as the Tanganyika is ethnologically and botanically part 
of the West Coast, it was interesting to find that the methods 
employed in countries so far apart were so similar in detail. A 
discussion followed, in which Messrs. Rendle, Holmes, T. Christy, 
and W. Carruthers took part. 

On behalf of Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Mr. Hartiug exhi- 
bited some land-shells and eggs and skins of two rare Petrels from 
the Salvage Islands, lying between the Canaries and INladeira. 
These islands were stated to be of volcanic origin, faced with 
steep rocks from 100 feet to 300 feet in height, and covered with 
loose sandy soil, the vegetation consisting chiefly of the wild 
Tomato {Lycopersicum escid entum), the Ice-plant {Mesembryan- 
themum crystalliiiiim), Asparagus scoparius, and Cistanche lutea. 
Amongst the shells collected were Helix ustulata, peculiar to the 
Salvage Islands, K. pisana, R. Macandrewi, H. poly^norphuy 



6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

Rumina decollata, LUtorina striata, Oeritliium rupestre, and JVassa 
conspersa. Helix paupercula was said to furnish the cliief food 
of the Tarantula spider {Lycosa maderiana), and entire shells of 
Helix pisana had been found in the stomach of a Kestrel Hawk 
shot on one of the islands. The Petrels exhibited with their 
eggs were Pelagodroma marina and Oceanodroma cryptoleucura, 
which were found nesting in hnrrows after the manner of the 
Shearwater, Puffinus Kulili, of which great numbers were also 
breeding there. Mr. Howard Saunders offered some critical 
remarks on these birds, referring chiefly to what was known of 
their geographical distribution. 

Mr. Greorge Murray exliibited full-grown complete specimens 
of some giant Lamiuarians from the Pacific, Nereocystis, Egregia, 
and Macrocystis, and some very fine specimens of Postelsia, 
collected by Mr. W. E. Shaw on the coast of California. He 
made some remarks on the distribution of Calif oruian Laminariece, 
and illustrated some points in the structure of their reproductive 
organs. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Fistulose Polymorphince and the Bamulince." By 
Prof. T. Eupert Jones, F.E.S., and Frederick Chapman, F.E.M.S. 
(Communicated by Prof. Gr. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 



February 6th, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

Tlie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

The Eev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock and Mr. William Cole were 
admitted, and Messrs. J. Backhouse, Grilbert Christy, and Ivor 
Eichards were elected Fellows of the Society. 

The vacancies on the list of Foreign Members, caused by the 
deaths of Prof. H. E. Baillon, Prof. James D. Dana, and Prof. 
Sven Loveu, having been announced by the President, the fol- 
lowing nominations were made on the recommendation of the 
Council, and the Certificates ordered to be suspended : — 

Dr. Douglas Houghton Campbell, Professor of Botany in the 
Leland Stanford Junior TJniverc<ity, California. Author of 'The 
Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns,' and other 
memoirs. 

Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Director of the Museum 
d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Author of ' Eecherches auatomiques 
et paleontologiques pour seiwir h. I'histoire des Oiseaux fossiles 
de la France,' and various other zoological monographs; and 
Editor of the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Zoologie).' 

Prof. Charles Otis Whitman, Senior Professor of Biology, 



LINNKAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 

Chicago University. Author of " The Inadequacy of the Cell 
Theory of Developmeut," " Spomatophores as a means o£ Hypo- 
dermic Impregnations," and various other papers. Editor of the 
' Journal of Morphology.' 

Sir W. H. Flower, K.O.B., F.E.S., presented to the Society on 
behalf of the Subscribers a portrait of Mr. "William Carruthers, 
F.E.S., Ex-President of the Linnean Society, painted by Mr. J. 
Hay. On the motion of Mr. J. G. Baker, F.E.S., it was resolved 
that the portrait be accepted, and that a cordial vote of thanks to 
the donors be recorded. 

Prof. C. Stewart, F.L.S., exhibited a series of dissections of 
Skulls, illustrating the development of air-cavities. The skull of 
a Herring, to show the relations of the ampullae of the pneu- 
matocyst to the cranial bones ; of a Crocodile, to show those of 
the extra-tympanic cavity and siphonium ; of a Rook, to show 
the limitations and relationships of the vesicular and other strata 
of the cranial roof; and of a Chinchilla and a Phascolarctus, to 
illustrate the variations and development of the " bulla " and of 
its associated structures, were the chief objects shown. Prof. 
Stewart expressed himself favourable to the belief that the parts 
mentioned in the Herring are functional for acoustic purposes. 
In this he was supported by Prof. Howes, who referred in detail 
to the arrangements occurring in Hyodon and Morinyrus as sub- 
stantiating this conclusion. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On PolystelicEoots of certain Palms." By B. Gr. Cormack, 
M.A. (Communicated by Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, F.E.S., F.L.S.) 

2. " On a remarkable use of Ants in Asia Minor." By 
E. Morton Middleton, F.L.S. 

February 20th, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Claeke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. 0. Y. Apliu, G-ilbert Christy, and W. O. Stenteford 
were admitted Fellows of the Society. 

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited a collection of Acorns planted by 
Eooks, and made remarks upon the agency of these and other 
birds in the dispersal of seeds. A discussion followed in which 
the President, and Messrs. Cole, Druery, Harting, and Kirby took 
part. 

Mr. Bernard Arnold exhibited and made remarks upon an 
abnormal growth of Dacti/lis glomerata, Linn., gathered at Shorne 
near Graveseud, followed by remarks froJi Messrs. B. Daydon 
Jackson and H. Groves. 



8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

Mr. W. H. Laug exhibited under the microscope Prothalli of 
several varieties of Nephrodium Filix-mas. These illustrated the 
apogamous production of the sporophjte which has been described 
in this species by De Bary and Kny. Dr. D. H. Scott and Mr. C. 
T. Druery took part in the discussion which followed. 

On behalf of Mr. John Young there was exhibited an unpre- 
cedented case of hybridism between Carduelis spinus and Linota 
cannahina, the former being the male parent. Some remarks were 
made on the subject by Mr. Harting, who took occasion to exhibit, 
on behalf of Captain M. Murphy, another hybrid, viz. one between 
Blackgrouse and Pheasant, which had been shot near Bunessan, 
Mull, in the month of January last. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Di^^sion of a Prothallus of Scolopendrium vul^are.^' 
By E. J. Lowe, F.E.S., E.L.S. 

March 5th, 1896. 

Mr. W. Peect Sladen, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Ivor Richards was admitted, and Mr. Sj^encer Henry 
Bickham was elected a Pellow of the Society. 

On behalf of Capt. J. Marriott, Mr. Hartiiig exhibited an 
Antler of the Burmese Deer {Cervus EJdi), and described a 
singular condition in another example which for eight years had 
continued to exude a blood-coloured liquid from a puncture on 
the under surface of the brow-tine. Prof. Stewart, to whom 
some of the substance bad been submitted for examination, had 
found no blood-corpuscles therein, and considered it to be grease 
in a semi-fluid condition, the nature of the colouring-matter 
being as yet undetermined. Mr. H. Druce thought the substance 
exuded might be the excretion of the larvse of some insect feeding 
upon the internal surface of the horn, and suggested the ex- 
amination of a section, if possible. 

Mr. Harting exhibited a drawing from life of a Klipspringer 
Antelope {Oreotragus saltator), lately received for the first time 
in this country, at the Zoolngical Society's Gardens. He directed 
attention to the singular position of the hool's and the enlarged 
condition of the fetlocks, suggestive of injuiy during capture. It 
was difficult to believe (as alleged) that this was the natural 
condition of the animal, seeing it was so very dissimilar to that 
of other species allied to it. 

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited several cases of Butterflies 
collected by Mr. Horace Billington in Old Calabar, on which 
remarks were made by Messrs. W. F. Kirby and H. Druce. 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOl'', 



V<> 



Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S., in directing attention to 
an English translation by Mr. J. Lncas of that portion of Pehr 
Kahn's ' Travels ' which relates to England, remarked that few 
persons were aw^are that Kalra, a pupil of Linnaeus, had in 1748 
spent six months in this country, and had diligently noted the 
plants which he met with. Thus he had recorded no less than sixty 
plants for Hertfordshire alone, deriving some of his information 
fi om an examination of the contents of two haystacks in that 
county, — in this way antici])ating by more than a century one of 
the methods employed by Sir John Lawes and Sir J. H. Gilbert, 
and by Prof. Fream. 

The following pnpers were read : — 

1. " On segmentally disposed Thoracic Grlands in the Larv£e of 
Trichoptera." By Prof. Gustave Gilson. (Communicated by 
Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.) 

2. "On the Larval Gills of Odonata." By Prof. Gustave 
Gilson. (Communicated by Prof, G. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.) 



March 19th, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Clarke, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. James Backhouse and Sj)encer H. Bickbam were 
admitted, and Messrs. J. Hamilton Leigh and Edward Step were 
elected Eellows of the Society. 

Mr. Thomas Christy drew attention to the fact that the 
Anniversary Meeting of the Society would fall this year on 
Whit-Monday. The President, in reply, remarked that the 
matter had not escaped the attention of the OflBcers, and stated 
what was proposed to be done. 

Mr. Clement Beid exhibited fruits of Naias marina from a 
peaty deposit below mean-tide level in the new Docks at Barry, 
S. Wales. In Britain it had only been found living at a single 
locality in Norfolk, but in a fossil condition it had been obtained 
in the pre-glacial forest-bed at Cromer. A discussion followed, 
in which Messrs. A. B. Bendle, H. Groves, and A. W. Bennett 
took part, ard it was suggested that the living plant might be 
looked for in South Wales, where, being inconspicuous, it might 
have been hitherto overlooked. 

Mr. Clement Eeid also exhibited some wood forwarded by 
Mr. H.N. Eidley Irom the jungle near Singapore. It appeared 
to have been eaten into a hone^ycombed mass of peculiar 
character, and was found only in wet places, but always above 
ground, the entire tree rotting. Neither Mr. Eidley nor Mr. 
E/tid had seen anything like it in England ; and the latter, while 



lO PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

suggesting that the small lenticular unconnected cavities iu the 
wood were possibly caused by insects or their larvae, thought 
they were uulike the work of either Beetles or White Ants. 
Some critical remarka were offered by Dr. Haviland. 

The following papers were read: — 

1. " On the Structure of the Female Flowers and Fruit of 
Sararanga smuosa, Hemsley." By Dr. Otto Stapf. (Communi- 
cated by the President.) 

2. " On two Kttle-known Opisthoglyphous Snakes." By G. S. 
"West. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.) 

April 2nd, 1896. 

Mr. J. G. Baker, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. John Wolf ran Cornwall was elected a Fellow of the Society. 

On behalf of Dr. F.Arnold of Munich, the Secretary exhibited 
several photographs of typical Lichens, received in continuation 
o£ a series which has been for some time past in course of issue 
by that lichenologist. 

Mr. M. F. Woodward exhibited a very young example of the 
" Spiny Ant-eater," JEcTiidna aculeata, taken from the mammary 
pouch of the parent at Newcastle, Western Australia, by Mr. H. 
B. Woodward, Curator of the Perth Museum. It was inter- 
mediate in size between the two stages described by Prof. Parker, 
but showed no trace of tlie calcaneal spur characteristic of the 
male, nor any trace of the mammary pouch peculiar to the female. 
He called attention to the flattened and beak-like character of 
the snout and the vestiges of the " egg-breaker," and to the 
disposition of the spiue papillae. For the purpose of comparison, 
Mr, Woodward exhibited also the heads of Ornithorhynchus 
and Echidna, and a male and female mammary foetus of 
jPerameles. , 

The President then gave a descriptive account of the Khasia 
Hills from personal experience, dwelling on their geological 
formation, the extraordinary rainfall of the district (120 inches 
in 5 days), and the chief characteristic features of the flora and 
fauna. His remarks were illustrated by a number of lantern- 
slides, several of which had been prepared from photographs 
taken by himself, and other from sketches made by Sir Joseph 
Hooker. Some additional remarks were made by General Sir 
Henry Collett, K.C.B., from experience gained during two years' 
residence while commanding the British forces in that part of 
India. 



lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOX. II 

The following papers were read : — 

1. "On the Genus Stemona." By C. H. Wright. (Com- 
uiuuicated by W. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.) 

2. " On some Exotic Eossorial Hymeuoptera ia the British 
Museimi." By Lieut.-Col. C. T. Bingham, F.E.S. (Communicated 
by Pruf. a. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 

April 16th, 1896. 

Mr. W. Percy Sladen, Vice-President, iu the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. Vernon Herbert Blackraan and William Betting 
Hemsley were elected, and Messrs.W. M. Christy, J. W. Cornwall, 
P. Ewiug, and J. H. Leigh were admitted Fellows of the Society. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Berkeley's types of Fungi." By George Massee, F.L.S. 

2. " On the Internal Anatomy of Bdella'' By A. D. Micbael, 
F.L.S. 

May 7th, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Allan Fairfax Crossman was elected a Fellow, and Professor 
Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Prof. Douglas Houghton Campbell, and 
Prof. Cbaiies Otis Whitman, Foreign Members of tlie Society. 

In view of tlie approaching Anniversary Meeting, the appoint- 
ment of Auditors was brought forward, when Messrs. W. Percy 
Sladen and A. Smith Woodward were elected on behalf of the 
Council, and Messrs. James Groves and F. J. Hanbury on 
behalf of the Fellows. 

Mr. George Murray exhibited and made some remarks upon 
au engraved portrait of Charles Darwin, presented to the Society 
by Dr. F. Forschheimer, of Cincinnati, to whom a vote of 
thanks was unanimously passed, on the motion of the President. 

Mr. F. Enock exhibited a series of lantern-slides illustrative 
of the metamorphosis and habits of the Tiger-Beetle, Cicindela 
campestrls. He described the peculiar position of the mandibles 
of the larva as adapted to its mode of capturing prey ; the forma- 
tion of the burrow ; the spinous process on the eighth segment 
of the abdomen, used for supporting itself in the burrow; the 
mode of ejecting small stones or other obstacles met with in the 
course of work ; and lastly the changes incidental to the pupal 
state, and the adaptation of the burrow to the altered require- 
ments of its inmate. 

Mr. Enock also exhibited living specimens of two minute 



12 PnOCEEDINGS OP THE 

aquatic Hymenoptera, viz. Carafliracius ductus, Haliday (syn. 
Polynema nutans, Lubbock), which uses its wings in swirauiing. 
The other, Prestwicliia ag^uatica, Lubbock, usiug its legs for 
propelling itself in the water, the wings being kept closed. This 
insect has not been recorded since its first capture in 1862. 

Mr. H. M. Bernard exhibited preparations under the micro- 
scope of hermaphrodite glands of Apus, showing what he assumed 
to be the formation of sperm in the ovaries of four diiferent 
species, or varieties, and the condition of the eggs, which in two 
cases were being resorbed. These, he suggested, may have been 
parthenogenetic females in the process of losing the female and 
assuming male functions; possibly to ensure the presence of 
males in times of emergency, when "resting e^gs" were required 
in order to tide over periods o£ drought. 

Dr. H. A. Cummins, on behalf of Prof. M. M. Hartog, exhibited 
some hybrids of Saraca grown in the Botanic Gardens of Queen's 
College, Cork, from the collection of the late Win. Crawford, of 
Lakelands. They were raised by fertilizing S. indica with pollen 
from a plant now dead, which was probably /S. triandra. These 
hybrids are remarkable for free flov\ering, sometimes continuing 
in bloom duriiig a period of three months. 

Messrs. H. & J. G-roves exhibited specimens of Ranunculus 
tripartitiis, DC, recently discovered by Mr. E. A. Phillips in a 
small lake near Baltimore, co. Cork. Mr. J. Groves remarked 
that they were probably the most satisfactory examples of the 
true JR.. tripartitus which had been collected in the British Isles. 
A form of the variety, or subspecies, R. intermedius, had been 
found in Hampshire, which had a few much-divided submersed 
leaves, but the segments of these were slightly flattened, not 
truly capillary. A plant collected by Mr. Tellam in E. Cornwall 
was much nearer the type, and the Cork plant was almost 
identical with the Continental tripartitus. Neither R. tripartitus 
nor R. intermedius appear to have been jjreviously recorded from 
Ireland, and the discovery was an interebtiug one, adding another 
of the characteristic Western European types to the Irish Elora. 

On behalf of Mr. W. E. Hoyle, Prof. Howes exhibited some 
Eontgen-ray skiagraphs, showing the position of a mouse when 
partially and completely swallowed by a snake, and showing the 
displacement of the jaws of the reptile during deglutition. The 
specimen of the snake was further interesting by way of showing 
a " half vertebra," about which in the Ophidia considerable 
discussion had arisen. 

Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, CLE., exhibited some specimens of an 
Indian Woodpecker, Dendrocopus liimalayensis, obtained on the 
Murree Hills at an elevation of 7000 feet, for the purpose of 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IJ 

calling attention to an unrecorded habit of tliis bird of fixing 
walnuts in the bark of trees in order to extract their kernels. 
Dr. P. L. Sclater and Mr. J. E. Hartiag made some additional 
remarks on a similar habit of storing acorns recorded of a 
Californiau Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus, Bonap. (Picus 
pi'ovidus, Jardine). So far as had been ascertained, no such 
habit had been observed, or at least recorded, in the case of the 
European Pied Woodpecker, Dendrocopus major, wljich is closely 
allied to the Indian species. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On Tooth Genesis in the Canidcer By Dr. H. W. Marett 
Tims. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 



May 25th, 1896. 

Anniversary Meeting, 

At 3 P.M., the time appointed by the Charter, only seven Eellows 
being in attendance, and no quorum being formed by -4 p.m., the 
proceedings closed without the Meeting having been duly consti- 
tuted. In accordance with previous annou'icement, all business 
was therefore adjourned to Thursday June 4th, at 8 p.m. 



June 4th, 1896. 

Adjourned Anniversary Meeting. 
Mr.. Ceahles Baeox Clabke, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. 
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 
Mr. Allan Fairfax Crossman was admitted a Eellow. 

Tlie Treasurer presented his Annual Statement of Accounts, 
duly audited, as shown on p. 15. 

The Secretary read his report of deaths, wnthdrawals, and 
elections of uew Fellows for the past year, as follows : — 

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 29 Fellows had died, or 
their deaths had been ascertained, viz. : — 



Prof. Chas. Cardale Babington. 
Dr. Robert Brown. 
Mr. John Buchanan. 
Mr. Edward J. Chance. 
Surg. -Major G. E. Dobson. 
Mr. Arthur E. Durham. 



Mr. Oscar Louis Eraser. 

Kev. David John French. 

The Viscount Stephen Gough. 

Sir Cyril C. Graham. 

Dr. John Grieve. 

Col. Frederick Henderson. 



14 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE 



Eev. "William Houghton. 

Et. Hon. Tlios. Henry Huxley. 

Mr. Win slow Jones. 

Capt. Christopher T. P. Keene. 

Mr. Marmaduke Alex. Lawson. 

Dr. James Leathem. 

Mr. Paul Howard MacGrillivray . 

Mr. Alexander Macmillan. 

Mr. F. Huth Meinertzhagen. 



Mr. Henry Seebohm. 

Mr. John Neesom Stone. 

Mr. D. Sullivan. 

Mr. John Ellor Taylor. 

Capt. Charles Tyler. 

Mr. Thomas Walker. 

Mr, John Bracebridge Wilson. 

Sir Samuel Wilson. 



Associate (1). 
Mr. Thomas Hushes Buffham. 



Prof- Henri Ernest Baillon 
Prof. Sven Loven. 



PoEEiGN Membees (3). 

Dr. Jean Mueller (Aargau). 



During the past official year 10 Eellows had withdrawn, viz. : — 



Eev. Ernest W. Eorrest. 
Mr. Joseph Grabriel. 
Mr. Walter Gardiner. 
Capt. Henry Powis Greenwood. 
Mr. Edward Harris. 



Baron "Wilhelm von Landau. 
Mr. Thomas Morris Macknight. 
Dr. Peter William Marriot. 
Mr. Ernest Littlehayles Sellon. 
Mr. James Thornhill. 



And one Associate, Mr. W. Betting Hemsley, was transferred, 
by election, to the Eellows' list. 



The following 11 Eellows were removed from the Society's 
list by order of the Council : — 



Mr. Walter Scott Campbell. 
Mr.William Oldham Cliambers. 
Mr. E. Molesworth Lascelles. 
Mr. Edward Charles Malau. 
Prof. Wm. Edward Matthews. 
Mr. Alfred J. North. 



Mr. J. Douglas Ogilby. 
Dr. Edward Pierson Eamsay. 
Dr. James William Stroud. 
Mr. Charles James Wild. 
Eev. William Williams. 



And 21 Eellows and 3 Eoreign Members were elected. 



The Librarian's Eeport was also read as follows : — 

During the past year there had been received as Donations 

from private individuals to the Library 67 volumes and 115 

pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. 

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1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

Societies there had been received in exchange or otherwise 186 
volumes and 84 detached parts, besides G8 volumes and 27 parts 
obtained by exchange and donations from the Editors and Pro- 
prietors of independent periodicals. 

The Council had sanctioned the purchase of 193 volumes and 
126 parts of important works. 

The total additions to the Library were therefore 514 volumes 
and 352 separate parts. 

The number of books bound during the year was as follows : — 

In half morocco 237 volumes, in half-calf 7 volumes, in full 
calf 29 volumes, in full cloth 72 volumes, in vellum 6 volumes, in 
buckram 2 volumes, in boards or half-cloth 15 volumes. Eelabelled 
(half-morocco and cloth backs) 28 volumes. Total 396 volumes. 

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the 
elections, 

The President opened the business of the day, and thePellows 
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers. 

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President 
appointed Mr. Greorge E.. M. Murray, Mr. "VV. Philip Hiern, and 
Dr. Robert Braithwaite, Scrutineers, and the votes having beeu 
counted and reported to the President, he declai'ed the following 
Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Dr. John 
Anderson, Mr. John Grilbert Baker, Mr. Arthur Lister, Mr. 
Howard Saunders, and Mr. W. Percy Sladen, and the following 
gentlemen to be elected in their place, viz. : — Mr. William Car- 
ruthers. Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. Griinther, Sir Hugh Low, Mr. Osbert 
Salvin, and Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott. 

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President 
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been 
counted and reported to him, he declared the result as follows :— 

President, Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. Giinther. 

Treasurer, Mr. Prank Crisp. 

CY , • f Mr. B. Daydon Jackson. 
Secretaries | p^^^^ (.^^/^^ -g^^^ ^^^^,^^^ 

The President delivered his Address as follows : — 



LINXEVN SOCIETY OF LOJfDOX. 17 

PBESIUE]S"TrA.L AddEESS. 

Progress of tlie Society. 

In this Anniversary Address I take up my report from last year 
regarding the position and progress of the Society. Afterwards 
I sliall bring before you a ^qw considerations which have parti- 
cularly engaged my attention during the past year in working at 
Sedges. I regret that I am unable to offer any special pabulum 
to the Zoologists ; but the two questions arising out of Sedges 
which I have selected for this evening arise in most other Orders 
of Plants ; and what I have to say will be fully understood by 
Zoologists present. 

Our Evening meetings are the life of the Society. What would 
this Society be as a mere club for scientific publication ? During 
the past year the meetings have been well attended — on the whole 
as well as during the preceding year. I have not been able to 
attend more than about halt' these meetings myself; and I thank 
the Vice-Presidents (and Mr. Percy Sladen in particular) for 
their readiness to take the Chair on my behalf, sometimes at very 
short notice. 

Puhlications. 

At the date of the last Anniversary Meeting, the papers 
on the Librarian's table awaiting publication were estimated 
to cost £1300 — the whole sum which the Society has to spend on 
publications being about £1000 a year. At the present time 
the expenditure on papers awaiting publication may be estimated 
at less than £400, i. e. exclusive of those of which the printing 
has been commenced. To effect this reduction in arrears, the 
Council has again been obliged to draw on capital to the amount 
of £300 [as explained by the Treasurer]. 

It is evident that the plan of carrying on the work of the 
Society under a load of arrears is not satisfactory. Papers, after 
being passed for publication, have to be delayed till their turn 
comes — to the vexation of their authors. In receiving papers for 
reading, the Officers can accept neither very large papers nor 
short ones entitled from their immediate interest to speedy 
publication without displacing type already set up, and post- 
poning older papers. Tiiese latter are, of course, the very papers 
specially valuable at Evening meetings *. 

The Journal of the Society was intended to be a Journal, ^. e. 
it was designed that the papers read each quarter should be 
published each quarter ; but during the first year of its existence 
the Journal got into arrear, and has got (till quite lately) more 
in arrear. 

* These observations apply only to the Journal ; the papers in the Transac- 
tions being printed separately, each complete in itself, can be published in any 
order. 

LINN. see. PKOCEEDINQS. — SESSION 1895-96. C 



I 8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

After prolonged consideration the Council have determined to 
grapple with this difficulty. It is largely one of money. The 
Treasurer has been so successful in his investments that the 
Council feel that the present moment is the opportune one for 
gettinij back to the original conception of the Journal. There are 
two things to be considered, viz. (1) the details of running the 
Journal so that it sliall appear on fixed dates, and shall contain 
all the papers read (and approved for publication) up to fixed dates ; 
(2) tlie clearing off the present arrears completely, so that the 
clean running may commence with the next session. To get rid 
of the arrears, almost wholly botanic, it is intended to publish an 
additional botanic volume of the Journal about the 1st November 
next — the Treasurer sees his way to find the extra outlay, and 
the Secretary thinks, at least with some slight assistance, that 
the editing can be done and the volume put through. Then, as to 
keeping the Journal up to time afterwards, the Council propose 
to have no paper intended for press read until it has been approved 
for publication and found by the Secretary ready for the printer ; 
and in particular till the plates are so far prepared that the Secre- 
tary sees that there is time for the paper to be got into the Journal 
that is bound to appear on a fixed day. 

I am, in these statements, taking the Society completely into 
the confidence of the Council, tinder the proposed working, 
there may be some delay in getting a paper read ; but after 
that its appearance in print would be automatic ; and the Council 
believe that this plan will be, on the whole, acceptable to authors. 
Considerable extra work will be thrown on the Secretaries, as 
they will be obliged practically to edit all papers in MS. instead 
of in proof. It will be a great advantage to the Council to know 
always exactly how they stand, and what their liabilities are, 
when they approve any paper for reading, i. e. for publication, 
and how soon they will have to pay for it. 

These arrangements apply, of course, to papers which the 
authors desire to read with a view to publication. The Officers 
will usually be able to accept papers for which the authors do 
not desire publication ; such papers are nowise distinguishable 
from exhibits. As I ventured to hint last year, I think when, 
all the more urgent matters have been attended to, we may well 
consider whether we cannot publish a fuller account of some of 
our exhibits. 

Library Catalogue. 

The Library has occu[)ied much of the time of the Council. 
The Library Catalogue had been so long delayed that my own 
notion two years ago was to print a rough Catalogue which should 
be a handbook for overhauling the Library and the foundation 
for a more perfect Catalogue some years hence. There were 
some iFellows of the Society who wanted, within three months 
at most, a complete and finished Catalogue. Those who have 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9 

actually done catalofrne-work know that if it is to be high-class 
work, it must of necessity take a considerable time. The Council, 
taking a practical view, engaged an expert in such work to pre- 
pare a Catalogue which, though perhaps not in the highest degree 
elaborated, will be, we are satisfied, creditable to the Society in 
literary form, and sufficiently useful to the Fellows as an Index 
to the Library. Though this Catalogue has been, I regret to say, 
delayed by the temporary illness of the compiler, the complete 
MS. is now in the hands of the printers, and seven sheets have 
been set up in type. During the past year the sum spent in 
" continuations " of periodicals for the Library has been £210 ; 
and in view of the extra expenditure in printing, it has been 
thought prudent not to lay out any money beyond the £240 in 
books until the new Catalogue is in the hands of the Library 
Committee. 

Obituaries. 

The Society has become so large, and its annual losses by death 
proportionally so numerous, that the Obituary Notices can no 
longer be delivered in the Presidential Address. I cannot, how- 
ever, refrain altogether from reference to the grave losses which our 
Society has sustained by death during the past year. Among other 
Foreign Members of the first rank we have lost Baillou ; but 
pre-eminently among all. Foreign and Home, we have lost Huxley. 
I cannot attempt to review his chief work. Biology : I may recall 
to your minds his paper on Gentians in our Journal, Bot. vol. xxiv. 
(1887-88), in which will be found recorded a great number of 
minute observations on the flowers of Gentians, their varied forms, 
the glands on the corolla or on the ovary, their advantage to the 
plants, and the use which might be made of them in arranging 
the Gentians systematically. It is to me very interesting that, 
at a time when his mind must have been filled with other subjects 
and revolving larger generalizations, he should have ben able to 
occupy himself, as if for relaxation, with botanic field-work. He 
was in the broadest sense a naturalist ; and very many among us 
must feel how narrow our own field is in comparison with his, 
though we may be doing very useful work and all that our talents 
and opportunities enable us to do. 

Collectors' Numhers. 

The method of numbering plants adopted by collectors is a 
matter which I have come to regard as of primary importance. 
Collectors' numbers are often cited extensively, while, on the 
contrary, some authors of the greatest experience eschew them. 
The explanation of this difterence was given me many years ago 
by M. Alphonse DeCaudolle, who observed that there are two 
radically difterent kinds of numbering in use by botanists. 

In the one method the collector attaches one field-number to 

c2 



20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

al] the branchlets lie cuts from one bush, or to all the smaller 
plants which he collects from one cluster growing at one spot, 
f.nd apparently then exactly the same. A good collector, who 
meditates distribution, gets a sufficient quantity of each number 
and distributes it, named or unnamed, but carefully unmixed. 
Such numbers are the sets of Maudon, Balansa, or Schweinf urth ; 
and they are invaluable for citation and in the herbarium. In 
the case of new or critical species, if we have a number which 
the author cites, we can without delay locate the plant in the 
herbarium ; or if we are working up the group, we get a certain 
"type" which we can compare with its description; one such 
" good " number will often save hours of labour by giving a sure 
starting-point whence one may proceed to consider the allied 
forms. 

In the second method of numbering adopted by collectors, 
the collector brings all the material he is about to distribute 
together — it may be from a small or from a considerable area ; 
he then sorts it into species, mostly by hand and eye, and affixes 
a number to each "species." He then usually thoroughly mixes 
the heap under each number (to illustrate perhaps the range o£ 
form uuder his species), and then distributes " sets " of his 
numbers. 

I cannot adequately describe the labour, the confusion, the 
disputes that have arisen from this system of distribution. If a 
collector mixes a few plants accidentally — a rose with a buttercup 
— no harm is done. But when he mixes all the Carex vulgaris, 
Fries, that he has got between the Pyrenees and Bohemia before 
he distributes his mixture, or all the jlieracium sylvaticum, Smith, 
he has collected in Switzerland, he prepares infinite labour and 
difficulty for others. Wallich mixed plants (under one number 
and one name) collected from distant localities ; it may be seen 
in our Council-Eoom, for example, in his nn. 784, 785, species of 
Didymocarpus, that it required all the acuteness of E. Brown 
to disentangle the species. [Wallich, however, kept his different 
collections separate by the letters A, B, C, &c., added to one 
number. But the different collections A, B, C, &c., are now 
mixed in the pasting down ; and where letters B, D, &c., have 
been scratched in faint pencil against the plants, they are not 
infrequently wrong.] 

It is remarkable that the great foreign collectors in Asia, 
Africa, and America usually number their plants as collected : it 
is the European collections that are so frequently mixed before 
distribution — so frequently, indeed, that I find more difficulty in 
defining the area of a well-known European species than of an 
American. In herbaria I find but a small percentage of European 
sheets which ha\^e the name of the collector, the date and place 
of collection, and the field number. European plants too, not 
rarely, are without any collector's number at all ; they have a 



LINIfEAN S0CI!:TY OF LONDOJT^ 21 

name and a number taken from some list. These are simply 
traps for the less experienced : it would be difficult to say how 
many species, varieties, aud forms are scattered about under one 
number of Nyman or of the ' L 'udou Catalogue.' Such numbers 
should never be cited by authors ; they are valueless, and, still 
worse, misleading. It may happen, indeed, that two very similar 
small plants grow together and get mixed under one genuine 
field-number ; but my experience is that such mixtures are 
excessively rare. Though the collector may not ba a profout^d 
botauist, he has a collector's eye ; aod it is very seldom that he 
will confuse two plants growing together on one spot at one 
time. 

All these good collectors number consecutively from 1 to 9999, 
when they may begin with 1 again. Some collectors number in 
centuries, aud mark a plant as " Second Phrygian Collection, 
5th Ceutury,n. 37." This defines the plant ; but lean rarely cite 
such numbers fully myself ; the citation of the collector's name 
and his number occupies as much time and printing-space as 
can be granted. Other collectors, again, have more complex 
systems, using symbols such as K. to K., or fractions sometimes 
with three or four figures in the denominator. JSTow some of 
these systems may be excellent when they are understood ; but 
there is the same fatal objection to them that there is to some 
of the systems of giving plants names which involve more than 
three words (genus, species, and author). The objection is that 
no one working in botany, except on some very narrow scale 
(as in working up one species or group), can possibly find time 
to discover the meaning of, recollect, and cite these numerous 
complex special plans, however good. The inventor himself can 
easdy recollect his own plan, because he works that only. I can 
locate plants readily in my own 23 geographic areas : the geo- 
graphic arrangement adopted at Kew differs very little from 
mine ; but I find it impossible to use both without a great deal of 
care, some expenditure of time, and both maps before me. If I get 
a plant marked "Quercus Lusitanica {Orientalis) petiolaris,Webh 
& A. DC. (Boiss. non Benth.)," I must be able at once to turn 
to the book or books which will explain such naming ; otherwise 
I shall probably think it more trouble than it is worth to discover 
the force of it, however excellent. In systematic work nowadays 
there is no time to spare ; and any prudent author who wislies 
his work to be of use to others must adopt in that work the 
customary rules as to form, names, and numbers ; every improve- 
ment upon the common plan will cause loss of time. 

It is remarkable how much harm is done by the ambition to 
undertake business beyond one's knowledge. JS^umbers of men 
who bring home valuable botanic collections cannot leave them 
alone — they will " arrange " them, and try to put one distribution- 
number to each " species." They are like exporters of jute or 



PltOCEEDTNGS OF THE 



vegetable-paper material, wlio are not satisfied to provide the 
raw material merely, but will attempt to treat it a little with 
chemicals themselves. Every manufacturer in England knows the 
result. 

Observations on Sedges. 

The flower of the Sedges is a reduction of the normal 3-merous 
Monocotyledonous type. Eig. 1 shows the theoretically com- 
plete diagram for an axillary flower — the common case iu Cype- 
racese. This complete form is hardly found in the whole Order : 

Fig. 1. 

POSTICOUS. 




ANTICOtrS. 

there are plants in various genera — MyncJiospora, ScJioenus, &g. 
— that have six perfect stamens ; but in these some of the sepals 
and petals are absent, or, if not absent, so reduced that their 
being petals or sepals may be disputed. And, on the other hand, 
in those cases as Fuirena, where the sepals and petals are often 
all present in their normal position, the three posticous stamens 
are absent. 

The trigonous ovary is very commonly present. It is supposed 
to be derived from an original 3-ovuled ovary ; but no trace of 
more than one ovule is ever present. The single style has iu 
these trigonous ovaries nearly always three long branches, which 
are represented in position by (J) in the diagram. 

Eig. 2 represents the diagram of a flower very familiar to 
every one who has examined a few Sedges. (I am at present 
regarding the ovary only.) We here see the anticous face of 
the nut much flattened, the auticous style-branch has gone away 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 



23 



altogether. This reduction is very instructive, as we can trace 
it, step by step, from the typical form, not only in many genera, 

Fig. 2. 





but in many species, and even in the same plant. [" Anticous " 
is what botanists facetiously call the back of the nut ; accurate 
Kuuth calls the nut here " dorsally compressed."] I suppose all 

Fig. 3. 




believers in development will assume that the symmetric 3-tri- 
gonous ovary was the original, and the flattened the derived; so 
1 occupy no time on that point. 

For instance, in Fimh^istylis pterygosperma (fig. 3) we have 
the whole process exhibited in one species, and often in one plant. 



24 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Pig. 3 shows the case where the nut is intermediate between 
triangular and flattened ; 2 style-branches are perfectly deve- 
loped, 1 very imperfectly, viz. that corresponding to the flattened 
anticous angle, which is reduced to a tail without stigmatic papillae. 
The wing, fully developed on the other two angles, is very small 
and imperfect on the anticous angle. All stages in the reduc- 
tion from triangular to flat can be illustrated from this species. 

Throughout the Order almost this reduction is frequent, as in 
Cyperus, Uleocharis, Scirpus, &c. "We may suppose the cause to 
be the pressure of the stiff keel of the glume : when the reduction 
is " settled^'' the glume is usually round-backed. In the large 
number of species, the reduction either has or has not taken place ; 
so that the character taken from " style 2-fid, style 3-fi.d " is a valu- 
able one to systematists. But there are various species, and as it 
happens several European species, in which the plant has divided 
itself into two " subspecies," whereof (a) mostly follows the 
antique, symmetric form ; the other (/3) affects strongly the 
modern, more specialized form. I may cite, as you all know it, the 
common Bulrush, Scirpus lacusfris, Linn. This has usually the 
style with three equal branches. But there is another state of it, 
tlie Scirpus Taherncemontani, which has the style 2-fid. Collectors 
and systematists know well the disputes over the distinctness 
of these, and the synonymy which encumbers a question really 
of terms. It will satisfy an evolutionist to see that he has in 
these cases the formation of a new species going on before his 
eyes: there was perhaps, not long ago geologically, only one 
form ; and there will be perhaps two very good species another 
day. 

I note that, though these transitions from 3 to 2 style- 
branches by reason of the compression of the front angle of 
the nut occur in many genera, as Cyperus, Scirpus, Eleocharis, 
the percentage of occurrence is much smaller than moslfEuropean 
botanists suppose ; because several transitional cases happen to 
occur in common European plants. Transitional cases hardly 
occur in Carex, except in the very common European Carex glauca 
(and a few others). In these the lowest, strongest, flower has 
nearly always a 3-branched style. 

I now come to the much more remarkable case where the nut 
is compressed laterally in the words of Kunth and Nees, as re- 
presented in fig. 4. In this reduced form (genus Fycreus) which 
occurs, for instance, in one-sixth of the species of the old genus 
Cyperus, the plane comprising the two style-branches passes 
also through the axis, and they lean away unsym metrically 
from the axis. 

Now I have never been able to discover the slightest trace of 
the route by which this reduction took place. I have never even, 
as a monstrosity, known any one of the genus Pycreus (or other 
genus with laterally compressed nut) to show any trace of a 
third style, I know only too well that there are many species 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 



25 



described by botanists as having a triquetrous nut but only two 
style-branches ; however corainou such may be in art, they are 
rare in nature in my experience. I can venture no guess bow 
the form in fig. 1 passed into that in fig. 4 ; whether the present 
posticous style-branch in fig. 4, for instance, really arose by the 
gradual coalescence of the two style-bracches iu fig. 1. 

Fig. 4. 





