THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY .#'• CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. llMrft, iiHiHtaHon, ami ondeHlnlng of books are reasons for dU«lpltaary octlofi and may result In dismissal from tiie Onhfowlty. TO RENEW CAU TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF lUINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date, ^^^ ^ ' -.v..--.. .■ ■ •■.■'-.■■-, --**X.'hi^i^. OCTOBER 1916.] 306 11 [Price 5s. PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 127th session. From November 1914 to June 1915. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, BUKLINGTOW H0U8B PICCADILLY, W., Br TATLOR AND FRANCIS, BED LION OOITBT, FLBBT STEEET, .1^? ^^r^'!.-?:^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 125th session. From November 1912 to June 1913. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY BURLIN&TOH HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W. 1913. ru PRINTED BY TAYLOR A:ND FRANCIS. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CONTENTS. Page List of Publications issued iv Proceedings of the 125th Session r Presidential Address 26 Obituaries 49 Abstracts of Papers 69 Additions to the Library 7.3 Benefactions, 1790-1913 91 Index 99 Stjppleme>'t. 680S96 PUBLICATIONS: Session July 1912-JpLy 1913. Journal, Botany. Vol. XLI. No. 280. 8/- „ 281. 6/- „ 282. 8/- Journal, Zoology. Vol. XXXII. No. 213. 4/- „ 214. 4/- „ 215. 4/- Transactions, Botany. Vol. VII. Part 19. 3/- ii 20. 3/- Vol. VIII. „ 1. 20/- 55 2. 8/- Transactions, Zoology. Vol. XI. Part 11. 4/- n 12. 8/- Vol. XV. 2. 24/- 55 3. 2QI- „ 4. 12/- Vol. XVI. „ 1. 24/- Proceedings, 124tli Session, October 1912. List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1912. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH SESSION, 1912-1913.) ]N"ovember 7th, 1912. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., President, in the Chaii'. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th June, 1912,, were read and confirmed. Mr. Bernard Francis Cavanagh, Dr. Eeginald Rnggles Grates,, Ph.D. (Chicago), Miss Alice Hibbert-Ware, Mr. Arthur Edward Peck, Mr. Francis Henry Sikes, M.A., Mrs. Beatrice Stuart {nee Norburj, Mrs. Charles Urquhart Stuart), Mr. Henry Edward Irving Taylor, M.A.(Cantab.), and Capt. Sidney Miles Toppin,, K.A., were proposed as Fellows. The Treasurer referred to a set of Syme's edition of SowerbyV ' English Botany ' which had been bought out of the income of the Tagart Bequest, and hoped that each succeeding year would see a similar accession. The first paper was by Dr. E. E. Gates, "On Mutating Oenotheras," which was communicated by Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.E.S., F.L.S. In the discussion which followed, Prof. W. Bateson, Dr. Otto Stapf, and Prof. Deudy took part, and the author replied. Mr. Fbedemck Enock, F.L.S. , showed a series of lantern-slides illustrating the life-history of British Mymaridse and their hosts. LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1912-1913, h ,2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE The last paper was by Mr. Henry N. Eidlet, E.E.S., F.L.S., ■ on a collection of plants from Mount Menuang G-asing, Selangor, made by Mr. C. B. Kloss in February 1912. One hundred and forty-three species were collected, of which 14 were unde- scribed : of these the most noteworthy were what is probably the biggest species of the large genus Oheronia, a remarkable species of Blastus, and a new species of Balanophora. Dr. A. B. Eendle and Mr. H. N. Dixon discussed certani points, and the author replied. November 21st, 1912. Prof. E. B. PoULTON, P.E.S,, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th November, 1912, were read and confirmed. Mr. Frank Arthur Stockdale, B.A. (Cantab.), Avas admitted a Fellow. Mr. John Davidson was proposed as a Fellow. Mr. Ernest John Bickford, Mr. Thomas Ford Chipp, B.Sc. '(Lond.), Mr. Alfred Eugene Craven, Mr. Nevin Harkness Foster, M.E.I.A., M.B.O.U., Mr. William Norman Sands, and Mr. Francis .James Stayuer, were elected Fellows. Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited specimens, and showed a series of lantern-slides, illustrating Mr. P. Amaury Talbot's collection of plants from Southern Nigeria. Dr. Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., Mr. E. Gr. Baker, and Dr.Lambourn ■(visitor) contributed further remarks. The Eev. George Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., then gave the sub- stance of his paper, " On Vegetable Mechanics," as follows : — The object of this paper is to show that plants respond to gravity, strains, and stresses, in order to resist them and so secure stability. Keruer thought that the stems of herbs and the trunks ■ of trees were constructed on a combined system of girders ; but if a tree has' a heavy mass of foliage borne at the summit of a tall cylindrical stem (as of Mahogauj'^), or even a short one (Fagus itumphii), buttresses are often formed by the roots, which enable the tree to keep the centre of gravity over an extended base. If the stem be hollow, diaphragms are introduced to render it secure. These are in some cases cup-shaped as in East Indian Bamboos, thereby securing a greater " pull " against lateral stress. In tropical lianes, various mechanical contrivances secure -strength with elasticity. In Bauhinia there are cup-shaped. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 3 bulgings on either side of a flattened stem. In the Monkey-ladder (CaidotretHs), besides the bulgiugs, flanges are added on the edges making a complete girder. In Cucurbitaceae and Passiflora the tendril coils, after securing a hold by its curled tip, the coiling being in opposite directions. This is secured by a " crank " being first formed which rotates. In leaves, the distribution of the mid-rib and veins secures the blade from transverse bending and tearing. In Bananas, the leaves, being degenerate in character, are invariably torn to shreds by the wind. In flowers adapted to insects, various mechanical contrivances ■enable the calyx and corolla, or the stamens, to support the insect ; while others enable it to carry tbe pollen away. The calyx multi- plies its ribs and the corolla expands anteriorly, while the stamens become levers, &c. Fruits are often subject to strains as in bursting, but if a pear hang vertically from an oblique stalk, there is a tendency to tear itself awav. Xature then develops a hump at the base which counteracts the resultant of the two other forces. Dr. O. Stapf, the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., and the President spoke on this paper, and the author replied. The last paper, by Miss Xellie Ba>-ceoft, B.Sc, F.L.S., " On some Indian Jurassic Gymnosperms," was read in abstract by the -Secretary for Botany. December 5th, 1912. Prof. £. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st November, 1912, were read and confirmed. Mr. Thomas Pord Chipp, B.Sc. (Lond.), was admitted a Pellow. Mr. John Harrison was proposed as a Fellow. Mr. Bernard Francis Cavanagh, Dr. Eeginald Euggles Gates, Ph.D. (Chicago), Miss Alice Hibbert-Ware, Mr. Arthur Edward Peck, Mr. Francis Henry Sikes, M.A., Mrs. Beatrice Stuart {nee Xorbury, Mrs. Charles Urquhart Stuart), Mr. Henry Edward Irnng Taylor, M.A. (Cantab.), and Capt. Sidney Miles Toppin, E.A., were elected Fellows. The first communication was by Mr. E. J. Bedford, entitled "Xotes on two Orchids new to East Sussex : Further Xotes on 62 4 PROCEEDI^'GS OF THE several rarer species of the Orcbidaceae," and communicated by Mr. C. E. Salmon, F.L.S. The lecturer stated tbat he is engaged iu obtaining a series o£ photographs o£ the British Wild Orchids, his intention being to secure photographs of every possible species in situ, as well as at closer quarters at home, when arranged against a plain background. During the season of 1911 he was fortunate enough to obtain two species not hitherto recorded for East Sussex. The first of these was the Brown-veined Orchid, Orcliis imrpurea, found in the Ouse district, near Lewes, in the month of May by Mr. Herbert Jenner, of Lewes. This interesting find was the prelude of another of perhaps even greater interest, for in the month of June the lecturer found a specimen of the rare Lizard Orchid, Orchis Jiircina, in the Cuckmere district near Eastbourne. This also proved to be a record for East Sussex, although a single specnnen was discovered in West Sussex in 1907 near the border of the county. When discovered the specimen was only just coming into blossom, but it was decided to pick and take it home. The plant measured 12.| inches in height and doubtless would have grown higher had it been left. The flowers opened at the rate of three or four each day during the time it was kept indoors, and about a week after the specimen had been picked all the flowers were open except those at the extreme tip. It was, at this stage, taken back and temporarily fixed to its own stalk and photographed in situ on 22nd June. The plant did not produce a bloom during the past season (1912), although several leaves appeared, so it is hoped it may bloom again this season. Earlier in the same year (1911) he had found a numerous colony of the Spider Orchid, Oplirys aranifera. In a circular space of about 3 yards radius he counted 65 specimens, and they M^ere in this profusion for a considerable distance on each side. The specimens which occur iu Sussex are said to be Ophrys aranifera yhv. facifera : great difficulty was experienced, however, iu distinguishing the variety from the type which is said to occur in Kent and sometimes in Sussex. During the past season (1912) he was able to photograph in situ the rare Late Spider Orchid, Ophrys arachnites, in the Eolkestone district. Another interesting species to be found in Sussex, although in decreasing numbers, is the Bog Orchid, 2Ialaxis imludosa. Erom its size and position this is a difficult species to photograph in situ. There is little doubt that the specimen Darwin experimented with and mentioned in his ' Fertilisation of Orchids' came from the same locality as the one shown. He supposed that he would be correct in calling the Fen Orchid, Liparis Loeselii, one of the rarest of the family. Through the kindness of a distinguished botanist he was able to obtain a photograph of it growing during 1912, but was not at liberty to divulge the exact locality. LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIV. 5 The last species mentioned was the Summer Lady's Tresses, Spiranthes cestivalis, which he was also able to show photographed as it grew. His collection of photographs at px'esent consists of 33 species and varieties out of a possible 44, and he should be very glad of an opportunity of adding to his collection any species not yet obtained. A discussion followed in which Mr. G. Claridge Druce, the Eev. T. K. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., Mr. E. G. Baker, and Mr. T. A. Dymes took part, and Mr. Bedford bi'iefly replied. Professor W. A. Herdman, P.E.S., F.L.S., read his paper entitled " Spolia Runiana. — I. FunicuUna quadrangularis (Pallas) and the Hebridean Diazona violacea, Savigny," and exhibited a series of the more important invertebrates which he had obtained in Hebridean Seas in 1912, by trawling and tow-netting from his steam-yacht ' Euna.' This paper was discussed by Mr, A. O. "Walker, the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Prof. Dendy, F.E.S., Mr. John Hopkinson, and Dr. AV. T. Caiman. Miss Maud Umfreville Claeke exhibited a series of photo- graphs of natural objects, together with some finished in body- colour. She uses the photographs as a basis for correct outline^ and styles the process " Nature Camera-work " ; the result being totally unlike a coloured photograph, and more resembling small pictures in oil-colours. These having been introduced by the General Secretary, critical remarks were contributed by Mr. G. Massee and Dr. Tempest Anderson, Miss Clarke replying. Miss Mary W. Johnstone showed a series of 125 v/ater-coloui drawings from South Africa, stating that these sketches were made from the wild flowers of the veldt, which were all found within a three-mile radius of Eoodekop Station — a small place about 15 miles south of Johannesburg, They represent the chief flowers of a whole season, the early ones appearing when the first showers of rain begin in October ; some flower almost as soon as the heavy dews commence, and spring up from the hardest ground, without any visible moisture. The season for wild flowers in the Eoodekop district usually ends in April, All these wild flowers grow on the bai'e open veldt, without any shade or protection, except what the tall grass affords. Many are much sought by the wild bees, and from them some of the purest veldt honey is obtained, the wild cotton-plant being one of the favourite " bee-plants," Three sketches of flowers from Table Mountain were also shown. PEOCEEDINGS OP THE Dr. Stapf, r.E.S., Sec.L.S., and Mr. John Hopkinson, who introduced the exhibition, spoke on the subject. December 19th, 1912. Prof. E. B. PoiTLTON, P.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th December, 1912,. were read and confirmed. Dr. Charles Edward Moss, Mr. Francis Henry Sikes, and Miss Alice Hibbert-Ware, were admitted Eellows. The Eev. Henry Bride Barber, and Mr. Edward Thomas Browne, M.A. (Oxon.), were proposed as Eellows. Mr. John Davidson was elected a Fellow. The President having, in accordance with previous announce- ment, declared the Meeting to be made a Special General Meeting for the election of a member of the Council in the place of Mr. Henry Groves deceased, the General Secretary read the Bye- Laws governing such election, and the Fellows present proceeded to vote. The Ballot having been closed, the President appointed Dr. A. B. Eendle, Mr. A. D. Michael, and Mr. John Hopkinson, Scrutineers, and the Votes having been examined and cast up, they reported to the President, who thereupon declared that Sir Frank Crisp, J. P., had been elected a Councillor. The President announced that the Council had that afternoon sent a telegram of congratulation to Sir Joiiisr Kirk, G.C.M.G., who had attained his 80th birthday, having been born on the 19th December, 1832. Mr. Cecil H. Hooper then gave an account entitled " Experi- ments on the Pollination of our Hardy Fruits, w^ith observations on the Insect visitors to the blossoms," illustrating the same with lantern-slides. He stated that strawberries, provided there is wind, set fruit well without insects. Raspberries and loganberries generally set fruit imperfect in shape if insects are excluded. Eed, white, and black currants and gooseberries, owing to the construction of their flowers and pollen (which is glutinous), cannot be pollinated and set their fruit without the visits of insects, more particularly hive and humble bees. All the previously-mentioned plants set fruit perfectly with pollen of the same variety or even of the same flower ; but with the apple, pear, plum, and cherry, this is not always the case, many varieties being self-sterile, and almost all produce more abundant LIXXILVX SOCIETY OF LOXDGIf. 