A hiatus such as this lends the liindest aid to the systematist, 
who can separate off all these plants with laterally compressed 
nuts by the diagnostic character, to which there is no exception. 
"What is more important is that genera so founded are found 
highly " natural." The genus Pycreus must have been established 
quite distinct from Cyperus for an enormously long geologic 
period ; otherwise we should get hints from atavism regarding 
its derivation. The intimate structure of these genera with 
laterally compressed nuts is so uniform in essentials (while their 
size &c. greatly vary) , that one is led to fancy that originally 
only ONE Cyperus developed this lateral flattening. But it must 
be recollected that in the remote large genus ByncJiospora there 
are one or two species (made into a separate genus by !N^ees) 
which show a laterally compressed nut, while the whole of the 
rest of the genus (100 species) show the nut compressed in the 
other plane, i. e. the anticous angle flattened. 

I have not yet worked through the genus Careoc, in which the 
majority perhaps of the species have the anticous angle of the 
nut more or less flattened. But there is one section of Gar ex, 
containing not less than a score of species, in which the nut has 
the form shown in fig. 5. In these the posticous edge is often 
straight or (in the same plant) shows the extraordinary kink 
drawn in fig. 5. Boott described such a nut as prava. In Carex 
the flower (nut) is on a secondary obsolete axis ; it is therefore 
not easy, by dissection of the very young flower, to show in 



26 



PROCEEDINGS OP THE 



what plane the nut is compressed. But I iufer from the unsym- 
metric form of the nut and the way in which the style-branches 
invariably slope, that the nut is here laterally compressed, and 
that the plane through the st} le-branches passes through the 
theoretic axis. 

Fig. 5. 




Another remarkable variation of Sedges occurs (in a few genera 
allied to Sc]icenus)hj which the style-branches become 4. I have 
seen 4-branched styles occur, very rarely, in genera throughout 
the Order ; but the irregularity then appears strictly accidental, 
it occurs in only one or two flowers in the spike, and may arise 
from an injury : it is often very imperfect, i. e. the three style- 
branches are normally placed, one of them being bifid some way 
up. But in the genus Tetraria, Beauvois, the style has very 
generally 4 branches, the ovary is 4-angled, and usually there are 
then either 4 (or 8) stamens. We may compare the analogous 
case of Paris quadrifolia and other 4-merous Lilies. It is easy 
to invent some possible advantage to the plant in having 4 
(instead of 3) style-branches ; but it appears to me next to im- 
possible to demonstrate which was the effective and causative 
advantage, assuming that there was one. Hardly any of these 
4-merous species have got thoroughly settled ; many of them 
often show 3-merous flowers ; they are probably a thing of 
yesterday as compared with Fycreus and such genera. It has 
been maintained that "no adequate evidence is yet forthcoming 
w^th respect to the inheritance of discontinuous variation." The 
manner m which the 4-branched style has become prevalent ia 
so many species of Tetraria may be put forward as evidence until 
objectors state what further evidence is in their opinion to be 
expected. 



LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27 

The number of stamens is 6, in two ■whorls, in the normal 
Monocotyledon. This full number is only found in a very few 
Cyperaceae ; and the few species which have 6 stamens are scat- 
tered in different tribes of the Order. Thus the genus Eyncho- 
spora, a very natural and well separated genus, contains 150 
species ; of these, one has 6 perfect and similar stamens in each 
flower, the other 149 species have 3 (or fewer stamens). Arthro- 
sfylis, an isolated genus, has 6 perfect stameus. But in ScJioenus 
we have five Australian species that have usually more than 3 
stamens ; and. in several of these we have (as stated by Bentham 
in ' Plora Australiensis ') the number of stamens varying from 
6 to 3 in the same plant, and indeed in the same spikelet. 

In spikelets which terminate in male or barren glumes the 
flowers often get weaker towards the top of the spikelet ; the 
lower produce nuts, have 3 stigmas and 3 stamens ; an upper 
flower has perhaps a pistil with 2 stigmas or an imperfect pistil 
that does not produce a nut, above that is perhaps a male flower 
with 3 stamens, no rudiment of a pistil, above that a male flower 
with 2 or 1 stamens, above that a small empty glume. 

Now in these instructive cases of Schoenus we may see on one 
spikelet the lowest flower with 6 stamens regularly placed ; 
further up the spikelet we may find a flower with 5 stamens (the 
posticous stamen quite gone) ; higher up still we get flowers with 
3 stamens only — the 3 anticous. 

Throughout the great mass of Cyperacese, say 98 per cent, of 
the whole, we find 3 perfect stamens only, which are always 
anterior — placed exactly as in these Schoenew. It has always 
been assumed that these 3 stamens form one whorl, that the 
other whorl of stamens (? the interior) is absent, and that the 
anticous position of these 3 stamens is due merely to the two 
posticous ones being squeezed outwards by the pressure of the 
axis in these axillary flowers. I read a paper here one evening 
to show that the 3 generally remaining stamens in Cyperacese 
are 1 of the exterior, 2 of the interior whorl. They are so 
undoubtedly in these small Schoenecs. In my paper I attempted 
to show, further, that in a large number of the tribe Scirpece the 
posticous stamens are present as bristles or scales, and that 
therefore of the 3 perfect stamens 2 of them must belong to the 
interior whorl. But I did not persuade my friend Mr. J. G-. 
Baker, who instanced the large number of flowering monocoty- 
ledons which have zygomorphic axillary flowers and 3 stamens 
of the exterior whorl only. But I am not sure that in these cases 
the three anticous stamens belong always to the exterior whorl ; 
and if it can be proved that they do, I do not admit that the analogy 
upsets the plain case of Schoenus. So I hold my own opinion 
about Cyperacese, against the great monocotyledonist. 

The further reduction of stamens (^. e. from 3 to 2 or 1) 
appears due to pressure or weakness. Small species of Gyperus 
very often have 2 stamens only. It continually occurs that 



28 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE 

strong flowers at the base of a spikelet have 3 stamens, the 
weaker upper flowers 2 or 1. This happens also in the diclinous 
species, as of Carex or Scleria; and I should thiuk I have seen 
it in 800 Sedges. The same cause for reduction in number of 
stamens was suggested by the elaborate numerical observations 
on Stellaria media and Potentilla Tormentilla read last year in 
this room. In the common case in Sedges I think it very pro- 
bable that weakness has been the cause of reduction. Perhaps 
some present think I am tedious and hesitating in assuming that 
so probable a cause is inE cause of reduction in numbers. In 
Oyperus, a genus of 300 species, we have one very natural section 
of a dozen species, the Vegeti, which are large strong plants with 
fine spikelets ; in this section the stamen is invariably 1 (aa 
inner whorl anticous one). This fact may illustrate the danger 
of assuming a cause, and the still greater danger of assuming 
that a cause, true in a great number of cases, must always be 
THE cause in a closely analogous case. 

I have already mentioned the few remarkable cases where an 
increase of the styles from 3 to 4 is accompanied by an increase 
of the stamens from 3 or 6 to 4 or 8. Leaving these aside, there 
are only 2 species of Cyperacese out of 3000 that have more than 
the normal number of 6 stamens. These two species constitute 
one Australian genus, Evandra ; in this the stamens are 14 to 
22, all equal in one symmetric whorl, so far as I can make out in 
the dried material ; and the style has 8 long branches which show 
no indication of being 4-bipartite. We cannot help asking our- 
selves the questions, bow did this variation occur, what caused it, 
and how long did it take to fix it, so that no trace of the evolu- 
tionary route remains ? I may cite analogies : in the Umbelliferae, 
say 1500 species, the stamens are never more than 5 ; in the 
closely allied Araliaceae, 400 species more, the stamens are only 
5 (or 6-7 when the petals are 6-7) ; but we have half a dozen 
species of Araliacese where the stamens are very many, 50-70 in 
Tupidantlius. Such analogies diminish our astonishment, but 
explain nothing. 

Having imposed, on your attention so many minute facts, 
excuse me if I recapitulate them shortly in a speculative form. 

"We may first conceive flowers in which the number of each 
organ was indefinite ; and we may imagine the time occupied ia 
getting the monocotyledonous ternary type fixed. We have then 
in Cyperacese to suppose the 3 carpels, witb one ovule in each, 
reduced to the stage now seen in the coconut, and thence to the 
present Cyperaceous ovary. We have also to think how long the 
present ovary must have been fixed that we never see by reversion 
to arise any trace of the 2 ovules and 3 carpellary walls that have 
disappeared. 

We have next to observe the anticous angle of the nut, with 
the stigma belonging to it, disappearing gradually. We may then 
begin to estimate how long since this stigma must have disappeared 



LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29 

in several hundred species in which no trace of it ever appears. 
We uest come to the case o^ Pycreus. Here we see two " stems " 
of Cyperus — the one {Eucyperus) producing 500 species, the other 
{Pycreus) producing 80 species ; we may presume the second 
Pycreus stem a branch of ttae first, but we have nothing to carry 
us back one step to the point at which Pycreus diverged ; that 
point appears at au infinite distance. 

Then we have the case of 4 stigmas, accompanied in general 
bv 4 stamens, gradually arising under our eyes. Are we to call 
this, unexplained correlation of growth ? Or is it possible to 
imagine that the 4 stigmas are a reversion to something that 
existed before the mouocotyledonous 3-merous type was estab- 
lished, so that the 4 stamens revived also ? And, lastly, what 
are we to think about the 8-stigma 14-22- stamen case ? Is that 
to be called merely variation fixed by some advantage it has in 
tlie struggle for existence ? Or are we to think that the varia- 
tion itself is the rejuvenescence of some germ that has laid hid 
since some date when the monocotyledons, though established as 
a type, still produced from time to time by atavism flowers with 
more than 3 parts in each whorl ? 

I think that all botanists, who accept any theory of evolution, 
will agree that the period required for such a series of develop- 
ments is inconceivably vast. They will, with Huxley, be relieved 
to reflect that there are physicists, who incline to a slow-cooling 
sun, who do not believe that heat can be radiated out in a direction 
where there is nothing to receive it ; and who say that if an ether 
for transmitting vibrations can be proved to exist, no energy 
from radiation or any other source need necessarily, or probably, 
be perpetually absorbed and occluded in maintaining its life. 

It must, I think, occur to every naturalist in this room that 
the Order of Plants or of Animals he has studied shows very 
similar phenomena to those exhibited by the Cyperaceae, and 
suggests an equally long history. 

Conclusion. 

I appear this evening for the last time as President of this 
Society. I am conscious that I have had my culmination in the 
Office. I have to thank you. Gentlemen, for the great kindness 
with which you have ti*eated my attempts to perform my duties. 
I must thank the Council for their zealous assistance in con- 
ducting the business of the Society ; but especially the Officers 
for their loyal support on all occasions ; their experience and care 
of me has kept me out of many errors. I leave the Chair without 
regret — not because a better President succeeds me (that goes 
without saying), but because I hope to see more of the Fellows 
individually, and to do at least as much for the Society as a private 
Member as I have been able to do as President. 



30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

Mr. William Carruthers moved : — " That the thanks of the 
Society be given to the President for his excellent Address, and 
that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated 
among the Fellows ; " and this, having been seconded by Mr. W. 
Philip Hiern, was carried unanimously. 

The Linkean Gtold Medal. 

The Linnean. Gold Medal for the year was presented to Prof. 
Gr. J. Allmak, LL.D., F.E.S., and, owing to his inability to 
attend in person, was handed, on his behalf, to Sir Joseph D. 
Hooker, K.C.S.L, F.E.S. 

On presenting the Medal the President paid : — " The Council 
of this Society, having to give their Linnean Medal this year 
to the first zoologist in the world who has not received it before, 
has awarded it to Prof. AUman. His first published paper dates 
1835, and we see him still at work. During this period of sixty 
years he has produced more than 100 papers and monographs 
on zoological subjects, ranging from the Protozoa to the Primates. 
Were he not a Zoologist, his knowledge and investigations in 
Botany would give him high rank as a JSTaturalist ; his essay, ' On 
the Mathematical Eelatious of the Forms of the Cells of Plants,' 
opened a class of enquiry now receiving special attention. 

"Extraordinarily wide as has been the range of his investiga- 
tions, the Council, in selecting him for the Linnean Medal, have 
regarded quality rather than quantity. His papers on the dif- 
ficult groups of the Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Coeleuterata, mark 
an epoch in Zoology. His monograph on the ' Grymnoblastic or 
Tubularian Hydrozoids ' is the leading treatise in the world on 
the subject ; he hss not merely thoroughly examined the animals, 
he has also introduced a comprehensive terminology and placed 
the study of the compound Hydrozoa on a scientific basis. 

" Sir Joseph Hooker, it is with peculiar pleasure that I hand 
you the Linnean Medal to transmit to Prof. Allman ; he occupied 
the Chair when I first attended the meetings of this Society, and 
I remember with gratitude the s}mpathetic kindness with which 
he received my first paper." 

Sir Joseph Hooker having suitably acknowledged the pre- 
sentation, the Senior Secretary presented the Obituary Notices 
of deceased Fellows as follows : — 

OBiTUARr Notices. 

The number of our Fellow s whose election took place half-a- 
century ago is diminishing year by year. Charles Cardale 
Babington, whose death occurred on 22nd July, 1895, was our 
senior Fellow, having been elected 1st June, 1830; he was born 
at Ludlow on 23rd November, 1808, his father being a physician 
in that town, who afterwards took orders in the English Cimrch. 
He came of a naturalist's stock ; for Mr. Joseph Babiugton had 



LryXEAS" SOCIETY OF LOXDO^r. 31 

corresponded with Sir J. E. Stnith, and had seat lichens for 
figuring in ' English Botanv.' His early traiaiag was chiefly at 
several private schools, a short time being sp ^nt at the Charter- 
house, but principally as a day-scholar at Bath, to which city his 
father had removed. When 18 years of age, in 1823 he took up 
residence at St. John's College, Cambridge, and a few months 
afterwards became acquainted with that adaiirable teacher, 
Professor Heuslow. He graduated in 1830, proceeding M.A. in 
1833. 

His first book, the 'Flora Bathoniensis,' was published in 1834 ; 
and the following year he botanized in Ireland with our late 
Fellow, John Ball ; in 1837 a visit to the Channel Islands with 
a friend resulted in his ' Primitise Florae Sarnicse.' But these 
were only preliminary to a much larger and more ambitious work 
•which appeared in 1843, his ' Manual uf British Botany.' His 
early friend, the Per. W. AV. Newbould, became known to 
Babington about the time when the first idea of taking up the 
whole flora w;is in his mind ; and the actual first introduction is 
told in our ' Proceedings,' 1883-86, p. 145. Newbould took 
the keenest interest in the progress of the "work ; and when, after 
eager waiting, the coach brought a copy to Comberton, where 
Newbould was then curate, he sat up all the night absorbed in 
its contents, as he once told the writer of these lines. 

The issue of the book had an important bearing on the study 
of our native plants. The influence of the Linnean botanists 
had been perpetuated through Smith's ' Flora Britannica,' 
' English Botany,' and the 'English Flora ;' Hooker's 'British 
Flora ' was for several editions arranged on that system ; and the 
fifth edition in 1842, although arranged in conformity to the 
natuial system, was not remodelled in the rearrangement. 
Babington's work was something quite fresh ; he had spent 
much labour in collating our plants with the Continental authors, 
and a new and fresh point of view was opened up. Eight 
editions were brought out, each receiving as much care as if it 
%\ ere a new venture, and making use of the successive foreign 
floras which could throw light on our own. In consequence, 
he came to be regarded as a spKtter, which he certainly seemed to 
be, when tested by the standard of Bentham's ' Handbook of the 
British Flora.' He maintained that much of the lumping dowTi 
in the latter book could not be sanctioned by those who were 
familiar with the living plants. Whatever view be taken about 
species or varieties, Babington's ' Manual ' remains to this hour 
unsurpassed in usefulness for the study of our Local Flora. 

The year after the issue of this ' Manual' witnessed the founda- 
tion of tlie Pay Society. Babington was on the Council, and 
took a share in its early publications, chiefly the ' Memorials of 
Pay ' and his ' Correspondence,' which owed much to Babington's 
labours. 

The result of special work on a very puzzling set of plants, 
the Brambles, appeared in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural 



32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

History ' in 1846, as a " Synopsis of British Eubi," a forerunner 
of the ' British Eubi,' which came out in 1869. To this thorny 
seb of plants Babington was partial to the end, and much of his 
scientific correspondence was about them. 

An excellent County flora was his next book, his ' Plora of 
Cambridgeshire,' which has stimulated historical research in 
plant-records. His friend Professor Henslow, Professor of 
Botany in Cambridge University, died in 1861, and Babington 
was immediately appointed his successor. In this congenial 
post the remainder of his life was spent, busy in the herbarium 
and in his letter-writing on botanical points, till about five years 
ago, when a severe illness seized him from which he never really 
recovered. He was a professor of the old school, believing 
chiefly in the knowledge of plants, and not in minuter study of 
selected types. During the last few years of his life, Mr. Francis 
Darwin was appointed 'Eeader in Botany,' with charge of 
the laboratories. He quietly breathed his last in his house at 
Brookside, Cambridge, on the day above mentioned. His her- 
barium was left to the University. 

His election into the Eoyal Society dated from 1851 ; he was 
an enthusiastic archaeologist ; and, combining both pursuits, he 
was sometimes confounded with his cousin, the B,ev. Churchill 
Babington, a member of his own College. 

The Society owes to Mrs. Babington the excellent and charac- 
teristic portrait which hangs in our Library ; it was taken some 
years siuce ; but it reminds those of us who knew the Professor 
in years gone by more pleasingly of the departed than a later one 
could do. 

Additional details of Professor Babington's career may be 
obtained by referring to the sympathetic sketch of the late 
botanist in the ' Journal of Botany ' for September 1895, written 
by Mr. James Britten. 

Professoe Hen^ei Eenest Baillon was born at Calais, 30th 
November, 1827, and was destined for the medical profession. 
Early in his Parisian career he became acquainted with some 
musical amateurs who met on Sundays to practice comjjositions 
for stringed instruments. He soon began to devote the greater 
part of his weekdays to practising his part for the Sunday concert, 
and when he returned home for the following vacation the account 
of himself which he gave his father was of his improvement 
musically. The disappointment shown by his parent on his pro- 
gress in an accomplishment which was not his aim in life, made a 
deep impression on young Baillon. On his return to Paris he 
locked up his violin in its case and threw the key from the 
Pont-neuf into the Seine, and the event was almost forgotten 
until many years afterwards, when the fiddle-case was brought 
out in the course of some household arrangements. 

The determination thus shown not to disappoint his father's 



{ 



LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 33 

wishes bore fruit rapidly. He prosecuted his medical work^ and 
obtained prizes in " I'ecole pratique" and in the hospitals. In 
1855 he received the double degree of Doctor of Medicine and of ' 
the Natural Sciences, issuing the same year for his doctorate 
theses ' De la fatiiille des Aurantiacees' and ' Recherches sur la 
famille des Euphorbiacees.' In 1858 he brought out his ' Etude 
generale du groupe des Euphorbiacees,' a model of admirable work 
of over 700 pages, with 27 plates of analyses of the flower and fruit ; 
completing his survey of the order in his next venture, ' Mono- 
graphie des Buxacees et des Stylocerees,' in the year following. 
But his energetic nature and love of work prompted him to find 
a wider channel for his studies ; in 1860 he began to publish 
'Adansonia,' a periodical which ran to eleven volumes, and ceased 
to appear in 1879. Even this did not satisfy him ; for in 18G7 
appeared the first volume of his ' Histoire des Plantes,' with 
designs by Eaguet. Undoubtedly this was his magnum opus, 
which was nearly finished when hisde:\th occurred, the Orehidese 
being the chief order still to be published in the fourteenth and 
last volume. 

Volumes 1 and 2 were translated into English, but no more. 
The arrangement was his own, and varied much from the Can- 
dollean sequence which has been generally followed in this country. 
The woodcuts were well chosen and well executed, the bibliography 
and citations were ample; but the author was prone to combine 
many genera which most botanists have agreed to keep separate : 
for instance, he combined Galium with Rubia. 

The accumulation of the woodblocks needed for this work 
prompted him to begin yet another publication, to " fill up his 
evenings " as he once told the writer. The issue of his great 
' Dictionnaire de Botanique ' was begun in September 1876, and it 
was intended to bring out a part every six weeks ; but after a few 
numbers the intervals increased in length, sometimes more than 
a year intervening between two successive parts, and the work 
seemed likely to collapse. In 1885, however, it took renewed 
energy, and was brought to a close in February 1892 : it must 
be owned that the later portion was treated in a briefer fashion 
than the early part. It forms four quarto volumes, the last being 
a thin one, even when the coloured plates are bound in with it. 

In 1874 the ' Societe Linneenne de Paris ' was founded, and 
Dr. Baillon became its first President, and so continued till 
his death ; most of its ' Bulletin ' was Ijis work, the little sheets 
of about 4 pages coming out at irregular intervals. 

Baillon's chief botanic disappointment was the refusal of the 
Acadenue des Sciences to elect him a Member, it is said on the 
instigation of Decaisne ; the iri'itation resulting from this led to 
Baillon's publishing seyen centuries of Decaisne's errors in syste- 
matic and descriptive botany, which embittered his relations 
with many of the French botanists. 

His chief professorial work was as Professor of Medical 
LIJVN. SOC. PIIOCEEDINGS. — SESSIOS" 1895-96. d 






34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Natural History to the Paculty of Paris, to whieli he was ap- 
pointed in 1864, followed soon after by uominatioti as Professor 
of Hygiene to the Central School of Arts and Manufactures. He 
received the decoration so greatly coveted by his countrymen on 
17th August, 1867, the Legion d'Honneur, and was promoted to 
Officer, 13th July, 1888. His latter days were saddened by family 
troubles which need not be here detailed. 

His death, which happened on 19th July, 1895, came as a 
thunderclap upon the scientific world, and was even given out 
as a case of suicide. His friend M. Adrien Pranchet, however, 
denies the truth of this in the most emphatic manner; he was 
with him earlier in the day, and Baillon was in admirable spirits, 
talking about his plans for the last volume of ' Histoire des 
Plantes ' and for his sou's establishment in life. About five in 
the afternoon he retired to take a bath, and, from M. Pranchet's 
account, it seems that a lamp which had been employed to heat 
the bath produced fumes which caused suff'ocation. 

Prof. Baillon's loss was deeply deplored in this country, where 
he was cordially esteemed both for his courtesy as well as his 
wide and deep knowledge of plants. He leaves no one in Prance 
who can boast of the like attainments. It was on 6th May, 1875, 
that he was elected a Poreign Member of our Society. 

De. Pobeet Browk, who died at Streatham on 20th October, 
1895, was born at Camj)ster in Caithness in 1842; and to dis- 
tinguish himself from the former President of this Society, 
added " Campst."to his name when describing plants, of which a 
few were first published by him. He studied at the University 
of Pdinburgh, where he took the degree of M.A., and then pro- 
ceeded in succession to Ltiden, Copenhagen, and Rostock, from 
the last receiving the degree of Phil. Dr. He went out to British 
Columbia, and was put in command of an exj)edition designed to 
open up Vancouver Island in 1864 ; after travelling much in 
British North America, he took part in a trip to the west coasc 
of Greenland in 1867, taking charge of the natural history 
collections. Of these he published an account in the ' Transac- 
tions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society' in 1868, which was 
afterwards reprinted in the 'Manual of the Grovernment Arctic 
Expedition ' in 1877. Having noticed the erosive action of ice on 
the Grreenland coast, he contributed several papers thereon to 
the Poyal Geographical Society soon after his return. He then 
spent some years in Edinburgh and Glasgow on literary and 
scientific work and lecturing, and in 1876 came to London, for 
the remainder of his career engaged in journalistic and serial 
work : some of this was published by Cassell & Co., including 
' The Peoples of the World,' six volumes, ' The Countries of the 
"World' in the same number, 'Science for All' in five, 'Our 
Earth and its Story ' in three, and ' The Story of Africa' m three 
volumes. These were mostly compilations or translations, but 



LIIfNEAlS" SOCIETY OE LO]S"UON-. 35 

he a]so produced a 'Manual of Botany' in 1874, and with Sir 
Lambert Playfair, in 1893, a ' Bibliography of Marocco,' the 
southern shores of the Mediterranean exercising a powerful 
fascination over him. For some years before his death he had 
contributed on an average three leaders weekly to the ' Standard ' 
newspaper, one of which was only just completed wlien sudden 
death surprised him, leaving a widow (a Danish lady) and several 
young cliildren, only partially provided for. 

He was elected into our Society on 16th January, 1873. 

A VERT constant but unassuming attendant at our meetings has 
passed away in the person of Thomas Hughes Buffham, who 
died at Walthamstow on 9th February, 1896, after a short illness. 
He was born on Christmas Eve, 2l!th December, 1840, at Long 
Sutton, Lincolnshire, and, after a private-school education, ho 
became a clerk at Earith, Huntingdonshire, and from an acquaint- 
ance there imbibed a taste for astronomy, concerning which he 
published sundry notes in various journals. 

About 1872 he came to London, entering the office of Messrs. 
"Warren <fe Co., New Broad Street, rising to be chief clerk, and 
finally the London agent of the house. After a few years he 
was compelled to give up astronomical observation, finding it too 
great a tax upon his health ; but about the same period he formed 
an acquaintance with a member of the Quekett Microscopical 
Club, who infected him with a love of the minute ; and Mr. 
Buffham soon became as devotedly attached to microscopical 
work as he had been to the use of the telescope. In 1881 he 
was spending his holiday at Teignmouth in Devonshire, and 
amongst the marine algae he there collected for examination was a 
specimen of Callithamnion tetrium with, antheridia; aud finding 
that very few species of the British Elorideoe had been described 
with those organs, he resolved to supply this gap so far as his 
powers extended. He collected assiduously, aud even acquired 
some Latin, French, aud German to help him in the literature of 
algology. He was elected an Associate of this Society 5th Feb- 
ruary, 1891, and put our library to good use for his work. He 
published only a few papers, which are recounted in the April 
number of the ' Journal of Botany ' by his friend Mr. Batters, 
from which notice the particulars above noted are mainly 
derived. 

Edward Johis" Chance, F.E-.C.S., died at his residence, 14 Eussell 
Square, London, on Feb. 25th, 1895, in his 88ch year. He was 
Senior Surgeon and Hon. Secretary to the City Orthopoedie 
Hospital, Hatton Grarden, having been formerly Consulting 
Surgeon to the Metropolitan Hospital, Kiugsland Koad. 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on December 
1st, 1835, and was also a Fellow of the Geological Society. 

d2 



36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Sttt^&eok-Majob George Edward DoBsoisr, M.A., M.B., M.Cli., 
r.'R.S., was born in County Longford, Ireland, on September 4th, 
1S48, and educated at the Royal School of Enniskillen and at 
Trinity College, Dublin. He entered the Army Medical Service 
in 1868. Early in his career he attracted attention by receiving 
the Gold Medal of the Dublin Pathological Society for an 
' Essay on the Diagnosis and Pathology of the Injuries and 
Diseases of the Shoulder-joint ; ' and his work entitled ' Medical 
Hints to Travellers,' published by the Royal G-eographieal Society, 
reached a sixth edition in 1889. 

He was the author of numerous well-known papers and En- 
cyclopfedia articles on Mammalian Anatomy and Classification, 
and will be best remembered for his work and monojxraphs on 
the Bats and Insectivora. While stationed in India in the 
seventies he concentrated his attention upon the first-named, and 
his 'Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,' published in 1S76 
by the Trustees of the Indian Museum, led up to his being com- 
missioned on his return to England to write the * Catalogue of 
the Chiroptera in the Collection of the British Museum,' which 
still remains the standard work upon the order. His ' Mono- 
graph of the Insectivora, Systematic and Anatomical,' commenced 
in 1882, remains unfinished : but, so far as completed, it is a 
standard work of reference in detailed anatomy. Eor some time 
he was in charge of the Museum at the Royal Victoria Hospital, 
Netley. 

He was Senior Moderator and first Gold Medallist in Expe- 
rimental and Natural Science, Classical Honourman and Stearnes 
Exhibitioner, and a Member of the Senate, of the Dublin Uni- 
versity. Also a Eellow of the Royal, Liunean, and Zoological 
Societies, and a Corresponding Member of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and of the Biological Society 
of Washington. 

During the last 7 or 8 years of his life a lengthy indisposition 
followed by a fatal illness necessitated the abandonment of all 
official and scientific work and complete retirement. He died 
on November 26th, 189.5. 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, April 16th, 
1874. 

George Stephens Gottgh, second Viscount Gough, was bora 
18th January, 1815, and died at his residence, Booterstown, 
CO. Dublin, on 2nd June, 1895, in his 81st year. He was the 
son of Eield-Marshal Hugh Gough, who brilliantly distinguished 
himself in the field in India and annexed the Punjab to the 
British Dominions. After graduating B.A. at Trinity College, 
Dublin, in 1836, and M.A. in 1840, he entered the Army; and 
after service in the Grenadier Guards, he went on active service, 
and served in China with much distinction. He was twice 
married, first in 1840 to Miss Sarah Elizabeth May Palliser, who 



LINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LO^^DOIf. 37 

died the same year ; and, second, to Miss Jane Arbutliuot, wlio 
died in 1892, by whom he leaves issue, his eldest sou, the 
Hon. Hugh Grougb, succeeding to the title. 

Viscount Gough was one of our senior Fellows, having been 
elected 3rd JN^ovember, 18-10. Latterly he led a quiet secluded 
life, was a V.P. of the Hoyal Dublin Society, and, so long as his 
health j)ermitted, took an active interest in its work. For some 
time past his health had declined, and he passed away as noted 
above. 

LiEUT.-CoLONEL Fkedeeick Hendeeson, who died on the 21th 
September, 1895, at the age of 51, was gazetted Ensign in 
the Army in 1857, and rose to the rank of Hon. Lieut.-Col. in 
1880, finally retiring in 1891 with the pension of Major from the 
107th Foot. During his career in India, especially as Military 
Secretary to the Commander-in-Cliief, he busied himself in col- 
lecting ferns, at first in the Nilghiris, aud afterwards at Simla. 
In his herbarium he had collections from numerous botanic 
friends, and had bought largely ; he always intended to work up 
his collections at Kew, but various circumstances hindered his 
doing so. 

Bet. William Hocghtok, M.A., for many years Eector of 
Preston, near Wellington, Salop, was an enthusiastic and ambi- 
tious student of nature, author of a number of short papers on 
miscellaneous natural history subjects, showing a preference for 
the Pol} zoa, lusecta, Pisces, and the Molluscan larvae. He was 
author of a popular book entitled ' Sea-side AValks of a Natu- 
ralist ; ' and late in life, in the production of a large work on 
'British Freshwater Fishes,' he essayed a task which the pages 
of the compilation show to have been beyond his power. Early 
in his career as an author he manifested a leaning towards the 
study of British archisology and antiquities, in the publication 
in the ' Intellectual Observer ' for 1862 of a pamphlet upon '" The 
Unicorn of the Ancients," and in the ' Annals and Magazine of 
JNatural History' for 1869 of another upon "The Eabbit as 
known to the Ancients.' Larger works of this category were 
his ' Grleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients ' (1880), 
and his ' Birds of the Assyrian Monuments ' (1881). 

In 1883 he was a competitor fur two of the Essay Prizes 
offered under the auspices of the International Fisheries Exhi- 
bition, held at South Jvensington. 113 essays upon 25 subjects 
were in all presented, and Houghton received hon. mention 
in competition for the first prize of £100 (offered by Sir H. 
Peek, Bart., M.P., and awarded to the late Dr. Francis Day) for 
an essay upon ' The Natural History of Commercial Sea-Fishes 
of Great Britain and Ireland, with especial reference to such 
parts of their natural history as bear upon their production and 
commercial use ; ' and also hon. mention for a prize oi £23 



3S PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

(offered by fhe Liverpool Fish-Trade Association, but not 
awarded) for an essay, ' On the Natural History and Cultivation 
of the Sole.' 

He died at Tenby, 3rd September, 1895, aged 67; he was 
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 20th January, 1859. 

The Eight Hok. Thomas Henet Htjxlet was born at Ealing, 
Middlesex, on Mav 4th, 1825. His father was a master in a 
]iublic school at Ealing. His early education was principally 
obtained at home ; and for his training he was largely dependent 
upon his own zeal and industry. 

On leaving school he de>'ired to become a mechanical engineer, 
and the love of the mechanical and constructive thus early evi- 
dent declared itself in his scientific work, in his preference for 
morphology and physiology. 

In 1842 he entered the Charing Cross Hospital as a medical 
student, and came under the influence o£ Wharton Jones. While 
still a student he published a paper on the root-sheath of the 
liair ; and in his subsequent career as a working naturalist he 
published close upon 150 monographs and papers, which deal in 
a masterly and most luminous manner with nearly all the great 
groups of animals and with certain plants, one of the most note- 
worthy being that published in the ' Proceedings ' of this Society 
for 1849, in which be first sketched out the comparison between 
the ectoderm and endoderm of the Coelenterata and the two 
primary germ-layers of the Yertebrata. 

In 1S46 Huxley entered the Navy, and, after a short service in 
Kelson's famous ship the ' Victory,' he became Assistant Surgeon 
on boardH.M.S. 'Eattlesnake,' commissioned for a voyage of survey 
in the Southern seas. After the inner route between the Barrier 
Eeef and the coast of Australia and New Gruinea had been ex- 
plored, the ship was set for a voyage of circumnavigation; and 
Huxley, sending home important zoological monographs during 
the voyage, found himself famous and welcomed as an authority 
among zoologists on his return to England. His 'Anatomy and 
Affinities of the Families of the Medusa ' and his monograph upon 
the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca rank foremost among 
his technical writings which date directly from this memorable 
voyage. 

In 1853 Huxley retired from the Navy and succeeded Edward 
Forbes as Professor of Natural History in the Eoyal School of 
Mines, London, and, as Hon. Dean and Professor of Biology in 
the Eoyal College of Science, he held the office until the day of 
his death. As a teacher and lecturer he was facile princeps, 
the deliberation of his utterances betokening a unique power of 
thought and expression. In connection with his work as a 
biologist, there appeared in succession bis ' Introduction to the 
Classification of Animals,' one of the most masterly elementary 
treatises on Zoology ever written; and the associated 'Lectures 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LOIfDON". 39 

on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,' so intimately related 
to his Croonian Lecture, in which he dealt the death-blow to 
the vertebral theory of the skull as formulated by Oken and 
Owen ; his 'Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,' still a standard 
work of reference ; and his 'Anatomy of Invertebrate Animals,' 
the introductory chapters in which are models of philosophic 
penmanship and scholarly research. 

Apart from his advanced writings, Huxley produced others of 
a more general and elementary character ; and of these his ' Ele- 
mentary Physiology ' and ' Physiography, an Introduction to the 
Study of Nature,' have probably done more for elementary 
scientific education than any other works of their class; his ' Cray- 
fish, an Introduction to the Study of Zoology,' has furnished 
the world with an ideal Biological treatise ; his ' Elementary 
Biology' is the prototype of the numerous laboratory treatises 
of the didactic order ; while his ' Man's Place in Nature,' perhaps 
his finest work on a single scientific subject, is a classic which it 
would seem impossible to better. 

Huxley's association with the work of Darwin and the estab- 
lishment of the truth of the docti-ine ot" Evolution is now historical. 
Of bis philosophic and polemical essays, this is not the place to 
treat. In him the world loses the man who, with Darwin and 
Spenser, revolutionized thought, by direct application of principles 
deduced from the study of organic nature ; and the man to whom 
is due, more than to all others, the placing of the study of Science 
on a level with that of the Humanities, of History, and Philosophy, 
and the establishment of rational methods in the teaching of 
Biology. 

Our late Fellow was a man of exceptional breadth of culture and 
of profound sympathy with his fellows. Much of his life's work 
was concentrated upon the " gemeine Leute," with the avowed 
intention of doing w hat lay within his power to ameliorate their 
condition, and to rescue from their ranks those by nature qualified 
for higher walks of life ; and there is reason to believe that in 
this he was largely acting under impressions received in the early 
portion of his career, while as yet a medical practitioner among 
the poor of London. He graduated M.B. of Loudon in 1815. He 
was a Fellow and a President of the E-oyal and Geoiotjical 
Societies, and a President of the British Association. As j^resi- 
dent of the Ethnological Society, he was the real founder of the 
Anthropological Institute. When President of the Greological 
Society, he worked out a theory of the Zoic Period of the Earth's 
History which, as to years, was in marked contrast to that of his 
distinguished contemporary. Lord Kelvin (then Sir W. Thomson) , 
and it is interesting to note that, during the last years of Huxley's 
life, the work of Perry led up to the conclusion that on the 
physical basis the age of the planet has been underestimated, and 
that the greater time demanded by palaeontologista may well have 
elapsed. 



40 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE 

Huxley was also a Pellow of the Zoological Society and a 
Member of several other scientific Societies. He was a Foreign 
and Corresponding Member of several Foreign Academies and 
Societies ; and distinctions were bestowed upon him by English 
and Foreign Uuiversities. He served on Eoyal Commissions of 
Inquiry into the Advancement of Science, Vivisection, Contagious 
Diseases, and Fisheries, and held office as H.M. Inspector of 
Salmon Fisheries. 

For two years he was a leading Member of the School Board 
for London ; and a short time before his death he was sworn a 
Member of H.M. Privy Council. 

He died at Eastbourne, Sussex, on June 29th, 1895, in his 71st 
year, after a complicated attack of ' influenza' — manly, patient, 
loving to the end, truly " a permanent glory of the English race." 

His election as a Fellow of the Linnean Society dated from 
16th December, 1858 ; and in 1890 he was awarded the Society's 
Gold Medal. 

WiNSLOw Jokes was born in 1815 ; educated for a solicitor, 
he practised at first alone, and afterwards in partnership in his 
native town of Exeter. His special taste lay in the direction of 
rare and fine trees ; and in order to gratify it he visited Lebanon, 
the Tosemite Valley, and other distant localities. 

On his retirement into private life, some twenty years ago, he 
devoted himself entirely to his favourite pursuits, with especial 
regard to genealogy, devoting much time to the study of the 
history of the families and worthies of Exeter and S. Devon. 

He wrote a few papers in the ' Transactions of the Devon Asso- 
ciation,' and contributed notes of interest to an Exeter journal, 
and did good service by assisting others in the preparation of 
books and reports demanding a special knowledge of the history 
of the West of England. 

He died on July 30th, in his 81st year. 

He was elected a Fellow of the Society, November 20th, 1879. 

Maemadtjke AiEXAis'DEE, Lawsok, M.A., Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge (1864), was born on 20th January, 1840, at Seaton Carew, 
Durham. In 1868 he was appointed Sherardian Professor of 
Botany, and Sibthorpian Professor of Eural Economy, at Oxford, 
which he held till 1882, when he accepted the post of Director of the 
Botanical Department, Ootacamund. In the year of his appoint- 
ment to Oxford he spent some time in Skye, and published an 
account of the plants he found there in the ' Journal of Botany' 
for the following year, when also he was elected Fellow of this 
Society. He worked up Combretaceae and Myrtaceae for the 
second volume of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' and the 
Celastrinese, Hhamneae, and Ampelidese for the first volume of 
Sir Joseph Hooker's ' Flora of British India.' In the year of his 
relinquishing the Oxford appointments, 1882, he delivered an 
address on the Progress of Systematic Botany to the Section of 



LINNEAN" SOCIETY 01" LONDON". 4^ 

Zoology and Botany, of which he was President, at the South- 
ampton Meeting of the British Association. Since his taking up 
his duties in connection with the Ciaehona plantations in Southern 
India, he seems to have published nothing in botany. He died 
at Madras on 14th February, 1896, rather suddenly. The writer 
of these lines has a grateful recollection of Prof. Lawson's kind 
offices when, in ISZi, he was inquiring about the MS. 'Pinas' 
Avhich William Sherard left to be finished by Dillenius — a work 
which, on collation, was found to be complete, and not frag- 
mentary as report asserted. 

SvEN LiJDWiG LovEN, bom at Stockholm, January 6th, 1809, 
was educated in a private school and at the Universities of 
Upsala and Lund, and he afterwards studied under Ehrenberg 
in Berlin. 

His earliest work of note was a treatise on the G-eographical 
Distribution of Birds ; and after the publication of that he was 
recalled to Lund, while only 2 L years of age, as Docent in Zoology. 
During the 11 years which he spent at Lund, he carried out a 
series of researches into the Marine Fauna of the "West Coast of 
Sweden, and developed the passion for marine zoology which 
dominated his actions in after-life, and found its full and early 
expression in the founding of the Marine Station at Kristienberg, 
which is in reality the oldest in the world, and in the publication 
of his classical memoirs on Campanularia and ^yncoryne aud 
Evadne. 

Loven early displayed a versatility of character which proved 
afterwards to be indicative of great power. As a traveller he, in 
1837, inaugurated the long succession of Swedish Arctic Expe- 
ditions, in a memorable expedition to Spitzbergen, in which be 
discovered the Carboniferous and established the existence of 
Jurassic deposits in the island ; while, as a zoologist, observing 
closely the structure and habits of animals, he laid the founda- 
tion for Steenstrup's famous work upon the Alternation of 
G-enerations. 

As a zoologist, he largely devoted his early years to the 
Mollusca, and his later to the Echinodermata ; and these two 
classes of animals may be said to have monopolized his attention. 
In dealing with the Mollusca he was really the first to describe 
and utilize for purposes of classification the Odontophore ; and 
the long series of monographs which he wrote upon the group 
and their all-round treatment betoken a high mental power and 
devotion to the subject. His work on the Echinodermata is 
unique. The memoirs entitled ' Etudes sur les Echinoidees ' 
(1875), 'Pourtalesia, a Genus of Echinoidea' (1883), with his 
' Echinologica ' (1882), and bis work 'On the Species of Echi- 
noidea described by Linnaeus' (1887), as masterly studies in 
Echinoderm morphology rank with those of Johannes Miiller on 
the development of the group. JVot only do we meet with that 
painstaking thoroughness of investigation which characterizes 



42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

the work of so many Scandinavian zoologists, but with a remark- 
able breadth of knowledge and power of generalization ; and the 
latter, in leading him to institute comparisons between the aboral 
plates of the Regular Echinoidea and certain other Echino- 
dermata and the ealycinal plates of the Crinoidea, has given to the 
study of this perplexing class the greatest stimulus of recent years, 

Loven combined the qualities of an investigator of foremost 
rank with those of a curator and administrator. In 1841 he was 
elected Keeper of the Department of Invertebrates of the 
Swedish State Museum ; and during the 51 years of his term of 
office he brought together a collection which in intrinsic and 
educational value, in artistic arrangement and ingenuity of 
display, ranks foremost among its class and high in the achieve- 
ments of museum experts. In the cause and progressive develop- 
ment of scientific and general education Loven took a leading part, 
as a member of the Stockholm University and of the Governing 
Body of the Grrammar School. 

As a Lecturer on Zoology and Greology, he is said to have been 
unsurpassed in bis own country. As a Member of the Swedish 
Academy, he in 1844 instituted the ' Ofversigt,' to the pages of 
which he was himself a frequent contributor. His name will be 
a landmark in the progress of science and scientific education. 
He was always ready to impart to others his immense knowledge, 
and to put to the best use the rich material at his command, 
and in his steadfastness of purpose and nobility of character 
his memory will be handed down to future generations as 
that of a man who did honour to the great calling which he 
followed. A Biologist in the broadest sense, to whom palaeontology 
was a branch of morphology, he died full of years and honours, 
beloved by all who knew him, on September 3rd, 1895, from the 
eflects of pulmonary disease following an attack of ' influenza ; ' 
and there remains in the Swedish State Museum, as a final testi- 
mony to his untiriug devotion, a collection of plates for an intended 
monograph of the Cystidea. 

He was in 1872 chosen a Corresponding Member of the Erench 
Institute, and he in 1893 received the Prussian order ' Pour la 
Merite.' He was a Eoreign Member of the Eoyal Society of 
London, of the Berlin and Vienna Academies of Science, and of 
the Zoological and Geological Societies of London. 

He was elected a Eoreign Member of the Linnean Society, 
5th May, 1859. 

De- Paul Howaed Macgilliyeat, M.A., was born in 1834, and 

received his education in the Marischal College of the University 
of Aberdeen, in which his father, whose ' History of British Birds ' 
still remains an invaluable book of reference, was Professor of 
^Natural History. 

"While still a student and under twenty years of age, Mac- 
gillivray published a local Scottish Elora, entitled 'A Catalogue 
of the Elowering Plants and Earns growing in the Neighbourhood 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOS'. 43 

of Aberdeen,' aided, it is believed, by his father, who had au 
extensive iiuowledge of the botany of the district. 

The death of the father forced upon the son, at the time a 
student, the necessity for earning his livelihood ; and he accord- 
ingly forsook his desire to devote himself to science, and early 
emigrated to Victoria. He at first practised in Williamstown. la 
1857 he was appointed Surgeon to the Bendigo Hospital, in which 
place he died of erysipelas on July 9th, 1895, in his 62nd year. 

As a surgeon and physician he earned a considerable reputation 
and popularity ; but in his later life his devotion to Zoology 
reasserted itself, with especial reference to the study of the 
Polyzoa, on which he commenced to publish in 1859. Of these 
he described many new forms, both recent and fossil, and in so 
doing contributed largely to McCoy's ' Prodromus of the Zoology 
of Victoria.' At the time of death he left well nigh completed 
an extensive monograph on the ' Polyzoa of Victoria,' to be pub- 
lished by the Royal Society of that Colony. He inherited his 
father's capacity for writing ahead of his time. He was an ener- 
getic member of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, and 
took special interest in the Bendigo Science Society, the Bendigo 
School of Mines, and other institutions, as well as in general 
educational and scientific progress at the Antipodes. 

He graduated M.A. of Aberdeen in 1854, and was in 1889 
presented with the Honorary LL.D. of that University in recog- 
nition of his merits. 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 2nd December, 
1880. 

Alexander Macmillan was born at Irvine in Scotland in 1819, 
and, after engaging in teaching, joined his elder brother Daniel 
as booksellers and publishers in Cambridge. Daniel had been 
in the house of the Seeleys, then in Fleet Street, and brought 
exceptional qualifiGations for the up-hill work of establishing a 
publishers' shop in a University town. This was upon the nucleus 
of Newby's bookshop in Trinity Street ; and they were much 
helped by a loan of £500 from the Hares (Julius, Augustus, and 
Francis), with whom Daniel had become acquainted in 1840, and 
soon gained footing with some of the leading literary men in the 
University. At this time the leading bookshop was carried on 
by Messrs. Deighton, Bell, & Co. The partner Bell was in the 
London branch ; Deighton was an elderly man of recognized 
position, but without enterprise. 

In 1857, only a few years after the young men had started 
business, the elder died, leaving a young family. The whole 
weight of the business now fell to Alexander Macmillan ; and by 
this time it had become so well established that it only needed the 
good business capacity of the younger partner to develop it. He 
worked desperately hard, and opened a branch in Bedford Street, 
Strand, which soon became the head oflace. 

Macmillaus were appointed publishers to Cambridge University 



44 PROCEEDINGS OP THE 

on tlie breaking up of Deighton, Bell, & Co. In 1863 they 
received the similar appointment at Oxford. Kivingtons were 
so much annoyed at this 'intrusion,' that they carried the war 
into the enemy's country by opening a shop at Cambridge. 

The overwork of his early years told on Macmillan's health ; and 
though he was able subsequently to assign much of the business 
routine to others, he probably never quite recovered from the 
effects of it. He was a popular guest at many of the Cambridge 
colleges ; and being an enthusiastic Scotch metaphysician, used, 
in the period 1855-65, to reproach the Pellows with their devotion 
to classics and mathematics, instead of his own special delight. 
' Macmillan's Magazine ' was started in 1859, and ' Nature ' in 
1869. One admirable bibliographic item must not be forgotten, 
that on the back of their titlepages the present custom of the firm 
is to give full particulars of the issues of the book in question. A 
complete Catalogue of the publications of the house was issued in 
1891, and forms an imposing testimony to the enterprise of the firm. 

Mr. Macmillan died after a few days' illness on 25th Jauuar}'', 
1896, aged 77. He was elected into the Linnean Society, 18th 
January, 1875. 

Dn. Jean Mitellee, known to the botanical world as " Muell. 
Arg.," was born 9tli May, 1828, at Teuf enthal, in Canton Aargau, 
whence he drew his distinctive name. His parents were simple 
country-folk ; and his early years were spent in a struggle for 
existence and education. When 14 years of age he entered the 
secondary school of Eeinach from the elementary one of his own 
village. Three years later, in 1846, he went to the Gymnasium, 
and thence to the industrial school of Aarau. During the 
last two years he was at Aarau he took up the study of Botauy. 
Intending to become a school-teacher, in 1853 he went to Geneva, 
especially working at mathematics ; but in the year following, 
the post of curator in DeCandoUe's herbarium being vacant, it was 
offered to Mueller, and eagerly accepted. 

In the spring of 1851 he went with Duby to the South of 
France, and in the same year with Boissier to the Tyrol ; in 1852 
to the plains of Northern Italy. These were practically the whole 
of his botanical travels ; for he found his hands full in his daily 
duties, arranging and studying the herbarium under his care. 

His first important work was his admirable ' Monographie de 
la famille des Hesedacees,' which, was awarded the quinquennial 
prize, founded by the elder DeCandolle. The University of 
Ziirich conferred the degree of Ph.D. for this production. 

His nest occupation was with the Apocynacese, of wbich he pub- 
lished a preliminary survey in 1860 in ' Linnaea,' followed by the 
working up of the Brazilian species in Martius's 'Flora Brasili- 
ensis,' vol. vi. pars 1, in the same year. Three years later he gave, 
also in ' Linnsea,' the draft of bis monograph of the Euphorbiacese, 
which forms the bulkiest volume in the whole of the DeCandolles' 
' Prodromus.' 



LINNEA-N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45 

The whole of the Euphorbiaceae in DC. ' Prodrotnus ' were 
worked up by him, exclusive of the typical genus, which was elabo- 
rated by Boissier. By this effort his name stands next to the two 
DeCandolles, with 1144 pages, or 11 more than those contributed 
by Mr. Bentham. The peculiar usage of authorities in this 
volume was strongly censured at the time, and has never been 
followed by any author of note; it may briefly be described as 
ascribing the species to that author whose circumscription of it 
agrees with the views held by the monographer: frequently 
Linnean species are claimed as of "Muell. Arg." because the ori- 
ginal species has been dismembered, and the fragment left was not 
considered as validly representing the Linnean idea. Naturally 
every new species in an old genus may modify the first descrip- 
tion of it ; but new light cannot be held to blot out the fiict that 
the elder authors had established their genera and species on 
data sufficient for their time. 

To his pen are also due the enumeration of the Brazilian 
Euphorbiaceae and part of the E-ubiacese : the latter in 1881, and 
marking the last phanerogamic publication he wrote. Eor more 
than forty years before his death he had interested himself in 
cryptogamic plants, and these gradually came to claim his atten- 
tion to the relinquishment of other branches. Concentrating 
his attention mainly on Lichens, he published more than a hundred 
memoirs on them ; one series running for seventeen years under 
the title of " Lichenologisehe Beitrage " in ' Flora.' Each para- 
graph being numbered, he was accustomed to refer to it simply 
as " L. B. n. 1006," and so on ; causing much annoyance and 
trouble to those who come after him. In the papers which he 
communicated, through Fellows of the Linnean Society, to our 
publications, this pLm of citation was invariably adopted ; but 
the full citation direct to the volume and page was supplied by 
the Oificers of the Society before the papers were issued. 

Dr. Mueller married in 1858 ; and in 1879 had the great grief 
of losing his only son, a promising youth of 19. 

On 3rd May, 1891, he was elected one of our Foreio'n 
Members ; after a short illness he died, 20th January, 1896, 
aged 68. 

His phanerogamic herbarium has long been in Ziirich, whilst 
his lichen-herbarium and MSS. were acquired about a dozen years 
ago by M. Barbey, on condition that Mueller should have full 
use of them during his life. A careful bibliography of the works 
published by Dr. Mueller will be found in the ' Bulletin de 
I'Rerbier Boissier,' iv. (1896) pp. 127-133, i)receded by a sympa- 
thetic notice from the pen of M. John Briquet. 

Henry Seebohm was born at Bradford in Yorkshire in 1832, and 
edticated at the Quakers' School in York. His early life was 
spent in various business occupations ; and he finally settled 
down as a member of a leading firm of Pot-Steel Manufacturers 



46 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

whose works are at Eotherhara. In this capacity he amassed a 
considerable fortune, of which he gave generously and for the 
love of science to his chosen department, Ornithology. 

His love of Birds and Bird-life dates from his earliest days ; and 
as his business pursuits became less engrossing, he devoted his 
time and energies with a genuine enthusiasm to study in the 
field, with special attention to Geographical Distribution. In 1875, 
in company with Mr. J. Harvie Brown, he made an excursion 
into the Valley of the Lower Petchora in JNorth-East Russia, the 
results of wbich, reported in ' The Ibis ' for 1876, formed the 
subject-matter of his 'Siberia in Europe' (1880). In 1877 he 
undertook the still more enterprising task of a journey into the 
Valley of the Tenesay, with the result that he in 1882 published 
a volume entitled ' Siberia in Asia.' The two volumes will rank 
among the leading treatises on Systematic Ornithology. In the 
same year (1882) Seebohm published the first volume of his 
' History of British Birds and their Eggs,' the fourth and con- 
cluding volume of which appeared three years later. Turning 
his attention next to Wading Birds and their allies, he pub- 
lished in 1888 a beautiful monograph on the Limicolae, entitled 
' The Greographical Distribution of Plovers, Sandpipers, and 
Snipes.' In addition to those elaborate volumes, he compiled 
for the Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History the 
Eifth volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds,' which deals fur the 
most part with the Thrushes ; and he left unfinished a monograph, 
on this group, in which it was intended to publish a coloured illus- 
tration of every species. 

Seebohm's leading works deal not only with the taxonomy of 
Ornithology, but also with Greographical Distribution. In this 
department he achieved much that will rank high in the history of 
the science ; and two treatises, which he published late in life, 
on the ' Classification of Birds ' are noteworthy for the utiliza- 
tion of skeletal characters, in which he acted largely under the 
advice of the late Kitchen Parker, chief among Avian Osteologists. 
His work was truly scientific ; popular recognition he neither 
sought nor received : devotion to and concentration upon one early 
selected line of research marked his actions ; aud in this his 
achievements may be really termed great. 

Seebohm was of a nervous temperament and of a highly sym- 
pathetic aud generous disposition. He presented to our National 
Museum a vast collection of birds, many of which were obtained 
at great expense and not a little risk to his collectors. He also 
gave to the Nation an unrivalled collection of birds' eggs, which 
was arranged under his personal supervision. 

He was a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and a Eellow and 
afterwards a Secretary of the Royal Greographical Society ; and 
he was a Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, and of the 
Anthropological Institute. Upon the work of all he has left his 
mark. He took an interest iu the doings of the British Asso- 



LTNIfEAlS'^ SOCIETY OF LOJfDOJf. 47 

ciation for the Advancement of Science ; and whenever honest 
work in Ornithology was being performed, Seebohm, frank and 
sincere, desirous of ariving only at the truth, was generally at 
hand. 

He died on Norember 26th, 1S95, in his 6ith year, after a 
severe attack of influenza.' 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, ISth December, 
1879, and on several occasions did good work as a Councillor. 

David Sullivan was born about the year 1836, and for twenty 
vears before his death, which occurred on 2ud June, 1895, at 
Moyston, Victoria, was head teacher of the State School at that 
place. He was an enthusiastic botanist, and communicated very 
many new phints to Sir Perdinaud von Mueller, several of which 
were named after him. The only publication by him extant is 
' The Census of the Grrampians Plants.' 

His health declining, he retired from his official duties ; but 
very soon after he died, leaving a widow and several chiUlreu, his 
eldest son being head teacher of Jallukar State School. His con- 
nection with this Society dated from 21st February, 1831. 

John Elloe Tatlob, born in Levenshulme, Manchester, 21st 
September, 1835, was employed in early life at the Kiilway 
AVorks, Crewe, and devoted his leisure to the study of Geology, 
with especial reference to that of the neighbourhood in which he 
lived. The results of his labours were largely incorporated in 
his ' G-eological Essays ' published in 1861<. 

While in the Korth he became a coutributor to a Manchester 
paper, aud cultivated a desire for journalism w"ilh some success. 
In 1862 he settled at Norwich as Editor ot the ' Norwich 
Mercury.' In that capacity, by the publication of observations 
in the ' G-eologioal Magazine ' aud elsewhere, and as a popular 
writer and lecturer, he did much to encourage the study of tae 
Geology of the Eastern Counties, and towards popularizing the 
principles of Botanical aud Geological Science. 

As a zoologist, he did useful work in first directing attention 
to the difierences in the MoUusca preserved in the two shell-beds 
of the Norwich Crag at Bramertou. 

In coujunctiou with the late John Gunn, he established the 
Norwich Geological Society, now incorporated with the Norfolk 
Naturalists' Society. He was for many years Editor of ' Science 
Gossip.' 

In 1872 he was appointed Curator of the Ipswich Museum, 
from which office he retii-ed through ill-health in 1891<, a short 
time prior to his decease, which took place at Ipswich on 28ch 
September, 1895, in his 61st year. 

He was a Fellow of the Geological Society, and was elected a 
Fellow of the Linnean Society, 5th June, 1873. 



48 PROCEEDEN"GS OF THE 

Captain Chakles Ttlee was born in London in August 1826, 
and educated at University College. He early became an enthu- 
siastic collector of fossils, and developed a passion for microscopy. 
His greatest service to science was that of assisting Bowerbank 
in the investigation of Exotic sponges, during the preparation of 
the latter's 'Monograph of the British Spongiadse.' 

He was many years on the Council of the Palseontographical 
and Eay Societies ; and he served repeated terms of office as 
Almoner to the St. Thomas's Hospital. For nearly forty years 
he made the Orphan Working School at Haverstock Hill a chief 
object of personal devotion. He was for some time a Member 
of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. He died on 
2nd November, 1895, in his 70th year, after a lengthy period 
of failing health. 

He was a Fellow of the Zoological and Greological Societies ; 
and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean on 6th February, 1862. 

JoHT^ Bracebbidge "WiLsoif, M.A., died on December 22nd, 
1895, at Geelong, Australia, where for oA'er twenty years he had 
been Head Master of the Church of England Grrammar School. 
He was an exceedingly amiable, good-natured man, very popular 
among a wide circle of friends. 

He will best be remembered among biologists as an enthu- 
siastic and untiring collector in the vicinity of the Port Phillip 
Heads. Not only were his holidays for many years devoted to 
dredging in this locality, but his yacht and its crew were at all 
times at the disposal of investigators, neither expense nor trouble 
being spared to gratify their desires. 

His chief collections were of Sponges and Algae. Agardh and 
von Mueller have worked at the latter, and Carter and Dendy at 
the former; and some idea of the immensity of his sponge col- 
lection may be arrived at from the fact that Prof. Dendy, having 
from its study obtained and published results among the most 
important and revolutionary in the recent literature of the group, 
took with him from Melbourne to Christchurch, N.Z., more than 
1000 large jarfuls awaiting investigation. 

Mr. AV ilson has iurnished naturalists not only at the Antipodes, 
but at home and on the Continent also, with material for the 
description of new and important forms in most of the great 
groups of Invertebrata. He was a prince of collectors, who 
worked indefatigably for the love of science ; and at the time of 
his decease steps were being taken to secure him the popular 
recognition he so fully deserved. 

He was for many years a Member of the Victoria Field- 
Katurali^ts' Club, and took an active interest in the Greelong 
Field-Naturalists' Club. 

In his will he authorized the despatch of his scientific books, 
instruments, and specimens, to London for sale ; and directed that 
an anatomical examination of his body should be made as soon as 
possible after death, and reported upon to his executors. He 



LINNEATSr SOCIETY OP LOXDO^f. 49 

further directed tliat his body should be cremated ; but that, if 
cremation were impossible, burial should take place " with 
plainness and privacy .... at a cost not exceeding £10." 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linneau Society on 6th xipril, 

1882. 

!SiE Samuel Wilson", Kut., was a man greatly interested in 
science, and one of the pioneers in the scientific advancement of 
Australasia, he having presented the sum of £30,000 to the 
Melbourne University in the year 1875. 

He was in 1878 elected a Life Member of the Royal Society of 
Victoria. He was Vice-President of the Melbourne International 
Exhibition of 1880, and a Royal Commissioner for the fisheries 
Exbibition. 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 4th 
December, 1879, and died 11th June, 1895, aged 63. 

June 18th, 1896. 

Dr. Gdnthee, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of tbe Anniversary Meeting, 4th June, were read 
and confirmed. 

Dr. Robert Barnes was elected a Fellow, and Messrs. Frederick 
Chapman and Charles Henry Wright Associates of the Society. 

Mr. George Murray exhibited a series of lantern-slides illus- 
trating new forms of reproduction in pelagic Diatoms, the result 
of observations made by bim while on a cruise round the coasts 
of Scotland in March and April last, on behalf of the Fishery 
Board for Scotland. The first slide was a reproduction of a figure 
by Prof. Cleve oi Siddulphia aurita, showing a jonng Bidduljjhia 
■within the mother-cell. A similar state of things was known in 
other diatiims (e. g. Biddulpliia leevis and Navicula scotica, as 
Mr. Comber informed him), where new valves are formed within 
old ones in nests of two or three. The second slide was of Bid- 
dulphia moMliensis, as observed by himself and not only showed 
a young Biddulpliia w'ithout spines or external markings within 
an old one, but a still earlier stage exhibiting the contraction and 
rounding oft' of the cell-contents uf the mother-cell. On the 
same slide a rounding ofi' was seen in the cell-coutents oiDitylum 
Brightivellii. Other slides showed a valve of Coscijiodiscus 
concinnus with a new diatom within it, and, what carried matters 
a stage farther, a valve with a pair of new diatoms ; the same 
species with cell-contents divided into eight and into sixteen 
rounded-ofi" portions ; and free packets of eight and of sixteen 
young diatoms held together by a fine membrane, as they had 
doubtless escaped from a parent cell. Mr. Murray had observed 
numerous states which might or might not be intermediate 

U'S'S. SOC. PEOCEEDIKGS. — SESSION 1895-96. e 



5° 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE 



between the two last states, but there was not sufficient certainty 
as to the order of these staj^es to justify his putting them on 
record at present. He believed that in this free-packet stage 
the walls, though finely sculptured, were not or only imperfectly 
silicified and capable of expansion and growth. His belief was 
grounded on the observation that all such early stages disappeared 
on "cleaning" with nitric acid; but he pointed out that there 
could be no certainty on this point unless after direct observation 
of individual cases — a matter involving difficulties of manipulation 
he had not yet overcome. Finally, there were shown two dia- 
grammatic figures of the same filament of Chcetoceras decipiens as 
observed in successive stages of contraction of the cell-contents, 
their rounding-off, and the production by free cell-formation of 
eight spore-like bodies. 

In the case of Biddulphia and Ditylum and in the first case of 
Co scino discus, where one new diatom was produced, it appeared 
to be merely a case of so-called rejuvenescence of the parent cell. 
In the case of Coscinodiscus, where preliminary divisions of the 
contents into eight and sixteen took place, it appeared to be 

reproduction by the free cell- ^ 

formation of new diatoms, in ^■ 
their early stages capable of 
growth. In the case of Chcs- 
toceras the state of things 
resembled Coscinodiscus, but 
difiered from it since merely 
spore-like bodies were formed 
so far as had been observed. 

In all cases, whether one 
new diatom or two, or eight 
or sixteen were formed within 
the parent, the result was a 
reproductive process of a kind 
not yet recorded in Diatoms 
except in the single case of 
the occurrence of a young 
Siddulphia aurita wathin the 
parent as observed by Prof. 
Cleve, and of the instances 
cited by Mr. Comber. 

Mr. M. ¥. Woodward exhi- 
bited three specimens of the 
African Mud-fish {Protopte- 
rus annectens) killed in the 
torpid state within their mud- 
burrows, which were presented to the E-oyal College of Science, 
London, by Dr. H. O. Forbes, Director of the Liverpool Free 
Public Museums. He especially drew attention to one of 




LINNEAN SOCIETr OF LONDON. 5 I 

the specimens, in which the tail was found to project into the 
neck of the burrow above the lid of the capsule, having been, as 
it were, left outside or incompletely withdrawn during encap- 
sulation (see figure). As the tail was not exposed but closely 
invested on all sides by a layer of dense capsulogenous material, 
continuous with the lid, the specimen is of especial interest, as 
stowing that the whole surface of the body may be concerned in 
the secretion of the capsule. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited specimens of Caccahis saxatilis 
and C. chuJcor, with a map, to illustrate the geographical range 
of these two Partridges in S. -Eastern Europe. The Indian 
chiihor had been found to extend through Asia Minor to tbe 
Greek islands of Lemnos and Imbros, while of the Western 
saxatilis he had procured specimens from Patras, Mt. Hortiach, 
Avret-Hissar, and Salonika. This carried the extension of the 
latter species much farther eastward than had been indicated by 
Mr. Dresser, who (in his ' Birds of Europe ') bad restricted it to 
the western side of the Adriatic, and had made no mention of its 
occurrence in Greece, while tbe occurrence of C. chukor in the 
Greek Islands had not been previously noted. 

The Eev. G. Henslow exhibited specimens to illustrate the 
Germination of jRanuncidusjluitaits (Maltese var.). He remarked 
that the peculiarity in the germination of this aquatic plant 
resided in the frequent (50 per cent.) arrest of the primary root, 
with tbe production of adventitious roots just above the disor- 
ganized end of the radicle. In his paper on "A Theoretical 
Origin of Endogens from Exogens," Mr. Henslow had pointed 
out that the universal arrest of the axial root in Endogens was 
foreshadowed in that of members of the Xymphseacese, (Enanthe 
JPheUaiidrium and Ceratophyllum. The present examples, there- 
fore, aiforded an additioual corroboration of the theory advanced 
in that paper. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. "On the Yalue of Specific Characters." By Dr. A. E. 
Wallace, E.E.S., F.L.S. 

2. " On the Intermuscular Bones of Fishes." By Prof. T. W". 
Bridge, D.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. George Bond Howes.) 

3. " On the Relation of the Growth of Foliage-Leaves and tbe 
Chlorophyll Function." By Prof D. T. M^icDougal. (Com- 
municated by Mr. Percy Groom, F.L.S.) 

4. " On the Formation of the Epiphragm of the Common Snail 
{Selix asjjersa)." By Prof. G. J. Allman, F.E.S., F.L.S. 

5. " On some New Species of Forjiculidce in the Collection of 
the British Museum." By W. F. Kirby, F.L.S. 



52 PnOCEEDINGS OF THE 



DoNATIOJ!fS TO THE LiBfiAET, 1895-96, 

Volumes and more important Pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges, 
chiefly from private individuals. 

Adcock, Gr. H. Census of Plants of the Cape Otway Forest. 8yo. Geelong, 
IcSOo. Author. 

Albert P"" Prince de Monaco. Eesultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accom- 
plies sur son Yacht. Fasc. Tiii.-ix. fol. Monaco, 1895. 

Prince de Monaco. 
Anderson, Jas. Recreations in Agriculture, Natural History, Arts, and Miscel- 
laneous Literature. Yols. 1-4. Svo. London, 1799-1801. 

Jas. E. Harting. 

Annals of the Eojal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Yol. v. part 1. 4to. Calcutta, 

1895. Dr. G. King. 

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6 ser. Yols. xt., xvi. 8vo. London, 

1895. Dr. W. Francis. 

Auzoux, Dr. Le9ons elementaires d'Anatomie et de Physioloi^ie. Deuxieme 

Edition. 8to. Paris, 1858. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Bailey, F. M. Contributions to the Queensland Flora. 8to. Brisbane, 1895. 

Author. 

Bale, W. M. On the Hydroida of South-Eastern Australia, with des riptions 

of supposed new species, and notes on the Genus Aglaojihenia. 8vo. 

Melbourne, 1881. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Barboza du Bocage, J. V. Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. 8vo. Lisbonne, 

1895. Author. 

Beeby, W. H. Pseudo-Nomenclature. 8vo. Walton- on-Thames, 1896. 

Author. 
Bennett, A. W. The Flora of the Alps. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1896. 

Author. 
Bernard, Claude. Lemons surles Phenomenes delaYiecommuns aux Animaux 
et aux Yegetaux. Svo. Paris, 1878. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana. Yol. xii. Svo. Coinibra, 1895. 

Prof. J. A. Henriques. 
Bouchard-Chantereaux. Catalogue des Crustaces observes jusqu'a ce jour a 
r^tat vivant dans le Boulonuais. Svo. Boulogne, 1833. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
British Association (Ipswich) Beport for 1895. Svo. London, 1895. 

, Council Brit. Assoc. 

Broect, E. van den. Etude sur les Foraminiferes de la Barbade (Antilles) 
recueillis par L. Agassiz, precedee de quelques considerations sur la classifi- 
cation et la nomenclature des Foraminiferes. Svo. Bruxelles, 1876. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Brumati, L. Catalogo sistematico delle Conchiglie terresti-i e fluviatili 
osservate nel Territorio di Monfalcone. Svo. Gorizia. 1838. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Buckton, G. B. The Natural History of Eristalis tenax, or the Drone-fly. 

Svo. London, 1895. Author. 

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. New Series. Yol. ii. 8vo. 

Kingston, 1895. W. Fawcett. 

Burmeister, Dr. Herm. Zoonomische Briefe. 2 Bande. Svo. Leipzig, 1856. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Cameron, J. Notes on a Botanical Tour made in the Mysore District in 

February 1895. fol. Bangalore, 1895. Author. 

Candolle, Casimir de. Monogrp.phioe Phanerogam arum. Yol. ix. Brome- 

liaceae auctore C. Metz. Svo. Paris, 1896. Author. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53 

Cbapman, F. The Bargate Beds of Surrey and their Microscopic Contents. 
8vo. London, 1894. Author. 

On some Foi-aminifera obtained by the ' Investigator ' from the Arabian 

Sea, near the Laccadive Islands. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

On Rhajtic Foraminifera from Wedmore, in Somerset. 8vo. London, 

1895. Author. 
Cbodat, E.. Ueber die Entwickelung der E)'emo?,phcBra viridis, Be Bary. 8vo. 

Leipzig, 1895. Author. 

Conspectus systematicus generis Monnince. 8vo. Geneve, 1896. 

Author. 

Conspectus systematicus generis XanthojihyUi. 8vo. Geneve, 1896. 

Author. 

Materiaux pour servir a I'Histoire des Protococcoid^es. Svo. Geneve, 

1896. Author. 

Plantffi Expeditionis Eegnelliance primse in Brasilia lectse Polygalaceas 

determinavit. Svo. Geneve, 1896. Author. 

Polygalacete nova; vel parum cognitse. Svo. Geneve, 1896. Author, 

Eemarques de Geographie Botauique relatives aux Plautes recoltees dans 

les Vallees de Bagnes et de la Viege, et au Simplon. Svo. Paris, 1896. 

Author. 

Chodat, R., et Lendner, A. Sur les Mycorhizes du iis^era cort^a^a. Svo. Geneve, 

1896. Authors. 

Claus, Dr. Carl. Grundziige der Zoologie. 2 Bande. Svo. Marburg, 1866-68. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Cope, E. D. The Origin of the Fittest. Essays on EvolutiDn. Svo. New York, 
1S87. A. R. Wallace. 

Coulter, John M. The Botanical Outlook. Svo. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1895. 

Author. 
Deane, H. President's Address, delivered at the Linnean Society of New South 
Wales on March 25th, 1896. Svo. Sydney, 1896. Author. 

Dewevre, Dr. A. Les Caoutchoucs Africains. Svo. Bruxelles, 1895. 

Author. 

Dulau & Co. Zoological and Palseontological Catalogues. 1892-95. Svo. 

London, 1892-95. F. Justen. 

D'Urban, W. S. M., and Mathew, Eev. Murray A. The Birds of Devon. 

Supplement. Svo. Loudon, 1895. Authors. 

Ebel, Dr. W. Geographische Naturkunde. Svo. Konigsberg, 1850. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Elliot, G. F. Scott. The Flora of Dumfriesshire. Svo. Dumfries, 1896. 

Author. 

Entomologist. Vol. xxviii. Svo. London, 1895. R. South. 

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxxi. Svo. London, 1895. Editors. 

Faima of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Edited by W. T. 

Blauford. — Vols. ii. and iii. Moths. By G. F. Hampson. Svo. London, 

1894-95.— Vol. iii. Birds. By W. T. Blanford. Svo. London, 1895. 

J. E. Harting. 

Fletcher, Jas. Practical Entomology. Presidential Address. Svo. Ottawa, 

1895. ' Author. 

Report of the Entomologist and Botanist. Canada Department of 

Agriculture— Central Expei-imental Farms, 1895. Svo. Ottawa, 1896. 

Author. 
Flora Capensis. Vol. vi. pt. 1. Svo. London, 1896. 

W. T. Thiselton Dyer. 
Floyer, E. A. Note sur quelques plantes utiles. Svo. Le Caire, 1894. 

Author, 
Franklin, Sir John, Photograph of. Sir Jos. D. Hooker. 

Garden. Vols, xlvii., xlviii. 4to. London, 1895. W. Robinson. 

Gardeners' Chronicle. 3 ser., vols, xvii., xviii. 4to. London, 1895. Editor. 
Germain, P. Apuntes sobre los Insectos de Chile. Los Cai-abus Chilenos. 
Svo. Santiago, 1895. Author. 



54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

Giebel, C. G. Tagesfragen aus der Naturgeschichte. 8vo. Berlin, 1857. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Gilbert, Sir Jos. H. Agricultural Investigations at Rothamsted, England, 

during a period of fifty years. 8vo. Washington, 1895. Author. 

Gill, W. Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration in South 

Australia for the year 1894-95. fol. Adelaide, 1895. Author. 

Goebel, Prof. K. Archegoniatenstudien. 8to. Marburg, 1895. Author, 

Ein Beitrag zur Morphologic der Graser. 8vo. Marburg, 1895. 

Author. 

Zur Gesehichte unserer Kenntniss der Correlationserscbeinungen. 8vo. 

Marburg, 1895. Author. 

Guppy, R. J. Lecbmere. The Tertiary Microzoic Formations of Trinidad, 
West Indies. 8to. London, 1892. " Author. 

The Land and Freshwater MoUusca of Trinidad. 8vo. London, 1893. 

Author. 

. Observations upon the Physical Conditions and Fauna of the Gulf of 

Paria. 8vo. Port-of-Spain, 1894. Author. 

On some Foraminifera from the Microzoic Deposits of Trinidad, West 

Indies. 8vo. Loudon, 1894. Author. 

Haeckel, Ernst. Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata). 

8vo. Berlin, 1896. Author. 

Hart, J. H. Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, for 1895. 

fol. Trinidad, 1896. Author. 

Haviland, G. D. Some Factors in the Evolution of Adaptations. 8vo. 

London, 1895. Author. 

Henslow, Rev. Geo. The Origin of Plant Structures by Self- Adaptation to the 

Environment. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

The Plants of the Bible. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

Hooker, Sir J. D. Flora of British India. Part 21. 8vo. London, 1896. 

Author. 
Hooker, Sir W. J., Portrait of. Sir Jos. D. Hooker. 

Insect Life. Vol. vi., no. 5. 8ro. Washington, 1895. Sir John Lubbock. 
Jackson, B. Daydon. An Attempt to ascertain the Actual Dates of Publication 

of the various parts of Rees's Cyclopedia. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

Index Kewensis. Fasc. 4. 4to. Oxford, 1895. Sir. Jos. D. Hooker. 

Jom-nal of Botany. Vol. xxxiii. 8vo. London, 1895. Jas. Britten. 

Kappel, A. W., and Kirby, Dr. W. Egmont. British and European Butterflies 

and Moths (Macrolepidoptei-a). 4to. London, 1895. Authors. 

Lawes, Sir John B., and Gilbert, Sir J. Henry. The Rothamsted Experiments 

over 50 years. 8vo. Edinburgh & London, 1895. Authors. 

Leuckart, Dr. Rud. Bericht iibor die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in der 

Naturgeschichte der niederen Thiere wahrend des Jahres 1863, 1866, 1867, 

1872-75. 8vo. Berlin, 1865-78. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Levinsen, G. M. R. Kara-Havets Svampe (Porifera). 8vo.. Kjobenhavn, 

1886. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Mcintosh, Prof. W. C. The Saint Andrews Marine Laboratory under the 

Fishery Board of Scotland. 8vo. Paris, 1895. Author. 

Marsh, O. C. On the Afiinities and Classification of the Dinosaurian Reptiles. 

8vo. New Haven, 1895. Author. 

Restoration of some European Dinosaurs, with suggestions as to their 

Place among the Reptilia. 8vo. New Haven, 1895. Author. 

A new Belodont Reptile {Stegomus) from the Connecticut River Sand- 
stone. 8vo. New Haven, 1896. Author. 

■— — On the Pithecanthropus erectus, from the Tertiary of Java. 8vo. 
New Haven, 1896. Author. 

Mello de Mattos, J. M. de. Laboratorio Maritimo de Aveiro. 8vo. Porto, 1894. 

Author. 

Miall, Prof. L. C. The Natural History of Aquatic Insects. With Illustra- 
tions by A. R. Hammond. 8vo. Loudon, 1895. A. R. Hanunond. 



LINNFAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55 

Millspaugh, Dr. 0. F. American Medical Plants. 4to. New York, 1887. 

Author. 

Contributions to North-American Euphorbiaceffi. 8vo. San Francisco, 

1889-90. Author. 

Your Weeds and Your Neighbors'. 8vo. Morgantown, 1891. 

Author. 
Preliminary Catalogue of the Flora of West Virginia. 8vo. Morgan- 
town, 1892. Author. 

Contribution to the Flora of Yucatan. 870. Chicago, 1895. Author. 

Minks, Dr. A. Die Protropbie, eine neue Lebensgemeinschaft, in ihren auf- 
falligsten Erscheinungen. 8vo. Berlin, 1896. Author. 

Mobius, K. Die aesthetische Betrachtung der Thiere. Svo. Berlin, 189.5. 

Author. 

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Select Extra-Tropical Plants, readily eligible for 

Industrial Culture or Naturalization. 9th Edition. 8vo. Melbourne, 189.5. 

Author. 
Nageli, C. Zellenkerne, Zellenbildung und Zellenwachsthum bei den Pflanzen. 

8yo. Ziirich, 1844. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Naturalist. Vol. xx. Svo. London, 1895. "W. Denison Roebuck. 

Nature. Vols. 52, 53. 4to. London, 1895-96. A. Macmillan. 

Nitsche, H. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Phylacto- 

laemen Siisswasserbryozoen insbesondere von AlcyoneVa fungosa, Pall. sp. 

Inaug.-Diss. 8vo. Berlin, 1868. Prof, C3r. J. Allman. 