7 and finer fruit with pollen of another variety. In these trees there is very little transference of pollen by the Avind, and even if a self-fertile tree is enclosed in muslin whilst in blossom (there being ample movement of the wind, insects only being excluded), it is the exception for any fruit to set ; it is the same with goose- berries and currants. In trials with apples, only 19 varieties out of 65 proved self-fertile ; in pears, 4 out of 30 ; in plums, 21 out of 41 ; in cherries, 5 out of 12 : whilst, when cross-pollinated,, in three quarters of the trials one or more fruits set on a truss. There seems to be a preference as to pollen, some varieties setting better with pollen of one variety than that of another,. The knowledge of the usual order of blossoming is useful as a guide for interplanting varieties, so as to choose varieties that flower about the same time for planting together. Out of nearly 3000 insects observed last spring ■\isiting the blossoms of the A'arious fruit bushes and trees, 88 per cent, were hive-bees, 5| per cent, humble and other wild bees, and 65 per cent, flies, ants, beetles, wasps, and other insects ; but the latter group have not fluffy bodies for carrying and transferring pollen, and chiefly eat tlie pollen, and are not therefore as useful as the hive and wild bees. A discussion followed, the participants being Mr, F. J. Chit- tenden, Dr. E. E. Gates, Dr. A. B. Eendle, IVIr, J, C. Shenstone, Dr. Stapf, Mr. H. E. Darlington, and Dr. A. P. Young, the author replying. Dr. Otto Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., then gave an abstract of a paper by Mr. H. M. Chibbee on the Morphology and Histology of Pi2Jcr Betle, Linn., which had been communicated bv Dr. Haeold H. Manx, F.L.S. Mr. A, 0. Walker sent for exhibition a twig of fasciated holly. Ilex Aqui folium, in Avhich some of the berries also had coalesced. Dr, Otto Stapf, F,E.S,, Sec.L.S., exhibited specimens of Wild Eice, annual and perennial. He defined " Wild Eice " as including all spontaneously growing forms of Ori/za, which, as far as the structure of their spikelets is concerned, might be considered as conspecific with Orijza saliva, except that their spikelets are readily deciduous when mature. He showed in a map the present extension of rice-cultivation, and traced briefly its history; whilst another map demonstrated the area of the genus Oi-i/za, with the exclusion of cultivated rice. He then pointed out the main areas of " Wild Eice," as defined above : — (1) in Xorth Australia ; (2) in India, with extensions to Cambodja and possibly Borneo ; (3) in tropical Africa from Abyssinia to the Niger ; (4) in Senegambia and possibly extending to the region of Lake Tchad ; (5) in South America. The "Wild Eices" of areas 1-3 and possibly some of 8 PROCEEDINGS or THE area 5 are annual, the remainder perennial. He concluded with the suggestion that the domesticated rices are probably poly- phyletic, most having originated from the Wild Eices of area 2, and some from those of area 3 and possibly 5. Dr. Eendle, the President, and the General Secretary contri- buted further remarks, Dr. Stapf replying. Mr. J. T. N. Thomas exhibited an aquatic plant, a long-leaved form of Elodea canadensis, Nutt., in which the rotation of the protoplasm could be observed better than in the normal form. He had obtained it from a tank containing goldfish in a small shop, and all the information he could obtain was that it came with the fish from " France." Miss May Eathbone brought a fresh inflorescence of the banana, Musa sajnentum, Linn., as an exhibition. January 16th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th December, 1912, were read and confirmed. Mr. Henry Edward Irving Taylor, M.A. (Cantab.), was ad- mitted a EeUow. Mr. .Tames Ebenezer Black, E.E.S., and Mr. Banawari Lai Chandhuri, B.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), E.E.S.E., were proposed as JFellows. Mr. John Harrison was elected a Eellow. The President announced that the Council had decided to apply the bequest of £100 left by Sir Joseph Hooker to the Society, as the nucleus of a fund to be styled " The Sir Joseph Hooker Lecture " Eund, of which particulars will be given at the next General Meeting. Prof. G. C. Bourne, E.E.S., Sec.L.S., then gave an account of the visit to Madagascar by the Hon. Paul Methuen in search of subfossil Lemuroids, illustrating his remarks by lantern-slides of the country traversed. Dr. Smith Woodward, Mr. de Gaye, and the President discussed certain aspects of the report. LUTPTEAJf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX, 9 Mr. T. F. Chipp, F.L.S., gave an exhibition of African Maho- gany (Khai/a sp.) bored by Xylotrya, and ot" Mangrove (Ehizo- phoracese) bored by Teredo sp. [A report by Mr. Chipp on " Mahogany borers of the Gold Coast " was published in the Kew Bulletin, 1913, p. 72.] Dr. O. Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., commented on the facts, and Mr. Chipp replied. Prof. J. Stanley GtArdinee, F.E.S., F.L.S., having coUimuai- cated the four following papers forming a portion of the reports on the Percy Sladen Expedition to the Indian Ocean, they were read in title as follows : — Prof. E. L. BouviEE. — " Les Caridines des Seychelles, avec des observations sur leurs variations." The Eev. A. E. Eaton. — " Psychodidae of the Seychelles." " EphemeridjB of the Seychelles." Mr. Herbert Campiok. — " Odonata of the Seychelles." The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, E.E.S., the President, and Prof. G. C. Bourne, E.E.S. , Sec.L.S., contributed additional remarks on Prof. Bouvier's paper. Mr. "W. A. Harding, E.L.S., then contributed a paper " On a new Land Leech from the Seychelles," one of the same series as the last four papers. He named the new animal " Idiobdella sey- chelleiisis, gen. and sp. nov." Mr. G. Claeidge Deuce, F.L.S., reported on six recently dis- covered new British Plants, including Spergularia atheniensis, Heldr. & Sart. Mr. C. E. Salmon, Mr. E. K Williams, Dr. O. Stapf, Mr. H. N. Dixon, and Miss E. Cardew spoke in connection with these novelties. The General Secretary read a letter from Dr. George Hender- son, F.L.S., received that morning with specimens of Alnus f/lutinosa, Medic, and what he regarded as A. incana, Medic, the latter showing catkins discharging pollen freely in December, whilst those of the former still remained closed. Eehruary 6th, 1913. Prof. E. B. Potjlton, E.E.S. , President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th January, 1913, were read and confirmed. Dr. Eeginald Euggles Gates was admitted a Eellow. lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE Prof. Ethelbert Blatter, S. J., Mr. Jal Phirozshah Miillan, M.A., Mr. Cyril West, and Mr. Eobert Whymper, were proposed as Pellows. The Eev. Henry Bride Barber, and Mr. Edward Thomas Browne, M.A. (Oxon.), were elected Fellows. The President, in accordance with his announcement at the last meeting, read the follo^^^ng statement to be embodied in a circular to the Pellows : — The Council of the Liunean Society have had under considera- tion the application of the bequest of .£100 left to the Society by the late Sir Joseph Hooker. They feel that the Pellows of the Society would not desire this legacy to be applied to the ordinary purposes of the Society, but that they would wish it to be used for some memorial of the illustrious donor in connection with the Society. Such a memorial would be peculiarly appropriate, since the late Sir Joseph Hooker was for nearly seventy years one of the strongest supporters of the Society, taking the keenest interest in its work. The Council have agreed that the most suitable memorial would be an adequately endowed Sir Joseph Hooker Lecture to be delivered OA'ery second, third, or fourth year, and to be published by the Society. They propose that the Lecture be on some subject especially associated with the name of Sir Joseph Hooker, and that the Lecturer be appointed by the Council, not necessarily from among the Pellows of the Society, They suggest that the generous bequest of =£100 sliould foi-m the nucleus of a Pund to be raised for the purpose of carrying this proposal into effect. The Council are gratified to know that their proposal meets with the warm approval of Lady Hooker. The Council consider that a total sum of not less than £600 should be obtained, and confidently appeal to the Pellows of the Linnean Society and others to contribute. Mr. A. 0. "Walker showed specimens, in flower from his garden, of (1) yellow wallflower, (2) Gheirantlius " Harpur-Crewe," and (3) Erysimum helveticum, DC. ?, pointing out that the respective smell was the only available method of determining the affinity of the second plant, as it was invariably double and never seeded, so that propngation only took place by cuttings. Mr. Arthur W. Sutton, P.L.S., read a paper on " "Wild Pea crosses,"' illustrated by a lantern exhibition of Lumiere slides in colour photography showing the results of crosses between a wild pea from Palestine, presumably Piswn liiimih, Boiss. & Noe, with cultivated forms. This was followed by a series of Lumiere lantern- slides of various botanical subjects. LI>>-EA2f SOCIETY OF LO'DOK. I r Prof. r. Keeble, Miss Saunders, and Dr. Stapf, Sec.L.S., joined in a discussion, and Mr. Sutton answered some questions which had been put. Miss jS". Baxceoft, B.Sc, read a paper entitled " Ehexoxyhn africanwn, a new Medullosean Stem." Dr. D. H. Scott contributed some remarks on the interesting fossil which formed the subject of this paper. Prof. G. C. BorE>"E, Sec.L.S., exhibited a very large specimen of the humerus of an extinct tortoise from Madagascar, aud com- pared it with specimens at the British Museum. Dr. EoGER Yeeitt's paper, " Eevision of the Linnean Types of Palaearctic Ehopalocera," communicated by the President, was. briefly explained by the General Secretary. February 20th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTOX, F.B.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th February, 1913^ were read and confirmed. Miss Grace Bigby., B.Sc. (Lond.), Avas proposed as a Fellow. Mr. James Ebenezer Black, F.E.S., and Mr. Bauawari Lai Chandhuri, B.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), F.E.S.E., were elected Fellows. The President announced that at the next Meeting, 6th March, a nomination would be made for a Foreign Member to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Prof. Eduard Strasburger, reported on the 24th 3Iay, 1912. Prof. G. C. BorRNE. F.E.S., Sec.L.S., gave a general account of a paper by Mr. Rolakd H. Deakix, on the Anatomy of the larva of Fhryr/anea stricta, which had been communicated by Prof. A. BEsyr, F.L.S. Dr. Otto Staff, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., gave a lantern exposition entitled : Views of Sjiartina vegetation, showing the rapid spread of S. Tounisendii, H. & J. Groves, over the tidal mud-flats on the South Coast from Chichester to Poole. A discussion followed in which the following engaged : Dr. A. B. Eendle, Dr. C. E. Moss, Mr. James Groves, Mr. J. C. Shen- stone. Prof, G. C. Bourne, the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, and the President, Dr. Stapf i-eplying. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dr. Staff showed an abnormal fruit of Sycamore, Acer Pseudo- platamis,oa behalf of Mr. W. B. Tuerill, and read the following statement : — The specimen was found near "Woodstock, Oxfordshire, on September 16th, 1912. There are seven distinct carpels, six of which have perfected seeds. The fruit is apparently composed of two parts, the larger having four carpels, each of which has perfected seeds, and the smaller three carpels, one of which is sterile, though a good wing has been produced. Transverse sections through the pedicel were compared with similar sections made through the pedicel of a normal two-winged fruit. There are slight differences in structure between the two sets of sections, but nothing to indicate so large an increase in vascular strands as might be expected if two or three flowers had fused together. 0. Penzig (" Pflanzen-Teratologie," vol. i. p. 364) makes the following statements concerning an increase in the number of carpels of the flowers and fruits of the Sycamore : — " An increase in the number of carpels in the flower is very frequent. Three, four, five, and even eight carpels have been seen in one flower. The accessory carpels are often inserted somewhat higher than the normal ones, so that (in four-winged fruits) the pistil appears to be made up of two decussate pairs of carpels." A paper by Mr. AV. Botting Hemslet, F.E.S., P.L.S., on the Genera Radamcea, Benth. and Nesogenes, A. DC, was read in abstract by the Botanical Secretary. The last paper, by Prof. E. J. Hartey GtIbson, P.L.S., and Miss Margaret Knight, B.Sc, on Marine Algae collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in the Eed Sea, Part II., was mainly a list of species, 46 in number, 35 of which are additions to the former list. March 6th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th February, 1913, were read and confirmed. Mr. Charles Oldham, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., and Mrs. Eose Haig Thomas, were proposed as Fellows. Dr. Hermann von Yochting, Professor of Botany in the iTni- versity of Tiibingen, was proposed as a Foreign Member. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 13 Prof. Ethelbert Blatter, S.J., Mr. Jal Phirozshah Mullan, M.A., F.E.S., Mr. Cyril West, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.E.C.S., and Mr. Eobert "Whymper, were elected Fellows. The President announced that the nest General Meeting of the Society on the 3rd April would be made Special, in order to con- sider the following motions : — 1. Tliat the Wallichian Herbarium and later additions from Dr. Horsfield and others be offered to the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2. That certain papers relating to the Cniversity of Uppsala be presented to that University. A discussion on " The Development and Inheritance of Sexual Characters " was opened by Mr. Geoffeet Smith, M.A., F.L.S., the following being an abstract of his remarks : — Secondary sexual characters may be divided into two classes, (1) those which are correlated in their development with the primary sexual organ, ovary or testis, and (2) those which are not thus correlated, but which develop independently of the presence of the gonad. Corresponding to these two classes we find that abnormal secondaiy sexual characters may arise in an individual in two ways — (1) by differential correlation, where abnormality of the gonad causes abnormality in certain secondary sexual characters, (2) by liereditani transference, where certain secondary characters are transferred in inheritance from one sex to the other without the primary sexual organs beiug in the least affected. In dealing with the first class of cases, the most commonlv accepted view as to the mechanism by which the correlation between gonad and secondary sexual characters is brought about, is embodied in the hormone theonj, according to which the gonad produces a specific hormone which stimulates the development of certain characters. Objections will be raised to this theorv in its simple form, chiefly oA^ug to certain phenomena occurring in Parasitic Castration, and an alternative theory of inetaholic stimula- tion is proposed, according to Avhich the gonad by feeding on certain specific substances in the blood, stimulates the over- production of these substances by the metabolic organs, and so brings about changes in the composition of the blood which act as a stimulus on the secondary sexual characters. In the case of the female organism evidence is produced to show that these substances are of a fatty nature. The last topic of discussion is the factorial composition of the individual in respect of the sexual characters, and the question of the determination of sex. Evidence is forthcoming chiefly from two sources, breeding and 14 PEOCEEDINGS or THE cytology. It will be argued that it is impossible, at present, to frame a scheme which will include all the known facts, without making both sexes " heterogaraetic," and consequently assuming that some form of selective fertilization must occur. Evidence in favour of the occurrence of something tantamount to selective fertilization will be produced in the case of hybrid pheasants, where the preponderance of males over females cannot be accounted for by a selective death-rate occurring at any but an •exceedingly early period of development. The discussion was continued by the President, Mr. L. Don- oaster (visitor). Prof. W. Bateson, F.E.S., Mr. F. H. A. Marshall, Mr. J. T. Cunningham, Prof. E. W. MacBride, E.E.S. (the last three being visitors), Prof. E. A. Minchin, F.R.S., Dr. W. T. Caiman, and Prof. G. C. Bourne, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., the author (replying. April 3rd, 1913. Prof. J. Stanley G-AEDiisrER, M.A., F.E.S. , Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th March, 1913, •were read and confirmed. Mr. James Ebenezer Black was admitted a Fellow. Miss Grace Bigby, B.Sc. (Lond.), was elected a Fellow. Mr. Eobert Paulson, F.E.M.S., was proposed as a Fellow. The Vice-President in the Chair remarked that it was some- times pleasant to break away from formal routine, as in the case of one who had been a Fellow since 1868 and a Secretary since 1880; he therefore suggested that all present should join in wishing Dr. Jackson many happy returns of this, his birthday, long life, and continued health. The General Secretary, in acknowledging this suggestion and its cordial adoption by the meeting, said that the motion had taken him by surprise, so that he was not prepared adequately to express his thanks and pleasure ; he was glad to recall that by the favour ■of the Fellows he had been continued in his ofiice for a longer period than any of his predecessors, and having devoted many of his best years to the service of the Society, — a service in which he delighted — he hoped still to be able during the remainder of his official life to advance the welfare of the Linnean Society of London. Liy>'E.VX SOCIETY OF LO>T)0>', 1 5 The Chairman then, in accordance with previous notice, moved the following resolutions of the Council : — 1. That the "W'allichian Herbarium and later additions from Dr. Horsfield and others be offered to the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2. That certain papers relating to the University of Uppsala be presented to that University. A ballot being taken in accordance with the Bye-Lavrs, Chap. XIII. Sect. 8, the Chairman declared the Eesolutions adopted. Mr. C E. Salmox exhibited a large series of forms of AlchemiUa vulgaris, Linn. He stated that the species of AlchemiUa are easy to collect and dry- They are not difficult to name as compared with Euphrasia or Hieracium^ thanks to Dr. H. Lindberg's excellent Monograph published in 1909. He had placed Dr. Lindberg's volume upon the table, and, with three exceptions, all the forms mentioned by him were represented in a dried state. There are three main Sections, Puhescentes, Hirsutce, and ■Suhglahro'. A. puhescens, Buser, represents the first section (which also includes A. hirsuticaidis, Lindb., and A. pJicata, Buser) ; all these ^re more or less wholly densely sericeous. A. puhescens is not British, but it was shown to him last year in a wild situation in Surrey, where, on investigation, it was proved that its origin was a garden not A-ery far away, whence it had been brought from Xorway about 20 years ago. In the Hirsutce section, we get three out of the four British species. The first, A. pratensis, Schmidt, is widely distributed -over the British Isles and Ireland ; the glabrous flowers, hairy stem, and glabrous upper leaf-surface help to distinguish it. A. minor. Huds., is the next and is our most frequent form ; may be known by its hairy pedicels and flowers. The third, A. minor, siuhsp.JiJicaidis, Lindb., is extremely local in Britain (only occur- ring in a few stations in Scotland), but widely distributed in Nor- way, Sweden, the Faroes, etc. ; it is less hairy in ail its parts than A. minor, whilst pedicels and top of stem are glabrous. The remaining British species, A. alpestris, Schmidt, belongs to the section Suhr/lahrce and is, as one may imagine, much more glabrous than any of the others in stem, leaves, etc. Its distribu- tion in Britain is more northern than A.pratensis or A. minor, but an isolated colony exists in Sussex. A. acutidejis, Lindb., was reported from Ben Lawers in Aug. 1911, on the occasion of the Phyto-G-eographical Excursion. Last year he was in that neighbourhood and failed to see anything but A. aJpiestris on the mountain. Dr. Lindberg has now named the original plants of the 1911 gathering as autumnal states of A. alpestris, so it is believed true acutidens — of which an un- doubted example from Eussia is on the table — has yet to be found 1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE in our Islands. It belongs to the Subglahrce, and is undoubtedly closely allied to alpestris. The other non-British species are — under section Hirsutce ; A. pastoralis, Buser, leaves pilose above, pedicels glabrous ; A. micans, Buser, with the veins on the under leaf-surface shining ; A. suhcrenata, Buser, leaves much less hairy above and teeth broad and obtuse ; and A. acutangula, Buser, with long, more or less acute, leaf-lobes. Under Suhglahrce, comes A. ohtusa, Buser, which is close to acutidens but has broader leaf-lobes and teeth, and sepals and epi- sepals broader and shorter ; and A. glomendans, Buser, with flowers in somewhat close heads. Prom the careful maps, prepared by Dr. Lindberg, showing the distribution of these various forms, it will be seen that Great Britain may yet claim some of them as true natives. Mr. P. N. Williams, Mr. James Groves, and Dr. Otto Stapf engaged in a discussion, and Mr. C. E. Salmon replied. Prof. Dekdt, P.E.S., then gave a summary of his paper on the Calcareous Sponges collected in the Indian Ocean on the Percy Sladen Expedition under the leadership of Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner ; he stated that of more than 400 species of Calcarea known, the present collection consisted of 13 species, several of which were new to science, a very satisfactory result, considering that the expedition was not primarily devoted to collecting close to the shores of the islands visited. Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner added further remarks on the localities visited, and the range of some of the species, followed by a few additional remarks by the author. A paper entitled " On Emhia major, sp. nov., from the Hima- layas," by Dr. A. D. Imms, P.L.S., was read in title, in the absence of the author. The next paper, by Dr. J. D. P. Gilcheist, on the larval stages of Jasus Jalandii (Milne-Edwards), was read by Prof. G. C. Bourne, P.E.S., Sec.L.S., and commented on by the Eev. T. R. E. Stebbing (who showed specimens of the three stages), Dr. W. T. Caiman, and Prof. Dendy. The last paper, by Mr. E. S. Bagnall, " On the Classification of the Oi'der Symphyla," was read in title, the author not being present. April] 7th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd April, 1913, were read and confirmed. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1/ Mr. James Donald was proposed as a Fellow. Mr. Charles Oldham, P.Z.S., and Mrs.Eose Haig Thomas, were elected Fellows. The following Auditors for the Treasurer's Accounts were nominated by the Council, and elected by show of hands, namely : for the Council, Mr. Arthur W. Hill and Dr. W. G. Ridewood ; for the Fellows, Mr. John Hopkiuson and Mr. Alfred W. Oke. The first paper was by Mr, M. P. Price, M.A., and Mr. N. D, Simpson, B.A., F.R.M.S., who gave an Account of the Plants collected by Mr. M. P. Price on the Carruthers-Miller-Price Expedition through Norbh-west Mongolia and Chinese Dzungaria. (Communicated by Dr. O. Stapf, F.R.S., Sec.L.S.) The paper was illustrated by lantern-slides, showing the character of the country traversed by the expedition. Dr. Stapf and Dr. E.endle contributed farther remarks upon the paper, and Mr. Price replied. Mr. Edmund G-. Bakek then gave an aecouut of some British varieties of the Bee-Orchis, Oplirys apifera, Huds. He stated that in the typical form of the Bee-Orchis the labellum is broadly convex, with a terminal, reflexed appendage, brown-purple, disk spotted with orange-yellow. In 1840 Hegetschweiler in ' Die Flora der Schweiz ' described and figured Ophrys Trollii, a plant with the middle lobe of the labellum narrowly lanceolate, elongated, purplish-red in the centre, gold at the edge. The three outer perianth-lobes lanceolate-pointed. The plant came from Win- terthur. In this country there appear to be a series of intermediate forms connecting the typical form with 0. Trollii, some being more nearly allied to the former, some to the latter. The plant from Reigate, which has been called Trollii, closely approximates to a figure in Eeichenbach's ' Icones,' vol. xiv. t. 457, fig. II., but it is not very like the plant of Hegetschweiler. The plant, on the other hand, figured by Mr. White in the ' Bristol Flora,'* more closely approximates to the true Trollii. There is an interesting note in the ' Phytologist,' n. s. vol. v. p. 175, on some additions to an interleaved copy of Blackstone's ' Hai'efield Plants,' formerly belonging to Peter Collinson, stating that three roots of the Wasp- Orchis were found at Clifton in 1787, the lip being very narrow,, yellow streaked with dark purple. There are also plants from Oxford and Lewes which are inter- mediate between the Beigate plant and that from Bristol. The President, Dr. Bendle, Dr. K. Domin (visitor"), Mr. C. E. Salmon, and Dr. Stapf discussed certain points, and Mr. Baker replied. LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1912-1913. C ,8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE The last paper was by Dr. Hisayoshi Takeda (communicated by Dr. Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S.), on the Flora of Sbikotan. ' Sbikotan is the southernmost of the Kurile Islands, whicb are distributed in the form of a cbain between Kamtschatka and Tezo, and lies between about 43° 35' and 50' jS". and 146° 30' and 55' E. Its area does not perhaps exceed 140 sq. m. The island is hilly, and some of the hills are covered with forests of conifers and deciduous trees, others with dwarf bamboos— species of Sasa. There are many streams along which bogs and swamps are often well developed. The vegetation of this island has bardly been touched by human hands, but left in quite a primitive state. Further remarks were made by Dr. Eendle and Dr. Stapf, and :additional information was given by the author in his reply. May 1st, 1913. Prof. E. B. PoTJLTON, r.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th April, 1913, were read and confirmed. Mr. John Harrison, Miss Grace Bigby, B.Sc, and Mr. Cyril West, were admitted Fellows. Mr. Leslie Frank Newman, M.A.(Cantab.), was proposed as a Fellow. Mr. Eobert Paulson, F.E.M.S., was elected a Fellow, and Professor Hermann von Vochtiug, a Foreign Member. The President announced that it had been decided to award the Linnean Medal to Professor Adolf Exgler, F.M.L.S. Dr. AV. G. Eidewood having stated his inability to act as Auditor, to which he had been elected at the previous meeting, Prof. Percy Groom was nominated in his stead, and by show of hands was elected Auditor. The first paper, by Prof. Peect Geoom, F.L.S., and Mr. W. EusHTON, was entitled " The Structure of the Wood of East Indian species of Piniis,^' which was explained by Prof. Groom. Dr. D. H. Scott and Mr. H. N. Eidley commented on the paper, and Prof. Groom replied. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 1 9 Dr. Winifred Brenchlet gave an abstract of her paper " On branching specimens of Lygiaodendron oldhamium, Will.", illus- trating her remarks with lantern-slides and wax models. Prof. F. W. Oliver and Dr. D. H. Scott contributed furthe details concerning these specimens. Mr. A. C. F. Morgan read his paper " On a Problem in Weis- mannism," and Miss E. N. Thomas, Mr. J. C. Shenstone, and Mr. H. !N. Eidley added further remarks, which were acknow- ledged by the Author. (Abstract, p. 69.) Mrs. L. J. Wilsmore's paper on Sphenojms marsupialis, com- municated by Prof. J. P. Hill, was read in title. The following seven papers, communicated by Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner, were read in title ; all have reference to the collections made by the Percy Sladen Expedition to the Indian Ocean : — Miss Helen L. M. Pixell, B.Sc. — Polychaeta of the Indian Ocean, with some Species from the Cape Yerde Islands. — The Serpulidae, with a Classification of the Genera Hydroides and Eupomatus. Mr. S. Hirst. — Eeport on the Arachnida of the Seychelles. Miss Marjorie Lindsay, B.Sc. — On Gypsina plana. Carter. Mr. A. Grouvelle. — Xitidulae, Heterocidae. Mr, A. Eaffray. — Pselaphidae de I'Archipel des Seychelles. Dr. K. Jordan. — Anthribidse of the Seychelles. Mr. S. Maulik. — Hispinte from the Seychelles. The last paper, '*' On certain Changes in Nomenclature of Lepi- doptera proposed by Dr. Verity," by Dr. K. Jordan and communi cated by the President, was also read in title. May 24th, 1913. Anniversary Meeting. Prof. E. B. Potjlton, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st May, 1913, were read^and confirmed. Mrs. Eose Haig Thomas and Mr. James Meikle Brown were admitted Eellows. Mr. Charles Daley and Dr. George Blundell LongstafE, M.A. (Oxon.), D.M., were proposed as Eellows. c2 20 PROCEEDINGS OP THE Sir Ernest Clarke exhibited by permission of the owner, 15 pages of MS. by Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774), of the first section of his book relating to birds in his ' History of the Earth, or Animated Nature,' 1774. These pages of manuscript once belonged to Dr. Thomas Percy, afterwards Bishop of Dromore (1729-1811), who was an intimate friend of Goldsmith, and collected materials shortly after the poet's death for a Memoir of him. Owing to disputes with the publishers, this Memoir was not pubhshed until 1801, as part of the 4 vols, of " Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Goldsmith, M.B.," and then without the Bishop's imprimatur : but the following passage from it is evidently of Percy's composition, and is no doubt based to some extent upon the MS. now shown : — " His elegant and entertaining style in prose flowed from him with such facility that in whole quires of his histories, Animated Nature, &c., he had seldom occasion to correct or alter a single word." (Vol. i. p. 133.) Cf. Dr. Johnson at the Dinner of the Literary Club, 30 April, 1773 : " Sir, he [Goldsmith] has the art of compiling and of saying everything he has to say in a pleasing manner. He is now writing a Natural History, and he will make it as entertaining as a Persian Tale." The Treasurer laid his Annual Statement of Accounts before the Meeting, and explained the various items of receipts and expenditure, and the same was received and adopted upon the motion of the President (see pp. 22-24). The General Secretary then laid his Annual E-eport before the Meeting, thus : — Since the last Anniversary 18 Pellows had died, or their deaths been ascertained : — Benjamin James Austin. Albert William Bateman- Brown. John Blaikie. Sir Edmund Buckley. The Eev. Eobert Ashiugton Bullen. Frederick Merryweather Burton. James Charles Cox, M.D. Herbert Druce. The Eev. John Gerard, S.J. Henry Groves. William Thomas Hindmarsh. John Hughes. Allan Octavian Hume. Frederick Halsey Janson. William Forsell Kirby. Lieut.