Nuovo Griornale Botanico Italiano. Nuovo Serie. Vol. ii. 8vo. Firenze, 1895. 

T. Caruel. 
Pagenstecher, H. A. Allgemeine Zoologie. 4 Bande. 8vo. Berlin, 1875-81. 

Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Palacky, Dr. J. Die Verbreitung der Fische. Svo. Prag, 1891. Author. 
Palun, M. Catalogue des Plantes Phanerogames qui croissent spontanement 

dans le Territoire d'Avignon et dans les lieux circonvoisins. 8vo. Avignon 

1867. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Philippi, Dr. E. A. Coraparacion de las Floras i Faunas de las Eepiiblicas 

de Chili i Argentina. Svo. Santiago, 1893. Author. 

Plantas Nuevas Chilenas. 4 parts. Svo. Santiago, 1893-95. 

Author. 
. Dos Palabras sobre la Sinonimia de los Crustaceos, Decapodos, Bra- 

quiuros o Jaivas de Chile. Svo. Santiago, 1894. Author. 

Neue Thiere Chile's. Svo. Santiago, 1894. Author. 

Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine. Fasc. 21. fol. Paris, 1895. 

Author. 
Eeport (Administration) of the Madras Government Museum for 1894-95. 

fol. Madras, 1895. Trustees. 

Eeport (Annual Administration) of the Forest Department, Madras Presidency 

for 1894-95. fol. Madras, 1896. Govt, of Madras. 

Eeport of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles for 1894. Svo. 

Manchester, 189.0. Chas. Bailey. 

Eeport of the Director of the Botanical Survey of India for the Year 1894-95. 

fol. Calcutta, 1895. Director. 

Eeport of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893-94. Vols, i.-vii., and 

Eesolution. fol. Simla and Calcutta, 1894-95. India Office. 

Eeport of the Mysore Government Museum for 1893-94 and 1894-95. fol. 

Bangalore, 1894-95. J. Cameron. 

Eeport on Government Gardens and Parks in Mysore for the Year 1894-95. 

fol. Bangalore, 1895. J. Cameron. 

Eeport on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1894-95. 

fol. Lucknovr, 1895. Govt, of India. 

Eeport on the Progress and Condition of the Government Botanical Gardens, 

Saharanpur and Mussoorie, for the year ending 31st March, 1895. fol. 

Allahabad, 1895, Govt, of India. 



56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LTNNEAN SOOTETY OF LONDON. 

Eeuter, E. tJeber die Palpen der Ehopaloceren. ito. Helsingfors, 1896. 

Author. 
Eodrigues, J. Barbosa. Hortus Fluminensis ou Breve Noticia Bobre as Plantas 

cultivadas no Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, 1893. royal 8vo. Rio 

de Janeiro, 1895. Author. 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 

Vol. ii., nos. 1-6. 8vo. Port-of-Spain, 1895-96. J. H. Hart. 

Royal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Record. Vol. vi., nos. 61-64. 

8vo. London, 1895. Society. 

Royal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1895. 8vo. 

London, 1895. - Director Roy. Gardens. 

Royal Society. C*atalogue of Scientific Papers. Vol. xi. 4to. London, 1895. 

Royal Society. 
Saccardo, Dr. P. A. La Botanica in Italia. 4to. Venezia, 1895. Author. 
Saunders, Edw. The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands. 8vo. 

London, 1896. Author. 

Schleiden, Dr. J. M. Grundziige der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. 2 Bande. 

Zweite Auflage. 8vo, Leipzig, 1845-46. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Schlich, Dr. W. Manual of Forestry. Vol. v. Forest rtilization, bv W. R. 

Fisher. 8vo. London, 1896. ' Dr. W. Schlich. 

Schmidt, Oscar. Die Entwicklung der vergleichenden Anatomie. 8vo. Jena, 

1855. Prof. G. J. Allman. 

Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India. Edited by Surgeon 

Major-General J. Oleghorn. Part ix. 4to. Calcutta, 1895. 

Govt, of India. 
Strickland, W. W. The Law of the Symmetry of Composite Flowers and its 

Relation to Decorative Art. 8vo. Malton, 1896. Author. 

Timehri. New Series. Vol. ix. 8vo. Demerara, 1895. Editor. 

Travaux Geographiques executes en Finlande, 1895. 8vo. Helsingfors, 1895., 

J. A. Palmen. 
Turner, F. Australian Grasses. Vol. i. 8vo. Sydney, 1895. Author. 

Veitch, Jas. Herbert. A Traveller's Notes. 4to. London, 1896. Author. 

Vollorth, Dr. Alex. v. Ueber die Russischen Sphaeroniten. 8vo. St. Peters- 
burg, 1846. Prof. G. J. Allman. 
Waterhouse, C. O. The Labium and Submentum in certain Mandibulate 

Insects. 8vo. London, 1895. Author. 

Watson's Botanical Exchange Club. 11th and 12th Annual Reports. 1894-96. 

8vo. York, 1896. T. A. Cotton. 

Wood, J. Medley. Preliminary Catalogue of Indigenous Natal Plants. 8vo. 

Durban, 1894. Author. 

Report (Annual), Colonial Herbarium, for 1892, 1894, 1895. 8vo. 

Durban, 1895-96. Author. 

Report on the Natal Botanic Gardens for 1890-95. 8vo. Durban, 

1891-96. Author. 

Woodward, Dr. H. Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the 
Geological Society of London on the 2lBt of February, 1896. 8vo. London, 
1896. ' Author. 

Woolward, Florence H. The Genue Masdevallia. Part?, fol. London, 1895. 

Marquess of Lothian. 



INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. 



SESSION 1895-96. 



Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meetinar is not indexed. 



Aheria caffra fruit shown (Masters), i. 

Abnormal shells shown, 2. 

Acacias of British East Africa, 5. 

Accounts, 15. 

Acorns sown by rooks, 7 ; stored bj 

woodpeckers, 13. 
Adeock, G. H., Hahca grammatopliylla 

shown, 5. 
Address, Presidential, 17-29. 
African Mud-fish shown, 50. 
Air-cavities in skulls (Stewart), 7. 
Alg£e, new British, 4. 
Allman, Prof. G. J., Bpiphragm of 

Snail, 51. 

, Linnean Medal pres. to, 30. 

Ammba in relation to Oiiramceba, 4. 
Anderson, Dr. J., Councillor retired, 

16. 
Anniversary Meeting, 13; adjourned 

do., 13. 
Ant-eater, Spiny, shown, 10. 
Antelope, Klipspringer, 8. 
Antibes, fruits grown at, i. 
Antler exuding liquid, 8. 
Ants, their use in Asia Minor, 7. 
Aphn, 0. v., admitted, 7; elected, 5. 
Apogamous Nephrodium FiUx-mas, 8. 
Aposporic Scolopendrium (Druery), 1. 
Apus, hermaphrodite glands (Bernard), 

12. 
Arnold, B., admitted, 3 ; elected, 2 ; 

monstrous DacJylis glomcrata, 7. 
Arnold, F., photos of typical lichens, 

10. 
Asia Minor, use of ants in, 7. 
Asparagus scoparius, Lowe, in Salvage 

Islands, 5. 

LINN. SOC. PR00EEDING8. — SESSION 



Assimilation in plants (Ewart), 3. 
Associate, deceased, 14. 
Auditors elected, 11. 

Babington, Prof. C. C, deceased, 1 3 ; 

obituary, 30-32; portrait pres., 3. 
Backhouse, J., admitted, 9 ; elected, 6. 
Baillon, H. B., death announced, 6, 14 ; 

obituary, 32. 
Baker, J. Gr., Councillor retired, i6 ; on 

MS. plant-names, 2. 
Baltimore, Ireland, Banunculus tripar- 

titus, DC, from, shown (Groves), 

12. 
Bark-cloth from Uganda shown (Elliot), 

S- 
Barnes, R., elected, 49. 
Barry, Naias marina fruits from, 9. 
Batters, E. A., on Bonnemaisonia, 3. 
Bdclla, anatomy of (Miehael), 11. 
Bedford, Duke of, elected, 2. 
Bennett, A. W., on Naias marina, 9. 
Bequest of Exsiccata, i. 
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., his types of Fungi 

(Massoe), 11. 
Bernard, H. M., hermaphrodite glands 

of Apus, 12. 
Bickham, S. H., admitted, 9 ; elected, 

8. 
Biddulphia aurita, 49. 

Ice vis, 49. 

mobilicnsis, 49. 

Billington, H., Butterflies from Old 

Calabar, 8. 
Bingham, Lt.-Col. C. T., on Fossorial 

Hymenoptera, 11. 
Blackgrouse, hybrid, 8. 

1895-96. f 



58 



INDEX. 



Blackman, V. H., elected, 1 1. 
Bo7ine7naisonia asparagoides, Ag., 3. 

californica, Buffii., 3. 

• hamifera. Harlot, shown, 3. 

Braitbwaite, Dr. R., app. Scrutineer, 

16. 
Brebner, G., new British Algw, 4. 
Bridge, Prof. T. W., Intermuscular 

bones of Fishes, 5 1 . 
Bridport, American Cuckoo from, 2. 
Britain, new Algie, 4; new Grass in 

(Druce), 4. 
Bromus interniftus, new British grass, 

4- 
Brown, Dr. E., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 

34- 

Buccinuvi undatum shown, 2. 

Buchanan, J., deceased, 13. 

BufiTiam, T. H., Bonnemaisonia hami- 
fera shown, 3 ; deceased, 14 ; obit- 
uary, 35. 

Bunessan, hybrid bird from, 8. 

Burmese Deer, antler of, 8. 

Butler, A. G., Eevision of Charaxes, 2. 

Butterflies from Old Calabar, 8 ; mi- 
micry in (Swinhoe), 2 ; revision of 
Charaxes (Butler), 2. 

Caccahis chuJcor, 51. 

saxatilis, 51. 

Cacteae from Galapagos, 4. 

Calabar Butterflies, 8. 

California, giant Laminarians from 

shown, 6. 
Cahfornian Woodpecker storing acorns, 

13- 

Calligorgia verticillata shown, 4. 
CaUithamnion serpens, Crouan, 4. 
Campbell, D. H., proposed as For. 

Memb., 6 ; elected, 11. 
Campbell, W. S., struck off, 14. 
Canidas, tooth-genesis in (Tims), 13. 
Caraphractiis ciiictus, Haliday, shown 

(Enock), 12. 
Carduclis spinus, hybrid from, 8. 
Carruthers, W., elected Councillor, 16 ; 

portrait pres., 7 ; on Uganda plants, 

5 ; Tote of thanks moved by, 30. 
Catalogue of Library, 17. 
Cephalopoda of Calcutta Museum, 5. 
Ceratophyllmn, 51. 
Cerithium rupestre in Salvage Islands, 

6. 
Chetoceras decipiens, 50. 
Chambers, W. O., struck off, 14. 
Chance, E. J., deceased, 13; obituary, 

35- 
Chapman, F., elected Assoc, 49 ; on 
Foraminifera, see Jones, T. E., and 
F. Chapman. 



Charaxes, revision cf (Butler), 2. 

Chinchilla, skull of, 7. 

Chlorophyll function and the growth of 

leaves (MacDougal), 51. 
Christy, G., admitted, 7 ; elected, 6. 
Christy, T., on date of Anniversary, 9 ; 

Old Calabar Butterflies, 8 ; on Uganda 

produce, 5. 
Christy, W. M., admitted, 11 ; elected, 

3- 
Cicindela campestris, habits of (Encck), 

II. 
Cistanchc lufea, Hoffmgg. & Link, in 

Salvage Islands, 5. 
Cleve, P. T., on Diatoms, 50. 
Cocos australis fruit shown (Masters), i. 

— nucifera, development of seed, 3. 

ColaconemaBonnemaisonics, Batters, 4. 

Chylocladia, Batters, 4. 

Cole, W., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ; ou 

acorns sown by rooks, 7. 
Collectors' numbers, 19-22. 
Collett, Sir H., on Khasia Hills, 10. 
Comber, Mr , on Diatoms. 50. 
CoraUi'um ruhrum shown, 4. 
Cork, hybrid Sar-aca from, 12. 
Cormack, B. G., Polystelic Eoots of 

Palms, 7. 
Cornwall, Ranunculus tripartitusm, 12. 
Cornwall, J. W., admitted, 11 ; elected, 

10. 
Coscinodiscus concinnus, 46. 
Council elected, 16. 
Cri«p, F., re-elect#d Treasurer, 16. 
Crocodile, skull of, 7. 
Crossman, A. F., admitted, 13 ; elected, 

II. 
Cuckoo, American, shown, 2. 
Ciwuhis americanus shown, 2. 
Cummins, Dr. H. A., hybrids of Saraca 

shown, 12. 
Cyperacese, remarks on, 22-29. 

Dactylis glomerata, Linn., monstrous, 7. 
Dana, Prof. J. D., death announced, 6. 
Darwin, C. E., an engraved portrait of, 

pres., II. 
Deer-antler exuding liquid, 8. 
Bendrocopus Mraalayensis shown, 12. 

major, 13. 

Diatomaceae, their reproduction 

(Murray), 49. 
Bityliim Brightwellii, 49. 
Dobson, Surg.-Maj. G. E., deceased, 13 ; 

obituary, 36. 
Donations to Library, 52-56. 
Dorsetshire, American Cuckoo from, 2. 
Druce, G. C, Bromus interruptus, 4. 
Druce, H., on deer-antler, 8 ; Old Calabar 

butterflies, 8. 



59 



Druerj', C. T., on acorns somh by rooks, 
7 ; on apogauious Isvphrodium Filix- 
mas, 8 ; on apospoi'ie !Scolopendnum,\. 

Durbiun, A. E., deceased, 13. 

Dyer, W.T. T., comm. by (Wrigbt), 11. 

Echidna aculeata sbown, 10. 
Ectocarpus velutinus, Kuetz., var. lateri- 

frucfus, Baiters, 4. 
Egregia, giant specimens sbown, 6. 
Election of Council, 16 ; of Oflicers, 16. 
Elliot, G.F. S., Bark-cloth from Uganda 

shown, 5 ; Revision of Pentas, 2. 
EmIierLa nividts caught at sea, 5. 
Enock, F., habits of Tiger-beetle, 11; 

aquatic Hymenoptera, 12. 
Epijjhragm of Snail (AUman), 51. 
EtmiceUa verrucona shown, 4. 
Euphorbias of British East Africa, 5. 
Ewart, A. J., Assimilation in Plants, 3. 
Ewing, P., admitted, 11. 
Exsiccata bequeathed to Society, i. 

Falmouth, Bonneniaisonla from, 3. 

Fellows deceased, 13-14. 

Fernan, E. B., elected, 2. 

Fig, bark-cloth (Elliot), 5. 

Fishes, intermuscular bones of (Bridge), 

Fistulose Polyraorphin£e (Jones & 

Chapman), 6. 
Fitzgerald, Eev. H. F., admitted, 4; 

elected, 3. 
Flower, Sir W. H., portrait pres. by, 7. 
Forbes, H. O., raud-flsh from, 50. 
Foreign Members deceased, 14. 
Forficulidse, new (Kirby), 51. 
Forrest, Eev. E. W., withdrawn, 14. 
Forschheimer, Dr., portrait of Darwin 

pre.s. by, 11. 
Eraser, O. L., deceased, 13. 
French, Eev. D. J., deceased, 13. 
Fungi, Berkeley's types of (Massee), 11. 
Fiisus antiquus shown, 2. 

Gabriel, J., withdrawn, 14. 

Galapagos Cactete, 4. 

Gardiner, W., withdrawn, 14. 

Geffcken, A. W., admitted, 4; elected, 3. 

Germination o^ Banunculus fluitans, 51. 

Gibson, Prof. H., comm. by (Ewart), 3. 

Gilson, G., Thoracic glands in larvas of 
Trichoptera, 9 ; Larval gills of 
Odonata, 9. 

Goodrich, E. S., Cephalopoda of Cal- 
cutta Museuui, 5. 

Gorgonaceffi, types of axes of (Stewart), 3. 

Gorgonia flabellum, Dr. Murie on, 4. 

setosa, Dr. Murie on, 4. 



Gough, Viscount, deceased, 13; obituary, 
36. 

Graham, Sir C. C, deceased, 13. 

Giant, W. E. O., Petrels from Sahage 
Islands, 5. 

Grass, new British (Druce), 4. 

Green, J. E., comm. by (Sevrard), 3. 

Greenwood, Capt. H. P., withdrawn, 14. 

Grieve, Dr. J., deceased, 13. 

Groves, H., on monstrous Daciylis 
glbmc.rata, 7 ; on Naias manna, 9. 

Groves, H. & J., JRanuncukis tripartitus, 
DC, shown, 12. 

Groves, J., elected Auditor, 11. 

Giinther, Dr. A. C. L. G., elected Coun- 
cillor, 16; elected President, 16. 



Halcea. grammatojjhylla, F. Muell., 
shown, 5. 

Half-vertebra shown in skiagraph, 12. 

Hampshire, Banuncuhis intermedius in, 
12. 

Hanbury, F. J., elected Auditor, 11. 

Hanbury, T., fruits grown by, i. 

Harris, E., withdrawn, 14. 

Harting, J. E., acorns sown by rooks, 7 ; 
Cuculus americanus shown, 2 ; habits 
of Woodpeckers, 1 3 ; hybrid birds, 8 ; 
Klipspringer Antelope, 8 ; Petrels 
from Salvage Islands, 5 ; range of 
Caccabis, 51 ; Snow-bunting shown, 5. 

Hartog, M., hybrids of Saraca shown, 12. 

Haviland, G. B., on honeycombed wood 
from Singapore, 10. 

Helix Macandrewi, in Salvage Islands, 5. 

jpaufercula, do., 6. 

pisana, do., 5, 6. 

poJymorpha, do., 5, 

usfulata, endemic to Salvage 

Islands, 5. 

Hemslcy, W. B., Cacteae shown, 4 ; 
elected Fellow, 11. 

Henderson, Col. F., deceased, 13 ; obit- 
uary, 36. 

Henslow, Eev. G., Germination of Ban- 
unc'ulus jiitifans, 51 ; MS. plant- 
names, 2 ; shells shown, 2. 

Herbrand, Duke of Bedford, elected, 2. 

Herring, skull of, 7. 

Herts, Kalm's botanizing in, 9. 

Hiern, W. P., app. Scrutineer, 16 ; 
seconded vote of thanks, 30. 

Himanthalia lorea, L}-ngb., 4. 

Holmes, E. M., new British Algas, 4 ; 
on Uganda produce, 5. 

Hooker, Sir J. D., Medal received for 
Prof. AUman, 30. 

Houghton, Eev. W., deceased, 14.; 
obituary, 36. 



6o 



INDEX. 



Howes, Prof. G. B., coinm. by (Bing- 
ham), II ; (Gilson), 9; (Jones & 
Chapman), 6 ; (Tims), 1 3 ; (West), 
10 ; skiagraphs shown, 12 ; on skulls, 
7; re-elected Secretary, 16. 

Hoyle, W. E., skiagraphs of mouse 
swallowed by snake, 12. 

Huxley, Et. Hon. T. H., deceased, 14 ; 
obituary, 37-40. 

Hybrid birds shown, 8. 

Hybrids of Saraca, Linn., shown, 12. 

Hi/menoclonium serpens. Batters, 4. 

Hymenoptera, Fosaorial (Bingham), 1 1. 

Hyoclon, 7. 

Hypolimnas, mimicry in (Swinhoe), 2. 

Ice-plant in Salvage Islands, 5. 
Indian Woodpecker shown, 12. 
Isis Mppuris shown, 4. 

Jackson, B. D., on Kalm's botanical 
work in England, 9 ; on monstrous 
Bactylis glomerata, 7 ; re-elected 
Secretary, 16. 

Jones, T. E., and F. Chapman, Fistulose 
Polymorphinse and Eamuliuae, 6. 

Jones, W., deceased, 14 ; obituary, 40. 

Kalm, P., his botanizing in England, 9. 

Keene, Capt. C. T. P., deceased, 14. 

Kestrel, Helix pisajia in stomach of, 6. 

Kirby, W. F., on acorns sown by rooks, 
7 ; on Calabar Butterflies, 8 ; new 
Forflculidce, 51 ; new Phasmidte, 4. 

Klipspringer antelope, 8. 

Laminarians, giant, shown, 6. 

Landau, Baron W. von, withdrawn, 14. 

Lang, W. H., apogamous Nephroclmm 
Filix-vias, 8. 

Lascelles, F. M., struck off, 14. 

Lawson, M. A., deceased, 14 ; obituary, 
40. 

Leathem, Dr. J., deceased, 14. 

Leaves, their growth and chlorophyll 
function (MacDougal), 51. 

Leigh, J. H., admitted, 11 ; elected, 9. 

Library Catalogue, 17. 

Lichens, photos of types, 10. 

Linnean Gold Medal pres., 30. 

Li)iot£, cannabina, hybrid from, 8. 

Lister, A., Councillor retired, 16. 

Littorina striata in Salvage Islands, 6. 

Loven, S., death announced, 6, 14 ; obit- 
uary, 41. 

Low, Sir Hugh, elected Councillor, 16. 

Lowe, E. J., Aposporic Seolopendrium, 
I ; Division of a Prothallus of Seolo- 
pendrium vulgare, 8. 



Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill., in Sal- 
vage Islands, 5. 
Lycosa maderiaiia in Salvage Islands, 6. 

MacDougal, Prof. D. T., Growth of 
Leaves and the Chlorophyll function, 

51- 

MacGillivray, P. H., deceased, 14 ; 

obituary, 42. 
MacKuight, T. M., withdrawn, 14. 
Macmillan, A., deceased, 14; obituary, 

43- 
Macrocystis, giant specimens shown, 6. 
Malan,''E. C, struck off, 14. 
Marriot, Dr. P. W., withdrawn, 14. 
Marriott, Capt. J., deer-antler exuding 

liquid, 8. 
Massee, G., admitted, 1 ; on Berkeley's 

types of Fungi, 11. 
Masters, Dr. M. T., fruits from S. 

Europe, i. 
Matthews, Prof. W. E., struck off, 14. 
Medal, Linnean, presented, 30. 
Meinertzhagen, F. H., deceased, 14. 
Melanerpes formicivorus, Bonap., 13. 
Melitodes ockracea shown, 4. 
Mentone, fruit grown at, i. 
Mesemhryantheimom crystallinum, Linn., 

in Salvage Islands, 5. 
Michael, A. D., Anatomy of Bdella, 11. 
Middleton, E. M., Use of Ants in Asia 

Minor, 7. 
Milne-Edwards, A., proposed as For. 

Memb., 6; elected, 11. 
Mimicry in Butterflies (Swinhoe), 2. 
Mormyrus, 7. 

Morris, D., Fruit of Coconut Palm, 3. 
Mouse swallowed by snake, skiagraphs, 

12. 
Mud-fish shown, 50. 
Mueller, Dr. J., deceased, 14 ; obituary. 

44- 

Murie, Dr. J., on Gorgonaceaj, 4. 

Murphy, Capt. M., bird-hybrid, 8. 

Murray, G. E. M., app. Scrutineer, 16 ; 
giant Laminarians shown, 6 ; on an 
engraved portrait of Darwin, 1 1 ; on 
Bonnemaisonia, 3 ; reproduction of 
Diatoms, 49. 

Murree Hills, Woodpecker from, 12. 

Naias marina fruits from S. Wales, 9. 
Nassa conspersa in Salvage Islands, 6. 
Naudin, C, fruits grown by, i. 
Navicula scotica, 49. 
Neilson, E., American Cuckoo at sea, 2. 
Nepkrodium Filix-mas, apogamous, 8. 
Hereocystis, giant specimens shown, 6. 
North, A. J., struck off, 14. 
Numbers used by CoUectorB, 19-22. 



INDEX, 



6i 



Obituaries, 30-49 ; referred to, 19. 
Observations on Sedges, 22-29. 
Oceanodroma cryptoleucura in Salvage 

Islands, 6. 
Odonata, larval gills of (Gilson), 9. 
CEnanthe Thellandrmm, Lam., 51. 
Officers elected, 16. 
Ogilby, J. D., struck off, 14. 
Ophidia, half- vertebra in, 12. 
Oreotragus saltator, 8. 
OrnUhorhynchus, head shown, 10. 
Ouramoeba shown, 4. 

Pacific, giant Laminarians from, 6. 
Palms, polystelic roots of (Cormack), 7. 
Faragorgia arhorea shown, 4. 
Partridges, range in Europe, 51. 
Pelagodroma manna in Salvage Islands, 

6. 
Pentas, Benth., revision of (Elliot), 2. 
Perameles, mammary foetus shown, 10. 
Perth, Australia, Echidna from, 10. 
Petrels from Salvage Islands, 5, 6. 
Phascolarcfus, skull of, 7. 
Phasmidffl, new (Kirby), 4. 
Pheasant hybrid, 8. 
Phillips, R. A., Eammculus triparfitus, 

DO., gathered near Cork, 12. 
Picus providm, Jardine, 13. 
Pinites, new species, 3. 
Plant-names in MS. book (Henslow), 2. 
Plants from Salvage Islands, 5. 
Plexaurella crassa shown, 4. 
Plymouth, new Algse from, 4. 
Polynema natans, Lubbock, shown 

(Enock), 12. 
Postelsia, specimens from California 

shown, 6. 
President (C. B. Clarke), comm. by 

(Stapf), 10; on Khasia Hills, 10. 
President (Dr. Griinther), elected, 16. 
Presidential Adress, 17-29. 
PresfwicMa aqiiatica, Lubbock, shown 

(Enock), 12. 
Protopterus anncctens shown, 50. 
Publications of the Society, 17. 
Puffinus Kuhli in Salvage Islands, 6. 
Pyrus Sorhus, Gaertn., fruit shown 

(Masters), i. 

Ramsay, Dr. E. P., struck off, 14. 
Ramulina (Jones & Chapman), 6. 
Ranunculus fiuitans, Lam., germination, 

51- 

intermedius, Poir. (?), in Hamp- 
shire, 12. 

tripartitus, DC, from Ireland, 

shown, 12. 

Reid, C, acorns planted by rooks, 7 ; 



fruits of Naias marina from Barry, 9 ; 

honeycombed wood, 9. 
Rendle, A. B., on Hakeagrammatofhylla, 

5 ; on Naias marina, 9; on Uganda 

products, 5. 
Report, Librarian's, 14, 16 ; Secretary's, 

13-14. 
Reproduction of Diatoms (Murray), 

49. 
Richards, I., admitted, 8 ; elected, 6. 
Ridley, H. N., honeycombed wood from 

Singapore, 9. 
Roll'e, R. A., Revision of the genus 

Vanilla, 5. 
Rondelet, G-., portrait pres., i. 
Rook, skull of, 7. 
Rooks, acorns sown by, 7. 
Roots of palms, polystelic (Cormack), 7. 
Rumina decoUata in Salvage Islands, 6. 

Salvage Islands, Petrels from, 5, 6. 
Salvin, O., elected Councillor, 16. 
6'«r«crt, Linn., hybrids shown, 12. 

indica, Linn., 12. 

triandra. Baker, 12. 

Sararanga sinuosa, Hemsl., structure of 

female flowers and fruit (Stapf), 10. 
Saunders, H., Councillor retired, 16 ; 

on distrib. of Petrels, 6. 
Sclater, P. L., on habits of Woodpeckers, 

Scolopendrium, aposporic (Druery), i. 

indgare, division of prothallus, 8. 

Scott, D. H., comm. by (Cormack), 7 ; 

elected Councillor, 16; on apogamous 

Ntphrodium Filix-mas, 8. 
Scott, W., elected, 4. 
Secretaries re-elected, 16. 
Secretary, reports read, 13, 14. 
Sedges, remarks on, 22-29. 
Seebohm, H., deceased, 14 ; obituary, 

45- 
Sellon, E. L., withdrawn, 14. 
Seward, A.. C, new species of Pinites, 3. 
Shaw, W. G., Californian Laminarife, 6. 
Shearwater nesting on Salvage Islands, 

6. 
Shells shown (Henslow), 2 ; from 

Salvage Islands, 5. 
Shorne, monstrous Bactylis glomerata 

from, 7. 
Singapore, honeycombed wood from, 9. 
Skiagraphs of mouse and snake, 12. 
Skulls, air-cavities in (Stewart), 7. 
Sladen, W. P., Councillor retired, 16; 

elected Auditor, 1 1 . 
Snail, epiphragm of (AUman), 51. 
Snake with mouse, skiagraphs, 12. 
Snakes, opisthoglyphous (West), 10. 
Snow-bunting captured at sea, 5. 



LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINQS. — SESSION 1895-96. 



y 



62 



INDEX. 



Specific characters, yalue of (Wallace), 

51- . . 

Spermothamnion Turneri, Tar. intricata, 

Holmes & Batters, 4. 
Stapf. O., Female Flowers and Fruit of 

Sararanga sinuom, Hemsl., 10. 
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., admitted, 4 ; 

elected, 3. 
Stemona, Lour., revision of genus 

(Wright), II. 
Stenteford, W. O., admitted, 7 ; elected, 

3- 
Step, E., elected, 9. 
Stewart, C, air-cavities in skulls, 7 ; 

deer-antler, 8 ; types of Gorgonacete, 

3- 
Stone, J. N., deceased, 14. 
Stroud, Dr. J. W., struck off, 14. 
Suherogorgia suberosa shown, 4. 
Sullivan, D., deceased, 14; obituary, 47. 
Swinhoe, C, Mimicry in Butterflies, 2. 
Sykes, E. E., on abnormal shells, 3. 

Tanganyika, bark-cloth from, shown 

(Elliot), 5. 
Taylor, J. E., obituary, 47. 
Tellam, Mr., Eanun<ndus tripartitus ? 

in Cornwall, 12. 
Thornhill, J., withdrawn, 14. 
Tiger-beetle, habits of (Enock), 11. 
Tims, Dr. H. W. M., Tooth-genesis in 

Canidffi, 13. 
Tomato, wild in Salvage Islands, 6. 
Tooth-genesis in Canidae (Tims), 13. 
Trailliella imbricata, Batters, 4. 
Treasurer re-elected, 1 6 ; statement of 

accounts, 15. 
Trichoptera, thoracic glands of (Grilson), 

9- 
Tyler, Capt. C, deceased, 14 ; obituary, 
48. 



Uganda, bark-cloth from, shown 
(Elliot), 5. 

Vallentin, R., admitted, 3. 

Vanilla, Plum., revision of the genus 

(Rolfe), 5. 
Verrucella guadalupensis shown, 4. 

Walker, T., deceased, 14. 

Wallace, A. R., Value of Specific Cha- 
racters, 51. 

Walnuts cracked by Indian Wood- 
pecker, 13. 

Wealden, new sp. of Pinites from, 3. 

Weddell, Mme., Exsiccata from, 1. 

West, G. S., Opistlioglyphous Snakes, 10. 

Whitman, C. O., proposed as For. 
Memb., 6; elected, 11. 

Wild, C. J., struck off, 14. 

Williams, Rev. W., struck off, 14. 

Wilson, J. B., deceased, 14; obituary, 
48. 

Wilson, Sir S., deceased, 14 ; obituary, 

49- 
Woodpecker, Indian, 12. 
Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., ad- 
mitted, 6 ; elected, 3. 
Woodward, A. S., elected Auditor, 11. 
Woodward, B. B., on abnormal shells, 

3- 
Woodward, Dr. H., portrait of Rondelet 

pres., I. 
Woodward, H. B., Echidna obtained by, 

10. 
Woodward, M. E., African Mud-fish, 

50 ; Echidna aculeata, &c., shown, 

10; on Otiramaba, 4. 
Wright, C. H., elected Associate, 49 ; on 

Stemona, 11. 

Young, J., remarkable bird-hybrid, 8. 



PRINTED BY TAYLOR AKD FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 



PROCEEDINGS 



OF THE 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 



(SESSION 1896-97.) 



November 5th, 1896. 

Dr. Albert GItkther, F.R.S., President, in tlie Chair. 

The Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. Algernon Bertram Preeman-Mitford, C.B., and 
"William Tyson were elected, and Messrs. Vernon H. Blackman 
and Percy Groom were admitted Eellows of the Society. 

Dr. Morris, C.M.Gr., exhibited specimens and slides illustrating 
the occurrence of raphides in the bulbs of the common Hyacinth 
of gardens {Hyacinthus orientalis and varieties). Porms of 
eczema were said to have been produced in persons handling and 
cleaning these bulbs. Although the fact was familiar to gardeners, 
the cause did not appear to have been clearly traced. Experi- 
ments and observations at the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew had 
shown that both dry and moist scales were capable of producing 
considerable irritation in certain cases when applied directly to 
the skin. There was little doubt that the raphides were the 
prime agents. These needle-shaped ci'ystals (composed of 
oxalate of lime) varied from j-^o-th to yj-o''''^ ^^ ^^ i^ch in length, 
and were arranged in close bundles, easily dispersed by rubbing 
the dry scales. In the growing plants they were doubtless 
protective, as snails, for instance, avoided hyacinth bulbs but 
attacked others growing close by. Roman hyacinths (var. 
alhidus) were understood to cause greater irritation than other 
varieties. 

Dr. D. H. Scott described some experiments which he had 
tried, tending to confirm the conclusion that the irritation of the 

LINN. SOC. PKOCEELINGS. — SESSION 1896-97. 6 



2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

skin produced by contact with the bulb-scales of Hyacinths is 
due immediately to puncture by the numerous raphides. 

On behalf of Dr. H. B. Hewetson of Leeds, Mr. Harting 
exbib'ted a photograph of a specimen of Macqueen's Bustard 
{Olis Macqueeni) which had been shot at Easington, in Holder- 
ness, on the l7th October last, and gave a brief account of the 
species, which had now been met with in England for the third 
time ; its first occurrence having been noticed in Lincolnshire in 
Oct. 1847, and the second in Yorkshire in Oct. 1892. 

Mr. Hugh Warrand exhibited a remarkable bird which was 
believed at first to be a hybrid between the Eed Grouse and 
Ptarmigan, but which in the opinion of Mr. Ogilvie Gri'aat, 
Mr. Millais, and Mr. Harting, could only be regarded as an 
abnormally pale-coloured Grouse. Only one possible instance 
had been recorded of such a hybrid as was suggested, viz. in the 
case of a bird which was exhibited some years ago by Prof. 
Newton to the Zoological Society (P. Z. S. 1878, p. 793), and had 
since been figured by Mr. Millais in his work on G-ame Birds. 

A specimen of the Cream-coloured Courser {Cursorius isabel- 
linus), an extremely rare visitor to this country from North 
Africa (probably vid Spain), which had been shot on Salisbury 
Plain, at Earlstoke, on the 10th October last, was exhibited by 
Mr. Harting, who gave particulars of the occurrence, and stated 
that another example of this bird had since been obtained in 
Boulay Bay, Jersey. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Mediterranean Bryozoa." By Arthur William 
Waters, E.L.S. 

2. " On some new Species of Grassula from South Africa." 
By Dr. S. Schonland, F.L.S. 

3. "On the Holothurians of New Zealand." By Prof. A. 
Dandy, E.L.S. 

November 19th, 1896. 
Mr. A. D. Michael, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. John Earrah and Albert Henry Pawson were elected 
Eellows of the Society. 

Dr. D. Morris, C.M.G., exhibited from the Eoyal Gardens, 
Kew, the inflorescence of Fterisanthes polita, a singular species 
of the Ampelidese, received in 1894 from Mr. H. N. Eidley, 
E.L.S., of Singapore, and now in flower for the first time in 
Europe. It is a slender plant, climbing 15 to 20 ieet over 
trees, a native of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and North 
Borneo. The cordate leaves are entire and spinose ; the tendrils 



LI>'NEA]S' SOCIErT OF LONDON. 3 

bifurcated, with tlie lower branch bearing a peiodulous, flat, 
fleshy receptacle, irregular iu outline, reddish brown in colour, 
and varying from -i to 6 inches iu length and | to 1;^ inch in 
breadth. The flowers, embedded on both sides of the receptacle, 
are mostly hermaphrodite, while on its margins are ranged 
several unisexual or sterile flowers on slender pedicels | to 1 
inch long. The fruits, where produced, are small flask-shaped 
berries with one to four seeds. Pte?'isanthes is closely allied to 
Vitis, but shows in a more interesting manner the true nature of 
the tendrils, and a special modification of the receptacle suggested 
only in Vifis onacrostachya. — Some supplementary remarks were 
made by Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.E.S., and Sir Hugh Low, G.C.M.G. 
Dr. Morris also exhibited dried flower-stems of the Austra- 
lasian twin- leaved Sundew {Drosera binata, LabilL), received at 
Eew from the Shefiield Botanic G-arden. In this instance the 
stems were 3 feet 6 in. high, bearing about 30 to 50 large pure 
white flowers, nearly 1 inch across. The plant grown in gardens 
in this country is seldom more than 9 inches to a foot high. 
Some comments were ofiered by Mr. Hiern and Mr. Thomas 
Christy. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On the Structure and Development of the Hyobranchial 
Skeleton and Larynx in Xenopus and Pipa, with Remarks on the 
Affinities of the Aglossa." By W. G. Eidewood, B.Sc, F.L.S. 

2. " On Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum." By 
the Eev. T. E. Sfcebbing, M.A., E.E.S., F.L.S. 

December 3rd, 1896. 

Mr. C. B. Claeke, M.A., P.E.S., Yice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. A. B. Freeman -Mi tford and Edward Step were 
admitted ; and the following were elected Fellows of the 
Society: — Messrs. William Henry Betts, Ernest J. Bickford, 
Fergusson Escombe, Eobert Nunez Lyne, Freeman Eoper, 
Frederick Granville Sinclair, and Hon. Walter Eothschild. 

Mr. E. Morton Middleton exhibited and made remarks ou 
specimens of Acer dasycarpum strangulated by Aristolochia 
tomentosa. He also exhibited examples of Helix Guinberlandiana, 
an extremely local land Mollusc from the Carboniferous Limestone 
of Tennessee, his remarks being confirmed by Mr. W. Stearns, an 
American conchologist, who was present as a visitor. 

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens o^ Liehnannia major, Sk 
seaweed not hitherto detected in Britain, and, so far as is known, 
recorded only from Finisterre. The specimens were collected at 
Lossiemouth in August 1896. He also showed Bonnemaisonia 
Tiamifera, collected in May last by Mr. E. George, and in August 

62 



4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE 

last by himself. In 1895 livino; specimens of this seaweed, a 
native of Japan, were found at Falmouth by the late Mr. T. H. 
Buffham, and during the present year other examples had been 
found at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, showing that the plant had 
apparently become naturalized. 

The following paper was read : — 

" Does Natural Selection play any part in the Origin of Species 
among Plants ? " By the Eev. George Henslow, M.A., F.L.S. 



December I7tb, 1896. 

Dr. A. GtTNTHER, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. F. Boper was admitted, and Sir William Boberts and 
Mr. John Henry Burrage were elected Fellows of the Society. 

The President directed attention to the very handsome Clock 
recently presented to the Society by Mr. Frank Crisp, and now 
fixed over the doorway of the Meeting Boom, and a cordial vote 
of thanks to INIr. Crisp was unanimously recorded. 

Messrs. James Green and J. H. Gardiner exhibited a series 
of sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Eeptiles in which the 
details of the skeleton were very sharply defined, and its relation 
to the external outline well shown. These sciagraphs, as well as 
those of a series of Mollusca also exhibited, were taken with a 
Crookes's tube of the ordinary focus pattern actuated by a 
powerful induction-coil giving 8-in. sparks, and the prints in 
every case were made from untouched negatives. 