-Col. John Scully. Prancis Gray Smart. Sir Charles Whitehead, Kt. Also 2 Foreign Members : — Prof. Dr. Paul Friederich August Ascherson *. Prof. Dr. Theodor Magnus Fries, K.N.O. * Included since the reading of this report. HNNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDO^S^. Fellows withdrawn (17) Mrs. Florence Baines. Prof .Vernon Herbert Blackman. "William Eagle Clarke. Edward Alfred Cockayne, Eiennes Stanley "Wykeham Cornwallis. Frederick Hamilton Davey, Thomas Fox. Dr. Joseph Reynolds Green. ]N^orman Miller Johnson. The Eev. William Johnson. Daniel Angell Jones. Lester Vallis Lester-Garland. Prof. Alexander Meek. Sydney Gross Paine. William Saunders. Arthur George Tansley. Prof. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Fellows whose names were removed from the List by order of the Council : — Alan Fairfax Crossman. The Viscount Mountmorres. George Whitfield Smith. Fellows elected 35, of which 30 have qualified up to the present time ; also 1 Foreign Member elected. The Librarian's report was as follows : — During the past year there have been received as donations from private individuals 97 volumes and 152 pamphlets. From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there have been received in exchange, and otherwise, 381 volumes and 63 detached parts, besides 93 volumes and 20 parts obtained in exchange, and as donations from the editors and proprietors of independent periodicals. The Council at the recommendation of the Library Committe have sanctioned the purchase of 212 volumes and 33 parts of important works. The total additions to the Library are therefore 783 volumes and 268 separate pai'ts. The number of books bound during the year is as follows : — In full-morocco 3, in half-morocco 213, in half-calf 3, in full- cloth 324, in vellum 48 volumes, in buckram 45, in boards and half-cloth 21 volumes : relabelled (half-morocco and cloth back) 48. Total 705 volumes. The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elections, the President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council and Officers. The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President appointed Prof. Vines, Dr. D. H. Scott, and Mr. Sydney Turner, 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE • 05 (N •* O ej CO O CD '*< 'H 1-1 -*i coco .-HQO o 00 Cl-H 1—1 05 CO ^ w .5 w £ 6-1 (D > □3 H 0 t-co ec OS •^ «8 £H • • O H *< I " -g S m m ^ fePLH CO ^ »C 50 o o o ei . 05 1—1 a. «*1 'S ^ TJ S 3 " r" — _ '2'S ^ g 5 = 2 g: S Cli ■S "^ =^ g- 3 O £/ :3 .S oo n o ^ ^^ .X ^ ' r^ ^ 3 a a^ 2 © o Ph ■=^ o3 "^t-sH 'H ■Ms |<1 2 3 S .2 S .2 5-^^ P 3 !3 a o be 3 © O •^ O IM ■* O O O 00 CS 00 CO !0 1^ t-eo "•■^ -a 3'* 3 © 3 Ci< I © 'a cS > o s l-H ^ O © g.S Mg 24 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE r^'0-*OOOOCO wOTfiOOOOOiO — ico-^ccooajOrH ■CO -I— I cs •o CO Cb m -go o CO -g t. CO --rat- ;^ — 'o 5? O O CD ai Ol C30— 'tr-Ot-'*^" CTClOOOt-OiOO @ @ @ <§)(§)(§) @ @ i^'OiOOOOOOO tcO--HOOOOOO Vh -^ O O O O CO U o i ?> IS S gfi C-3 ^ ' «ti SC-3C Kr5>. 2 c oi r- g bx) ^, :;3 S -^ -E iS s,^ s « ^j 7" O i_*i r-" « »-■ ■ . : ,-H o o 50 o •CO O OtH t- t^i r^ CO 05 00 ^ I to ^ 00 Ir- 00 00 t- I O 00 00 05 ^ Ci t~ t^ CO t- 00 (§) (§J <§) @ @ '^' o o o o o c/ lO O O 00 o t- = o « plH O "*! ^ a. .141 go" 3 . '■a '-' pq S-i cs <^ t^ i3 OS o «| o " s ;2; (>rw 'S "^ kT ^' . 1-5 OH m 5 O ■^ Hoo^P^ r^ HHPHffif* O) P?HHoi-5 173 ''' SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 3 1 together with the very limited extent of the exploration of this but recently thrown open field have so far precluded success/^ (p. 11.) V. Tlie germinal orir/in of cJiaracters, and the persistence of germ- life. " But our parallel of comparison of Man with the Simians is efi"ectuallj arrested by a threefold, irremoveable, barrier : the possession of progressive, deductive and inventive Reason; the acquirement of extensible and transmissible Speech ; and the innate knowledge of the formation and use of Tools ; attributes resident solely in the spermatozoa and ovum of the human species, and absolutely inseparable therefrom. So I 4im spared the unpleasantness of announcing anything so distasteful, to you, as that the monkey was parent or progeny of Man ; thus, this Scylla and Oharybdis being happily steered past, I merely find it necessary to reaffirm my fixed belief in the gradual origination of both from a general parent, each distinct from birth and each preserving that distinctiveness unto the present epoch, modified somewhat, it is true, in the instance of the human individual owing to his germ-endowment with the rudiments of primarily cultivatible and incalculably higher functions." (pp. 10-11.) " Spiritualism plays no part in the great drama of this our life. Indeed, the sole phenomenon approaching to such is the departure of the life-germ from a perishing frame but to begin anew in another or an allied form. For nothing is lost in the vast economy of Xature : all things suffer but a transient change of form: thus the life germ resident in Man transmitted to his descendants, goes on existing indefinitely throughout all Time's infinitude of years ; just as his Thoughts, those Genii children of his prolific brain, continue to live on ages and ages after that transitory organ has mouldered away into the dust of the long ago ; and thus, and only thus, is Man immortal : in the transmission of his germ life and in the eternal perpetuation of his Orio-inal ■Thought." (p. 14.) Lectuee II. THE DANGEES OF THE UXSEEN. vi. TJie germ-theory of disease. " From observation, thought and deduction, I have con- cluded that earth, air and water are replete with multi- tudinous, infinitesimal, ever active creatures, probably many 32 PROCEEDINGS 0¥ THE o£ which are too minute for our best microscopes to reveal to the sense of sight. These pigmy, insignificant-seeming and yet collectively formidable beings are everywhere at w^ork — born in myriad numbers, propagating and expiring in a brief season, "like May-FJies, e'er they hardly have begun to live ; they infect or disinfect the air, alter the nature of the soil, and cleanse or contaminate the w^ater. Entering our systems through all of these facile mediums (w^e inhale on an average about 2800 cubic feet of air through our lungs in the short space of only twenty four hours and swallow- dust and water in surprising quantities every day of our lives) they soon obtain mastery over our weakened bodies and it is surely their malefiant effects that we behold in the horrid virulence of small-pox, the dreadful malignancy of cancer and the melancholy ravages of consumption. Kings evil, catarrh, malarial and scarlet fever, measles, the putrid sore throat, gangrene, aye, dozens of other catching ails let loose from a cursed Pandora's box among humankind, are simply the direct or indirect results of these almost invisible atoms. " The drop of water we sip, the breath of air we breathe, the particle of dust that finds insidious entrance to our bodies, may be to us the unseen precursor of terrible disease, the unheard knell of fateful doom, the silent forerunner of early, torturing, ghastly death.'^ (pp. 24-25.) " May not soils owe their fertility or sterility, their adaptability or impracticability to the unseen workings of these Genii of the Little-? May not water, also, derive many of its properties, beneficial or injurious as they may happen to be, from its teeming contents of microscopical life ? We already know (from Bruce, the traveller.) that the natives of far away Abyssinia ai-e infested with parasite Worms through the agency of the water they drink — may not many diseases of the guts originate from germs more minute than these pernicious Larvse?''^ (p. 35.) vii. Spontaneous generation. " I have repeated most of these interesting experiments [of Spallanzani and Schwann] and in addition to these have made many more of my own devising ''From them I find that Schwann is, in the main, correct ; but further note that the close sealing he has recourse to is unnecessary, merely stuffing the mouth of the containing vessel with cotton wool will answer the same purpose ; that of a germ barrier, as the most elaborate sealing if the heated wool is held in a forceps. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 33 " A hood dipping into quicksilver answers excellently. Yet mere filtration is inadequate. " I am now certain that this much talked of spontaneous generation is largely a delusion and that if the phenomenon ever does take place it is only exhibited under extremely unusual conditions and in most extraordinary cases " (pp. 27-28.) viii. Cultivation from a dijihtlieritic throat. '' I have placed some of the matter containing certain of what I have found to be the minute beinos causing the putrid sore throat in the common calves foot jelly so familiar to all of 3^ou and covered this with a bell jar standing in (juicksilver ; jelly, jar and metal all being strongly heated — thus, as you can readily understand, completely excluding- au}^ other germs. In three days, these particular germs had amazingly multiplied as rounded jointed grains in wavy clusters, and each little portion of the jelly when placed in ]Meces of fresh jelly was capable of plentifully propagating them in the new material wdiich, in turn, produced them in others — and so on. " I was curious to see how they would adapt themselves to human blood : to avoid the red color I let some venous stand quietly, having skimmed off some crust ; and drew away the greenish yellow watery serum from the cruor and heated it for some hours to 140° of Fahrenheit which I have found sufficient to destroy germ life. In this the beings appeared in only thirty hours I and were larger, fibrous and moist. Other children in the same house with the boy from whose throat I obtained the matter, yielded none of the peculiar germs referred to — until some acquired the same disease, these then exhibited the noxious organisms in his or her greyish throat matter.'' (pp. 28-29.) ix. Contagion. '• Reflection on this [the statements in the two paragraphs last quoted], leads us to consider how many diseases may be introduced, transmitted or conveyed by the contact of flesh, perspiration or saliva and how cautious, how prudent and how circumspect we should ever be in governing the inter- course of ourselves and of our children with other persons or creatures, no matter whether the latter appear to he clean and healthy or not * " (pp. 29-30.) * Continues •with "If tlie system is in proper condition", on p. 34. LIN?f. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1912-1913. d 34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE X. JResistance : Suggestions of phagocytes. " Only nearly perfect, very healthy, vigorous bodies can successiiully resist these parasitic wanderers, (Ishmael-like roamers through the universe) when they are at their best and we are exposed to their attacks : hence we note a favored few who defy plague and pox and cholera ; epidemics of all fateful kinds and remain serene, incautious and unscathed. But wo to the weak, the ailing or the debauched ! they fall an easy prey to the fatal onslaughts of these tiny destroyers, everywhere watchful, voracious, insatiate ; even as the Harpies of fable or the vulture that preyed on Promotheus [sic]. Why this is so, I am unable to say ; it is doubtless for the same reason that a stunted, set back, or sickly plant yields to the massed attacks of aphide hosts while healthier close by vegetation of the same kind is nearly free from the vermin destroying the weaker foliage : from what either results, our too scanty store o£ knowledge avails us not to tell. It may be that, precisely as the spermatozoa, which Leeuwenhoek in 1677 discovered existing in the bodies of men ; so other living germs, antago- nistic to the evil kinds, may oppose the latter in undebilitated systems and wage war upon the humors in our blood." (pp. 25-26.) " If the system is in proper condition one will go as safely through any contagion as a diver in Halley^s suit through the water of the sea, but who is so wise as to know when he is absolutely hale and hearty ? one fatal moment of inviting weakness, and wo ! the insidious germ has found a foothold. " Then comes the difficulty of dislodgment. These creatures floating numerously through the entire atmosphere and only able to thrive in a congenial harbourage: just as the Tobacco Worm can subsist but on the foliage of the plant from which it receives its name — once having effected this subtle lodgment in our systems, are there protected by phlegmatic or viscid excretions partly emanating, perhaps, from their own organisms and partly consisting of corruption thrown out by the irritated tissues for the purpose of resisting the invasion : as observed in putrid sore throat and in catarrh ; and then withstand many substances that otherwise would immediately kill them. " Do not misunderstand me : I do not mean to say that all diseases are thus contracted, but only those that are similar to those I have mentioned. Nor do I assert that the LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35 observance o£ all the precautions hinted at, will ward off all danger * " (pp. 30-31.) " We have an approach to something of the kind in Jenner\s valuable vaccine for the prevention of Small-pox. Here, I believe, is shown a striking instance of the destruction of one germ by another : the substance he employs must contain creatures antagonistical to those of the Small pox pustules, else how could its effects endure so long in the systems of those inoculated with it ? And that this, supplied in sufficient quantities, not only overwhelms those of the malady when they enter the blood, but continues to exist, inhabit and breed in that fluid thereby preventing entrance of the other and fatal germ life. If this is so, then what a Sun of Hope — Hope that should ' Spring eternal