Prof. Howes offered some remarks on the series of Batrachians 
and Beptiles ; and Mr. B. B. Woodward commented upon the 
details of structure which were made apparent iu the sciagraphs 
of Mollusca. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a supposed hybrid between the 
Common Brown Hare {Lepus timidus) and the Irish Hare {Lepus 
variahilis) recently obtained in Carnarvonshire, where the latter 
species had been introduced in 1878. He compared the speci- 
men in question with examples of both the above-named species, 
and contrasted their distinguishing peculiarities, pointing out 
the intermediate characters exhibited by the supposed hybrid. 
His remarks were criticised by the President, who thought that 
too much stress should not be laid upon external ajDpearance 
and colour ; that the question of hybridity should rather be 
determined by comparing the relative measurements of the leg- 
bones ; and that the Irish Hare should be compared in detail 
with the Hare of Southern Europe (L. meridional is or mediter- 
raneus). Prof. Howes drew attention to Nathusius's observations 



LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 5 

upon the Peyer's patches o£ the Leporines, and pointed to 
the necessity for examination of the viscera. Mr. Barrett 
Hamilton, who was present as a visitor, was inclined to regard 
the supposed hybrid as an example of the ordinary Brown Hare 
turning white in winter, hitherto unnoticed in this country. 

Mr. Thomas Christy inquired what position the so-called 
Belgian Hare or Leporine occupied in relation to the question of 
hybridity ; and was answered that the popular notion of that 
animal being a hybrid between Hare and Rabbit was fallacious, 
since it was nothing more than an overgrown tame Habbit 
coloured like a Hare. 

Mr. B. B. "Woodward gave a demonstration, illustrated with 
lantern-slides, of M. F. Bernard's researches iuto the development 
of the hinge of bivalve shells. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " Further Observations on Assimilatory Inhibition." By 
Dr. A. J. Ewart. (Communicated by li. J. Harvey Gibson, 
r.L.S.) 

2. " On the Development of the Ovule of Cliristisoniar By 
"W. C. "Worsdell. (Communicated by Prof. J. B. Farmer, 
F.L.S.) 

3. " On the Chalcididse of the Island of Grrenada, West 
Indies." By Dr. L. O. Howard. (Communicated by F. D. 
Godman, F.E.S., F.L.S.) 



January 21st, 1897. 

Mr. C. B. Claeke, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. Robert Barnes and F. G. Sinclair were admitted 
Fellows of the Society. 

Dr. John Lowe, F.L.S., exhibited some fossil antlers of Cervus 
elaphus of unusually large size from Southern Fen, Cambridge. 
The dimensions given were : — Length along outside curve, 
R. 42-6 in.; L. 41 in. Circumference above burr, R. 11-6; 
L. 11. Greatest inside width .37 in., at top 32-6. With these 
were also exhibited various fragments of implements and weapons 
which had been discovered in proximity, showing that the animal 
had lived contemporaneously with man. 

Dr. H. 0. Forbes referred to similar antlers of great size 
which had been discovered in Lancashire during the cutting of 
the Manchester Ship Canal, and were preserved in the Liverpool 
Museum. 

Mr. J. E. Harting showed drawings of large antlers found at 
Bourne End in 1894 during the construction of the new Viaduct 
over the Thames, and at Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1895 by a man 



6 PB0CEEDING8 OF THE 

ploughing. It was remarkable that while the antlers of Hed 
Deer at the present day showed a marked deterioration in size 
and weight when compared with those obtained in a fossil state 
in England, this was not the case with the Eoe Deer. He had 
seen no fossil horns of the Eoe which were superior in size to 
those of the same species procurable at the present time in 
Scotland. The reason for this had not been explained. 

Mr. Horace Mouckton, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of a 
common Freshwater Mollusc, Limncea peregra, collected by him at 
the Howietoun Ponds, Selkirkshire, showing a variation from the 
normal type in being more or less banded. The banding was 
in every case confined to the last whorl of the shell, and often to 
the outer portion of the whorl, although iu one or two cases it was 
arrested before reaching the mouth of the shell. Mr. Monckton, 
after describing the position and nature of the ponds referred 
to, was inclined to attribute the variation in question to the 
abundance of food supplied for the SalmonidcB reared there, and 
to the absence of lime from the water. 

Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.L.S., exhibited a similar variation 
in shells of LimncBa stagnalis, wherein the banding was longi- 
tudinal—a peculiarity which had been recorded by Mr. T. D. 
Cockerell. 

Sir James Gibson-Maitland, Bart., gave the results of an analysis 
which had been made of the w^ater at Howietoun and Craigend, 
with a view to determiue the bearing it might have on the grow^tli 
of fish, and on variation in the shells of the Mollusca referred to. 

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. J. T. Johnson, of 
Punchal, Madeira, commenting upon Dr. D. Morris's exhibition 
(Nov. 5) of raphides conjposed of oxalate of lime in the bulbs of 
hj'acinths, the handling of which had produced a form of eczema. 
Mr. Johnson mentioned a parallel case in RicharcUa cetMopica, a 
beautiful aroid known to gardeners as the Lily of the Nile. The 
laundresses at Punchal had tried to utilize the starch obtainable 
from the corms, but complained of the irritation in the hands 
produced by it, which, on examination, was found to result from 
the presence of numerous needle-shaped raphides, as in the case 
of the hyacinth-bulbs referred to. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On the Origin of the Corpus callosum, a Comparative 
Study of the Hippocampal Eegiou of the Cerebrum of Marsu- 
pialia and certain Cheiroptera." By Gr. Elliot Smith, M.D. 
(Communicated by Prof. George Bond Howes, E.L.S.) 

2. " On the Minute Structure of the Nervous System of the 
Mollusca." By J. Gilchrist, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D. (Communi- 
cated by Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.L.S.) 



LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON". 



February 4tli, 1897. 

Dr. A. GtJNTHEB, P.R.S., President, in the Chair, 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Messrs. J. H. Barrage and F. Escombe were admitted, and 
Messrs. Samuel Heniy Drew, John Melvin Lowson, Walter 
Smyth, and Eev. Eobert Usher were elected Fellows of the 
Society. 

Prof. G. B. Howes exhibited the egg-case of Chimcera Colliei 
and some eggs of Bdellostoma sp., which he had received from 
his friend Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia University, N.T., who, 
during a recent trijj to I'uget Sound and Pacific Grrove, Calif., 
had obtained material for the full study of the development of 
both species. He also laid upon the table a specimen of Ohimcera 
Colliei, and of Bdellostoma cirrJiatum with ripe ova. The egg- 
case of ChimcBra was known hitherto only from a specimen 
obtained by Green on the West coast of Ireland, aod recognized 
as such by Dr. Giinther in 1889. Conceruing the Bdellostoma 
egg, the study of development of the Myzichthye^ had a special 
interest that evening, in its association with a brilliant investi- 
gation of Nanseu, then in London. The interest of the study of 
the Myxinoid egg-case had been quite recently revived by some 
observations on that of Bd. Bisclioffi by Plate in the Sitzb. 
Gesellsch. uaturf . Freunde zu Berlin. Plate had found the " oper- 
cular annulus " absent at the " vegetative pole '"' in 3 of 34 eggs 
examined ; and in that of Bd. sp., upon the table, it was also 
absent. The interest of the general morphology of the Subclass, 
always intense, had been enhanced to an even unexpected degree 
in recent enquiry by Ayers and Price into numerical variation 
and metamorphosis of the branchial apparatus, by £emon into 
the excretory organs, and by Nussbaum into the Seessel's 
diverticulum of the developing gnathostome. The results of 
Dr. Bashford Dean's investigations would therefore be awaited 
by morphologists with impatience. 

Some remarks were made by the President, chiefly in connection 
with the egg-case of CMmasra monstrosa obtained on the West 
coast of Ireland ; and by Mr. J. T. Cunningham, of the Marine 
Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, who was present as a visitor. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. "A Eevision of the Tribe Nauclece (N'at. Ord. Bubiacece).^* 
By George Darby Haviland, M.A., M.B., F.L.S. 

2. " A Contribution to the History of New-Zealand Echino- 
derms." By H. Farquhar. (Communicated by Thos. W. Kirk, 
F.L.S.) 



8 PROCEEDINGS OP THE 

Eebruary ISth, 1897. 

Dr. D. H. Scott, E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Sir William Eoberts, Mr. J. M. Lowson, and Mr. W. H. Betts 
were admitted, and the Hon. Charles Ellis and Mr. George Edward 
Lodge were elected Fellows of the Society. 

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited under a glass case the nest of a 
Wren built of moss in the dried body of a Eook which had been 
hung up as a scarecrow in Gloucestershire. Similar instances 
of the kind had been recorded (Essex Nat. ii. 205 & iii. 25). He 
called to mind the nest of a Swallow in the dead body of an Owl 
mentioned by Gilbert White, and referred to other cases which 
had been recorded by a former president of the Society (Bishop 
Stanley) . Eor instances of nests of the Hoopoe placed in the 
desiccated bodies of unburied men, he referred to the experience 
of Pallas in Eussia and of Swinhoe in China. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On some Points in the Anatomy and Morphology of the 
NymplicBacece" By D. T. Gwynne-Yaughan, B.A. (Communi- 
cated by Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, E.E.S., E.L.S.) 

2. " On the Adhesive Discs of Ercilla volulilis, A. Juss." By 
J. H. Burrage, M.A., E.L.S. 



March 4th, 1897. 

Dr. A. GuNTHEE, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

The Eev. H. Bride Barber was elected a Fellow of the Society. 

Mr. W. Carruthers, F.E.S., exhibited, with the aid of lantern- 
slides, a series of portraits of Linnaeus, and gave some account of 
the history of each. In the course of a tour which he had made 
in Sweden and Holland, he had been fortunate enough not only 
to see the original paintings, but also to obtain photographs of 
them, so that he was now able to exhibit exact copies. Putting 
aside " supposed portraits," and such as might be termed " fancy 
portraits " having no claim to authenticity, he had satisfied him- 
self of the existence of eight that were certainly painted or drawn 
from life, and had been copied more or less frequently by different 
engravers. The earliest of these was painted by Hoffman in 
1737, while Linnseus was working for his patron Clifford at Harte- 
camp, and represents him at the age of 30 in the picturesque dress 
in whicK he travelled through Lapland. Of the next portrait, 



LnWEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOJT. 9 

an engraving by Ehrensverd in 1740, no original is known to 
exist. In 1747, at the age of 40, two pencil sketches of Linnaeus, 
one being a full length, were made by Eebn ; and five years 
later a beautiful pastel was executed by Lundberg. Scheffel in 
1755 painted him at the age of 48 ; and this portrait is preserved 
at Hammarby in the house of Linnaeus, now public property 
under the care of Prof. Fries of Upsala. Then came the medal- 
lion by Inlander, executed in 1773, of which a copy (one of three) 
is in possession of this Society. The following year, when Lin- 
naeus was 67 years of age, his portrait was painted by Kralft, 
and was placed originally in the Medical College of Stockholm, 
of which Linnaeus was one of the founders. It was supposed to 
be lost, but had been removed to the Eoyal Academy of Sciences 
in Stockholm, where Mr. Carruthers discovered it. The latest 
portrait was that by Eoslin, painted in 1775, when Linnaeus was 
in his sixty-eighth year. A fine copy of this by Pasch, presented 
to Sir Joseph Banks, and given by him to Robert Brown, now 
hangs in the Society's Library. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On some new Earthworms from New Britain." By 
Dr. W. B. Benham. (Communicated by Prof. Gr. B. Howes, 
See.L.Soc.) 

2. " On a Triclwderma parasitic on Pellia epipliylla.^'' By 
W. G. P. Ellis. (Communicated by Prof. H. M. Ward, 
r.E.S., E.L.S.) 



March 18th, 1897. 

Dr. A. GtJNTHEfi, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. Gr. E. Lodge was admitted, and Mr. William Martindale 
was elected a Fellow of the Society. 

Mir. Bernard Arnold, F.L.S., exhibited three contiguously- 
built nests of the Chimney Swallow, Hirundo rustica, having a 
continuous wall of mud as if cemented by one pair of birds ; 
but from the evidence of the observer it appeared that there 
were two pairs, one pair of which had made two of the adjacent 
nests. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Stipules, their Forms and Functions. — Part III." By 
the Et. Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.E.S., F.L.S. 

2. " On the Origin. of Transfusion-Tissue in Leaves of Gymno- 
Bpermous Plants." By W. C. Worsdell. (Communicated by 
Dr. Dukmtield H. Scott, F.E.S., F.L.S.) 



lO PKOCKEDINGS OF THE 

April 1st, 1897. 

Dr. A. GrtTNTHEE, P.R.S., President, in tlie Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Prof. Graf zu Solms-Laubacli, the Eev. Kobert Usher, and 
Mr. William Martindale were admitted, and Messrs. James Bryant 
Sowerby and John Christopher Willis were elected Pellows of the 
Society. 

Mr. Miller Christy exhibited three royal state-cloaks formerly 
worn by the Kings of the Hawaiian Islands and made of the 
feathers of four species of birds, of which the exhibitor gave 
an account, referring to the coloured figures of them gi?eu in 
Mr. Scott Wilson's ' Birds of Hawaii,' namely, Vestiaria coc- 
cinea (red.), Fsittacirostra psittacea (green), Acrulocercus nohilis^ 
and Drepanis pacifica (black and yellow). The last-named, of 
which no specimen is to be found in the National Collection, was 
believed to be now extinct. 

Mr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer exhibited : — (i) A series of drawings 
(on the screen) to illustrate the " Cultural evolution of Cyclamen 
latifolmm, Sibth." The species is a native of Greece and the 
Levant, and is believed to have been first introduced into 
European cultivation in 1731. In 1768 Miller described a form 
modified by cultivation under the name of Cyclamen persicum. 
This was erroneous, as according to Boissier neither the wild 
nor the garden form occur in Persia. The latter persisted in 
cultivation for about 150 years, and about 1860 became the 
starting-point of the modern races which were illustrated. 
Cyclamen latifolium has never been hybridized, and it was 
shown that the striking forms now in cultivation were the result 
of the patient accumulation of gradual variations. Drawings of 
the remarkable forms " Papilio," obtained by de Langhe-Vervaene 
and of " The Bush-Hill Pioneer," by Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., 
were shown. It was pointed out that the tendency of the species 
under cultivation was to lose its distinctive generic characters, 
and to approximate to a more generalized type. The reflexion 
of the corolla-segments was often lost as in Lysimachia, the 
segments were sometimes multiplied as in Trientalis, and the 
margins were fringed as in Soldanella and cultivated forms of 
Frimula sinensis. The " Bush-Hill Pioneer " possessed, in the 
cresting of the petals, a remarkable character without parallel in 
any primuiaceous plant occurring in a wild state. 

(ii) A series of plants was exhibited to illustrate the origin of 
the garden " Cineraria." It was generally agreed that this had 
sprung from one or more species native of the Canaries. An 
extreme cultivated form was shown and compared with Senecio 
crwew^MS, which ail internal evidence indicated as the sole original 
stock. 8. Heritieri, another reputed parent, was exhibited. 
But it was pointed out that this has a shrubby habit and stems 



LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 1 

markedly zigzag between the internodes, while the leaves are 
clothed beneath with a dense white tomentum. These characters 
it transmits more or less to its hybrid offspring. In illustration 
of this point Mr. Poe's hybrid {Senecio super-Heritieri X cruentus) 
was exhibited (a similar one has occurred at Edinburgh); also the 
Cambridge hybrid {S. super-cruentus X Heritieri). S. cruentus 
crosses very freely with the garden Cineraria, and as the latter 
never exhibits any trace of the characters of S. Heritieri, it was 
concluded that that species had no part in its origin, and that, 
as in the case of the Cyclamen, the striking development of 
S. cruentus in cultivation was due to the continued accumulation 
of gradual variations. 

Mr. A. "W. Bennett exhibited a series of drawings by Mr. E. 
B. Grreen of Eoot-hairs of plants with various parasitic growths, 
and showed preparations of several under the microscope. 

Mr. Gr. E. Murray exhibited several lantern-slides of Cocco- 
spheres and E-habdospheres, prepared from specimens collected 
by Capt. Milner, of the s.s. ' Para,' while on a voyage to 
Barbados, including all the forms figured in the ' Challenger ' 
Report. Of these remarkable organisms Mr. Murray gave a 
detailed account, explaining the formation of coccospheres (so 
named by Dr. AVallich) as the aggregation into spheres of tbe 
so-called coccoliths described by Huxley from deep-sea soundings 
taken in the North Atlantic by H.M.S. 'Cyclops.' The cal- 
careous scales (or coccoliths) were shown to overlap each other, 
and to constitute not only a defensive armour, but from their 
arrangement to admit of the gi'owth of the organism, which is 
thus not limited by its calcareous coat, as diatoms are by their 
siliceous shells ; each coccolith being attached to the cell by a 
button-like projection on its inner surface. 

In the rhabdospheres with projecting rods, of which figures 
were shown, the plates (Ehabdoliths) do not tit into each other as 
figured in the ' Challenger ' Eeport, but their bases are imbedded 
on the surface of the cell each by itself without contact. 

As to the cell-contents, the exhibitor had found nothing more 
than a granular material resembling protoplasm. There was no 
trace of colouring-matter in the specimens, all of which had been 
brought up from a depth of three fathoms. 

Mr. H. Grroves exhibited a large number of Gharacece col- 
lected by Mr. T. B. Blow in various parts of Australia and Asia, 
views of the localities referred to being shown on the screen by 
the collector. 

The following paper was read : — 

" On the Grermination of the Spores of Agaricinecer By 
Miss Helen B. Potter. (Communicated by Mr. George Massee, 
P.L.S.) 



12 PROCEEDINGS OE THE 



April 15th, 1897. 

Dr. A. GrNTHEE, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Mr. William Betting Hemsley was admitted, and Mr. Daniel 
Angel Jones was elected a Fellow. 

Mr. H. Fisher, the naturalist attached to the Jackson- 
Harmsworth Polar Expedition, gave some preliminary obser- 
vations on the plants collected by him during his two years' 
residence on Franz Josef Land. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On the Evolution of Oxygen from Coloured Bacteria." 
By Dr. A. J. Ewart. (Communicated by Dr. J. E. Grreen, F.E.S., 
F.L.S.) 

2. " On some new Crustacea from the Irish Seas." By Alfred 
O. Walker, F.L.S. 

May 6th, 1897. 

Dr. A. GrUNTHEE, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

Prof. Ludwig Eadlkofer, of Munich, was elected a Foreign 
Member. 

In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting, Mr. Osbert 
Salvin and Prof. Farmer were, by show of hands, elected 
Auditors on behalf of the Council, and Messrs. E. M. Holmes 
and H. Druce on behalf of the Fellows. 

Prof. Stewart, F.E.S., exhibited and made remarks on some 
anatomical preparations showing the different modes of attach- 
ment of the Ligamentum nuclice in herbivorous and carnivorous 
Mammals, as exemplified in the Sheep and Dog, and of the 
Ligamenta suhflava. The analogous ligaments of Birds were 
dealt with, and special attention was drawn to a preparation of 
the vertebral column of the Python, showing vertebra-costal 
fihro-cartilaginous plates of which he could find no description 
and which he believed to be peculiar to the Ophidia. 

The following papers were read : — 

1. " On Desmids from Singapore." By Messrs. W. and Gr. 
S. West. 

2. "The Problem of Utility." By Captain F. W. Button, 
F.E.S. (Communicated by Prof. A. Newton, F.E.S., F.L.S.) 

3. " On New Species of Molluscafrom the Island of Madeira." 
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S. 



LIliNEAN SOCIETY OP LOlfDON. 



13 



May 24tli, 1897. 
Anniversary Meeting. 
Dr. A. GruifTHEE, F.E.S., President, in tlie Chair. 
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. 

The Treasurer presented his Annual Statement of Accounts, 
duly audited, as shown on p. 14. 

The Secretary read his report o£ deaths, withdrawals, and 
elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : — 

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 18 Fellows had died, or 
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : — 



Mr. William Brockbank. 
Dr. Robert Hogg. 
Mr. Peter Inchbald. 
Lord Lilford. 
Dr. P. S. Mootoosawmy. 
Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. 
Sir Edward Newton. 
Mr. Charles Packe. 
Mr. David Eobertson. 



Mr. Freeman Eoper. 
Mr. S. James A. Salter. 
Mr. W. Burne Stonham. 
Sir John Bates Thurston. 
Mr. Henry Trim en. 
Mr. G-eorge Wall. 
Mr. Frederic Isaac Warner. 
Mr. Charles Frederick WTiite. 
Eev. Greorge Wilson. 



Mr. A. D. Bartlett. 



Associates, 2. 

I Mr. Thomas Hick. 



During the past official year 9 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : — 



Mr. F. H. Perry Coste. 
Sir T. D. Gribsou-Carmichael. 
Eev. H. Gr. Bonavia Hunt. 
Mr. H. A. James. 
Mr. Greenwood Pirn. 



Mr. George Bell Eothera. 
Mr. Peter Lund Simmonds. 
Mr. Hugh Sidney Streatfeild. 
Prof. Ealph Tate. 



The following 3 Fellows had been removed from the Society's 
list by order of the Council, viz. : — 

Prof. Adolphus Ernst, Mr. Charles Alfred Hebbert, and 
Mr. William H. Jones. 



And 20 Fellows, 2 Associates, and 1 Foreign Member 
been elected. 



had 



The Librarian's Eeport was also read as follows : — 

" During the pa?t year there had been received as Donations 

from private individuals to the Library 62 volumes and 130 

pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. 



14 



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOSTDOK. 1 5 

'* From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific 
Societies there had been received in exchange and otherwise 275 
volumes and 91 detached parts, besides 52 volumes and 21 parts 
obtained by exchange and donations from the Editors and Pro- 
prietors of independent periodicals. 

" The Council at the recommendation of the Library Com- 
mittee had sanctioned the purchase of 160 volumes, and 136 
parts of important works. 

" The total additions to the Library were therefore 549 volumes 
and 378 separate parts. 

" The number of books bound during the year was as follows : — 
In half-morocco 231 volumes, in half-calf 6 volumes, in full- 
calf 5 volumes, in full-cloth 73 volumes, in vellum 7 volumes, in 
buckram 4 volumes, in boards or half-cloth 12 volumes. Relabelled 
(half-morocco and cloth backs) 30 volumes. Total 368 volumes." 

The Senior Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the 
elections, 

The President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows 
present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers. 

The ballot for the Council having been closed, the President 
appointed Dr. Robert Braithwaite, Mr. Henry Groves, and 
Mr. Herbert Druce, Scrutineers, and the votes having been 
counted and reported to the President, he declared the following 
Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. Charles 
Baron Clarke, Prof. J. B. Farmer, Prof. J. Reynolds Green, 
Sir Hugh Low, and Mr. Albert D. Michael, and the following 
gentlemen to be elected in their place, viz. : — Dr. John Anderson, 
Mr. Charles Alfred Barber, Mr. W. B. Hemsley, Mr. George 
E. M. Murray, and Mr. W. Percy Sladen. 

The ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President 
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been 
counted and reported to him, he declared the result as follows : — • 

President, Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther. 
Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, 
o t ■ \ ^-'^^- ^- Daydon Jackson. 
ecre artes | p^.^^ George Bond Howes. 

The President delivered his Address, as follows : — 



l6 proceedings of the 



The Peesident's Anniveesaey Addeess. 

Pellows of the LiNNEAisr Society. — You have heard already 
from the Treasurer and Secretaries statements referring to the 
general status of the Society, so that only a few other points 
remain which are, I think, deserving of your notice. 

Since the last Anniversary there have been published four 
parts of the Journal of Botany and as many of that of Zoology, 
together with a special volume of 570 pages, by which all the 
arrears of Botanical papers for the Journal have been cleared 
off. Of the Transactions three parts iu Botany and four in 
Zoology have appeared. The new Catalogue of Books in the 
Society's Library, and the Proceedings of the previous Session 
were issued early in the present Session. 

At one of our evening meetings one of my predecessors in 
this chair, Mr. "W. Carruthers, P.E.S., exhibited a very valuable 
series of engraved and lithographed portraits of Linnaeus, which 
he had collected for some years in this country and abroad, 
accompanying this exhibition with highly interesting remarks on 
their history and authenticity. Mr. Carruthers has presented 
this collection to the Society, and the Council has ordered that 
eight of the portraits which were taken from life should be repro- 
duced for publication in tlie Proceedings, with the remarks made 
by the donor. 

The Library has always been the special object of solicitude 
to the Officers and Council. The appearance of the new edition 
of the Catalogue has brought home to them, more strongly than 
before, its steady increase and its growing usefulness. The 
Council decided that, in order to secure the efficient perform- 
ance of the duties of this important service, it would be best to 
hand over all the work connected with it to one member of the 
staff, to Mr. Kappel, who possesses a thorough acquaintance with 
the Library, and who, indeed, had before attended to most of the 
library work proper. This measure affected also the scope of 
the work of the Library Committee. This Committee has met 
hitherto at long intervals merely for the purpose of selecting 
books for recommendation of purchase to the Council. It will 
now occupy itself with the general management of the Library 
and consider the Librarian's reports on the work done between 



LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I 7 

the meetings, wliicb, as a matter of course, will be more 
frequent. 

Some time ago the Presidents of various learned Societies 
received an invitation from the Royal Society to a meeting to 
confer upon the steps that miL;ht be taken jointly by the 
Societies to commemorate Her Majesty's long reign. A sug- 
gestion to start a "Victoria Eesearch Fund" under the joint 
administration of the Scientific Societies was adopted at that 
meeting, and afterwards received the approval of your Council. 
This scheme, when more fully elaborated, will be laid before the 
Society in due time. 

Tou are aware that the E-oyal Society has taken an active part 
in forming an international organization for compiling a Catalogue 
of Scientific Literature, which would be published annual I v from 
the year 1900. The Eoyal Society has requested the Linnean 
Society to send two delegates to a provisional Committee to 
take part in the deliberation on the lines on which this work is 
to be organized so far as the literature of Grreat Britain and 
Ireland is concerned ; your Council has nominated Mr. Jacksou 
and Prof. Howes for this function. The question in what manner 
the Linnean Society is prepared to actually assist the scheme will 
soon arise and will receive the most careful consideration of the 
Council. The scheme is admittedly hedged round by great diffi- 
culties ; but, if there should be a prospect of the Botanical 
worker gaining thereby a help long desired, and as efficient as 
the ' Zoological Record ' is to zoologists, I entertain no doubt 
that the Linnean Society will give to the scheme every support 
within its means. 



I should have wished to select for the theme of my Anniversary 
Address a subject which would have equally ajipealed to both, 
sides of the house. Conscious of my inability to do justice to 
such a task, I have done what appeared to me to be the next 
best thing : I have selected from the limited range of my studies 
a subject which in our tiine has been a matter of general interest, 
namely, the exploration of the Pauna of the Deep Sea. I ask 
you to accompany me over the Oceans, and to take a general view 
of the work accomplished and of the work still to be done. 

I have to exclude from this sketch the investigations of pelagic 
life — that is, of the life existing within 100 fathoms from the 
surface : I shall have therefore very little to say about Plant- 
life, which is scarcely represented beyond that limit. Bcrthold 
states that some of the calcareous Algae, formerly described as 
single-chambered Poraminifera, are found at a depth of 150 
fathoms ; the Danish naturalists found higher Algae in the 
Kara Sea at a depth of 100 fatiioms, where the bottom-tempe- 
rature is 1*7 Centigrade below the freezing-point. Boring Algae 

LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1896-97. C 



1 8 PROCEEDINGS OE THE 

have been dredged in over 1000 fathoms. Tet plants per- 
form an important part in the economy of the Deep Sea : they 
flourish in incredible numbers near the surface, but, after death, 
find their way to the bottom ; the ooze or mud is full of their 
remains and of the dead bodies of pelagic Foraminifera, retaining 
much nutritive substance, and offering a rich pasture-ground for 
numberless Invertebrates which, in their turn, serve as food for 
the carnivorous animals of the Deep Sea. A large proportion of 
these plants are known, not from specimens collected near the 
surface wliere they live, but from deposits withdrawn by the 
sounding-lead or dredge from depths of, may be, 3000 fathoms 
or more*. 

Chronological accounts of Deep-sea work have been given 
by several of the leaders in oceanic research, such as Wyville 
Thomson, Alexander Agassiz, and especially John Murray. The 
latter has given us in his " Summary " of the ' Challenger ' 
results not only the most perfect guide to the work of the 
Expedition and the 50 volumes of the Eeports, but an invaluable 
contribution to the Biology of the Oceans. His enquiry into the 
bathymetrical and horizontal distribution of the marine fauna, 
and into the genetic relations of the fauna of the so-called 
" mud-line " to Deep-sea animals without a free-swimming larval 
stage of development, as well as to shallow-water forms with 
pelngic larvae, has opened a new era of investigation to succeeding 
workers on the same field. 

Thinking that some points of interest might be brought out 

more prominently by arranging the Deep-sea work geographically, 

than by using a chronological order, I propose to treat of it 

to-day under geographical headings. But I do not wish you to 

suppose for a moment that these geograpliieal areas or divisions are 

intended to represent distinct faunistic regions. My own opinion 

is the same which I have held for many years, viz. that, as regards 

horizontal distribution, the Deep-sea fauna is one indivisible 

whole; and that such types as, in the present state of our 

knowledge, seem to be characteristic of some particular division 

of the ocean, are either foreign to — that is, accidentally or 

ignorantly imported into — the Deep-sea fauna, or forms, the 

wide range of which has not yet been ascertained. In some 

cases other considerations besides geographical have led me to 

delimitate those areas in a way most convenient for my purpose. 

If any important question has been tried or settled within a 

particular area, I propose to refer to it under that heading. 

Pinally, I have only to ask for your patient indulgence, when 
you bear me recounting facts with which some, or even the 
majority, of those present may be well acquainted, 

' * See ' Challenger' Summary, lists, and Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xiv. 
p. 313. 



LIIOfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIS". 19 



Aectic Ocean. 

In this' area I include Davis kS traits to the soutliern extremity 
of Greenland, the sea round Iceland, the sea between Spitz- 
bergen and Novaja Zemlia, Barents Sea. the Kara Sea, and the 
whole ocean north of Asia and America, which, so far as its 
abyssal fauna is concerned, is almost mare incognitum. Indeed, 
very little work has been done in the polar sea ; but it was 
here that the ancient belief in the azoic condition of the 
depth of the sea received its first shock from actual experiment. 
As early as the year 1818, that is nearly eighty years ago, 
Sir John Eoss, on his voyage to Baffin's Bay, brought up from a 
depth of 800 fathoms "a beautiful Caput Medusae {Gorgono- 
cephalus areticus) entangled on the soundiug-line." * This hap- 
pened in Lancaster Sound ; but other smaller animals were 
obtained by him in a similar manner from sounding operations 
in somewhat lower latitudes. Our second message from the 
Arctic Deep Sea came by the ill-fated Pranklin Expedition, 
and is contained in a letter written by H. Groodsir, one of the 
surgeons, from Disco. He states that the Expedition entered 
Davis Straits on June 23rd, 1844 ; " on the 28th a dredge was 
sunk to the enormous depth of 300 fathoms, and produced many 
highly interesting species of Mollusca, Crustacea, Asteriidse, 
Spatangi, Corallines, and some large forms of 'Isopoda." f One 
would have thought these two observations to have been of 
sufficient weight to deserve attention. But so firmly rooted was 
the conviction of Naturalists as to the non-existence of abyssal 
life, that Hoss's and Goodsir's experiences were ignored, and 
that even Edward Eorbes, as we shall see further on, was dis- 
inclined to admit what he himself could not prove. 

Investigations in other parts of the world, notably those by 
Sir James Hoss in the Antarctic and by Scandinavian natu- 
ralists on their native coasts, fully agreed with the discoveries of 
the Arctic travellers. But the -work which, perhaps, was the most 
effectual in bringing about a change of the old erroneous 
assumptions for the new line of thought, likewise falls into this 
area. G. C. WaUich accompanied, in 1860, Sir P. L. M^CIintock 
in H.M.S. ' Bulldog ' on a voyage across the North Atlantic to 
survey the sea-bottom for the laying of the proposed Atlantic 
cable. Dredging was foreign to the object of the expedition ; 
but by the sounding operations a good deal of mud and, with it, 
of organisms was brought to the surface ; higher animals, such 
as Serpula, OpMacantlia spinulosa, were incidentally obtained 
south of Iceland, midway between Greenland and Shetland, in 
Davis Straits, from depths of upwards of 1000 fathoms. Slender 
and fragmentary as these materials were, Wallich exercised in 
the arguments based upon them such acumen and independence 

* Eoss, ' Baffin's Bay,' Appendix. 

t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, xvi. p. 164. 

c2 



20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

of thought as places him in the foremost rank of pioneers in 
the investigation of the biological conditions of the Deep Sea. 
He viewed the existence of bathybial life in its relation to atmo- 
spheric pressure, light, temperature, and chemical composition 
of the sea-water, ocean-currents, and discusses its evolution. 
He is decidedly of opinion that bathjbial forms are direct de- 
scendants of littoral, and that change of abode is not necessarily 
accompanied by modification of specific characters ; that bathybial 
forms may return to littoral life. He thinks that Glohigerina is 
widely spread over the ocean-bed, and that it lives at tlie bottom. 
Some of his conclusions have not survived the test of subsequent 
research, whilst others are now treated as generally accepted 
truths. I am ignorant of the causes by which he has been pre- 
vented from publishing more than a fragment of his work*; but, 
when some years ago I had an opportunity of examining bis 
manuscript notes and drawings, I could not help regretting that 
observations, so carelully made and so novel at the time, were 
not published by him thirty years ago. 

British zoologists did not resume Deep-sea work in tliis area 
until 1875, the year of the last British North Polar Expedition. 
As you may remember, that expedition was accompanied as far 
as Disco by a storeship, the ' Valorous.' The late Mr. Grwyn 
Jeffreys went out in her, with the object of utilizing on the 
retui'n-journey such opportunities as would present themselves 
for deep-sea dredging. Actually only eight of these operations 
were successful t; five within Davis Straits (the northernmost at 
Disco), the three others on the passage across the Atlantic. No 
trawl was used, and therefore Invertebrates only were taken, 
many of high interest, particularly as throwing light upon the 
remarkable affinity between the Arctic and Antarctic faunas, and 
foreboding the important results that would reward a more 
systematic investigation of some part of the Arctic sea. 

This was regarded by the Scandinavians as their own special 
task. Prom the year 1858 exj)edition after expedition left 
Sweden under the scientific direction of the late Dr. 0. Torell, 
Baron von Nordenskjold, Drs. F. A. Smitt, W. Ljunginan, 
H. Theel, A. Stuxberg, C. Forsstrand, J. Lindahl, A. J. Malm- 
gren, and others, to explore the coasts and seas surrounding 
Novaja Zemlia, Spitzbergen, and Grreenland. Uufoi'tunately the 
zoological results do not seem to have been published in a com- 
prehensive form, so that it is difficult to obtain the requisite 
information for the purposes of this sketch. But I gather from, 
the scattered papers in the literature accessible to me that a 
great number of Invertebrates were collected, partly by means 
of the sounding apparatus from depths as great as 260D fathoms, 

* ' The North Atlantic Sea-bed : conajjrising a Diary of the Voyage on board 
of H.M.S. ' Bulldog,' in 18(10.' Part 1. London, 1862. 4to. 
t Proc. Eoy. Soc. 1876, No. 173. 



LnrtfEAIT SOCIETT OF LONDON. 21 

partly from lesser depths by the use of the dredge*. The deepest 
part explored, was beyond the 81st parallel, which is the highest 
latitude from which specimens of the bathybial fauna have ever 
been obtaiuedt. 

Much more complete is the information which we possess of 
the work and results of the North Atlantic expedition fitted out 
by the Norwegian Grovernment. The men who initiated and 
accompanied this expedition, Prof. Mohn and Prof. Gr. O. Sars, 
wisely selected as their field of investigation the sea north of 
British activity, viz. the ocean lying between Norway, the 
Faroes, Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Spitzbergen — a large basin in 
Avhich the warm water from the South meets the cold indraught 
from the North. The expedition, which was fitted out on the 
scale of the ' Porcupine,' extended over three years (1876-78), 
working for 2| months each year during the summer, and 
returning to port for the long northern winter. Every branch 
of oceanography, every factor influencing the development and 
distribution of life, and last, but not least, the collection of forms 
of animal and vegetable life, received equally careful attention, 
as is testified by the six magnificent volumes containing the 
results, which have appeared up to the present. Of the 375 
hydrographical stations, at 82 special apparatus for the collection 
of zoological material was used ; the three northernmost having 
been on or near to the 80^ of latitude, the 39th meridian marking 
the limit of their operations eastwards. 

Baron von Nordenskjold continued his explorations by means 
of the dredge ia 1875, in conjunction with Dr. Theel, in the 
sloop ' Proeven,' in 1870 in the steamer ' Tmer,' and in 1878 in 
the ' Vega.' But nearly the whole of the operations were within 
the littoral zone of Asia ; and only in eight dredgings a depth of 
100 to 150 fathoms was reached, and this was in the Kara Sea J. 
The Danish Arctic Expedition in the steamer ' Dj^mphna ' 
(1882-83) explored this shallow bay of the Arctic Ocean still 
more thoroughly ; they used the trawl, reaching 100 fathoms 
or beyond, on five occasions nearly in the same positions in which 
Nordenskjold had dredged, and making many additions to the 
Arctic fauna which had escaj)ed the apparatus of their pre- 
decessors. 

The Easteen Noeth Atlantic. 

In this area I include the whole of the eastern half of the 
North Atlantic south of the Arctic area, including the deep sea 
surrounding Scandinavia, southwards to the Tropic of Cancer ; 
but it will be convenient to arrange our review of the work done 
in this area under several sections. 

* Malmgren, Ofvers. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Forhandl. 1869, xii. p. 7. 

t See Appendix. 

I Eepoit of the U.S. Fish. Commiss. for 1886, p. 988. 



22 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE 

1. The Scandinavian Section. 

LoBg before the question of the batliymetrical distribution of 
animal life took definite shape and became the subject of scientific 
enquiry, the Scandinavian naturalists learned from their fishermen 
that various fishes lived and were caught at depths of from 200 
to 300 fathoms, such as the Ling (Jlfolva vulgims and M. alys- 
sorum), the Halibut, the two Scandinavian species of Macrurus, 
a Sea-wulf (Anarrhiclias pantJieriniis), and others. These being 
carnivorous and rapacious fishes, it was self-evident that other 
animals on which the fishes feed must occur at the same depth, 
Loven* reported, at the meeting of the British Association of 
1844, that on the north-western coast of Norway peculiar kinds 
of Alcyonarians, Corals, Echinoderms, Mollusks occur at any 
depth beyond 100 fathoms, that may be reached by the fisher- 
men's line. Scandinavian zoologists, like Michael Sars, Loven, 
Keren, Danielssen, and Gr. O. Sars, soon engaged in a more 
methodical investigation of this Deep-sea fauna by means of the 
dredge. Their exploration was greatly facilitated by the favour- 
able conditions under which they worked. Deep water is easily 
reached along their western coast-line, and often in very sheltered 
localities ; so that short excursions could be frequently arranged,- 
without much expenditure of time or money. Besides, among 
the hardy fisherfolk by whom the coast is peopled they found 
without difficulty persons who by their experience iu managing 
boats, and by their acquaintance with the localities, were an 
invaluable help in the manipulation of the dredge. Thus 
Michael Sars t, as early as the year 1850, demurred to Porbes's 
statement as to the azoic condition of the zones below 240 
fathoms ; and was able, in 1864 and 1868 J, to enumerate 439 
deep-sea forms § collected along the coast of Norway, from 
Christiania Fjord in the south to the Lofoten Islands and the 
Yaranger Fjord in the north, in depths of between 200 and 450 
fathoms. He showed that the Norwegian Deep-sea fauna pos- 
sesses a characteristically arctic character, and that it commences 
at a depth of about 100 fathoms. Eei erring to Wallich's state- 
ment that at least Protozoa flourish in 30U0 fathoms, he antici- 
pates that also higher life would be found in time at that or even 
greater depths. On the other hand, he would not admit the 
uniformity in general character of the Deejj-sea fauna from Pole 
to Pole, a suggestion which had been made by far-seeing Loven ||, 
who unfortunately was under the belief that this uniform fauna 
begins already at a depth of 60-80 fathoms. 

In particular we must recollect that it was M. Sars who dis- 
overed that remarkable Crinoid Bhizocrinus lofotensis, belonging. 

* Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1844, p. 50. 

t Eeise i Lofoten og Finmarkeu. 

X Christian. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1864 and 1868. 

§ Viz. : 68 Ehizopoda, 5 Spongia, 2U Antkozoa, 2 Hydrozoa, 36 Echino- 
dermata, 57 Annelida, 35 Polyzoa, 4 Tuuicata, 4 Brachiopoda, 90 Sbells,. 
1 Arachnid, 105 Crustaceans, and 12 Fishes. 

II Forh. ved de Skand. Naturi. Mode i fcitockholm, 1863, p. 384. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LO]!^DO>". 23 

to the family of ApiocrinidcB, which family flourished in the 
Oolite, and had been considered to be extinct. There is no 
doubt that this startling discovery decided Carpenter and Wyville 
Thomson to engage iu the investigation of the deeper parts of 
the British seas. It was this discovery which led to the suppo- 
sition of a continuance of the Cretaceous period into the present 
fauna of the Deep Sea. In the depths of the sea, it was said, 
where the physical conditions are simple and extremely slow in 
changing, the terms of animal life will be likely to preserve their 
characters through the course of ages, whilst the fauna of the 
Littoral, subject to a variety of ever changing conditions, follows 
a course of rapid evolution. 

While Sars, father and son, and the other men mentioned 
worked chiefly in the deep waters close to the shore, the Nor- 
wegian North Atlantic Expedition explored the more distant 
parts westwards towards Iceland, in which a depth of 2000 fathoms 
is reached. Some 25 or 30 of their zoological stations, at which 
the dredge or trawl was used, fall into this area. 

The Swedish naturalists were during this period scarcely less 
active in their native seas. Dr. Nauckhofl" explored in 1870, ia 
the brig ' Nordenskjold,' the fauna of the Baltic, where, however, * 
the soundings go beyond 100 fathoms in a few places only. 
Dr. Bovallius and Dr. Theel dredged in the gun-boat ' Grunhild ' 
all over the Skagerrack in from 100 to 400 fathoms, thus supple- 
menting the work of their fellow-labourers and neighbours. 

2. The British Section. 

I shall refer to the influence exercised by Edward Forbes on 
the advancement of marine Biology later on when we come to the 
Mediterranean, in which he carried out his deep-sea researches. 
Here it will suiflce to remind you that he moved the British 
Association in 1839 to appoint a Committee for the investigation 
of the British marine Flora and Fauna by means of tlie dredge ; a 
Committee through which for many years after Forbes's death 
much valuable work was done. No one utilized this Committee 
with greater advantage to science than the late Mr. Grwyn 
Jeff"reys, whose memory is still green with many Fellows of this 
Society. He undertook his annual trip to Shetland chiefly with 
the view of completing the malacological survey of the British 
Islands, dredging within the littoral zone, but in later years 
venturing now and then beyond the 100-fathoms line, which he 
reached some 40 miles off St. Magnus Bay and north of Unst. 
The practical experience which he had gained in these excursions 
was of great service when he became associated with Carpenter 
and AV^. Tliomson in. the subsequent expeditions of the ' Lightning' 
and ' Porcupine.' 

The hrst of these expeditions was (in 1868) that of the ' Light- 
ning,' * a surveying ship lent by the Admiralty for a short cruise 

* Preliminary Eeport iu Proc. Roy. Soc. 1868, pp. 168-200. 



24 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

in the sea between the North of Scotland and the Faroe Islands. 
The hope cf meeting here with the same or a similar Fauna as 
had been the reward of the Scandinavian zocdofjists, was evidently 
the cause of selecting that somewhat high latitude in preference 
to a more southern field of operations. The short cruise waa 
much interfered with by bad weather, and dredging in deep 
water Avas only possible on nine days ; but the explorers 
succeeded in working the dredge in deeper water than had been 
recorded before, viz., in 650 fathoms. A great many new or 
interesting types of animal life equally important to the zoologist 
and the palaeontologist were obtained ; but what arrested their 
attention still more, and Avhat found its explanation onlv after 
the lapse of a good many years, was the startling obserA^ation 
that there was in the Faroe Channel a considerable difference in 
the temperature of the water (as much as 14''' F.) at similar depths 
separated from one another by only an hour's sail ; and that 
" great masi^es of water at different temperatures must be moving 
about, each in its particular course, maintaining a remarkable 
system of oceanic circulation, and yet keeping distinct from one 
another." It Avas evident that this phenomenon must have a 
•direct influence upon the distribution of life at the bottom of 
the ocean. 

These temperature observations were continued on the same 
ground in the folloAAing year, when Carpenter and Thomson 
obtained the loan for a longer period of a larger and better 
equipped vessel, the 'Porcupine.' They did not come nearer 
to the solution of the question. In other respects this cruise, 
which extended from May to September, yielded remarkably 
good results. Captain Calver, the commander of the vesstl, 
invented and introductd an appliance which proved to be invalu- 
able for the capture of certain animals in this and all succeeding 
expeditions, viz., the so-callt d '" tanyles " or " swabs " which Avere 
attached to the outside of the dredge. Dredging A\as carried on 
in very deep water, outside the littor. 1 territories from the Crag 
of Rockall soutliAvards thrc.ugh ten degrees of latitude. 250 
miles west of Ushant the expl( rers dredged at a, for that period 
enormous, de[)th of ne.irly 2500 iathoms, meeting with an abund- 
ance of animal life. I make the number of stations at which 
successful hauls of the dredge were made by the ' Porcupine ' in 
the area v.est of the British Islands to be about thiny : a very 
satisfactory amount of Avork considering the short time devoted 
to it. 

No further serious attempt was made to resume tlie inves- 
tigation of the British Deep Sea, until it was taken up by 
indefatigable John Murray after his return with the ' Chal- 
lenger.' In 1880 and 1882 he undertook cruises in the ' Knight 
Errant' and 'Triton,' T. H. Tizard comn anding, to explore 
again the Faroe Channel, chiefly A\ith the vieAv of finding an 
explanation of the diff"eient temperatvires in contiguous art as of 
water. Commander Tizard had enounced the hypothesis that 



LI>'>'EA>' SOCIETT OF LOIfDOX. 25 

the two areas must be separated by an elevated ridge ; and such 
actually was fouad to be the fact * : the ridge, which appro- 
priiitely was called the Wyville Thomson ridge, shutting off the 
cold water from the Arctic from the warm current moving north- 
wards from the Tropics. During these cruises the trawl was 
used for the first time in the British Deep Sea, gathering a 
greater zoolosi-al harvest, particularly in tishes, than has been 
possible to obtain by the dredge. In fact, no part of the deep 
Atlantic surrounding the British Islands is better known than 
the Faroe Channel. 

In a very instructive paper read before the Philosophical 
Society of Glasgow t, John Murray has given some inter- 
esting zoological statistics, the outcome of these investigations. 
He collected the results of 15 dredgings in the warm area, and of 
19 in the cold, in depths greater than 300 fathoms. Be.-ide 
Polyzoa, 217 specifs were collected from the cold and 21(3 from 
the warm area. Of these, only 48 species are common to both, 
and of the sum total of 3S5 species over 150 belong to new 
species discovered during these cruises. 96 of the species 
obtained at these depths have been also recorded from water 
above the 100-fathoms line. The species of Foraminifera, 205 in 
number, show a similar distribution. 

In the same paper Mr. Murray uncomjiromisingly advocates 
the view already held by L. Agassiz, that no continental land ever 
existed in any of the abyssal areas. " We have in ti.ese areas 
no traces of continental rocks." " The deposits now forming in 
these abysmal regions far Irom the present continental Lmd have, 
&o far as we yet know, no analogues in the geological series of 
rocks." Yet, I cannot help thinking that our knowledge of the 
nature of the rocks at the bottom of the seals, at present, to 
use a mild expression, most imperfect. Is it not possible tliat 
continental rocks at the abys-al sea-bottom are so hidden under 
the deposit which has been in progress of formation for untold 
ages, as to prevent us from penetrating to them ? Possibly the 
day may come when borings or some similar operation will be 
successfully carried out in the abysses, entirely upsetting our 
present ideas of the geological nature of the sea-bottom. Besides, 
we have no other means for accounting for the distribution of 
the terrestrial fauna, more especially in the Southern Hemisphere, 
except by assuming that great changes have taken place in the 
extent and position of continental land, and, moreover, that these 
changes were still in progress at periods at which our present 
fauna, or at least part of it, was already in existence. 

In more recent years Mr. Murray has paid much attention to 
the littoral zone of the N.W. coast of Scotland, touching ou a few 

* " Exploration ot the Faroe Channel," Proc. E. Soc. Edinb. 1882. Deep 
Sea Espluration iu the Faroe Channel by H.M.S. ' Triton,' 1882 (Admiralty 
Blue-buok in lol.). 

t " The Physical and Biological conditions of the Sea and Estuaries about 
North Britain " : March 31, 1886. 



26 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE 

occasions tlie lOO-fatlioms line ; but to complete our survey of 
the work of British Deep-sea work, 1 have only to refer to two 
short excur:sions from the IS. W. coast of Ireland in 18S9 : the one 
initiated by myself and carried out by the B.ev. W. S. Grreen *, 
who reached the 1000-1'athoms line, and made eight successful 
hauls in this and lesser depths ; and the second by Mr. Grilbert 
C. Bourne t, who had four successful hauls in 200-400 fathoms 
a little farther southwards. Thus, since the cruises of the 
' Porcupine ' no serious attempt has been made to advance our 
knowledge of the Deep-sea fauna of that part of the Atlantic, 
which lies on and outside the 1000-fathoms liue, west of the 
British Islands, and the exploration of which seems to be the 
special task of this country. AVhen we remember that the ex- 
plorers on board the ' Porcupine ' were ignorant of the use of 
the trawl, that the mechanical appliances for marine exploration 
have been immensely improved since their time, that even such 
small excursions like the two last mentioned have yielded valu- 
able results, we may safely recommend this neglected portion 
of the British Seas as a field on which a body like the Marine 
Biological Association may perforin a national duty. 

3. The Franco-Portuguese Section. 

As in Norway, so in this section which I propose to carry 
southwards to the Tropic, fishermen's lines oflFered the first 
glimpse of Deep-sea life to the zoologist. The late Rev. E. T. 
Lowe and Mr. J. Y. Johnson, who had made Madeira their 
winter-home, frequently received curious unknown fishes that 
accidentally had been brought to the surface. I have good cause 
to remember them, as they gave me the first crude ideas of the 
existence of fishes in the deep sea, of their specialization for an 
abyssal life as well as ttieir wide oceanic distribution. 

In 186-4 Prot. Barboza du Bocage | obtained in a similar 
manner his first specimens of Hyalonema lusitanicum, also of 
various species of deep-sea Sharks, from the fishermen of Setubal ; 
a fishing-ground which was visited by Prof. Perceval AVright § a 
few years afterwards, aud has since become as famous as that of 
Yokohama. 

An early pioueer in this district was the late Mr. McAndrew ||, 
one of thtj most earnest students of the distribution of Shells, 
who worked with his dredge for several years along the western 
coasts of Europe southwards to the coast of Morocco; and 
although he investigated chiefly the littoral fauna, he obtained 
on several occasions successful hauls beyond the 100-fathoms 
liue, without, however, specifying the exact localities where this 
happened. 

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1889, iv. p. 409. 

t Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 1889. i. p. 3U(i. 

\ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 265. 

I Aun. & Mag. JS'at. Hist. 1868, ii. p. 423, 

II Erit. Assoc. Reports, 1856, p. 101. 



LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27 

I have also to mention the late Mr. J. T. Marshall*, who, in 
his small yacht ' Norna,' dredged on the coast of Portugal about 
the year 1869 to a depth of 500 fathoms, and, besides, obtained 
from the long lines of fishermen Deep-sea Corals and Sponges, 
part of which found their way into the British Museum. 

The second cruise of the ' Porcupine,'t which as regards time 
and results takes a position between the private eftoi'ts just 
enumerated and the succeeding great expeditions, occupied the 
first summer-months of 1870, The operations were resumed 
from the southernmost point reached by the ' Porcupine ' in the 
previous year — west of Ushant-, and continued to the Straits of 
Gribraltar, the dredge being effectually worked in deep-water at 
about 34. stations. The slope leading from the 100-lathoms line 
down into the trough of the Atlantic abyss was found to be the 
ground on which life flourishes in the greatest abundance and 
variety ; but, as no trawl was used by Grwyn Jeffreys, who was 
in charge of the scientific operations during this portion of 
the cruise, the captures were limited to Invertebrates, to sessile 
forms or such as are capable of slow locomotion only. 

Two years afterwards the ' Challenger' entered upon the field 
of Deep-sea exploration, the first attempt at dredging being 
south of Cape Pinisterre. However, before the expedition left 
the continental waters, the ordinary deep-sea trawl had been 
substituted for the dredge, covering nearly twice as much ground 
of the sea-bottom, and yielding proportionally greater results. 
At the very first trial, made at 600 fathoms near the south coast 
of Portugal, the naturalists obtained, beside other animals, two 
specimens of a new species of a characteristic deep-sea genus of 
fishes (Macrurus cBqualis) which they never found at any other 
locality. I find that the ' Challenger ' made 28 successful hauls % 
with the trawl in the area under consideration, viz. seven (partly 
dredgings) in the continental district between Cape Pinisterre 
and Madeira, seven in the immediate vicinity of Madeira and the 
Canary Islands, and 14 on two lines stretching westwards from 
Madeira and the Azores, and from the Canaries towards the 
Mid-Atlantic. The ground covered by the latter operations was 
zoologically quite new, and the arrival at the surface of the trawl, 
whicli at some of the stations had descended to a depth of over 
2000 fathoms, must have been watched by the naturalists with 
the keenest anxiety. The late Dr. Willemoes-Suhm writes 
about Stations 68, 65), and 70 (depth 1700-2200 fathoms) in the 
Mid-Atlantic : — " These three trawlings, besides procuring some 
interesting animals, seem to show that we have entered a deep-sea 
region where decidedly northern forms prevail." Characteristically 
arctic Crustaceans and a Pycnogouid were among the contents of 
the trawl. To the Iclithyologist, on the other hand, this district 

* W. S. Kent, Ann. & Mag. .Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 459. 

t Proc. Roy. Soc. 1870, pp. 14(;-222. 

\ In this and following statements of the trawling operations of the 
' Challenger ' none are included which from some accident or other cause did 
not bring specimens to the surface. 



28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

■proved to be disappointing ; no fishes were enclosed in tlie trawl 
on these occasions. 

France had so far taken no part in biological Deep-sea 
exploration, but in the year 1880 a Commission of French 
Biologists, with Professor A. Milne-Edwards at the head, was 
appointed, with the object of investigating the Deep Sea of 
S. -Western Continental Europe. The (rovernment equipped for 
this purpose two steamers, the ' Travailleur ' and the ' Talisman,' 
which were engaged in oceanic work from 18S0 to 1883. On 
these cruises numerous dredging and trawling operations were 
carried out on the rich continental slope and in the deep-water all 
along the Western coast of France, in the Bay of Biscay, along 
the coast of the Pyrenean peninsula, into the western part of the 
Mediterranean. In 1882 and 1883 the cruise extended southwards 
to the coast of Morocco and as far as the mouth of the Senegal, 
finally striking the track of the ' Challenger,' following it past 
the Azores, and tiieu returning to France. These expeditions, 
therefore, not only went over ground previously explored or 
traxersed by the 'Porcupine' and ' Challenger,' but filled blanks 
left by the British expeditions, more especially along the West 
coast of Africa and in the Bay of Biscay. 

Although lists of hydrographical stations have been published, 
as a rule no distinction has been made between mere soundings or 
vinsucctssful dredgings and those stations at which zoological col- 
lections and observations have been made. However, on the whole, 
the zoologic-al results must have been eminently satisfactory, 
as is evident from the iinjjortant reports on Fishes, Brachiopods, 
Eehinoderms, which have been published. In 89 hauls of the trawl 
.3407 specimens of fish were obtained; even at as great a depth as 
1870 fathoms 28 fishes were caught. The abundance of fish-life 
in certain localities was demonstrated by a haul in 250 fathoms 
near the Cape Verd Islands, when 935 fishes belonging to 12 
species were brought to the surface. 

The experience of these cruises confirmed also a fact which I 
had ascertained from the ' Challenger ' collection, viz. that a fish 
when once physiologically adapted to the conditions of bathybial 
lite, may descend, or may be found to have spread, to the greatest 
depths. Thus M. VailLint records that an Eel {Synaphohranchus 
vittatus), which may safely be considered to be a fish living at the 
bottom, was caught at 25 different stations, varying in depth 
from 116 to 11)90 fathoms: a bathymetricd range wliich nearly 
coincides with the experience made by the ' Challenger.' 

The next important contribution to our knowledge of this part 
of the Atlantic Deep-sea fauna has been made by the Prince of 
Monaco who, for many years past, has devoted much of his leisure 
and wealth to oceanic investigation. In his hands the mechanical 
Apparatus, wliich had been much improved by American explorers, 
has been still more perfected, and by using traps at very great 
depths he has succeeded in capturing animals which hitherto 
have eluded the trawl. His explorations were carried on chiefly 
in the Mediterranean and in the neighbourhood of the Azores, and 



LTN'XEAX SOCIETr OF LOXDOK. 29 

extended to the slope of the Bank of N'ewfouudland and into the 
Bay of Biscay. The publication of the results is in progress, 
a magnificent series of volumes ; and it is from them that (with 
the kind assistance of my friend W. E. Hoyle) I have gathered 
the position of some of his biologically noteworthy stations, 41 
in number : this number would be greatly increased, if a suffi- 
ciently detailed list of them were prepared and published. 

A short cruise, which was as well executed as it was planned,- 
viz. that of the Frr^nch steamer ' Caudan,' brings the review of the 
Deep-sea work in this section down to the present day. Professor 
Kohler, of the University of Lyons, obtained the loan of this 
steamer from his Government for a fortnight's cruise in the Bay 
of Biscay. His work exactly fills a gap between the erounds 
explored by the ' Porcupine ' and by the ' Travailleur.' He kept 
as much as possible to the continental slope, trawling between 
100 and 1300 fathoms at 25 stations. Scarcely a year has 
elapsed, and the results of this short cruise are already before us 
in a handsome volume of 741 pages and 39 plates, containing 
valuable contributions to almost every class of marine animals. 
Of particular interest is the discovery in the deep sea of a bathybial 
tribe of Acari, called Halacari. Some of them were found at 
820 fathoms ; and that these creatures really live in deep water, 
and have not accidentally entered the trawl during its passage 
through the surface waters, is proved by M. Trouessart from 
their organization. Some are blind, others provided with 
eyes. 

Finally, I have shortly to refer to the experiments made by 
Dr. C. Chun * in this section of the Atlantic with his specially 
constructed deep-sea towing-net, in order to prove the existence 
of free-swimming animals in the so-called intermediate waters. 
Dr. Chun used this net on a voyage to and near the Canary 
Islands in depths varying between 300 and 900 fathoms, and 
came to the conclusion that such an intermediate fauna exists, 
thus confirming an opinion which, based upon his experience 
during the ' Challenger ' expedition, has been distinctly main- 
tained by John Murray, and, more recently, by the Prince of 
Monaco. Professor A. Agassiz t, who, as we shall see subse- 
quently, has paid deep attention to this question, and holds the 
opposite view, has challenged the correctness of Chun's con- 
clusion, on account of imperfection in Ciiun's apparatus and 
because the experiments had been made under the influence of 
all the disturbing elements of a not very distant coast-lme. 

The Mediteeraneajs'. 

Also in this area we find that fishermen knew of the existence 
of animal life in the Deep Sea long before the question was 
discussed by the learned of our century. Eisso, who pub- 
lished in 1826 the third volume of his 'Histoire naturelle de 

* SB. Bprlin Akad. xxx. 1889. p. 519. 

t Bull. Mas, Comp. Zool. xxiii. 1892, no. 1, p. 23. 



3© PEOCEEDES'GS OF THE 

I'Europe meridionale,' enumerates in the Introduction, p. x, 
several fishes which in the Grulf of Grenoa habitually live at 
a depth of 200-350 fothoms, adding the remarkable words 
" where there seems to reign a constant temperature of 10^." 
"Wliether Edward Forbes overlooked this passage in Eisso's 
works, like almost every one of liis successors, or whether he did 
not regard it as suflSciently trustworthy, we cannot know ; I bave 
not found any allusion to it in his writings on the ^Mediterranean 
fauna. Forbes joined the ^Mediterranean Survey under Captain 
Graves in 18J:1, and during the eighteen months he was on board 
he carried out over a hundred dredgings, some to 230 fathoms, 
in the JEgean Sea, especially in its southern portion. His 
labours were much facilitated by the hearty cooperation of 
Captain Graves and of Lieut, (afterwards Admiral) Spratt, wbo 
became a zealous pupil of Forbes. He read the report on his 
researches before tbe British Association in 1813 *, a master- 
piece of methodical enquiry, leading to important generalization, 
and demonstrating for the first time the bearings of the dis- 
tribution of marine life and of the nature of marine deposits 
upon the study of geological strata. Forbes distinguished eight 
vertical zones, each inhabited by a peculiar set of species ; but 
finding that the variety of species and number of individuals 
decreased in proportion to the depths reached, by his dredge, he 
came to the conclusion that no life would be found beyond 300 
fathoms, and that plants disappeared long before that depth, 
was reached. He compared the bathymetrical zones to similar 
Cretaceous and Tertiary layers, and explained the occurrence 
of strata devoid, of organic remains by their having been formed 
in azoic abyssal depths. He, like Loven, observed a distinct 
relation between the vertical and horizontal distribution of a 
species, viz. : tbat those species had the greatest horizontal 
range which occurred in the greatest number of the vertical 
zones of the same region. Altogether the spirit infused by 
Forbes into the enquiry of marine life, and the fascinating style 
in which he marshalled from the rich store of his knowledge 
facts bearing upon an argument, exercised a powerful influence 
on his contemporary fellow- workers and immediate successors. 

Everybody knows that some of Forbes's conclusions or sugges- 
tions were based on his imperfect means of exploration. Deep- 
sea dredging was then in its infancy ; the instruments used were 
simple and small ; and Forbes relied chiefly on the study of 
Mollusca, which formed the bulk of his captures. This was felt 
already by Spratt, who succeeded Capt. Graves in the Mediter- 
ranean Survey ; he continued to work with Forbes's apparatus in 
the -Egean Sea and as far as Malta, dredging to 310 fathoms f. 
He saw that the apparent scarcity or absence of life should be 
accounted, for by the imperfection of the instruments used, and 
expresses his belief! that life exists much lower, and that tem- 

* Brit. Assoc. Eeports, 1843, p. 30. 

t G-WTD Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. jS'at. Hist. 1870, ri. p. 65. 

I Brit. Assoc. Eeports, 1848, p. 81. 



LlNirEAN" SOCIETY OF LOXDO^f. 3 1 

perature is the principal influence whicli governs the distribution 
of the marine fauna. As it has happened with the observations 
and collections of many other naval men, so with Spratt's 
lahours in the Mediterranean. No doubt, his hydrngraphical 
observations have been duly reported in Admiralty Blue-book;?, 
but as regards the position and details of his deep-sea dredgings, 
we have information of four only. Nearly equally iucomplete is 
the information left by Forbes as regards his deep-sea stations. 

Nothing more was done in the Mediterranean until the year 
1860 *, when a paper appeared by Prof, Milne-Edwards, which 
at the time created some sensation. In that year which, as 
you may recollect, found "Wallich on board the 'Bulldog' col- 
lecting evidence of abyssal life, a telegrapli-cable laid between 
Cagliari and Bona in Algiers broke after having been in working 
order for about two years. Long portions of it were brought to 
the surface for repairs, some from a depth of 1200 or 1500 
fathoms, and found to be covered with organisms, which were 
examined by Allman and Milne-Edwards. The former, who saw 
only a portion of the specimens, distinguished not less than 15 
species ; whilst Milne-Edwards determined among the specimens 
still attached to the cable Ostrea cochlear, Pecten opercularis, 
Pecfen testce, Monodonta Jimhata, Fusus laminosus ; still more 
numerous were the Corals, among them CaryopTiyllia arcuata, 
C. elect rica, some Gorgonias, Brt/ozoa, and SerpulcB. The interest 
in this find was increased when it was shown that a good pro- 
portion of these animals are found in a fossil state in the Coralline 
and Eed Crag, and in Pliocene strata of the Mediterranean 
region. 

However, I have to mention that afterwards serious doubts 
were thrown on the facts of the case. According to the engineer 
who was present at the raising of the cable and interviewed 
by Grwyn Jeffreys, " the cable parted and was taken up in com- 
paratively shallow water only," and only one or two species, 
especially the CaryopliyUia, were found adhering to the cable 
beyond the 1000-fathoms line f- Surely Gwyn Jeffreys would not 
have published this statement, if he had not himself credited it. 
But even thus, when shorn of a part of its evidence, the case 
remained one of — for that time particularly — great significance. 

Only once in my experience it has been my good fortune to 
receive fragments of broken cable with specimens attached to them. 
They were part of an old cable raised in the Mona passac^e 
between Porto Eico and Dominica, from a depth of 811 fathoms 
and thickly covered with marine growths, shells, corals, and 
Bryozoa, so much so that even an eel-like fish {Xemichthys 
infans) found sufiicient holding-ground to be dragged to the 
surface. This experience showed me the great importance of 
these cables as means of obtaining deep-sea specimens. Besides, 

» Ann. Sc. Ivat. xv. 1861, p. 149. 
• t Gwyn Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 457; Thomson, 'Depths 
f the Sea,' p. 29. 



32 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 

as the date wliea such cables were haid is well known, thev' 
afford us reliable means of approximately estimating the time 
required by the deep-sea animals for their growth. Cables are 
constantly raised from the bottom of the sea for repairs, etc., and 
therefore I made strenuous eftbrts to interest the directors of 
the cable companies in the matter, but without success. Those 
responsible for the carrying out of the somewhat difficult and 
dangerous operation of raising a cable are much opposed to its 
being interfered with by any other interest than that of bringing 
the cable on board as expeditiously as possible. But it is pitiful 
to hear the account of an eye-witness as he gave it to me, of 
seeing fathom after fathom of a hoary cable wound up on the 
windlass with the corals, sponges, echinoderms, shells being 
crushed into a hideous mass of shapeless fragments. 

'We have left the ' Porcupine ' on her second cruise at the 
Straits of Gibraltar in 1870. Having entered the Mediter- 
ranean, the naturalists resumed their dredging operations along 
the African coast without satisfactory results. The fauna of 
the littoral proved to be rich enough, but at a short distance 
from the coast the bottom was found to be rocky and not adapted 
for the use of the dredge. In deeper water at some distance from 
the 100-fathoms line the bottoui was uniformly covered with a 
tenacious yellowisih mud mixed with sand and barren of animal 
life. Dr. Carpenter, who was then in chai'ge of the scientific 
operations, ascribed the latter circumstance to the " turbidity of 
the bottom water." He therefore, for the remainder of this 
cruise, and during the cruise of the ' Shearwater ' * in 1872, 
concentrated his attention on an investigation of the physical 
conditions of this inland sea, which lie found to differ greatly 
from those of the open Atlantic. He attributed the lower 
temperature and inferior density of the surface-water to the 
inflow from the Atlantic and to the currents through the 
Straits of Gibraltar : an opinion which became the subject of 
serious criticism and discussion t. Very important were the 
results of his observations on the temperature of the deeper 
water. The temperature was found to be uniform from the 
depth of 100 fatiioms to 1743, the gr> ate^t depth reached by the 
sounding machine of the ' Porcupine' off the S.E. end of Sicily. 
Thus, Ksix temperatures tiiken below 1000 fathoms in the Medi- 
terranean were all between 54°7 and 56°, and one at 112 
fathoms 55°-5 ; whilst in the Atlantic, almost in the same 
latitude the corresponding depths sliowed tem.peratures of re- 
spectively 39°-7 and 52°-5. Carpenter justly infers that the 
distribution of anin^al lite in inland seas cut oft' from the general 
oceanic ciiculalion must be diiferent from that of the open sea ; 
and relsing upon his own experience he expresses finally his 
belief " that in the Mediterranean basin the existence of animal 
life in any abundance at a depth greater than 230 fathoms will 
be found quite exceptional." 

* Proc. Roy. Soc. 1872, pp. 535-644. 

t Spratt, Proc. Eoy. Soc. 1872. 



LINIfEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^3 

Carpenter's results apparently found at first confirmation by 
Prof. O Schmidt's observations*, who in 1870 had an opportunity 
of examining the deep ritt of the southern portion of the Adriatic 
from a large steamer engaged in laying cables. He dredged 
across this rift in three lines, reaching depths of 480 and 630 
fathoms. He found the bottom consisted uniformly of yellowish 
foraminiferous mud, with scarcely any trace of higher animals, 
ascribing this poverty to the same causes as shown by Carpenter. 
This supposed azoic condition in the Adriatic has been recently 
entirely disproved. 

The zoological results of the cruises of the ' Porcupine ' and 
' Shearwater ' in the Mediterranean could not be considered 
conclusive or even satisfactory, and therefore we find in the year 
1881 two expeditions at work, the ' Travailleur,' sent by the 
Prench Government, which I have already referred to, and the 
' Washington,' a steamer fitted out by the Italian Government, 
on the recommendation of Professor E. H. Giglioli of Plorence. 
These two expeditions divided the area of the Western Medi- 
terranean fairly between them ; but detailed reports of the work 
done by them are still a desideratum. Of the work done by the 
' Travailleur ' I can give scarcely more information than that 
they trawled and dredged in deep water oS the coast of Algiers 
and the south coast of Spain eight times, once in the Balearic 
Islands, six times olf Corsica, and 24 times off the Mediterranean 
coast of France. The explorations of the ' Washington ' in 1881 
were confined chiefly to the deep sea round Sardinia, but extended 
also towards the Bay of Naples and the western extremity of 
Sicily. Some thirty successful trawling operations were carried 
out in deep water down to 1300 fathoms, the greatest depth 
ascertained by the sounding-line being 2150 fathoms about mid- 
way between Sardinia and Naples. Abyssal forms of animals 
were obtained in the deepest parts reached by the trawl, and 
found to be mostly identical with those found in the Atlantic. 
On subsequent cruises more attention seems to have been paid to 
the littoral fauna (Gulf of ^gma, Dardanelles) than to that of 
great depths t. 

The exploration of the Eastern part of the Mediterranean was 
undertaken by Austria. The steamer ' Pola ' was equipped with 
the most perfect apparatus for every kind of oceanic work, and 
engaged in these cruises from 1891 to 1894. The areas explored 
extended from the southern half of the Adriatic to and along the 

* SB. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixii. 1870, p. 669. 

t Prima campagna talassografica del R. piroscafo ' Washington ' ; Relazione 
preliminare del Prof. E. H. Giglioli. Eoma, 1881. 8° (Estratto dagli Atti del 
HI. Congresso Geografico Internazionale). A. Colombo, Raccolte Zoologiche 
eseguite dal R. piroscafo ' Washington ' nella campagna abissale talassografica 
deir anno 1885. In Eivista Marittima. Roma, 1885, Aprile, pp. 23-54. 
So far as I know, no other account of this cruise has been published ; 
nor can I find a relation of cruises of the same ship, which seem to have been 
undertaken in l88ii-3, according to a note by J. Murray, Chall. Rep. Summ. 
Pt. I. p. 106 B. 

LLNN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1896-97. d 



34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

African coast, into tlie ^gean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. 
This expedition thus entered upon the ground rendered classical 
by Porbes half a century before. The results are in course of 
publication in the Deukschr. Ak. Wiss. "Wien, and, to judge from 
the portions which have appeared, seem to be quite in propor- 
tion to the care with which this expedition has been planned 
and fitted out. I find that the observatory stations must have 
amounted to several hundreds, but in the reports published only 
about 60 are referred to as having yielded Deep-sea material. 
The greatest depth ascertained by the sounding-line in this part 
of the Mediterranean is 2566 fathoms ; viz., in Lat. 35° 45', 
Long. 21° 46' (Paris). 

Dr. E. von Marenzeller, who took part in the expedition and 
has worked out the Echinoderms, is of opinion that, although it 
is probable that the variety of Deep-sea life is numerically 
diminished in the great depths, such inferiority is by no means 
proved. He distinguishes three bathymetrical zones : — 1. The 
littoral, from the surface to 170 fathoms ; 2, the continental, 
between 170 and 580 fathoms ; and 3, the abyssal, from 580 
fathoms downwards. He does not find a characteristic difference 
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic faunae ; but the number 
of littoral species descending into the continental and abyssal 
zones, as well as the number of continental species descending 
into the abyssal zone, is much greater in the Mediterranean than 
in the Atlantic. He accounts for this by the uniformity of 
a comparatively high temperature from the depth of a hundred 
fathoms to the bottom, however distant from the surface this 
may be. 

'ihe whole of the history of these explorations in the Mediter- 
ranean seems to point to a lesser abundance of animal life in the 
great depths than exists in the Atlantic. Although fitted out 
with much better apparatus, none of the hauls of the last three 
expeditions can compare with those grand captures made by the 
dredge of the ' Porcupine,' and still less with those of the ' 'Talis- 
man ' and the ' Challenger ' in the Eastern Atlantic. Possibly, in 
certain limited localities conditions prevail causing an entire 
absence of life. But such an azoic condition exists only in the 
Black Sea, the deep water and the deposits being, as Russian 
explorers have shown, unfit for life, owing to an enormous 
accumulation of sulphides and sulphuretted hydrogen. 

The "Western North Atlantic. 

I include under this heading the work done in the Western 
IS orth Atlantic, south of the Arctic area and north of about the 
25° of N. Lat. 

The men at the head of the U.S. Coast Survey, especially 
Professor Bache, showed a keen interest m the Biology of the 
Deep Sea, and from the year 1850 we meet with papers treating 
of the microscopical constitution of deep-sea soundings, notably 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 35 

by Prof. Bailey. The dredge then succeeded the sounding-lead, 
still under the auspices of the Survey ; but as it was used in 
more southern latitudes, I shall refer to these pioneeriug opera- 
tions, with which the name of Pourtales is associated, further on. 

The ' Challenger ' was the first to cross this area with the 
deep-sea trawl, in the year 1873. With Bermuda as centre, lines 
of stations radiate south- and north-, east- and westwards. At 
about 15 stations the trawl or dredge was successfully used, some 
of the hauls coming up loaded with treasures. The deepest 
haul, east of Bermuda, came from 28.50 fathoms, and brought up 
new Echinoderms and Cirrij)eds. The ' Challenger's ' track just 
missed the Gulf-Stream slope, on which a little later the 
American explorers met with such an abundance of abyssal life. 

Of the men to whom America is most indebted for the rapid 
advancement of marine biological research, I have to mention in 
the first place the late Dr. Spencer Baird, a man with a wonderful 
talent for organization, capable of taking the broadest views of 
any work in which he engaged, who urged his Grovernment to 
take systematic measures for the development of the enormous 
interest involved in the fishing industry of the freshwaters and 
coasts of the United States. A Commission of Fish and Fisheries 
was appointed in 1871, of which Dr. Baird was the first Com- 
missioner. He conceived that the practical object of the 
Commission — the development of the fisheries, or rather the 
enquiry into the causes of their decline — could be attained only 
by a thorougli investigation not only of the fishes themselves, 
but of every condition or all the surroundings, by which the life 
of fish is afi'ected in a direct or indirect manner. So far as 
marine fishes are concerned, it practically meant a searching 
investigation of the Flora and Fauna, as well as of the physical 
and chemical conditions, of the American seas. He therefore 
directed one branch of the Commission's work to the investiga- 
tion of the Littoral of the Atlantic States by means of the 
dredge. He commenced with small hired vessels, or vessels lent 
to him by other Grovernment Departments, and devoted the first 
eight or nine years to a thorough examination of the littoral of 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maine, that is, an area rather 
less than the west coast of Ireland. I find more than 800 
dredging-stations recorded for that period, besides many of 
which no special note was taken ; but only 39 of them extended 
beyond the 100-fathoms line. Exceedingly numerous collec- 
tions, chiefly of Invertebrates, were obtained, which formed the 
subjects, then or at some later period, of the annual reports of the 
Commission, and from which not only the museums in America, 
but also those in Europe, reaped great benefits. Professor 
Verrill *, w^ho was in charge of the Invertebrate collections, 
estimates that, exclusive of Protozoa, the number of marine 
species known from New England has been more than doubled 

* U.S. Fish Commiss, Eeport. for 1880, p. 57. 

d2 



26 PKOCEEDINGS or THE 

during the first ten years of tlie labours of the Fisli Commission, 
amounting to 1800 in the year 1880. Of course, the knowledge 
of marine fishes, their distribution and life-history, was similarly 
advanced ; and the Commission was greatly encouraged by the 
experience that the fishermen took a lively interest in the objects 
of the official department, rivalling among tliemselves in the way 
of making observations and adding to the collections. There 
were in 1880 at least thirty fishing-vessels which never went to 
sea without having thermometers and collecting-tanks on board. 
The assistance of men who twice daily set lines from 10 to 14 
miles in length, with hooks six feet apart, in water from 200 to 
300 fathoms deep, is not to be despised ; and the Commission 
owed to them many a valuable specimen, the capture of which 
had to be placed on record as one o£ the rare occurrences of the 
species. 

The work of the Commission received fresh impetus in 1880, 
when a steamer of 484tons, the'Fishhawk,' specially constructed 
for the objects of the Commission, was permanently attached to 
it ; and when, moreover, Dr. Baird was fortunate enough to 
obtain the selection of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner as her Commander, 
to whose skill, ingenuity, and devotion a large share of the 
success of the operations is to be attributed. Deep-sea work 
was now seriously taken in hand. Tanner proceeded to the inner 
edge of the Gulf-Stream, which he explored between Lat. 39° 30' 
and 40° 22', and Long. 68° 45' and 72°, in depths down to 
787 fathoms. In 1881-82 he made 15 trips from headquarters, 
during which he employed the trawl, beside other apparatus, 
481 times, 114 hauls being from deep water. Now also greater 
accuracy was introduced in determining the positions of the 
stations, and in taking the soundings and series of temperatures. 
As on the European side of the Atlantic, so here a steep slope 
from the 100-fathoms line to a depth of 1200 fathoms proved to 
be the ground on which an extremely rich fauna flourishes. The 
specimens of some species of Salpa or Starfish amounted some- 
times to tens of thovisands in a single haul. Professor Verrill *, 
who reported in several papers on this fauna, accounts for this 
richness, both in the number of species and in the surprising 
abundance of individuals, by the uniformity of the temperature 
in the respective deeper zones, by the abundance of food carried 
northwards by the Gulf-Stream for the lower animals, and by 
the abundant supply of Molluscs and Crustaceans for fishes. 