in the human breast ' bursts in dazzling splendour on afflicted Man : consumption, cancer, cholera, all must mitigate, recede, or vanish before benificent germs meeting the horrible, de- structive causes on their own grim ground and remaining triumphant on the never again to be fought-for field " (pp. 33-34.) xi. Insects as carriers of disease : Malaria and the mosquito : the House-Jly. '•' Careful observation has led me to perceive that many of our common insects are conveyers of the germs of illness, disease and death. The House-Fly that crawls over our food or drowns itself in our drink, the Gnat that buries its lancet in our veins, the Bed-Bug that attacks the un- cleanly during the slumbers of night, the Wasp and the Bee that thrust us with their stings — are all transporters, injectors or introducers of germ life. " My reasons for affirming this are briefly comprised in the statement that I have never known a person to suffer from malarial fever that had not at one time or other been stung by Gnats or been the resident of a region containing these pests ; and that anyone can appreciate the too palpable filthiness of the Fly, feeding, crawling, rioting and breeding in the loathsome repulsiveness of refuse, offal, and decaying abominations of every conceivable kind ; then alighting on our victuals or on our persons to trail his defilement over our absorptive epidermis " (pp. 31-32.) * Continues witli " Careful observation has led me to perceive "', &c., below. d2 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE xii. The exclusion of house- flies : tlie utilization of natural enemies. " I suogest that wooden frames be covered with metal wauze such as is used for sieves, and hinged on outside of doors and v^^indows, otherwise, with free access to your houses, what can be safe from the Fly ? How to accomplish this [the extermination of the Fly], and also annihilate the swarms of Ticks, Fleas, Gnats, Bed-Bugs and so forth, is indeed a question. Of course cleanliness will affect something towards the desired end ; but, perhaps, more than this may be called into play : maybe other creatures can be bred that may abate the numbers of these vermin, just as the Mungoos is used by the Hindu to destroy the Cobra-di-Capello, as the Ferret is set upon the Rat in England and the Ladybird is said to be employed in the South of Europe to exterminate the larvaj of various insects that prey on the poor peasant's scanty crops " (pp. 32-33.) The author brings his second lecture to a close in a paragraph which obliterated 40 years and made me a boy again, reading Herbert Spencer's ' Principles of Biolog}^' for the first time. " All this ", he is alluding to his germ theory and its possibilities, " I believe will be proven to be fact, and in its darker aspect we are yerj naturally brought to see no hand of God. For what just, compassionate and merciful Father Diety would let loose a host of death dealing, raveiious Wolves in miniature, upon ignorant, frail, sup- plicating creatures of his kindly creation — his own, fore known, fore-destined, children ? " (pp. 35-36.) Similarl}', Herbert Spencer, after describing the adaptations by which a number of parasites are enabled to wage successful \\r\.v upon mankind, continues : — " What shall we say to this arrangement? Shall we say that man, ' the head and crown of things/ was provided as a habitat for these parasites ? Or shall we say that these degraded creatures, incapable of thought or enjoyment, were created that they might cause unhap})iness to man ? One or other of these alternatives must be chosen by those who contend that every kind of organism was separately devised by the Creator." (' Principles of Biology,' London, 1864, vol. i. pp. 343-4.) LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Herbert Spencer finds the answer to his question by invoiiiug evolution and the strucrgle for life as its motive cause : — •0&-' " Slowly, but surely, evolution brings about an increasing amount of happiness : all evils being but incidental. By its essential nature, the process must everywhere produce greater fitness to the conditions o£ existence ; be they what they may The universal and necessary tendency towards supremacy and multiplication of the best, applying to the organic creation as a whole as well as to each species, is ever diminishino; the damage done — tends ever to main- tain those most superior organisms which, in one way or other, escape the invasions of the inferior, and so tends to produce a type less liable to the invasions of the inferior. Thus the evils accompanying evolution are ever being self- eliminated. Though there may arise the question — Why could they not have been avoided ? there does not arise the question — Why were they deliberately inflicted ? Whatever may be thought of them, it is clear that they do not imply gratuitous malevolence." (ibid. pp. 354:-5.) The author of this remarkable pamphlet takes different ground iu seeking for his answer. Mauy will think — in spite of the narrow and aggressive spirit which disfigures the passage, — that he takes higher ground. In the attacks of the germs of disease upon man he sees no hand of God, but — '^ rather the astonishing, strange uncoraprehended workings of some mightier power in almighty Xature infinitely beyond the weak, punv, priest aborted rudiments of perception, dawning in the infant brain of Man : carrying out a grand design of unfathomable profundity, in which an atom is as mighty as a mass, a second as significant as a thousand years, and the smallest being in the universe of as much importance in the stupendous scheme as lordly Man, himself, with all his presumption, arrogance and self conceit thick upon him — leading us to exclaim with Hamlet^ in immortal Shakespeare : ' There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in thy philosophy ! ' " (p. 36.) I do not propose, on the present occasion, to discuss the history of the ideas which have been quoted from the booklet. Any such consideration is better deferred until the authenticity of the date has been tested by every possible means. It is, however, appro- priate to say at once, concerning what is perhaps the most •jg PROCEEDINGS OF THE surprising statement in the work, that it supplies no evidence that the bacillus of Diphtheria had been seen by the author. My friend Dr. r. W. Andrewes of St. Bartholomew's Hospital wrote to me May 17 & 19, 1913:— " I should regard the term ' rounded, jointed grains in wavy clusters ' as a bad description of the bacillus of Diphtheria. On the other hand the phrase would be quite apt in describing the clusters of Streptococci which would commonly be present in sore throats or even in Diphtheria itself, and the appearance is one which might be visible with an inferior microscope. I think it would be connect to say that, hij crude methods, clumps of Strepto- cocci would be more readily recognized in sore throats than in normal throats. The microscopist can get from a sore throat something tangible to look at, and, in most sore throats, of what- ever nature, he would be likely to see clusters of Streptococci.'' A curious point about the first lecture is the very inadequate criticism of Lamarck whose theory is described as founded " entirely on Spontaneous Generation " (p. 18). The same is also true of the treatment of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation " (1844) alluded to in the first lecture (1847) as having " appeared about three yeai's ago" (p. 19). The defence of phrenology (pp. 17-18) is consistent with the date assigned to the lectures ; although, from information lately received, there is no doubt that the author retained his convictions on this subject unshaken up to the end of his life. There are curious spellings some of which are obvious misprints. Beneficent in the form of " benificent " cannot be thus explained, for it appears thi-ee times (pp. 13, 19, 34). LiPE OP THE Author. I am now able to give a brief account of the life of the author, received only on the morning of May 20th from his son Mr. John F. Sleeper, of Tenafly, New Jersey. The information, partly con- veyed in a letter and partly in newspaper cuttings, was the out- come of letters written to four American gentlemen bearing the name Sleeper whose addresses had been given to me by Mr. B. E. Miller. Greorge Washington Sleeper was born in Baltimore on Oct. 15, 1826. He went to Boston as a lad and eventually opened a great tea store there and later in Providence. He was prosperous in business until he was ruined by the Civil War and by the unpopu- larity of views which he never hesitated to express. The dates of his residence in Boston and Providence are given in Dr. Putnam's quotations on pp. 41, 42 from the Boston and Providence directories. After leaving Providence he went to New Toi-k, residing in Jersey City, N.J., where he died on Sept. 13, 1903. He was able to recover in a measure from his misfortunes, at one time selling books, at another travelling for a New York firm. He married in 1858 and a son, Mr. John P. Sleeper, was born in 1864. LIKXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDO>'. 39 His son's letter, dated May 10, 1913, gives a graphic picture of the persecution suifered by G. W. Sleeper. His outspoken views, — prominent in the booklet which is the subject of the present address — " drew down upon him the wrath of ' the bigots of his iron time.' Undismayed, he defied them all. Clergy — government — society — relatives — all ! His friends shrank away (not even his relations could understand him ; they declared him a lunatic), his enemies prevailed, he was mobbed and assaulted in the streets and halls, his bosom friend, Hilton, pulled his beard in public, his lectures were suppressed : all that frantic malignity could do to obliterate his written and spoken thought was resorted to."' These statements are supported by the preface to the booklet quoted below and on page 42. At the same time it is only fair to remember that the language of the lectures was highly provo- cative and aggressive, and would have been likely to produce a remarkable effect upon hearers in the middle of the last century, and indeed in much later years. The preface to a later lecture "Education and its Offspring Civilization" (Providence, 1S60) speaks of the alteration of notices and attempts to efface records so as make it appear that it was never given before the " Franklin Lyceum" of Providence. The appendix to the same lecture reproduces minutes and press notices in order to prove the fact of its delivery. Apart from the far greater detail given in the later pamphlet there is a striking similarity in the description of the conditions under which both were written. In both, the expressed object of the writer is to print addresses which neither audience nor Press would receive. The Auti£exticity of G. W. Sleeper's Pamphlet (1849). The author's conclusions on a number of extremely important subjects have been given in his own words in the first part of this address. If it be true that these conclusions were reached by 1849, the fact is of the highest interest in the history of scientific thought. The author claims indeed that his ideas were older still by several years, for he says in the introduction — •' The orio-inal ideas on which these lectures were founded, entered my mind when I was barely seventeen, and during their gradual development the major portion of both of the lectures were committed to paper in the course of the past six years. The first public delivery of either occurred in Boston about two years ago, " The above statement is consistent with the history of G. "VV. Sleeper, who was born on Oct. 15, 1826, and would therefore have been seventeen in 184.3, six years before the date printed on the pamphlet. In 1847 he would have been twenty-one — a verii early age, it nuist be admitted, for the amount of thought and reading implied by the two lectures. 40 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE Science is rightly exacting of proof \\ hen she is called upon to revise her history ; and it now becomes our duty to enquire, and if possible to decide, whether these statements are true, — whether the pamphlet was printed in 1849 or at some later date. It may be admitted at once that the general appearance of the work — the paper, type and style of printing — is entirely in its favour. This is the opinion of many eminent authorities who have kindly examined it for me — of Sir Frederick Ivenyon and his staff at the British Museum Library, of Mr. Madan, Bodley's Librarian, and of Sir James Murray. The Paper. — I have submitted photographs of the watermark to Mr. Lewis Evans, who kindly wrote May 2, 1913 : — "I have been lookiug through two collections of watermarks that I have but can find nothing conclusive in them. I have two small undated pieces of paper of which I enclose a tracing very like the mark in the pamphlet, they are hand-made, either English or Dutch, and I should think between 1790-1850 : the YI or more probably I.A-^ is not an uncommon mark, but whether it stands for 6, 4 or I. Van I do not linow. The pamphlet paper is I fancy Dutch and 1 think it would be made before 1849, but I do not know how far Dutch paper was in general use in U.S.A. about that date. The shield with 3 lines across it is fairly common in Dutch papers." Mr. G. A. James Eothney also kindly wrote from John Dickinson & Co., London, April 30, 1913: — "We have found a letter from the East India House, Leaden- hall St., dated 5th Oct, '55, which has a watermark identical with the size mark, but it has no Eoman lettering lY. Mr. Johns — our great paper ex])ert — rather fancies it is a Dutch handmade." The Type. — Mr. Horace Hart, controller of the Oxford L"ni- versity Press, has kindly examined the type for me. The words " Some Recent Lectures " on the title-page and cover are almost identical with a line of "two-line Small Pica ornamented Latin" in a trade catalogue issued by the late firm of Y. & J. Eiggins. The catalogue was undated, but an order form with the decade " 188- " was bound into it. "The Origin of Life" (p. 1) and " The Dangers of the L^nseen '"' (p. 20) are almost identical ^ith " two-line Brevier Monastic No. 2" in the same catalogue. It is certain that this type in the pamphlet was copied from that of Messrs. Eiggins or vice versa. I applied to E. H. Stevens & Co., successors to Y. & J. Eiggins, but was unable to learn the date. Messrs. Stevens wrote Apr. 22, 1913: — "ThetwoEaces that you mention are quite old and out-of-date, and we have no record of the date when they were first made." Mr. Hart has written to me. May 23, 1913, on the questions raised in the preceding paragraph : — " I think you may take it as conclusive that the American founder would follow the English founder and not the other way about. Ton may also take it for granted that the typefounding firms Avould continue issuing their LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1 old types for a great inauj^ years. It is a question of fashion rather than anything else. The types tliat you are interested in have gone out of fashion, and that is the reason why they do not appear in the typefounders' specimen books to-day. There are, of course, people who have made a study of types and their dates ; but it happens that the types we have been discussing, are what are called Jobbing or Display types, used for circulars and adver- tisements ; and no one is particularly interested in them. " My opinion about the little booklet which you showed to me is, that it was not only set up, but was also printed off, and done up, i. e. stitched and put into its cover, by an amateur printer, and not by a regular printer. And it might very well have been printed in Boston at the date mentioned." Mr. Hart also told me when I showed him the pamphlet a few weeks ago that the paper had not been damped, and that this and the setting-up, inking, and black mai-ks made by the "farnitiire" showed that the worlc had not been done by a printer, but bj' an amateur who had access to a press of fair size. In all these respects the pamphlet presents an appearance remarkably dif- ferent from the author's lecture, " Shall we have Free Speech?" undoubtedly printed in 1860 — only eleven years later. It is perliaps worth recording that the two titles appear to have been set up from a very small stock. The Brevier Monastic " i " is without a dot, but this feature is only wanting from the two letters in " Origin" : the " i" in "Life " has been printed from a letter of another fount turned upside down, so that the dot is below the line. Internal Evidence. Registration and Press notices. — The first and most important line of evidence breaks dov.n. The following words are printed on the back of the title-page : " Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by Geo. W. Sleeper, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of Massachusetts." My friend Prof. C. S. Minot of the Harvard University Medical School has kindly written for me to Dr. H. Putnam of the Library of Congress, Washington, who states, Apr. JiO, 1913: — "The Register of Copyrights reports that the copyright records for Massachusetts for the year 1819 are in his office and have been examined page by page, without discovering the registration of this work." Prof. Minot, however, writes, May 9, 1913: — " The record of copyrights begins with 1846, and I understand that the I'ecords for a few years are considered not to be perfect, so that there is a possibility of Sleeper's pamphlet having been issued and copyrighted, as stated on its title-page. It is, however, extremely improbable that such was the case."' Enrtlier evidence by Dr. Putnam is more positive : — " We find the names of both the author and printer in the Boston directory for 1849. Sleeper's name also appears in the Boston directory from 1849- 1855 inclusive ; then in the Providence directory from 1856-1865, 42 piioceedi:ngs of tue in both places his occupation is given as a tea merchant. His name again appears in the Boston directory from 1866-1872*. Here he is hsted as a printer From the above it appears that the author and printer of the pamphlet lived in Boston at the time of the publication of it, thus affording evidence of its genuineness. The only negative testimony is that the copyright records of Massachusetts for 1849, which are in the custody of the Eegister of Copyrights, fail to show that the book was copyrighted as claimed." The statement of registration is in favour of the authenticity of the work ; for it is unlikely that one who was forging a date would print a cunspicuous paragraph by which the forgery could be so easily detected. The attempt to find evidence in the Press of the delivery of the lectures in 1847 or the publication of the work in 1849 has also failed. Mr. Horace G. Wadlin, Librarian of the Boston Public Library, has kindly written, Apr. 23, 1913 : — " An exhaustive search of Boston daily newspapers for 1846 and 1847 has failed to reveal any information concerning G. W. Sleeper." Dr. Putnam writes : — " Search has also been made in the files of some of the Boston newspapers of that period [1849 j, but without avail. This search is not quite completed and if we should dis- cover it I will inform you." Supposing that the pamphlet is genuine the remainder of the introduction, of which the first portion was quoted on p. 39, gives an explanation of the silence of the Boston Press. '• The first public delivery of either occurred in Boston about two years ago, it was, however, almost impossible to obtain a hearing for them so bitterly hostile did the audiences (assemblies little better than savages) prove themselves to be, and so persistently did they inter- rupt, and endeavor to overawe, the lecturer. " Such being the condition of society, and as the press of this city, influenced by certain clergymen, have not seen fit to acquaint the public either with the substance of the ideas set forth or with the facts relating to the attempts to deliver the lectures containing them, I decided to put these subjects to print ; as being the only way open to secure attention from the many fair and noble minds among our citizens who undoubtedly have Common Sense." Comparison between G. W. Sleeper'' s pamplilets of 1849 and 1860. — We know that the date (Providence ; 1860) of the later pamphlet, "Shall we have Free Speech?" is genuine; for the copy in the British Museum Library bears the stamp " June 9, 1864." This * Mr. J. F. Sleeper informs me that this is an error and that his father did not return to Boston but went to New York in June 1866. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOJf. 43 \A-ork is stated to be registered in " The District Court of Ehode Island," and I have asked Dr. Putnam if he will kindly ascertain whether it is actually entered in the records of the Court *. The comparison between the two pamphlets is, in my opinion, unfavourable to the autlieuticity of the one witli the earlier date. The undoubtedly genuine pamphlet contains nothing surprising, nothing that any able man, well read in the ethnology of his day, might not have inferred. Although the two works pi-esent obvious resemblances — for instance in the treatment of gun- powder — there is not the slightest hint in the later pamphlet of the existence of the earlier one, nor of any original view contained in it. And there is one passage at least where such reference was to be expected. Speaking in 1S60 of the unsanitary conditions of ancient Greece the author says: — "Undoubtedly these tended to cause the great plague of Athens — which unheard of disease in modern times is no doubt owing to the superior education of man, whose vast accumulation of scientific facts are fast developing the origin and causes of great pestilences." (p. 13.) Histor)/ of the only copy at present laioivn f. — By far the strongest evidence in favour of the authenticity of the earlier work is to be found in the history of the copy now presented to the Society, as given in the first part of this address (pp. 26-27). Many of the ideas must have been originated by the author, if they are printed in a pamphlet bought in 3 891 or 1892 of a bookseller who then said that it was an old work and had been through many hands. This history destroys the vaUdity of an objection which has been felt by many to whom I have shown the pamphlet — the very completeness and balance of the anticipations, and the fact that so many important modern ideas are touched off, often in a few lines. The views on the origin of life and on insects as carriers of disease must I think, under any circumstances, have been original, and those upon the germinal origin of characters and some of the thoughts on resistance almost certainly so. The excessive rarity of the pamphlet is probably a point in favour of its authenticity. The use of characteristic Huxleyan and Spencerian words. — When I read the pamphlet for the first time, I was struck with the em- ployment of the word " Agnostic " as though it were in general use. The author is speaking, on page 15, of Education and what she has done for Man. He speaks of " her Commerce and Travels ; her Printing Press and Schools ; her Gunpowder and her Agnostic with his untrammelled thought, ". "Unknown Cause" on p. 5 and "vegetal" on p. 2 (we find " vegetable " on pages 9 and 19) suggest Herbert Spencer, but * Dr. Putnam has now kindly sent me a letter fi-om Mr. Tborvald Solberg, Eegister of Copyrights, stating that the title of the 1860 pampblet was duly registered on April 27, 1860, but that no copy was deposited. — E. B. 3? Aug. 12, 1913. t I have since learnt from Mr. J. F. Sleeper that he possesses three copies of the pamphlet.— E. B. P. Aug. 12, 1913. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sir James Murray informs me that " vegetal" is ver}- old, going back even to Caxton (1490). Huxley's creation of the word "agnostic" in 1869 is well known, but 1 think it will be of interest to quote the passages from the " Life and Letters " (London, 1900, vol. i. pp. 319, 320). Under the year 1869 we read : — " How he came to enrich the English language with the name 'Agnostic' is explained in his article 'Agnosticism' (Coll. Ess. V. pp. 237-239). " After describing how it came about that his mind ' steadily gravitated towards the conclusions of Hume and Kant,' so well staled by the latter as follows : — • ' The greatest, and perhaps the sole use of all pliilosophy of pure reason is, after all, uierelj negative, since it serves not as an organon for the enlarge- ment (of knowledge), but as a discipline for its delimitation; and, instead of discovering truth, has only the modest merit of preventing error': — " he proceeds — ' When I reached intellectual maturity, and began to ask myself whether I was an atheist, a tlieist, or a pantheist; a materialist or an idealist; a Christian or a freethinker; I found that the more I learned and rellected, t]je less ready was the answer ; until, at last. I cauie to the conclusion that I had neither art nor joart with any of these denominations, except the last. The one thing in which most of these good people were agreed was the one thing in which I differed from them. They were quite sure they had attained a certain "gnosis" — had, more or less successfully, solved the jJi'oblem of existence; while I was quite sure I had not, and had a pretty strong conviction that the problem was insoluble. And, with Hume and Kant on my side, I could not think myself presumptuous in holding fast by that opinion 'This was my situation when I had the good fortune to find a place among the members of that remarkable confraternity of antagonists, long since de- ceased, but of green and pious memory, tiie Metaphysical Society. Every variety of philosophical and theological opinion was represented there, and expressed itself with entire openness ; most of my colleagues were -isfs of one sort or another ; and, however kind and friendly they might be, I, the man without a rag of a label to cover liimself with, could not fail to have some of the uneasy feelings which must have beset the historical fox when, after leaving the trap in which his tail remained, he presented himself to his normally elongated comjDanions. So I took thought, and invented what I conceived to be the appropriate title of "agnostic." It came into my head as suggestively antithetic to the " gnostic " of Church history, who professed to know so nmch about the very things of wiiieh I was ignorant; and I took the eai-liest oppor- tunity of parading it at our Sdciety, to show that I, too. had a tail, like tlie other foxes. To my great satisfaction, the term took; and when the ^'pectutor- liad stood godfather to it, any suspicion in the minds of respectable people that a knowledge of its parentage might have awakened was, of course, com- pletely lulled.' " The following account of the origin of " Agnostic " is given in the great Oxford Dictionary : — _ " Suggested by Prof. Huxley at a party held previous to the forma- tion of the now defunct Metaphysical Society, at Mr. James Knowles's house on Clapham Common, one evening in 1869, in my hearing. He took it from St. Paul's mention of the altar to 'the Unknown God.' E. H. Hutton in letter 13 Mar. ISSl." LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45 Sir James Murray iuforms me that no importance can l)e attached to " clewless " (p. 5) of which the first quotation (in the form of " cleuless ") is dated 1862 in the Oxford Dictionary. At this point I must leave the problem, hoping to be able to add in an appendix or in an early coirnnunication to the Society the evidence which will enable us to reach a decisive conclusion, [Since the delivery of the above address I have been in con- tinual communication with Mr. John P. Sleeper, who has kindly permitted me to see much interesting manuscript with a direct bearing on the authenticity of the pamphlet. The new facts suggest further enquiries which are being undertaken but cannot be hurried. I therefore leave the address as it was delivered, save for a few necessary corrections and occasional notes, the latter with the date Aug. 12, 1913. The results will be communicated to the Society at the earliest possible date. E. B. PouLTON, Aug. 13, 1913.] Upon the conclusion of the Presidential Address the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing moved the following Eesolution : — " That the President be thanked for his excellent Address and that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Pellows " which, having been seconded by Mr. H. E. Knipe, was carried by acclamation. The President, then addressing Lieut. Count Wilhelm von Be>'tinck-l'nd -Waldeck - LiMPUKG, who attended from the Oerman Embassy, related the reasons which guided the Council in awarding the Linnean Gold Medal to Professor Adolf Engler, and handed the Medal to him for transmission to the recipient. The President said : — I ask you, Sir, to receive the Linnean Medal on behalf of Dr. Adolph Engler and to transmit it to him. I am indeed sorry not to see him here to-day so that I might express personally our appreciation of those great and long continued labours in the field of botany which have induced the Council of the Linnean Society to award to him the highest distinction it can bestow. At the same time we are all glad to know that the African journey which accounts for his absence is proof of his unimpaired vigour and unceasing energy. It is now forty-seven years since Dr. Engler published his dissertation ' De Genex-e Saxifraga" and " Beitriige zur Natur- geschichte und Verbreitung des Genus Saxifraga" to be followed, six years later, by an admirable monograph on the same genus. 