A curious occurrence engaged the attention of the Commission 
about this time. In 1879 a singular fish was discovered off 
Long Island about the 100-fathoms line, which, from its size, 
abundance, and table qualities, it was hoped would become a 
marketable fish of some importance. It was called Tile-fish 
{Lopholatilus cJiamceleonticeps). It was searched for and easily 

* Notably in Am. Journ. Sci. vols. 22-24, and U.S. Fish Commiss. Eeport 
for 1882. pp. 641, 1045. 



LINNEAJSiT SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 37 

captured in the two followiag years ; but in the spring of 1882 
reports reached the Commissiou that vast numbers of this fish 
were met with, dead aud floating over an area of more than two 
degrees of latitude (between 38° and 40°) and four degrees of 
longitude (between 70° and 73°). The cause of this mortality 
has never been satisfactorily explained ; and since the year in 
which this catastrophe happened no specimen of the fish has ever 
been found. 

The work of the Commission was growing in every direction, 
and as the ' Fishhawk ' proved to be too small for prolonged 
cruises in the Grulf-Stream, a steamer of 1000 tons burden, the 
' Albatross,' with Lieut. Tanner as Commander, was added to the 
fleet of the Commission. The work of this new steamer consisted 
in 1883 in the exploration of the area between Lat. 35° and 45°, 
Long. 61° and 77°, makiug a successful haul at a depth of 
2949 fathoms ; the 1884 cruise extended southwards to the 
Caribbean Sea aud Trinidad ; in 1885 from Halifax to Havana, 
and in 1886 aud 1887 from the Bahamas to the Banks of New- 
foundland. I find that in these five years the dredge or trawl 
was used in deep water 476 times. 

But now the Deep-sea work of the Commission came practically 
to an end. The work at more than 2000 stations had carried the 
exploration to a point at which the ground had been sufiiciently 
exlaausted to admit of attention being given to the claims of other 
unexplored areas. The ' Albatross ' was ordered to proceed to 
the Pacific coasts of the United States. 

During the progress of this work of the Fish Commission the 
U.S. Coast Survey was active especially in somewhat lower 
latitudes, but in 1880 they ordered their steamer ' Blake,' the 
scientific work of which had been for some time uuder the 
direction of Professor Alexander Agassiz, to engage in work 
which falls iuto the area under consideration, and much on the 
same ground which was already occupied by the Fish Commission. 
The lines of observation were carried along and across the Grulf- 
Stream between Lat. 32° and 47°. The Zoological collections of 
the ' Fislihawk ' and ' Albatross ' were largely added to by this 
cruise; but Prof. Agassiz made the formation of the sea- bottom, 
the direction and strength of the currents, serial temperatures, 
and the influence of these physical conditions upon the distri- 
bution of animal life, the chief objects of his enquiry. The 
southern portion of the Grulf-Stream was shown to pass over a 
plateau with a moderate depth above it, extending to the latitude 
of Charleston, and called the Blake Plateau. The current sweeps 
this plateau clear of ooze aud nourishment, thus causing an 
almost azoic condition of this part of the sea-bottom *. 

* ' Three Cruises of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer ' Blake,' ' in 
2 vols., 1888, 8\-o (also as vols. 14 aud 15 of Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool.). A 
masterly general treatise of the results of these cruises and an important con- 
tribution to almost all branches of Oceanography, dedicated to the memory of 
L. F. Pourtales. 



38 peoceediitgs of the 

The Central Ameeican Aeea. 

This area includes the basin bordered by the Central American 
coast and the chain of Islands stretching from Florida to 
Trinidad. 

The Deep-sea work in this area has been done almost entirely by 
the United States. The pioneer in it was the late Count L. F. 
de Pourtales, who, between 1867 and 1869, was attached as 
Naturalist to the U.S. Coast Survey Steamers 'Corwin' and 
' Bibb,' and explored the Florida Eeef and adjoining part of the 
Grulf-Stream *. He employed the dredge not less than 129 
times t between 100 and 517 fathoms, beyond which limit be had 
no occasion to dredge J. In 1872 the 'Bibb ' was at work in the 
Yucatan Channel, with Dr. ~W. Stimj)son in charge of the scientific 
observations ; he dredged on 25 occasions, sometimes in very 
deep water, beyond the 1000-fathoms line. From the year 1877 
Professor Alex. Agassiz took charge of the biological work, which 
was carried out in the three famous cruises of the Survey Steamer 
' Blake ' (1877-80). The first cruise extended from Florida Eeef 
along the northern coast of Cuba ; after returning to Cuba the 
observations were carried Avestwards to the Tortugay, the Tucatan 
Bank, the Alacran Eeef, and to the west coast of Cuba ; and, 
finally, after a second return to Key West, northwards to the 
mouth of the Mississippi. The following season was devoted to 
the exploration of the seas and channels surrounding the Great 
and Little Antilles, and to a visit to Trinidad. The third cruise 
has been already referred to in the previous chapter. 

The ' Blake' was a small vessel for the work, of between 300 
and 400 tons burden ; but Prof. Agassiz had the hearty co-opera- 
tion of the officers, ot whom I must mention at least one. Com- 
mander C. D. Sigsbee, to whose inventive genius so much of the 
improvement of deep-sea tackle is due. The introduction of the 
steel-rope for working the trawl so much facilitated the mechanical 
labour, that it was possible to make six or seven hauls in one day 
in depths varying between 700 and 1800 fathoms. Instruments 
to examine mid-water were also devised and worked successfully 
so far as minute organisms were concerned. The greatest depth 
at which the trawl was successfully used was 2412 fathoms, and 
the greatest depth ascertained by sounding 4561 fathoms, ofi 
Porto Eico. 

The work of the ' Blake ' was supplemented by the visits of 
the ' Albatross ' to the Caribbean Sea in 1884 and 1888, carrying, 

* " Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf-Stream at Great Depths," Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool. i. 1869, pp. 103, 121 ; 'Report upon Deep-sea Dredgings in 
the GuK-Streamiduring the Third Cruise of the U.S. Steanier ' Bibb,' ' hy Louis 
Agassiz. 

t " List of Dredging Stations occupied by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamers," 
by B. Pierce and C. P. Patterson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi. 1879, p. 1 ; see 
also Eeport of Fish Commiss. for 1886, p. 957. 

I Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. p. 125. 



LI>"'NEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39 

out a series of most successful trawlings, exceeding a hundred in 
number. 

The ' Challenger ' only touched at two of the Virgin Islands, 
Sombrero and St. Thomas ; and by two successful hauls had a 
taste of a fauna which, in Prof. Agassiz's opinion, is unequalled 
in richness of forms and individuals. Indeed, the haul near 
St. Thomas in 390 fathoms proved to be one of the most extra- 
ordinary successes of the expedition. It included over 350 speci- 
mens of invertebrates, belonging to about 245 species, of which 
129 were new. As a whole the haul was faii'ly representative of 
the composition of the Caribbean fauna. 

I cannot leave this field of work of the U.S. Coast Survey 
without referring by a word or two to the thoroughly scieutific 
manner in wliich the naturalists attached to these cruises 
have carried out their task from the beginning to the end, thereby 
raising the character of their work far above one of local interest 
and importance. Pourtales worked with the spirit of Louis 
Agassiz, who himself followed these investigations with deep 
interest, and shortly afterwards, together with Pourtales, joined 
the ' Hassler ' expedition to the Pacific. Pourtales applied his 
experience of abyssal conditions and life to an attempt to trace 
the history of geological formations and of their fossil remains. 
The Deep Sea opened up to him important questions, such as the 
affinity of the living Caribbean Corals to those of the European 
Tertiary. He had defined in the Florida district a zone, inter- 
mediate between the littoi'al and abyssal, running in the form of 
a band, 10-12 miles broad, parallel to the reef, with an initial 
depth of 90 fathoms increasing to 300. Its bottom is recent 
limestone-rock and peopled with a multitude of animals of all 
classes. Louis Agassiz, who named this zone the Pourtales- 
plateau, compared its limestone-formation to the concretionary 
limestone of the " Coral Rag " ; and he adds that in the whole of 
the stratified crust of our globe there is no part which has been 
formed in very deep waters. " If this be so, we shall have to admit 
that the areas now occupied by our continents, as circumscribed 
by the 200 fathoms curve or thereabouts, and the oceans, at greater 
depth, have from the beginning retained their relative outline 
and po.-ition." Continents have always been areas of gradual 
upheaval, with weak oscillations, while the oceans have always 
been areas of sub^^idence. I have already referred to this view 
of Agassiz, which is shared by J. Murray and others, but cannot 
be accepted by the student of the terrestrial fauna. 

By a study of the Echinoderms of this area, the attention of 
Pourtales was directed to the close affinity of the faunae of both 
sides of the Isthmus of Panama, which he attributes to a former 
communication between the two oceans. Alex. Agassiz expresses 
himself still more explicitly on this point (see p. 42). He has 
no doubt that before the Cretaceous period the Gulf of Mexico 
and the Caribbean Sea were in freer commuuication. with the 



40 PEOCEEDES^GS OF THE 

Pacific than with the Atlantic ; the separation of the two oceans 
probably took place late in the Cretaceous period, and was, 
perhaps, not completed till the Middle Tertiary. At present " the 
deep-sea fauna of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico 
is far more closely allied to that of the Pacific than to that of the 
Atlantic." * 

To enter here further into the results of the cruises of the 
' Blake ' would be as unnecessary as to enlarge upon the achieve- 
ments of the ' Challenger.' The more important portions of the 
collections have been worked out by specialists ; the number of 
species previously known from this area were in many branches 
doubled or trebled, and so complete were the collections, that in 
the last cruises novel forms were but rarely added to them. The 
Americans may well be proud of the work of the explorers who 
have told them where to find living Pleurotomaria, and where to 
dredge among forests of JBentacrini. 

The Teopical Atlak-tic. 

The ' Challenger' crossed the Tropical Atlantic on the Tropic 
of Cancer and on the Equator ; the trawlings carried out on the 
Line being the most productive, although a depth of 2500 fathoms 
was reached. Altogether at 33 stations deep-sea animals were 
obtained. On this part of the outward journey jNIurray com- 
menced his observations and experiments with a towiog-net 
sunk to a depth of 100 fathoms and more, ascertaining that 
many nocturnal pelagic animals descend during the day to a 
depth to which sunlight penetrates only in a diminished degree 
or not at all. The captures in this area, although not very 
numerous, included some of the most characteristic and specialized 
bathybial forms. 

The ' Hassler ' and ' Albatross ' on their passage to the Pacific 
added seven other stations to those of the ' Challenger.' 

The ' Talisman ' worked thoroughly and successfully near the 
West Coast of Africa ; about 40 deep-sea stations are recorded 
on a line between the Canaries and the mouth of the Senegal (see 
above, p. 28). 

The Southeex Atlajst:ic. 

Por the purposes of this sketch I take Lat. 50° S. as the 
southern boundary between this and the Antarctic area. 

The work done in this area falls entirely to the share of the 
' Challenger.' Eecrossing the Atlantic in the latitude of the 
Cape of Good Hope, and crossing it for the fourth time in the 
latitude of the mouth of the Plate Eiver, the Naturalists obtained 
specimens at 22 stations, some of the deepest hauls (2650 faths.) 
yielding exceedingly good results, whilst others at no great 

* Three Cruises &c. i. pp. 92, 157. 



LI>"yEA_y SOCIETY OF 'LO'SDO'S. 4I 

distance from the former proved almost barren, thus demon- 
strating the difficulties of managing the trawl at great depths, 
rather than the poverty of the fauna. Verv sucoessf ul hauls at 
Tristan da Cunha impressed tlie Naturalists with the great 
resemblance of the South Atlantic fauna to the Xorth Atlantic ; 
and IVyville Thomson, in speaking of the hauls made at that 
oceanic island between 150 and 200 fathoms, says that the 
proceeds were very mucb like what is found off the coast of 
England. 

The Noeth Pacific. 

Taken to tbe Tropic of Cancer as southern limit. 

The ' Challens;er ' entered this area on her way to Japan, 
crossing it in the latitude of Yokohama for 60 degrees of longi- 
tude. The deep-sea trawl or dredge was successfully used on 
14 occasions, in very great depths, except when close to land. 
The deepest dredging of the ' Challenger ' was made here, in 3125 
filths., on red clay, where 3 Annelids, 4 Polyzoa, and 1 Tunicate 
were obtained. Same of the hauls proved very productive, in 
spite of the depth ; in fact, one of them from 2900 fatbs. in about 
Long. 170^ E. proved to be more successful than any previous 
one from sfciiilar depths ; beside representatives of nearly all 
classes of Invertebrates, the trawl brought up, at this as well as 
at the other stations, numerous manganese uodules, sharks' teeth, 
&c. The discovery of the Hi/alonewa-ground, and a visit into 
the Inland Sea contributed a large proj ortiou of the collections 
made in the Pacific, among them a great number of new or inter- 
esting forms, some closely allied to, or even identical with, 
Atlantic species. 

All the other work done in this area was accomplished by the 
' Albatross ' in 1888-90; it extended on, or within a short distance 
from, the coast, from California to Alaska and the Behring Sea. 
Deep-sea work was carried on only incidentally to other duties ; 
but I find that in the northern parts deep water was examined 
in those three years at 33 stations, the greatest depth being 
1625 fathoms, about 100 miles JST.W. of Unalaska. The winter 
months were devoted chiefly to the examination of the Fish- 
fauna off the coast of California, and many hauls were taken 
in moderate depths (from 130 to 350 faths.), southwards to 
San Diego. In Jact, this part of the Pacific coast is ichthyo- 
logically almost as well explored as the Atlantic coast of the 
United States. As to the material collected in Alaska and 
Behring Sea, I am only acquainted with one zoological paper by 
that able ichthyologist. Dr. C. Gilbert*. This northern Pacific 
Fish-fauna has a thoroughly European general aspect, although 
many of the species are going through the process of receiving 
temporary new names. 

* U.S. Fish Coinmiss. Report for 1893, p. 393. 



42 peoceedings of the 

The Teopical Pacific. 

It will be convenient to divide the work of this area into three 
sections, one being the field of operations by the 'Albatross,' the 
two others by the ' Challenger.' 

1. The Eastern Tropical Pacific. 

Already in 1888, on the outward journey of the 'Albatross,' 
Captain Tanner took the opportunity of dredging in deep water, 
twice off the coast of Ecuador, seven times at the G-alapagos, and 
twice off the coast of Mexico. In the following year he explored 
the sea round some isolated island rocks lying a considerable 
distance off the coast, Gruadalupe and E-evillagigedo, which proved 
to be volcanic peaks surrounded by deep water swarming with 
fish. He likewise explored the Gulf of California, a work 
repeated, jointly with A. Agassiz, in 1891. The trawl was used 
at depths of from 1000 to 1600 fathoms in the central portion of 
the Gulf. The fauna proved to be unequally distributed, some 
parts being very poor in life, apparently owing to a large accu- 
mulation of mud loaded with decomposing vegetable substances. 
"Where the fauna was rich, it was not found to differ essentially 
from that of the ocean off the Central American coast. 

At the beginning of the year 1891 Professor A. Agassiz joined 
Captain Tanner in the ' Albatross,' and the united experience and 
skill of the two men secured to the cruise of that year most 
remarkable results ; the number of their dredging stations alone 
amounts to 76, mostly in very deep water. A lengthened visit 
was paid to the Galapagos Archipelago : Prof. Agassiz has no 
doubt of the truly volcanic character of the islands and dispro\ es 
altogether the idea of their having formed a part of the South 
American continent. The bottom of even the deepest parts 
north and north-west of the islands was found to be covered with 
masses of vegetation in every possible state of decomposition, 
and the Deep-sea fauna in the vicinity to be remarkably poor. 

The collections made on this cruise led Agassiz to enter again 
into the question of the relation of the bathy bial faunas of the two 
sides of Central America. He says * that on the West Coast the 
Deep-sea fauna is poorer than on the Atlantic side, but that it 
finds in almost.all classes its parallel in the West Indies; that, 
for instance, only one species of Echini is found in the Panamic 
district not previously represented in collections from the Atlantic 
side ; that this fauna recalls later Cretaceous times when the 
Caribbean Sea was practically a Bay of the Pacific — a Deep-sea 
fauna showing relationship on the one side to the Atlantic and 
West-Indian types, and on the other pointing to the eastward 
extension of Western Pacific types of wide geographical range, 
which mix with the strictly deep-sea Panamic ones. 

One of the principal objects of this cruise was to decide the 

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxiii. 1892, no, 1. 



IIAT^EAH" SOCIETY OF LOKDO>'. 43 

open question of the existence of a mid-water fauna by exact 
experiments with the intermediate tow-net invented by Tanner*, 
by which the American Naturalists claim to tow at any given 
depth, and to exclude entries Irom all other zones of depth. This 
net was used on the present cruise at 14 stations, at several more 
than once in various depths. 

Murray and Studer t contend that the bathymetrical zones 
intermediate between the zone of the pelagic and that of the 
abyssal bottom fauna are inhabited b}' a distinct fauna. They 
are supported in this by Chun X, ^ho used a towing apparatus in 
the Mediterranean to a depth of 65C fathoms, and still deeper on 
a voyage to the Canary Islands, coming to the conclusion that 
the pelagic fauna existed all the way down to the bottom. The 
results obtained by the Prince of Monaco §, with another special 
apparatus invented b_y himself, were of a similar character ||. 

Agassiz maintains that there is no such mid-water fauna. He 
thinks that his experiments in truly oceanic areas, with the Sigs- 
bee gravitating trap from the ' Blake ' as well as with the Tanner 
tow-net from the ' Albatross,' are conclusive, as he never suc- 
ceeded in capturing animals in the intermediate zones. He 
admits that the surface-fauna may temporarily descend to as 
great a depth as 200 fathoms in order to escape from some 
surface molestation, and that bottom animals may rise to some 
60 fathoms from the bottom, but believes that the intermediate 
zones are azoic. 

He accounts for the different results obtained by the other 
observers partly by the defective construction of the instruments 
used, which allowed surface animals to enter whilst the instrument 
passed through the surface zone, partly by the conditions which 
obtain in an open oceanic area, and which differ from those in an 
enclosed sea like the Mediterranean or Californian Grulf, or in an 
area close to land. He appeals to the fact that the high tem- 
peratures of the deep water in enclosed seas, as well as the dis- 
turbing tidal and subvertical currents in the proximity of land, 
must bring about a bathymetrical distribution of animal life 
different from that in mid-ocean. 

Agassiz's criticisms of the methods applied by others are very 
just ; but, on the other hand, John Murray's numerous experi- 
ments made on board the ' Challenger ' with an open tow-net at 
different depths in the same locality are not less convincing ; he 
having fouud invariably a ditierent set of animals with increasing 
depths, the deeper haul enclosing the animals of the zone or zones 

* This is so large that it can only be worked from large vessels by steam- 
power. Mr. Townsend has i*ecently constructed a smaller one which can be 
worked from a boat (Eep. U.S. Fish Commiss. 1894, p. 279). 

t Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxi. 1878, p. 1. 

J Biblioth. Zoolog., I. Die pelaj^ische Thierwelt in grosseren Tiefen, 1887 ; 
and SB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, xxx. 1889, p. 519. 

§ Compt. Eend. du CoDgres internal. Zuol. Paris, 1889, p. 133. 

II I pass over tlie observations made by the Italian vessel ' Vettor Pisani ' as 
thoroughly inconclusive. 



44 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE 

above it, with the addition of those which live at the depth from 
which the net was withdrawn. Agassi^'s experiments also seem 
to me to prove too much. His tow-nets came up always empty 
from the intermediate zones. It is very singular that he should 
not have caught even some of the dead bodies which, like rain, 
drop constantly from the surface to the bottom. Further, so far 
as fishes are concerned, there is no reason why certain forms 
should not permanently inhabit intermediate zones, inasmuch 
as also pelagic fishes are undoubtedly free swimmers for nearly 
the whole of their life, without being tied to the proximity of 
terra firma. The ova of many species which live in the mature 
stage at the bottom of great depths are pelagic, and hatched at 
or near the surface. The young continue to live for some time 
under pelagic conditions {^Pla(jicsi(S, LeptocepliaU, Polyprion), but 
as they grow they descend to the deep sea. It is very improbable 
that this descent is rapid ; it must be gradual in order to allow 
the physiological functions to get used to abyssal conditions ; or, 
in other words, these fish must live for some time in mid- water. 
Thus I consider that the question of the existence of a mid- 
water fauna is still an open one, and one which can be decided 
only by continued tow-net experiments in great depths of the 
open ocean, with a bottom of clean ooze or mud. 

2. The Western Trojncal Pacific. 

Under this heading I include tlie work done by the ' Challenger ' 
on her voyage from Tcugatabu all along the islands of the Eastern 
Archipelago, thus skirting the Indian Ocean, and northwards 
from New Guinea towards Japan. Thirty-one successful deep- 
sea dredgings and trawlings were carried out; the richest in 
species were those in tlie vicinity of the islands, from moderate 
depths, though characteristic widely spread deep-sea forms 
occurred even at short distances from land, where deep soundings 
were obtained, as, for instance, in the Banka passage, north of 
Celebes. The deepest sounding was ascertained about midway 
between New Guinea and Japan, in 4475 fathoms. 

3. The Tropical Mid-Pacific. 

This was crossed by the ' Challenger ' from north to south, 
from the Sandwich Islands, in or about Long. 150° "W. On 
account of the uniform great depth the dredging operations were 
attended wdth great diiEculties, and yielded numerically poor 
results; eight dredgings, nearly all in greater depths than 2000 
fathoms, w-ere successful. From a depth of 3000 fathoms a few 
specimens were brought up with a number of manganese nodules, 
sharks' teeth, ear-bones of Cetaceans, pumice-stones, with which 
the bottom of this part of the Pacific seems to be strewn. The 
deposits yielded an extraordinary number of Kadiolarians : 
Haeckel enumerates from the deposit of one station in 2900 
fathoms 267, and from another in 2425 fathoms 564 species. 



LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDOIS". 45 

In 1891-92 surveying work brought Capt. Tanner in the 
' Albatross ' into this area. He made several successful hauls on 
the western side of the Sandwich Islands, and used the inter- 
mediate tow-net on the passage from San Francisco. The results, 
like so many other collections made by this indefatigable 
explorer, have not yet been made known. 

The South Pacific. 

I include under this heading the work done by the ' Challenger ' 
between the Southern Tropic and the 50th parallel, adding the 
stations in Magelhaen's Straits and other passages on the West 
Coast of South America. In the western jDart of this area (that 
is between Sydney and Cook's Straits, and between New Zealand 
and Kermadec) eight successful deep-sea stations are noted, of 
which those in the neighbourhood of land were very productive. 
The eastern part was traversed from east to west, the hauls being 
at first in very deep water as in the preceding area and of the 
same character. As Juan Fernandez and the coast of South 
America were approached, the number of animals captured 
increased, sliowing more and more an Arctic character, especially 
in the deep channels intersecting the southern end of the Conti- • 
nent, littoral types being mixed with deep-water forms. The 
number of successful hauls was twenty-two. 

Also the ' Hassler ' and 'Albatross,' on their voyage to the 
Pacific, dredged in the track of the ' Challenger ' along the Straits 
of Magelhaen and along the coast of Patagonia and Southern 
Chile, but, apparently, without results deserving special notice *. 

The Indian Oceak. 

For our first knowledge of the Deep-sea fauna of the Indian 
Ocean, we are indebted to the Indian Marine Survey and the 
officers who on board the steamer ' Investigator ' combined bio- 
logical research wdth their hydrographical work — Commanders 
A. Carpenter, R. F. Hoskyn, and C. F. Oldham, and last, but not 
least, to Mr. A. Aleock. From a list of stations kindly supplied to 
me by the last-named gentleman, I see that in 1885 and 1886 
severally one haul was successful, in 1887 five, in 1888 nine, in 1889 
nine, in 1890 twenty, seveuin each of the three years 1891-3, in 
1894 fifteen, in 1895 seventeen ; whilst the list of 1896 is still 
incomplete (see Appendix). The operations covered the Bay of 
Bengal ; the Andaman Sea, which proved to be separated from it 
by a high ridge, of which the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are 
tbe isolated peaks ; the Laccadive Sea, and the eastern part of the 
Arabian Sea to Long. 65° E. The vast basin of the Bay of Bengal 
was found to have a maximum depth of 2400 fathoms at its mouth, 
and a minimum bottom temperature of 33°"7 Fahr. The bottom 
of its northern parts consists o£ variously coloured muds, but in 

* " List of Dredging Stations occupied by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamers," 
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi. 1879, p. 1 ; U.S. Fish Cominiss. Eeport for 1886, 
p. 957. 



46 PROCEEDINaS OF THE 

its southern half of pure Olohigerina-oozQ. The fauna is rich, 
and was found to be richest on the slope from the littoral zone 
into deep water, tha.t is from 150 to about 350 fathoms. 

Mr. Alcock* says that we fiud in the Bay of Bengal already at 
70 fathoms among all the classes of marine animals numerous 
characteristic reactions to bathybial conditions, and that, there- 
fore, the 100-fathoras line appears to be a sufficiently unequivocal 
limit. Only a part of the collections have been worked out, 
particularly the Pishes and some groups of Crustaceans and 
Echinoderms ; and for this we are chiefly indebted to Mr. Alcock 
and Mr. A. R. S. Anderson. More than 200 species have been 
added by them to the Indian Fauna ; but what, perhaps, is of 
equal interest is the evidence that many highly characteristic 
types which we knew from Madeira and Japan occur also in this 
intermediate area. 

In the whole expanse of the Indian Ocean north of the 45° of 
latitude I can point only to one other small spot, on which 
incidentally the dredge reached 187 fathoms, capturing a few 
invertebrates ; and this happened during the examination of the 
Macclesfield Bank, a submerged cornl atoll in the Chinese Sea, by 
Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith in H.M.S. ' Penguin,' which under the 
command of Commander W. U. Moore surveyed the bank in 1892. 

The work done on board the ' Investigator ' was quite secon- 
dary to the proper duties of the Suiwey ; yet the results were 
such as to take everyone by surprise, and to make the ' Investi- 
gator ' known wherever advancement of science is appreciated. 
I understand that the survey of every part of the seas around 
British India, which is important for trade, industry, or navi- 
gation, is completed or nearly so. Would this, then, not be an 
opportune time to commission this ship for a three or four 
months' cruise for purely scientific-purposes ? The arrangement 
of deep-sea work, and even the management of the trawl and 
other apparatus in deep water, requires intimate acquaintance 
with almost every branch of oceanography and an amount of 
special technical skill which is only acquired by practice and 
experience. It seems a pity that while the experience gained on 
board the ' Investigator ' is at least partly still available in the 
service, no further benefit should accrue from it for science. I 
am not advocating a grand and costly oceanic expedition, but 
only one for which a fair-weather ship, such as the ' Investi- 
gator ' is reported to be, is adapted. So far we have a very 
imperfect zoological knowledge of the depths of the Andaman 
Sea, which, to judge from the few prodigious hauls of Carpenter 
and Alcock, must rival Japan and the West Indies in the variety 
of animal life : we know scarcely anything of the depths east of 
Ceylon : we know nothing whatever of the sea to the west of the 
Laccadives or of the north-western parts of the Arabian Sea, 
although from the few objects which fell into the hands of 
Dr. Jayakar at Muscat, the abundance of a highly interesting 

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, Sept., p. 197. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47 

and novel fauna may be inferred. An exploration of the Persian 
Gulf on the lines followed by Agassiz in the Gulf of California 
would be a matter of intense interest. If these suggestions 
should come under the notice of the Trustees of the ludinn 
Museum, I venture to hope that they may see fit to take the 
initiative in this matter, and try to move the India Office, which 
has always been ready to lend a helping hand for scientific 
enquiries. 

The Southern Indian Ocean. 

Under this heading I include the sea between the 30th and 
50th parallels, which was crossed by the ' Challenger ' on her 
way from the Cape of Good Hope to the Antarctic, and from 
there to Melbourne. The results of eleven deep-sea dredgings 
are recorded, those midway between the Cape and Kerguelen, in 
about 1500 fathoms, yielding an abundance of repi*esentatives of 
all classes except the higher Crustaceans. Large forms of 
Pycnogonids of various genera flourish, as in similar northern 
latitudes. The shallow and deep waters round Kerguelen were 
thoroughly examined, and large collecl/ions were made. A haul 
made in 2600 fathoms, about 500 miles S.W. of Melbourne, 
besides being most productive in zoological specimens, brought 
up a quantity of those manganese nodules, cetacean ear-bones, 
and sharks' teeth which were found in such great abundance 
when the ' Challenger ' reached the South-eastern Pacific. 

The Antarctic. 

Sir James C. Eoss, who of course was well acquainted with all 
the achievements of his uncle in the Arctic regions, lost no 
opportunity of making natural history observations and collec- 
tions when he led the ' Erebus ' and ' Terror ' into the Antarctic 
regions in the years 1839-43. He dredged six times in from 95 
to 320 fathoms off the South Victorian ice-barrier, twice in 
South Shetland, and once oiF Staten Island, the highest latitude 
at which he dredged being the 72nd parallel. His dredge brought 
up a sufficient variety of animals to convince him " that, from 
however great a depth we may be able to bring up the mud and 
stones of the bed of the ocean, we shall find them teeming with 
animal life." He " recognized among his captures several that 
he had been in the habit of taking in equally high northern 
latitudes." Unfortunately the collections made by him were lost, 
and with them, for many years to come, the recollection of his 
discovery and the remarkable words in which he announced it. 

He had also preserved specimens of deposit from his soundings 
and surface gleanings, which probably would have shared the 
fate of the collections but for his companion. Sir (then Dr.) J. 
Hooker, who had secured them, and who understood not only their 
scientific importance but also the value of their timely exami- 
nation. He sent forty packages and three bottles of sea-water 
to Ehrenberg, and published the result of the exauiiaatiou in 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiv. p. 170. 



48 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE 

Thirtv-two years elapsed before a dredge was sunk again to 
the bottom of an Antarctic sea. In 1874 the 'Challenger' 
entered this area south of Kerguelen, but not being constructed 
for polar woi'k, she penetrated only a little beyond Lat. 65° 42', 
where the southernmost of her dredgings was made. The trawl 
was used at six stations only, but revealed an extraordinary 
abundance of animal life on all the different kinds of deposits, 
in all depths, and at great distances from continental land : the 
variety was equal to, if it did not exceed, that of the same 
northern latitudes. In one of the hauls, one of the most 
remarkable of the expedition, 79 different species were captured, 
of which 29 were not obtained at any other station. 

Thus, as a matter of fact, our knowledge of the abyssal life of 
tbis large ocean, which covers the area from the 50th parallel to 
the Southern ice-barrier, rests on those six trawlings of the 
' Challenger.' More than this : if you look northwards over each 
of the three great oceanic divisions, you have to go to, or even a 
good way beyond, the Equator before you meet again with the 
work of the dredge, except that on the track of the ' Challenger ' ; 
and this, after all, is only like the scratch or the prick of a 
needle on a sheet of paper. 

Therefore, every effort to obtain from Government or other 
sources the means of penetrating the hidden recesses of un- 
explored oceans will meet with the hearty support of all 
Biologists. Local interests or utilitarian objects are often 
urged, and justly so, to reopen the door for science to pursue its 
way. But with the history of oceanic research before us, we are 
entitled to place our claims on higher grounds. The beneficial 
influence which every purely scientific undertaking exercises 
upon mankind reaches far beyond its immediate aim. When 
once the objects of deep-sea exploration had become clear, it was 
successively taken up by all the civilized nations. Britain, where 
marine zoology and botany had been cultivated for years, gave 
the first impulse ; in Scandinavia, Eorbes had contemporaries and 
successors imbued with the same scientific spirit ; North America, 
with a keen eye for detecting practical advantages and using 
them as a lever for broader objects, organized an exhaustive 
enquiry over all the seas surrounding or bordering upon her 
immense territory ; Erance, Germany, Italy, Austria, continued 
the work so far as their means allowed them. A rivalry had 
grown up among the nations, but it was a rivalry in which each 
gathered experience for the benefit of all : they worked har- 
moniously between them. And when the glorious proceeds of 
the ' Challenger ' had to be worked out, we saw that that nation 
which had collected them shared with the others the harvest of 
honour to be gathered from them : engendering and strengthening 
the bonds of international goodwill. Such is the working of 
science : she is the mother as well as the daughter of peace. 



LINIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49 

The day as well as tlie year demand that your President 
should not conclude this Address without paying a tribute to tlie 
Sovereign whom tLe Linnean Society has the high honour of 
calling its Patron. How much of its prosperity and development 
the Empire owes to the nobility of her character, the wisdom of 
her counsels, the strength of her influence upon other nations 
we all feel, but History alone will f?how. A great work like 
that of the ' Challenger ' could only be accomplished in a 
country in which the soil had been prepared for the culture of 
all sciences by many years of a peaceful and beneficent govern- 
ment ; and Biology may fitly ofier that great work as one of the 
monuments by which the long reign of the Queen is commemo- 
rated. And with the most loyal congratulations, which we 
gratefully ofter to our Patron on the completion of the sixtieth 
year of her reign, and, this day, of the seventy-eighth year of 
her life, we join the hope that this country may for many years 
enjoy under her rule the blessings which have been secured to 
it by her devoted care. 



LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1896-97. 



50 



PEOCBEDIN&S OF THE 



APPENDIX. 



List of Stations at wJiieli Zoological Specimens were obtained 
during the Swedish Expeditions of the years 1858-1883 at 
depths of 100, or exceeding 100, fathoms. 

I am much obliged to Dr. H. Theel, who most kindly compiled 
the following list of bathybial stations for the purposes of my 
Address ; it arrived, unfortunately, too late to be fully utilized by 
me, but its publication may prove to be a help to others who 
will work at the history of Deep-sea exploration. 

Dr. Otto ToreWs Expedition to Spitzhergen (1858), and 
to Greenland (1859). 

280 fms Greenland, Omenakfjord. 

150 fms Spitzhergen. 

Torell found at both these localities an abundance of animal 
life. 

The Swedish Expedition to Spitzhergen, 1861. 

Zoologists : O. Torell, F. A. Smitt, A. J. Malmgren. 

1050 fms Lat. 76° 45' N. 

1400 fms Lat. 76° N. Long. 13° 5' E. 

100-150 fms Crossbay. 

100-200 fms Ringsbay. 

At the depth of 1000-1700 fathoms there were found living : — 
Glohigerina, Biloculina, Dentalina, Nonionina, 3 or 4 Annulata 
{Cirratulus and a Spiochcetopterus), Cuma rubicunda (Lilljehorg), 
Cylichna, Myriotrochus, etc. 

Nordenslcjold' s Expedition to Spitzhergen (1868). 

Zoologists : A. J. Malmgren and F. A. Smitt. 

2200 fms Spitzhergen. 

2600 fms Lat. 78^ N. Long. 2° 37' W. 

1300 fms Lat. 81° 19' N. Long. 16° 29' E. 

950 fms Lat. 80° N. Long. 4° 30' E. 

1370 fms Lat. 81° 1^9' N. Long. 16° 8' E. 

710 fms Lat. 80° 30' N. Long. 3° 15' E. 

730 fms Spitzbergen. 

570 fms Spitzbergen. 

600 fms Lat. 80° 32' N. Long. 11° E. 

330 fms Lat. 81° 34' N. Long. 18° 40' E. 

340 fms Lat. 80° 40' N. Long. 4° 6' E. 

200 fms Lat. 72° 10' N. Long. 20° 37' E. 

140 fms Icefjord. 



LI>'XEAjr SOCIETY OF LO^'DOX. 5 1 

The 'Expedition of the Swedish man-of-war ' Josephina ' (1869). 
Zoologists : F. A. Smitt and "W. Ljungman. 

109 fms. ; shell-sand Lat. 48° 19' N. Long. 8° 45' W. 

400 fms. ; ? Lat. 43° -26' N. Long. 14° 25' W. 

750 fms. ; ooze Lat. 38° 11' N. Long. 9° 27' W, 

550 fms. ; ooze Lat. 38° 7' N. Long. 9° 18' W. 

790 fms. ; grey ooze Lat. 38° 7' 5" N. Long. 9° 25' W. 

750 fms. ; ooze Lat. 38° 10' 30" N. Long. 9° 25' W. 

Bank of Josephine Lat. 36° 42' 7" N. Long. 14° 12' 8" W. 

117 fins. : stones and shell- 1 y , t.no n»o'/>.T t -i *- m ah rxi 

g^jj^ ' > Lat. 36° 41 2 N. Long. 14" 9 4 W. 

(Many dredgings from about the same depth and locality.) 
162^ fois. ; stones and sheU- J ^at. 36° 48' 5" N. Long. 14° 12' 2" W. 

200-300 "fms. ; grayel '. ". S. Miguel, ViUa Franca. 

320-600 fms. ; gravel and ooze. 15 miles south of Fayal. 

The Expedition in the Baltic of the brig '' Nordenskjold^ (1870). 
Zoologist : Gr. Nauckhoff. 

110 fms Lat. 58° 8' N. Long. 19° 58' E. 

100 fms Lat. 57° 3' N. Long. 20° 13' E. 

110 fms Lat. 58° 43' X. Long. 20° 25' E. 

102 fms Lat. 58° 7' N. Long. 20' E. 

lOS fms Lat. 57° 15' N. Long. 19° 23' E. 

105 fms Lat. 68° 41' N. Long. 18° 23' E. 

The Expedition to Greenland and Newfoundland of the 
gunboat '• Ingegerd^ and the brig ' Gladau.^ 

Zoologist : J. Lindahl. 

Dr. Theel does not specify the stations, but remarks that large 
collections were obtained to a depth of 980 fathoms, among them 
two specimens of a new species of Umbellula which has been 
described by Lindahl. 

The Polar Expedition of Nordenskjold (1872-1873). 

^.' ' Zoologist : Fr. Kjellman. 

105 fms Spitzher^en ; Wijdebay. 

120 fms. ; smaU stones . . Lat. 80°l9' 5" N. Long. 16° 15' E. 

215 fms Spitzbergen. 

225 fms. ; gravel & clay . Lat. 79° 44' N. Long. 17° 50' E. 

220 fms. ; clay Spitzbergen ; Icecap, 

115 fms. ; clay & stones . Lat. 80° 11' N. Long. 16° 10' E. 

105 fms. ; do , Do. Do. 

160 fins. ; clay Lat. 78° 21' N. Long. 12° 38' E. 

105 fms. ; stones Lat. 78° 13' N. Long. 13° 40' E. 

110 fms. : stones Lat. 78° 15' N. Long. 13° 8' E. 

160 fms. ; gravel & stones Lat. 78° 10' N. Long. 11° 38' E. 

150 fms. 5 clay Lat. 78° 20' N. Long. 10° 50' E. 

180 fms Lat. 79° 44' N. Long. 9° 52' E. 

260 fms. ; stones Lat. 79° 55' N. Long. 10° 35' E. 

280 fms. ; stones Lat. 79° 65' N. Long. 10° 27' E. 

e2 



52 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE 

The ' Proeven^ Expedition! to Novaja Zemlia and the 

Jenisei (1875). 