46 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE In the " Beitrage," and still more so in the monograph, we find already laid down the lines along w'hich his life work was to run, — classification and plant distribution on an evolutiouarj basis. The scope of his earliest memoirs was relatively narrow ; but he soon extended his researches to other and larger groups, gradually pro- ducing a long series of more or less complete monographs and revisions of genera and families. We are equally astonished at the width of their range and the variety of their subjects. Some, such as the monographs on the Aracese, Anacardiaceae, and Bur- seraeeae, stand by themselves ; others form parts of comprehensive w'orks like the ' Flora Brasiliensis,' or ' Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen- familien ' ; others again, scattered through many volumes of the ' Botanische Jahrbiicher ' or embodied in the splendidly illustrated ' Monographieen Afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien und Gattungen,' serve to illustrate the amazing wealth of the African flora — that flora which, in later years, became one of the principal centres of his many-sided activity. Work of this class means analysis as well as synthesis ; but for a mind so essentially constructive as Engler's, synthesis must always exercise the greater attraction, and accordingly we soon find him working in the direction of a comprehensive synopsis of the vegetable kingdom, raised on the foundation provided by Brongniart's system, but largely modified by the results of modern research and his own vast experience. As early as 1884, he gave ns the outlines of such a synopsis in his " Fiihrer durch den Koniglichen botanlschen Garten zu Bi'eslau,"^ and again in 1892 in the first edition of his ' Syllabus.' The synopsis itself, in the form of a profusely illustrated ' Genera Plantarum,' was obviously beyond the powers of any single in- dividual. Engler therefore enlisted the services of a body of collaborators, many of them his own pupils ; and, thus aided, the first part of the synopsis, kiiown as ' Die jVatUrlichen Pflanzen- familien/ appeared in 1887. The early death of Prantl, who had at first assisted him, threw the whole burden of the editorship of this colossal work on to Engler's shoulders ; yet progress was never interrupted, and the year 1908 brought fulfilment. Completenesa and uniformity of plan have made Engler's synopsis the standard work of modern botanical taxonomy ; but his ambition was not satisfied. In 1900, long before the last part of the ' Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien ' had been published, a new and still more com- prehensive work 'DasPflanzenreich. Eegni vegetabilis Conspectus' was begun on Engler's recommendation and under his direction.. Following 'Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien' in general plan, it is intended to be a collection of monographs ranging over the whole of the vegetable kingdom. It may take a generation to complete, and even then it will not be final ; but it will set the coping stone upon the life work of a genius of enterprise and organisation. Only eight years intervened between the publication of Darwin's epoch-making essay and the appearance of Engler's first paper, but he was already imbued with the new spirit, and, from the very beginning, the idea of evolution runs through his taxouomie LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOIf. 47 work, and inspires his conception of the problems of pLint- distribution as a phase in a historical process. And as his taxonoraic researches broadened more and more nntil they cul- minated in 'Die Natiirliehen Pflanzenfamilien,' so his phyto- geographical work soon developed into a comprehensive treatise on tlie evolution of the floras of the world, especially since the tertiary period. The first part of the " Versuch eiuer Entwick- lungsgeschichte der Pilanzenwelt," dealing with the temperate floras of the northern hemisphere, appeared in 1879 ; the second, concerning those of the southern and tropical floras, in 1882. Since then so much has been added to our knowledge of plant- distribution in recent and past times, that many a detail would have to be corrected if the work were to be rewritten, but the main outlines would still stand and the spirit which pervades it still lives. In tlie meantime it has not been superseded, but remains, in its own subject, the standard work of to-day as it was 30 years ago. In some respects Eiigler himself has, as it were, recast and more fully worked out certain parts of his book. The evolution of the floras of Europe and especially of the Alps, and the diflierentiation of the floras of the vast African continent, have among others been subjects of essays from his fertile pen. Just as Engler sought the help of collaborators for ' Die XatUrlichen Pflanzenfamilien ' and the ' Pflanzenreich,' concen- trating and organising their efl'orts in the field of taxonomy, so has he laboured in the domain of phytogeographj% and has given us another series of monographs under the title ' Die Vegetation der Erde,' of which 13 volumes have so far appeared. Two of these, dealing exclusively with the phytogeography of Africa, are from his own pen. I have hitherto been speaking of monographs that fitted into the framework of a definite plan, but Engler has also provided in the ' Botanische Jahrbiicher '" a channel for independent papers and articles on taxonomic and phytogeographical subjects of the most Aaried character. Begun in 1881, the ' Jahrbiicher ' have now run to 48 volumes, and they are a veritable store-house of information towards which Engler himself has contributed not a little. Immense and important as is the literary work connected, directly and indirectly, with Engler's name, it has never ex- hausted his energies. Aided by fortunate cii'cumstances, supported by an enlightened government and helped by a staft' of able assistants, he has organised for his country a centre of taxonomic, phytogeographical, and economic botany that has only one rival in all the world — the older sister institution at Kew. The botanic garden and botanic museum of old Berlin, with which the memories of Willdenow, Alexander Braun and Eichler Avill for ever remain associated, have been swallowed up in the splendid modern city, but they have arisen in Dahlem rejuvenated and on a scale worthy of the great empire which they are intended to serve, — another monument to the enterprise and power of 48 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ori^anisation of the man whom the Linnean Society desires to honour to-day. If we seek for causes — other than the central force arising from the o-enius of the man himself, — which have helped on the success of his every enterprise, a lifelong connection with uni- versity teaching stands out as the most potent factor. Munich, Kiel, Breslau and Berlin mark the stages in his academic career. lie gave freely of his knowledge and experience, but no great teacher gives without receiving back with ample interest. He lived in a vitalizing atmosphere of intellectual progress and untrammelled liberty of research : in it he taught and trained the young and discovered how to remain young himself. He has ever stood at the centre whence radiate the threads wl)ich are woven into that wonderful network of intellectual energy that covers his native land. Engler gathered the threads which concern his own department of knowledge, he has long held and still holds them with a masterhand. There is one more point to which I would briefly refer, — his activity as a fieldworker. His holidays have always been spent in the search for new material, fresh observations, and in seeing for himself. They have carried him over most parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, — from England to the Caucasus and Greece, from the Baltic to the edge of the Sahara. At an age when most people begin to look for rest and ease he journeyed to the Karroo, the Falls of the Zambesi, Mount Kilimanjaro, to India, Ceylon and Java, not for pleasure, but for continued work, for new impressions and fresh ideas. At the present moment he is, as I have said, in Africa. Next March Engler will complete his 70th year, and his countrymen and colleagues all over the world prepare to do him honour. I beg you. Sir, when you send the Linnean medal to him, to express also the sincere wishes of this Society that our distinguished Foreign Member of a quarter of a century's standing may keep his birthday in unimpaired health, in undiminished vigour and in readiness for another long period of fruitful labour, — that he may long remain what he has ever been, the man of thought and action. The General Secretary having laid before the Meeting certain obituary notices of deceased Fellows and others, the proceedings terminated. LI>->'EA>' SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49 OBITUAET XOTICES. ^Vith Pai'l Feiedeich Aucrsx Ascheesox, whose death ■occurred at Berlin ou March 6th of the present year, one of the most remarkable figures has disappeared from the ranks of modern German botauists. Paul Ascherson was born on June 4th, 1834. at Berlin, as the son of Dr. Ferdinand 3Ioritz Ascherson, a prominent medical practitioner. He was educated at the Marg- graff School and the Friedrich AVerder Gymnasium at Berlin, and studied medicine in the university of the same city. In January 1855 he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicnie, and a year later he qualified for a medical practice. His inclination, how- ever, lay with botany, which he studied under Alexander Braun, E. Caspary, and X. Pringsheim. In 1860 he became A. Braun's assistant, a post with which he united later on that of an assistant in the Botanical Museum, rising in the latter eventually to the rank of a second ciistos. This he held until 1SS4, when he retired. Having received the title of a Doctor Philosophise honoris causa from the Cniversity of Eostock, he qualified in the University of Berlin in 1S69. Four years later he was appointed Professor extraordiuarius and in 1908 Professor ordinarioi honoris causa. He was also made a Geheimer Eegie- rungsrat, and was connected with many learned Societies. The Xinnean Society added him to its list of Foreign Members in 1905. Ascherson"s name \^ill for ever remain connected with the study of the flora of his native country, to which he was devoted from his student days. Xearly all his earlier publications were concerned with it, and particularly with that of the Mai'k Brandenburg. As Professor Urban tells us, he conceived the plan of writing a flora of that province as early as 1855 on the suggestion of his teacher, A. Braun. He at once set to work with great enthusiasm and industry, exploring the province in all directions, and availing himself freely of the help of his numerous correspondents. In 1859 appeared the second and third, in 1864 the flrst part of his ' Flora der Provinz Brandenburg, der Altmark und des Herzogthums Magdeburg.' The thoroughness and methodical clearness of the work won him the admiration of his colleagues in the field of regional phytography, and it has for long been held up as a model of a local flora and is even now counted as a classic. After that he directed his attention and his labours to a wider field ; but among the many attractions which his versatile mind encountered and which led him again and again into excursions into matters of a remarkable range of variety, he never lost sight of the real life task which he had set himself, namely, the elaboration of a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of Germany. The preliminary work spread over thirty years, and it was not until 1896 that the first sheets of his great work appeared. But by that time the matter had grown beyond the LrN'>". SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1912-1913. 6 CO PROCEEDIKGS OP THE orio"inal limits, aud the political boundaries of a flora o£ Germany had given way to the more natural conception of a flora of Central Europe. But extensive as this " Synopsis der mitteleuropaischen Plora" was, it was to be not less intensive and exhaustive. The material that had accumulated in those long years was beyond the powers of a single man. Ascherson was moreover feeling the weight of his years. He associated himself therefore wisely with other workers in the same field, and especially with his young friend and pupil Paul Griibner, who was destined to carry the monumental work further when the master should fail. By the time of Ascherson's death the 'Synopsis' had already filled 7 volumes. It is not here the place to criticise or appreciate the work in particular ; but this much may be said, that it is unequalled in thoroughuess and erudition and in the accumulation of details. It breathes Ascherson's spirit. His range of knowledge was encyclopedic. Thorough and painstaking to a fault, eager to make the most of the marvellous store of facts which his very long experience and extensive reading, connected with a wonderfully retentive memory, placed at his disposal, he was an unrivalled master of detail. Therein was his strength, aud also his weakness in so far as he never seemed to be able to free himself from the fetters of his erudition. The volume which his frieuds published on the occasion of his seventieth birthday contains a list of his publications. It ranges from 1853 to 1904 and occupies no less than forty-four pages, a truly amazing output. They are, however, mostly short notices, covering the most heterogeneous subjects. There are, apart from his ' l^lora der Mark Brandenburg ' and his ' Synopsis der mitteleuropaischen Flora,' only two subjects of a larger scope which fascinated him sulficiently to attempt really comprehensive treatment, namely, the marine phanerogams aud the flora of Egypt. His monographs of the former are the best that have been written on those remarkable plants from the morphological as well as the taxouomic point. As to the flora of Egypt he collaborated with his friend Schweinfurth. His interest in that flora arose no doubt out of the cordial relations he had from early days entertained with the great African explorer, and it was deepened by repeated visits to Egypt. He first went with Gerhardt Rohlfs on his expedition to the Libyan Desert (ISTS-lST-l) and two years later went alone to the Little Oasis. In later years he accompanied Schweinfurth repeatedly on excursions in Lower Egypt. A number of smaller papers resulted from those travels ; but the final outcome of his studies and collectious on Egyptian soil was merged in a work of collaboration, ' Illustration de la flore d'Egypte,' which under his and Schweinfurth's joint authorship was published in Cairo in 1887 and followed by a supplement in 1889. It was in the nature of a critical enumeration of the plants then known from Egypt up to the Nubian frontier (22'^ N. lat.). In the absence of a " Mora " of Egypt and embodying in clear and concise exposition the un- rivalled experience of the two foremost authorities on the plants LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON'. 