Zoologists : Hjalmar Theel and F. A. Stuxberg. 

150 fms Lat. 70° 49' N. Long. 21° 55' E. 

180 fms At Soro. 

180 fms Nordkop (Long. 71° 13' N. ; Lat. 26° 2' E.). 

120 fms. ; mnd Sea of Kara, near Jiigor scharr. 

120-130 fms.; mud . . Sea of Kara, south of Cape Middendorff. 

Tlie first known Elpidiaceid (Ulpidia glacialis, Theel) was 
dredged at the last locality, together with several uncommonly 
large Foraminifera. 

The ' Gunhild'' Expedition to the STcagerrack (1877). 
Zoologists : C. C. Bovallius and H. Theel. 
At about 30 stations of depths varying between 100 and 400 
fathoms dredging operations were carried out. Bottom : ooze 
and sandy ooze. 

The * Vega ' Expedition (1878-1879). 

Zoologist : A. Stuxberg. 

116 fms. ; fine ooze. . Sea of Kara. Lat. 70° 14' N. Long. 61° 21' E. 

The ' Gunhild' Expedition in the Baltic (1878). 

Zoologists : H. Theel and Pilip Trybone. 

142 fms, ; ooze Lat. 57° 15' N. Long. 20° 5' E. 

The ' Gunhild ' Expedition (1879). 

Zoologists : Hjalmar Theel and C. Forsstrand. 

400-450 fms. ; ooze . . Lat. 58° 11' N. Long. 9° 24' E. 

450 fms. : grey-blue ooze Lat. 58° 11 ' N. Long. 9° 22' E. 

250-300 fms. ; ooze with stones . Lat. 58° 8' N. Long. 9° 15' E. 

450 fms. ; fine brown ooze Lat. .58° 8' N. Long. 9° 21' E. 

380-400 fms. ; fine brown ooze . . Lat. 58° 5' N. Long. 9° 16' E. 

320-380 fms. ; dark brown ooze . Lat. 58° 3' N. Long. 9° 16' E. 



370 fms, 
370 fms. 
370 fms. 
370 fms. 
370 fms. 
360 fms. 



brown ooze Lat. 58° 20' N. Long. 9° 32' E. 

brown mud , Lat. 58° 13' N. Long. 9° 26' E. 

brown mud Lat. 58° 10' N. Long. 9° 25' E. 

brown mud Lat. 58° 16' N. Long. 9° 33' E. 

brown mud Lat. 58° 12' N. Long. 9° 28' E. 

brown mud Lat. 58° 5' N. Lon^. 8° 57' E. 



MordensTcjold' s Expedition to Greenland in the S.S. ' Sojla ' 

(1883). 

Zoologist : C. Forsstrand. 

100 fms. ; clav and stones .... Lat. 69° 28' N. Long. 51° 55' W. 

350 fms. ; greV mud Lat. 69° 44' N. Long. 51° 38' W. 

260 fms. ; hard mud with stones Lat. 75° 26' N. Long. 67° 27' W 

800 fms. ; brown mud Lat. 74° N. Long. 64° 31' W. 

175 fms. ; mud with stones Lat. 70° N. Long. 52° 15' W. 

120 fms. ; stones Lat. 59° 33' N. Long. 43° 25' VV, 

125 fms. ; grey mud with stones East coast of Greenland. 

130 fms. ; do Do. 

140 fms. ; do Do. 

1000 fnis. ; do Do. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 



53 



List of Stations loith positions tohere successful hauls loere made 
heloio the '•'• hundred'^-fathom line during the cruises of the 
' Investigator,'' 1885-96. 



Sta. 
No. 


Position. 


Depth in 
fathoms. 


Date. 






Latitude North. Longitude East. 






1. 


21° 6' 30'' 89° 20' 


405 to 285 


25 iii. 85. 


2. 


6° 32' 79° 37' 


675 


5 T. 86. 


s! 


40 miles S.W. of Akyab. 


100 


? 87. 


4. 


OS Ten Degrees Channel, Bay of Bengal, 


1045 


6 si. 87. 


5. 


Andaman Sea, 8 miles S.E. Ciuqiie Is. 


500 


8 xii. 87. 


6. 


19° 35' 92° 24' 


272 


? 87. 


7. 


Andaman Sea, off Port Blair. 


271 


2 i. 88. 


8. 


Off Cinque Is., Andaman Sea. 


650 


5 i. 88. 


9. 


S. by W. of N. Sentinel, Bay of Bengal. 


130 to 250 


7 ii. 88. 


10. 


7^ miles E. of N. Cinque Is., Andaman 
"Sea. 


490 


12 iv. 88. 


11. 


5° 56i' 91° 05' 


1590 


19 iv. 88. 


12. 


6° 18'" to 16' 90° 40' to 44' 


1370 to 1540 


19 iv. 88. 


13. 


Andaman Sea, 7 miles S.E. by S. of 
Ross Is. 


265 


25 iv. 88. 


14. 


20° 17' 30" 88° 51' 


193 


? 87. 


15. 


Andaman Sea, North of Port Blair. 


112 to 244 


29 xi. 88. 


49. 


15° 85° 


1658 


9 iF. 89. 


50. 


14° 14' 85° 68' 


1654 


10 iv. 89. 


51. 


13° 34' 86° 54' 10" 


1672 


10 iv. 89. 


52. 


13° 16' 88° r30" 


1676 


11 iv. 89. 


53. 


12° 24' 90° 8' 


1669 


12 iv. 89. 


54. 


12° 21' 30" 92° 3' 30" 


780 


13 iv. 89. 


55. 


Bay of Bengal, about 30 miles W. of 


480 to 500 


13 iv. 89 & 




Mid-And. Is. (C. Bluff). 




14 iv. 89. 


56. 


Bay of Bengal between N. & S. Sentinel 


240 to 220 


24 iv. 89 & 




Is. 




25 iv. 89. 


57. 


16° 43' 90° 06' 


1314 


10 xii. 88. 


62. 


16° 45' to 16° 44' 88° 32^' to 88° 19' 


1439 


12 xii. 89 to 








13 xii. 89. 


96. 


18° 30' 84° 46' 


90 to 100 


4 iii. 90. 


97. 


18° 26' 85° 24' 


1310 


14 iii. 90. 


101. 


16° 11' 15" 82° 30' 30" 


922 


29 iii. 90. 


102. 


15° 38' 82° 30' 


920 to 690 


1 iv. 90. 


103. 


15° 14' 81° 9' 


1260 


2 iv. 90. 


104. 


11° 12' 47" 74° 25' 30" 


1000 


3 V. 90. 


105. 


15° 02' 72° 34' 


740 


5 V. 90. 


106. 


9° 53' 34" 75° 16|' 


1091 


22 X. 90. 


107. 


8= 23' 75° 47' 


738 


23 X. 90. 


108. 


7° 04' 76° 34' 15" 


1043 


24 X. 90. 


109. 


7° 41' 78° 21' 


738 


25 X. 90. 


110. 


9° 34' 85° 43' 15" 


1997 


3 xi. 90. 


111. 


12° 50' 90° 52' 


1644 


6 xi. 90. 


112. 


1.3° 47' 30" 92° 36' 


561 


7 xi. 90. 


113. 


12° 59' 93° 23' 10" 


683 


13 xi. 90. 


114. 


13° 21' 93° 27' 


922 


13 xi. 90. 


115. 


11° 31' 40" 92° 46' 40" 


188 to 220 


9 xii. 90. 


116. 


11° 2.5' 5" 92° 47' 6" 


405 


9 xii. 90. 


117. 


11° 58' 88° 52' 17" 


1748 


13 xii. 90. 


118. 


12° 20' 85° 8" 


1803 


15 xii. 90. 


120. 


15° 56' 50'' 81° 30' 30" 


240 to 276 


24 xii. 90. 


121. 


14° 35' 1-5'' 72° 2' 37" 


1140 


22 X. 91. 



54 



PBOCEEBINGS OF THE 





Position. 








Sta. 




Depth in 




Date. 


No. 


Latitude North. Longitude East. 


fathoms. 




122. 


12° 5' 35" 71° 35' 50" 


865 to 880 


29 


X. 91. 


124. 


10° 47 '45" 72° 40' 20" 


705 


21 


xi. 91. 


125. 


10° 7' 50" 74° 42' 30" 


1250 


3 


xii. 91. 


126. 


8° 49' 73° 18' 45" 


1370 


4 


xii. 91. 


127. 


Laccadive Sea, off Minnikoy Is. 


1200 


12 


xii. 91. 


128. 


16° 58' 77° 26' 50" 


902 


14 


xii. 91. 


129. 


Bay of Bengal, ofiE Godavari Delta. 


270 


11 


i. 92. 


130. 


)> )> !1 


281 to 258 


23 


i. 92. 


131. 


16° 01' ' 81° 25' 


410 


21 


ii. 92. 


132. 


12° 50' 81° 30' 


475 


31 


iii. 92. 


133. 


15° 43' 30" 81° 19' 30" 


678 


1 


iv. 92. 


134. 


Off Kistna coast. 


763 


13 


iv. 92. 


135. 


15° 29' 72° 41' 


559 


4 


V. 92. 


136. 


15° 41' 72° 43' 


444 


4 


V. 92. 


137. 


15° 4' 7" 80° 25' 7" 


128 


3 


iii. 93. 


139. 


15° 25' 6" 80° 25' 7" 


599 


12 


iv. 93. 


142. 


14° 13' 8" 80° 24' 2" 


673 


13 


iv. 93. 


144. 


15° 05' 06" 72° 48' 10" 


172 


19 


X. 93. 


145. 


15° 05' 03" 72° 38' 10" 


696 


19 


X. 93. 


150. 


7° 05' 45" 75° 04' 


719 


29 


xi. 93. 


151. 


Colombo Lt. House, S. 64, E. 13^ miles. 


142 to 400 


4 


xii. 93. 


154. 


14° 18' 15" 80° 18' 30" 


80 to 110 


3 


i. 94. 


1.59. 


14° 05' 55" 80° 25' 20" 


112 


11 


i. 94. 


1(50. 


13' 55' 42" 80° 26' 30" 


110 


17 


i. 94. 


162. 


13° 51' 12" 80° 28' 12" 


145 to 250 


30 


i. 94. 


103. 


13° 45' 38" 80° 29' 37" 


210 


31 


i. 94. 


164. 


13° 41' 27" 80° 32' 


195 to 210 


1 


ii. 94. 


165. 


f 13° 38' 08" 80° 38' 12" ] 
1 13° 40' 36" 80° 35' 18" / 


475 


2 


ii. 94. 


166. 


13° 34' 55" 80° 32' 12" 


133 


8 


ii. 94. 


168. 


13° 11' 48" 80° 34' 40" 


105 


14 


ii. 94. 


170. 


13° or 06" 80° 36' 5(>" 


107 


16 


ii. 94. 


172. 


8° 40' 10" 81° 17' 45" 


200 to 305 


26 


iii. 94. 


173. 


8° 36' 45" 81° 17' 45" 


609 


30 


iii. 94. 


176. 


11° 47' 6" 73° 57' 30" 


1070 


4 


V. 94. 


177. 


13° 47' 49" 73° 07' 


636 


5 


V. 94. 


178. 


23° 04' 54" 66° 48' 15" 


210 to 170 


20 


X. 94. 


183. 


23° 08' 22" 65° 49' 45" 


890 


1 


i. 95. 


184. 


22° 14' 25" 67° 08' 55" 


947 


2 


i. 95. 


187. 


21° 20' 51" 68° 08' 09" 


113 


3 


i. 95. 


188. 


21° 22' 15" 68° 00' 55" 


155 


3 


i. 95. 


190. 


20° 38' 50" 69° 17' 


108 


4 


i. 95. 


191. 


16° 15' 30" 72° 22' 03" 


112 


13 


i. 95. 


192. 


15° 11' 72° 28' 45" 


912 to 931 


14 


i. 95. 


193. 


16° 11' 72° 28' 45" 


931 


14 


i. 95. 


194. 


13° 47' 72° 3' 45" 


891 


15 


i. 95. 


196. 


12^ 54' 30" 72° 22' 


484 


16 


i. 95. 


197. 


9° 34' 57" 75° 36' 30" 


406 


20 


i. 95. 


198. 


8° 65' 81° 17' 30" 


764 


7 


iii. 95. 


199. 


8° 40' 81° 27' 35" 


800 to 6.37 


15 


iv. 95. 


201. 


8° 44 '40" 81° 20' 15" 


320 to 296 


16 


iv. 95. 


202. 


7° 4' 40" 82° 2' 45" 


695 


17 


iv. 95. 


203. 


5° 60' 30" 80° 25' 30" 


364 


18 


iv. 95. 


204. 


6° 50' 20" 79° 36' 20" 


180 to 217 


19 


iv. 95. 


211. 


23° 66° 08' 


609 to 620 


21 


ii. 96. 


212. 


21° 43' 45" 68° 


111 


22 


ii. 96. 


213. 


21° 25' 68° 02' 30" 


137 to 131 


22 


ii. 96. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 55 

Mr. Charles Baron Clarke then moved : " That the thanks of 
the Society be given to the Presideot for his excellent Address, 
and that he be requested to allow it to be printed ; " and this, 
having been seconded by Prof. Charles Stewart, was carried 
unanimously. 

The Society's Grold Medal for the year was formally awarded 
to Prof. J. Gr. Agardh, of the University of Lund, and was 
received on his behalf by Count Lewenhaupt, the Minister for 
Sweden and Norway. 

In making the award the President gave the following account 
of the medallist's life and work : — 

Jakob Georg Agaedh, Professor of Botany at Lund Uni- 
versity, was born at Lund in 1813. Son of the celebrated 
C A. Agardh, author of the Synopsis Algarum Scandinavice, of 
the Systema Algarum, and of the Species Algarum, he inherited 
both the love for phycology and the ability to promote its study. 
His early work, in addition to some papers on phanerogamic 
botany, consists of a series of miscellaneous researches, mostly 
systematic. In 1848 he published the first volume of the 
great work of his life, the Species, Genera et Ordines Algarwn, 
the concluding volume (containing a revision of his earlier 
treatment of part of the Ploridese) appearing in 1876. It is 
not too much to say of this great book that it contains the 
first embodiment of the natural system applied to marine AlgsB 
as a whole. Greville, Harvey, and Kiitzing paved the way 
without doubt and made this task possible, but Agardh's work 
nevertheless remains a monument of research and true systematic 
judgment. His next great work, Florideernes Morphologi, ap- 
peared in 1879. He had commenced in 1872 a series of memoirs, 
Till Algernes Systematik, which now engaged most of his 
attention, and he finished the series in 1890. It probably con- 
tains his ripest and best work. In 1889 he had meanwhile 
published his Species Sargassorum Australice, a work involving 
the examination of endless and perplexing details. In 1892 (in 
his eightieth year) he commenced the remarkable series of 
memoirs (in the style of his ' Till Algernes Systematik '), the 
Analecta Algologica, and he is to be congratulated on having 
achieved their completion. 

There is no group of marine littoral Algae which has not been 
presented to us in a more orderly arrangement by the genius of 
Agardh. His industry and extraordinary abilities have been 
devoted throughout his long life to the construction of a natural 
system of classification of marine plants, and his labours have 
been crowned with the success of universal acceptance. 

The following obituary notices of deceased Fellows were laid 
before the Meeting by the Secretaries, and the proceedings then 
terminated. 



56 PEOCEEDIlSrGS OP THE 

Obituaet Notices. 

Abeaham Dee Eaetlett was born in 1812, and early- 
developed a reputation as a field naturalist and taxidermist, 
■wbicli is memorably associated witb tlie specimen of the Eagle- 
Owl and other objects that adorn the galleries of the British 
Museum of Natural History. He in time became Super- 
intendent of the Natural History Department of the Crystal 
Palace, Sydenham, and relinquished that office for the more 
responsible one of Superintendent of the Zoological Society's 
Gardens at Eegent's Park, which he held till death. He entered 
the service of the Zoological Society in 1859, and, under the 
direction of Dr. P. L. Sclater, P.E.S., Sec. Zool. Soc, contributed 
largely to the world-renowned development of the Society's 
Gardens. Throughout the 38 years of office he performed his 
administrative duties with a never-failing success and jjopularity 
that endeared him to all with whom he came in contact. The 
appointment gave him his chance, and he made the most of it, 
devoting day and night alike to observation and experiment upon 
the habits of animals in his charge. The results of his labours 
and lucubrations fill many pages of the Zoological Society's 
' Proceedings,' of the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History/ 
of 'Land and Water,' and 'The Pield.' They have added 
several new species to the category of animal forms, and have 
settled not a few moot points in taxonomy and genetic 
relationship. The interest which attaches to his settlement in 
1865 of the then disputed question of the shedding of the horn 
by the Prong-buck, and of his slightly later discovery of the 
scissors-like action of the lower incisors of the Kangaroo, survives 
in the minds of working zoologists ; while in the closing year of 
his life we find him taking a prominent part in the determination 
of the mode of oviposition of the Surinam Toad. He had a 
positive passion for the racy side of popular Natural History, to 
which the writings of his intimate friend the late Prank Buck- 
land and Mr. Bompas's life of that naturalist bear ample 
testimony. He was guardian, doctor, dentist, to the animals 
under his care, and he devoted himself to their best interests 
with a fearlessness begotten of affection that at times endangered 
his life ; and was rivalled only by his marvellous presence of 
mind and power to do the right thing on emergency. Witness 
his lancing a Rhinoceros's gum, his recovery of a large bone from 
entanglement in a Lion's mouth, his extraction of a Tiger' s- 
claw, and his masterly capture of an escaped Bear. Achieve- 
ments of like order enshroud his memory, sufficient to break the 
heart of the most enterprising of menagerie men. Great as were 
his services to the Zoological Society and his personal iniluencey 
there has died with him a vast knowledge of the habits and 
management of animals in captivity, begotten of enthusiasm and 
devotion to a life's calling, which we could have wished recorded^ 



LDTN'EAJf SOCIETY OF LOUDON. 57 

He was in 1872 awarded a Silver Medal by the Zoological 
Society, in recognition of his services in rearing the Hippo- 
potamus ' Guy Fawkes,' born in the Gardens, wliich afterwards 
lived for a period of 10 years. 

He was elected au Associate of the Linnean Society on 
December 18th, 1879 ; and died on the 7tli May, 1897, alter 
a lingering illness, at the advanced age of 85. 

William Beocebank was born in 1830 near Manchester (?) 
and followed the profession of his fatlier, a civil engineer. His 
delight was in his garden at Brockhurst, Didsbury. He 
published few strictly botanical papers, though several times he 
entered into discussions on gardening topics ; his contributions 
to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were 
chiefly on botanical aud geological points. He died on 
25th September, 1896, at Didsbury, and was buried in the 
grounds of the Friends' Meeting House at Ashton-on-Mersey. 
He became a Fellow of this Society 20th March, 1884;, and was a 
Fellow also of the Geological and Eoyal Horticultural Societies. 

JoHK Geiete, M.D., F.E.S.E., was born at Glasgow. An ardent 
collector and observant marine zoologist, he was lor over 40 years 
an active member of the Glasgow Natural History Society, to the 
'Transactions' of which he commuuicated numerous papers. 
He was an associate of the late veteran, David Eobertson, the 
'Naturalist ot" the Cumbraes,' witli whom he in 18(34< published 
a paper, " On the distribution of Marine Algae on the Clyde 
Lights Trust buoys in the Clyde." 

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on l^Qth March, 
1885, and died 16th April, 1896. 

Thomas Hick, the last elected Associate of our Society, 
passed away on 31st July, 1896, at the house of his son Dr. Hick 
at Bradford. He was a native of Leeds, where he was born on 
5th May, 1840. The accidental loss of several fingers of the left 
hand disqualified him from his original mill-employment, and he 
became a teacher, securing the post of head-master of the Royal 
Lancastrian School, Leeds, and then Assistant-Lecturer in 
Botany at Owens College, Manchester, in 1885. Here he came 
into close connection with Prof. W. C. Williamson, with whom 
he worked in great cordiality. His onij' contributions to our 
publications are on fossil botany. It is intended to acquire his 
fossil collection for Owens College as the Hick collection. 

EoBEET Hogg, LL.D. — The death of Dr. Eobert Hogg on the 
1-ith March, 1897, removes from our midst a botanist wMiom 
circumstances made a horticultural and pomological authority. 
He was born at Coldstream in 1818, and was thus in his 70th 



58 PKOCEEDl]SrGS OF THE 

year at the time of his decease. His early training was for the 
medical profession ; but lie took a distaste for the drudgery 
inseparable from the career of a general practitioner, while 
devoting his attention to the botanical portion of his curriculum. 
After graduating at Edinburgh University, he gained a practical 
knowledge of horticulture in the firm ot Peter Lawson and Sons 
of the same city, continuing his horticultural training with 
Mr. Eonalds of Brentford, at that time busied on his ' Pyrus 
Mains Brentfordiensis,' which is said to have given the impetus 
to his life-long devotion to pomology. 

After some time spent at Brentford, he proceeded to Eouen, 
where the forest garden was under the management of the 
celebrated Dubrueil, thence migrating to Paris and prosecuting 
bis studies under Adrien de Jussieu and Mirbel. Next he 
passed on to Bouu, and after some time spent there, at a time 
when Treviranus and Nees von Esenbeck were supreme, he 
came home. He soon found that pure science held out little 
prospect of pecuniary reward, so he began to turn to account his 
acquired stores of botanic and vegetable physiologic knowledge 
in a practical way by joining in the management of Brompton 
Park Nursery in 1845. But the fortunes of this long-established 
and once celebrated nursery were declining, and after a few 
years he retired, thenceforward devoting himself to horticultural 
literature. "Whilst a student at Edinburgh he had published a 
* Treatise on Annuals,' and in 1S60 produced his ' Eruit Manual,' 
of which the 5th edition was issued in 1884. 

' British Pomology ' was started in 1844, and the first part, on 
the Apple, w^as the only one issued ; no publisher would undertake 
the risk, and the work was not immediately remunerative. 

He took an active part in establishing the British Pomological 
Society in 1854, with Sir Joseph Paxton as its first President, 
and, with Mr. Spencer, was a secretary of it from the first ; this 
Society was in 1858 merged in the Eruit Committee of the Horti- 
cultural Society. In connection with the latter Society, Dr. Hogg 
was actively engaged in the work of the Chiswick Garden. 

He threw himself energetically into the management of the 
London Interuational Horticultural and Botanical Congress of 
1866. Eor a long series of years he, with Mr. Gr. Johnson, was 
editor of the 'Journal of Horticulture,' and solely edited the 
' Grardener's Tear-book ' for nearly as long. 

Not very long since he resigned his editorial labours to his 
son, and, as noted above, passed peacefully away. He joined the 
Linnean Society, 2ud May, 1861. 



Petee Inchbald, of 5 Grosvenor-terrace, Hornsea, was the 
son of Dr. Inchbald, of Adwick Hall, near Doncaster, and was 
born in 1816. 

He was a keen naturalist, a Eellow of the Zoological Society 
and of the London Entomological Society, and was elected a Fellow 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59 

of our Society 2nd Dec. 1S80. Although he has not left any 
works of magnitude behind him, he most carefully compiled the 
flora and fauna of many localities, notably those of Scarborough, 
Lhmduduo, &c. ; and for a long period, apjiroaching half a century, 
he was a contributor to a large number of periodicals, giving tlie 
results of his researches, such as ' The FieLl,' the ' Zoologist,' 
the 'Entomologist,' the 'Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' 
' Science Grossip,' and other journals. Ornithology was his 
favourite subject, and his observations upon the arrival and 
departure of migratory birds extended over a period of 50 years. 
He was hardly less acquainted with British Botany, and the 
proportion of British plants which he had not found in their 
native habitat was small. Many visits to the Eiviera made him 
well acquainted with the South European flora. He had a good 
knowledge of Cryptogams ; and last, but not least, he studied 
the life-history of insects of all orders, Lepidoptera enuaging his 
attention for the most part. Latterly he devoted much time to 
those minute insects the gall-gnats, and during his investigations 
he bred many species new to science. He lived for years at 
Storthes Hall, Huddersfield, then at Hovingham, and Harrogate, 
at all of which places it fell to his lot to train a succession of 
students in natural science, amongst them our late Eellow, the 
Rev. W. W. Newbould. His last years were spent in retirement 
at Hornsea, where all his spare moments were occupied in the 
observation of nature. His death occurred on Saturday, 13th 
June, 1896, in his 81st year. 

Thomas Ltttleton Powts, 4th Baron Lilfoed. — Born in 1833, 
he early developed a love of field natural histoi*y, which rapidly 
rendered him famous among ornithologists. While still a boy 
at Eton he became a contributor to the pages of the ' Zoologist,' 
and, with a short interval, continued to be one of its chief sup- 
porters until his death. He was a shrewd observer, practical 
in all his undertakings, and as his love of field-ornithology 
developed into a passion, he was to be found at all times at 
work upon it, whether at home or on the Continent. His 
collected observations on home birds found full expression in a 
valuable treatise in 8 vols, with coloured plates, entitled 'Coloured 
Figures of British Birds,' of which 33 parts appeared during the 
years 1885^96 ; and among his contributions to the ornitliology 
of the European Continent there remain a series of articles in 
the ' Ibis ' on the Birds of the Ionian Islands, and the provinces 
of Albania Pi'oper, Epirus, Acarnania, and Montenegro, and of 
Spain, which have done much for the extension of our knowledge 
of the avitauna of these respective localities, and towards inducing 
other persons to pay attention thereto. In 1873-74 he undercook 
a cruise in the Mediterranean in the ' Zara,' E.T.S., and the 
articles which record the ornithological observations that he made 
are as valuable as they are pleasing to read. 

He was a keen sportsman and an enthusiastic falconer, a 



6o PEOCEEDIIf&S OF THE 

prominent member of tlie " Old Hawking Club," and a friend 
of the more famous falconers of his time. His Aviaries at 
Lilford Hall, in Northamptonshire — spacious, well kept, and well 
stocked — were the envy of field-ornithologists. In addition to 
the birds of prey, for which they were famous, they regularly 
sheltered other birds of various kinds, and observations upon 
the breeding-habits in confinement and records of the experi- 
mental work of acclimatisation of exotic game-birds of distinct 
scientific value, which were thus rendered possible, were from 
time to time made public. 

Lord Lilford liberally supported the Northamptonshire Natural 
History Society and the British Ornithologists' Union, of which 
he was a founder, and for many years President. Shortly before 
his death he completed (at great expense, as with his ' British 
Birds,') an elegant work in two volumes upon the'Bii-ds of North- 
amptonshire,' which for careful authorship and beauty of illust- 
ration will long render his name memorable in the annals of 
British Oruitholog}^ He died in peace in his 63rd year (June 17, 
1896), midst the surroundings in which this charming work had 
been written. He was a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and was 
elected a Eellow of the Linnean Society on 20th March, 1862. 

Baron Feedinand von Mueller. — The death, on the 9th of 
October, 1896, of this distinguished botanist came as a surprise 
and shock to his numei"ous correspondents, who were unaware 
of any immediate danger, although his health had been failing 
for some years past. He was born at Kostock in 1825, studying 
medicine and natural history at Kiel, graduating there as 
Ph.D., whilst investigating the flora of Schleswig-Holstein. 
He early lost both his father and mother from aftections of 
the lungs ; and in 1847, having himself perceived symptoms of 
emphysema, he resolved to go to Australia in search of a climate 
more favourable to his chances of life. How well the change 
answered is apparent from the fact that he lived nearly half a 
century in that country. Previous to his departure he had drawn 
up a memoir for publication in ' Flora,' his ' Breviarium plantarum 
Ducatus Slesvicensis austro-occidentalis,' but which only ap- 
peared in that Journal for 1853, the author's name appearing as 
Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich Mueller ; if these names were correct 
he dropped two of his appellatives, for we find no other instance 
of his use of more than "Ferdinand." 

On his arrival in Australia he was at first employed by a 
chemist, as his assistant, in Adelaide, and, by his study of the 
native plants, soou attracted attention. He devoted four years, 
from 1848 to 1852, in travelling, at his own cost, in searcli of 
plants, in the latter year being appointed by Governor La Trobe 
to be Government Botanist, a post then created, and filled by 
him to the end of his days. The deceased botanist, with two of 
his compatriots, founded the Eoyal Society of Victoria in 1854, 
and read the tirst paper recorded in its ' Transactions ' ; he was 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6 1 

the President of the Geographical Society of Victoria from its 
commencement ; he induced Sir"W. Macgregor to undertake the 
exploration of New Griiinea; and he was an active member of 
the Burke and Wills Exploration Committee, voting in the 
minority with those who wished to see that ill-starred expedition 
entrusted to the leadership of Major Warburtou ; and Sir Ferdi- 
nand's practical knowledge and experience proved to be of the 
utmost value in preparing for the outfit of the explorers. At 
the second annual meeting of the Australasian Association for the 
Advancement of Science, which was held in Melbourne in the 
year 1889, Sir F. von Mueller presided over its deliberations, and 
delivered the opening address ; and he was also acting president 
of the Melbourne Liedertafel, to which he continued to be a warm 
friend. In 1853 and 1854 he issued General Eeports (1st and 
2nd) on the Vegetation of Victoria, and from that time onward 
his amount of publication is extraordinary. His first Australian 
paper, however, was in the ' Linnaea' for 1852, in German; and 
his later papers, in Hooker's ' Kew Journal ' and elsewhere, were 
at first translated for him into English by our former Librarian, 
Richard Kippist. He was amongst the first of Australian 
colonists to encourage local societies; and in the issues of the 
Victorian Institute, and its varied titles, he brought out some 
of his early descriptions of new plants. 

In 1855 the public interest excited in the mysterious disap- 
pearance of Dr. Leichhardt found expression in the organization 
of a search expedition, which was placed under the command of 
A. C. Gregory, Dr. MuelJer accompanying it as botanist. It 
quitted Sydney on the 18th of July, 1855, in the barque 'Monarch,' 
and the party landing at the mouth of the Victoria E-iver, 
ascended it to 18|° South latitude. Subsequently the expedition 
penetrated 4° farther to the southward, and returning to camp, 
struck out to the eastward, skirting the Gulf of Carpentaria 
considerably to the south of Leichhardt's tract, and explored a 
tract of country covering nearly 20° of longitude, until, upon 
the 22nd of November, 1856, they reached a station on the 
Dawson Hiver. At this time, 1855-56, he was attached to 
Gregory's expedition to explore the Victoria Eiver, and by 1865 
he estimated that he had travelled on horseback 25,000 miles in 
the interest of botanical science. In 1857 he was appointed 
Director of the Melbourne Botanic Garden, which he delighted 
to stock with native plants from a distance, more from a scien- 
tific standpoint than from a popular point of view. In 1873 he 
was deprived of his functions, much against his will, and he never 
again entered those gardens. 

The important ' Eragmenta Phytographiae Austrabae ' began in 
1858, issued in fasciculi from time to time, and running to eleven 
vols, with the first part of a twelfth. In this he was aiming at a 
complete flora of Australia, accumulating his stores of descriptions 
and plants ; but his energies were not to be confined to one line 
of progress : he burst out into byways of economic botany, on 



62 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE 

fossils, and the like. This desultory labour was perhaps better 
suited to a young colonial establishment than a more persistent 
aim at the great one of a full flora : but it ultimately led to the 
flora being undertaken by our then President, George Bentham, 
who was most loyally helped by Mueller, who sent the whole 
of his large Australian collections over in turn as required, 
every specimen being carefully ticketed, with new names in 
case of need. Here we may note the prevailing foible of Mueller's 
mind — it was his extraoi'dinary vanity and love of distinction. 
He begged Bentham to adopt all his suggested names, if the 
plants were new, but to discard in silence any which were super- 
fluous. It is well known that he constantly used two names, 
sometimes even three, when publishing new species, so that, 
whatever view might be taken of his genera, he would yet be 
quoted as the author of the species. 

The first volume of the ' Flora Australiensis ' came out in 1863, 
the seventh and last in 1878. Mueller's herbarium had come 
and gone, had been fully utilized, and returned to its owner 
without the slightest mishap, while Bentham had been engaged 
on its writing, and whilst still carrying on his share of the 
' Grenera Plantarum.' 

It would be impossible to follow so voluminous a writer 
through his list of works, it must here sufBce to indicate the 
most salient of his productions. Two of them have already been 
mentioned, his ' Select Plants ' must be now alluded to : in this 
he drew up a list, witli short descriptions, of commonly cultivated 
plants which might be found useful to cultivate in Victoria : this 
work attained the greatest popularity of all his books ; under 
slightly varied titles it reached its 9th edition in 1895, including 
the Indian, New South Wales, German, and Prench editions. 

' Eucalyptographia ; a descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypts of 
Australia,' was completed in 1879-84. He also began similar 
atlases on Acacia and Salsolaceous plants, and one part on 
Candolleaceous plants, which was his pet name for the Stylidese. 
His 'Systematic Census of Australian Plants' in 1882 is a marvel 
of hard work, while the Second Census in 1889 showed his 
love for changing names, at its worst. In common with so many 
of his countrymen, he delighted to modify, under pretence of 
emending, the sequence and scope of the natural orders; but 
a more inconvenient system was one he affected of combining 
several genera into one. 

His channels of publication were very varied and numerous ; 
he published many new species in local journals, from which he 
had " pulls " struck ofl' and widely distributed, but bearing no 
bint of pagination. The present writer vividly recalls the trouble 
it caused him, when busied on the compilation of the ' Index 
Kewensis,' to hunt up some such periodicals as the 'Melbourne 
Chemist and Druggist,' or Wing's ' Southern Science llecord,' of 
whicb no complete sets could be readily found in this country, 
merely to get the actual page. 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIC. 63 

Mueller was a prodigious correspondent, he estimated Iiis 
letters at 3000 annually, long letters mostly, and on large paper. 
His handwriting was peculiar, large and fairly legible ; his style 
was his own — he never began a letter in the orthodox way, but 
introduced tlie name of the recipient in the first sentence in 
some way or other. He was equally unconventional in closing 
his epistles, usually signing himself " regardfuliy yours." He 
was generous in distributing specimens and seeds. 

He was a member of about 150 different societies, of which he 
was most inordinately proud ; he was elected Fellow of this 
Society 20th Jan. 1859 ; of the Eoyal Society in 1861 ; of English 
Societies he belonged also to the G-eological, Eoyal Greographical, 
the Chemical ; was a Corresponding Member of the Zoological 
and an Honorary Member of the E-oyal Horticultural Societies. 
His delight in appending these distinctions was great, and may 
be seen on the titlepages of his ' Fragmenta,' where a solid block 
of such ascriptions follows his name. In 1871 he was created an 
hereditary Baron by the King of Wiirtemberg, was one of the 
first to be appointed to the Order of St. Michael and St. Greorge, 
in which he was promoted to the rank of Knight Commander 
in 1879 (hence his style iu English official documents as Sir 
Ferdinand von Mueller) ; the Eoyal Society awarded him a Eoyal 
Medal in 1888. 

His passion for science caused him to lead a solitary life ; 
he never married ; and visitors to him found him crowded up with 
bundles of dried plants, correspondence, and the like. His 
personal habits were very frugal and simple, and he used to 
make it his jocular boast that he had never been the possessor 
of a watch or of a looking-glass. He estimated that he had 
spent £20,000, which he had saved out of his official income, in 
promoting the cause of science ; and has been heard to complain 
that while his explorations of tlie Interior opened up the avenues 
to wealth to many of his fellow-colonists, he was unable to 
mention one single act of substantial generosity which he had 
ever received at their hands. 

Dr. Petermann, the great German geographer, declared that 
the centre of Australia would never have been opened up but 
for Dr. Mueller ; Sir Eoderick Murchison said that the mantle 
of Eobert Brown had fallen on his shoulders. Sir William 
Hooker and Professor Harvey both dedicated important works 
to him ; and Professor J. E. Planchon, writing in the ' Eevue 
des Deux Mondes,' remarked of him that he combined the 
thoroughness of the G-erman with the practical good-sense of the 
English man of science. When the last Geographical Congress 
assembled in Vienna, five special votes of thanks were awarded to 
men who were considered to have rendered exceptional services 
to the cause of science, and Baron vou Mueller was one of the 
five. His title of Baron, it may be here conveniently remarked, 
was conferred upon him by the King of Wiirtemberg in 1871, 
on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his marriage 



64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 

with tlie G-rand Diicliess Olga, sister of the late Alexander the 
Second of Russia, and was conferred upou its recipient as a 
o-eneral representative of science, for the Baron's accomplish- 
ments in this respect comprehended medicine, chemistry, palae- 
ontology, and geography, as well as botany ; and geographers 
more particularly have commemorated his name by bestowing it 
on a mountain and a river in Central Australia, on another in 
Spitzbergen, on a cataract in Parana, and on a glacier in 
New Zealand. 

Australia has lost her first phvtologist, and science one whose 
influence will long be felt in his own special line, a man of marted 
personality, whose delicate constitution was never sufl^ered to 
withdraw him from work which he had undertaken, till the final 
summons came. 

Sir Edwakd Newton, M.A., K.C.M.G-., was born at Elveden 
in the county of Suffolk on the 10th of November, 1832, being 
the youngest sou of the late William Newton, Esq., of that place, 
and Elizabeth, daughter of Eichard Slater Milnes, of Eryston, 
in the county of York. In 1 845 he began communicating ornitho- 
logical note's to ' The Zoologist,' which were chiefly records of 
migration or nidification, for from his earliest years he was 
devoted to birds'-nesting, and in the scientific practice of that 
pursuit attained remarkable proficiency. In 1849 he commenced 
(with his brother Prof. Newton) a daily Eegister of all the bii'ds 
he saw, after a method described iii the ' Transactions of the 
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society ' (1870, p. 24), and, 
with very few breaks, this Eegister was kept at Elveden for 
nearly ten years. But he did not con6ne his ornithological 
interest to field observations, and he devoted much attention to 
the Osteology of Birds, so as to be able to recognize at sight 
almost any bone shown to him. 

Entering at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and graduating 
B.A. in 1857, he the next year went to the "West Indies, and 
passed several months in the island of St. Croix, subsequently 
contributing (jointly with his brother) to the newly-founded. 
' Ibis ' a series of papers ou the Birds of that Island. In 1859 
he was appointed Assistant Colonial Secretary of Mauritius, 
being promoted to the post of Auditor- Greneral in 1863, and 
Colonial Secretary in 1868. He was a member of the Mission 
sent in 1861 by the Government of that Colony to congratulate 
King Eadama II. on bis accession to the throne of Madagascar, 
and was the first English zoologist to set foot on that island for 
nearly twenty-five years. The ornithological results of his 
journey were recorded in ' The Ibis ' (1 862, p. 265 ; ] 863, pp. 43 
and 165), and were so promising that in the following year he 
paid a second vdsit to that country, solely for the sake of investi- 
gating its ornithology, and with results still more satisfactory 
(Ibis," 1863, pp. 333 and 452). In 1864 he seized an oppor- 
tunity of going to Eodriguez, the known locality of the extinct 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. 65 

"Solitaire," but an island never before visited by a zoologist. 
Though his stay there was limited to forty-eight hours (Ibis, 1865, 
p. 146) he not only obtained two new species of birds, but examined 
some caves, in one of which he found bones that he at once saw 
were those of Pezophaps ; and their discovery led to the elaborate 
researches, subsequently directed by him, at the cost of the 
British Association and of the Royal Society, which ended in the 
excavation not only of several