51 3E the temperate portion of the basin of the Nile, it was an mvahiable contribution to geographical botany. To turn from the flora of Egypt to that of its natural extension into Tripolitania rtas only a logical step ; and so we find hiui soon lending a helpful liand to £. Durand and G. Barratte in the execution of tlieir important Tloroe Libycae Prodromus' which appeared in 1910. His travels were, however, not confined to Egypt. They also extended to many parts of Europe and were mostly undertaken in the company of congenial friends. Wide and diversified as his interests were, there are many Dbservations scattered through his writings that thi-ow light '^n mbjects only loosely connected with botany or quite outside it,, [particularly in the domain of ethnography and antlu-opology, towards M'hich he was drawn through his friendship with Yu'chow^ If his university career did not carry him to the forefront of academic life, he was nevertheless an important factor in that he understood to keep alive the contact between the university and the large number of free lances who, having been imbued with an interest of botany in their academic days, found in the study of their local flora a field to exercise it. Nowhere was this influence more evident than in the ' Botauische Yerein der Provinz Branden- burg,' which was entirely his creation, and whose soul he remained to the end of his life. How beloved he was in those cii'cles and how respected by his professional colleagues became manifest on the occasion of his 70th birthday, which Mas celebrated by the- publication of a jubilee volume or " Festschrift. It will be long before another Ascherson will arise ; but as to his main work, he- has early taken care that it should be carried on in his spirit and with the promise of success. [O. S.] Professor Bexjamix James Austi>' was born at Horsley Down on April 5th, 1S:?9. He was the first science teacher appointed by the Reading Science and Art Committee, in 1871, and for a loi:!g period he was the Secretary of the Eeading Microscopical Society. When University College, Reading, was established in 1S92, he became lecturer in Physiology and Hygiene, and his association with the College was only severed by death. In 1903 his portrait was presented to the College, and is hung in the Senior Common Eoom ; four years later, the College conferred upon Mr. Austin the title of Emeritus Professor of Botany, and in 1911 he received the Associateship, honoris causa. In a career of more than forty years, our late Fellow had been the stimulating teacher of a very wide circle of pupils, at Eeadiug, and also at South Kensington ; amongst these pupils was our President, Professor Poulton, F.R.S. Details of his earlier life are wanting ; he was very reticent himself, and his early friends who could have spoken about it, predeceased liim. After a long illness he died on the 2nd June, 1912, and was buried amidst tokens of the greatest esteem, from his fellow townsmen and brother professors. His connection with this e2 £2 PEOCEEDI>'GS OF THE Society dated from the 21st Jauuarv, 1892, and he was httle known to the Fellows as he avoided the evening meetings, though a constant reader and borrower of volumes from the library. [B. D. J.] JoH-V Elaikie was born in the year 1837 and died on the 29th Mav, 1912, after a long illness. He was for many years pro- prietor of the White Barn CoUiery, Kuutton,bat was at the same time identified with the Xorth Staffordshire Field Club, of which he was an energetic promoter, so long as his health permitted. His connection with the Linnean Society dated from the 6th April, 1SS2, and with the Geological Society from the same year. His authorship seems to have been coutined to sectional and other reports on botanical matters, in the local Society to which allusion has already been made. [B. D. J.] The Eev. E. Ashingtox BrLLEX, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.K.A.I., Meuib. Malac. Soe. Londou, was born in 1850, admitted a Fellow of this Society June 1, 1899, served on the Council, 1903-04, and died on the 14th August, 1912. His early years are reported on good authority to have been very busy but uneventful. He began teaching almost as soon as he left school, taking a mastership in Croydon, which with a short break he held for fourteen years; during these, on account of his mother's feeble health, spending all his available holidays with her quietly at home. Besides leading this unselfish life, he worked zealously for a long period in the cause of social purity. From his ordination in 1875, with one short interval, he was also engaged for thirty years in parochial work, first as a curate at Croydon, then at Farleigh, and from 1883 to 1888 at St, Margaret's, Westminster, under Canon Farrar, thereafter holding benefices successively in Kent, Surrey, and Huntingdon- shire. In 1901 he published ids treatise on " Harlyn Bay and its prehistoric remains," of which the third and much enlarged edition appeared last year. In this essay, full of interesting information in regard to that locality, he remarks, p. 130 : — " All my time and labour spent at Harlyn Bay has been amply repaid by the discovery of Hygromia montivaja, Westerlund. This is a Lusitanian shell, and an entirely new record for England.'*' For the bearing of this discovery on the origin of our English fauna, his chapter on the subject should itself be consulted. Besides his actual spadework in science, he was in other ways a most efficient helper in scientific efforts. In the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, a provincial understudy of the British Associ- ation, he was successively treasurer, secretary, and vice-president, in these capacities for a dozen years rendering all manner of services to the Union, cordially assisted by his wife, taking trouble as if he enjoyed it, and smoothing away financial difficulties as if they had never existed. AVhen acting as delegate to the British Association, he took a conscientious view of his duties, and made LiyXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 53 an admirable report of the conference which he was commissioned to attend, setting an example which delegates in general would do well to follow. A trusty friend 1 [T. E. E. S.] Feederick Meert weather Burtois' was born in 1S29, and educated at Eugby, becoming in due course a solicitor, and from 1859 to 1902 the Registrar of the Grainsborough County Court. Although he had lost his right arm in consequence of an acci- dent when shooting, he was not disabled from the duties of his profession. During his career he collected Lepidoptera and shells in the region round Lincoln, Grantham and Grainsborough, extending his excursions as opportunities offered : these specimens are now invaluable vouchers of many species fairly common in the " forties and fifties *' of the past century, which have now bectmie rare, or even extinct. Besides collecting in almost every branch of zoology. Mr. Burton was accustomed to bring bach alpine plants from Xorway. Switzer- land and Canada, forming a most interesting and instructive series, combined with natives from Scotland and AVales, in his garden. Xevertheless, his chief interest and nearly all his writings were concerned with geology. He was President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists' L^nion for 1894-5, and he was largely instrumental in establishing the County Museum at Lincoln, to which he intended leaving his own collections, and a selection of his books. He became a Fellow of our Society 3rd June, 1SS6, and of the Geological Society in 1S61. He died on the 17th May. 1912, at his residence, Highfiehi, Gainsborough. [B. D. J.] Dr. James Charles Cox. who died at his house ' Glen Iris.' Eaglan Street, Mosman, New South Wales, on the 29th September, 1912, was a well-known and prominent man in Sydney >cientific circles. He was a grandson of Capt. AVilliam Cox, Paymaster of the New South AVales Corps, who arrived in Sydney in January ISOO in charge of Irish " Eebels," and the third son of Edward Cox, of Mulgoa, 40 miles west of Sydney, where he was born, 21st Jul\% 1S34 ; his motlier was a daughter of one of the masters in the passenger trade from Great Britain to Australia named Brooks. In an interview shortly before his death Dr. Cox gave some interesting particulars of his youthful days and early experiences of professional life in Sydney. He said : — '• When I was 14 I lived at Mulgoa, near Penrith. After attending the school at the Parish Church Parsonage under the Eev. Thomas Makiuson. I was sent to the King's Shool. Parra- matta, under the Rev. E. Forrest, where I remained three years. Owing to my early love of natural history, my father apprenticed me in Sydney to Dr. Henry Gratton Douglas for three years, and I then attended Sydney Hospital as a student under the late Drs. M'Ewan and Nathan. At the same time I was taken on by 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE •the late Professor Smith as his assistant, when first he commenced lecturing on chemistry at the Sydney University, then in College- istreet, now the Grammar School. " The museum at that early date was my delight, and I had a •share in preparing the skeleton of the first great whale set up by Wall, and prepared the first perfect skeleton of a South Sea Islander ever made, whicli, in conjunction with Dr. Lynch, I articulated and set up for the museum. " My apprenticeship having expired, 1 was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine at the University, and graduated there in 1857, .taking out a diploma of Surgery at the Eoyal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Before leaving for Australia, in 3858, 1 was proposed by Professor Lyne as a Eellow of the College, then being the youngest Eellow ever elected, and through the lapse of time, I am now the fourth or fifth from the top of the list of living imembers in seniority." Arrived in Sydney in 1858 he began medical practice, and also .associated himself with the three prominent societies — The .Linneau Society of New South Wales, the Naturalists' Society of ;New South Wales, and the Eoyal Society of New South AVales. It was during his presidency of the foimier society that a dis- astrous fire occurred in the premises of that society, destroying a part of its library. An appeal was issued to publishing societies, flaking for contributions of publications to make good the recent losses, and our Council readily agreed to do all that could be done, to replace the destroyed sets, unless the loss were made good from other sources. Tliis was in 1882, and during 1883 a letter of thanks was received for the offer. The claims of a busy professional life did not permit Dr. Cox many chances of distinguishing himself as a writer, but to the end of his life he was regarded as the chief representative of biologic science in New South Wales. He was elected a Eellow of the Linneau Society of London on the 16th January, 1868, the same date on which the wi-iter of this notice was elected. [B. D. J.] Hekbert Druce was born in London on the 14th July, 1846, and became interested in entomology at a very early age, which not even the claims of a large business were able to efface. His most extensive work was that on tlie Mexican Lepidoptera Heterocera, forn)ing two volumes of text and one of plates in Godman and Salvin's ' Biologia Ceutrali-Americana,' begnunng in 1881 and not yet complete. His smaller contributions to ento- mological literature consisted of monographs of genera and descriptions of new species which were added from time to time to his collection. He became a Eellow of this Society on the 15th Eebrnary, 1872, and served on the Council from 1892 to 1895, and from 1901 to 1903, being also a Vice-President in 1902-03. An active member of the Zoological Society, he served for two periods of six ^and five years on the Council of that body, during the last two years LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55 as a Vice-President. The Entomological Soci-^ty naturally was a source of great interest to him, and his i''ellovvships also extended to the Royal Geographical Societ)^ and Royal Horti- cultural Society ; his bond with the latter being his collection of living orchids under cultivation. After some months of failing health, he died on the 11th April, ] 913, in the 67th year of his age. [B. D. J.] Theodor (Thoee) Magnus Fuies was the son of EHas Magnus IVies, at that time Professor of Botany at the University of Lund ; ha was born on the 28th October, 1832, at Pemsjo, in south- western Smalaud. In 1834 the family removed to Uppsala, where the elder Fries had been appointed Borgstromian Professor of Botany. The younger Fries developed in the footsteps of his celebrated father. Botany became and remained his great love during lite, and it was in its service that his life-records accumulated. As early as 1850 the iirst of his long list of botanical memoirs was printed, Avhich gave the author an honourable place amongst his countrymen as a naturalist. For 25 years he was Docent iu Botany at the University of Uppsala, till in 1862 he became Borgstrcimian Adjunct in Botany and practical Economy, and 1877 full Professor in the same subjects. When the history of Swedish learning comes to be written, Thore J^'ries will certainly be regarded as an eminent member of the principal personalities during the latter half of the nineteenth century. He has been called " the last of the Linneans," and with good reason. Elias Fries felt it a deep obligation to preserve the iniieritance from Linne's classic time, especially to maintain and pursue the principles of definition of species, which the Master once achieved, as the main support of natural history research. Most carefully he collected all traditions from Linne's pupils who were still liviug during the first decade of the last century, and to no better hands could he commit those traditions than those of his son. The investigation of Linne's life, which took up the last twenty years of Fries's time, was also for him au early love, towards which, during the heavv labours of his middle age, he longed to revert. It is marvellous what a gigantic work he achieved : besides the great and well-known standard work ' Linue : lefnadsteckning,' 1903, he edited volume after volume of Linne's correspondence, together with publications which had not been printed before, or had been badly done. The inheritance from his father and grandfather, an easy knowledge of Latin, which made him supreme in the deciphering of Linne's manuscripts, stood him in good stead. It must not be for- gotten, that it was upon Fries's powerful initiative, that the Liiinean Foundation at Hammarby, now a State Possession, came into existence, and that he was the first Inspector. p6 proceedings or the It was also in the best traditional Linnean style that he brought out his ' Lichenographia Scandiuavica ' in 1871-74, a work of known and accepted value. One of the greatest botanical achieve- ments of the last century was the discovery that Lichens are not independent plants, but are an association of Algae and Fungi. Eries had in 'Flora' of 1866, on the cephalodia of lichens, made an important step towards the commonly received Schwendeneriaii views, but he stood out against it for long : so that it was an historical moment for his pupils when, in a lecture at the beginning of 1880, he openly avowed his conversion. Fries shared in the Swedish expeditions to the North, such as Nordenskjold's Spitzbergen journey in 1868, his Greenland voyage in 1871, and lastly to Finnmark in 1857 and 1884. Besides the scientific results of these journeys may be mentioned the popular volumes ' Svenska polarexpedition ar 1868, med Kronoangfartj^get Sofia,' and his ' Greenland, its nature and natives.' The long period which Fries spent in academic service has left deep traces in Swedish education. The Museum at Uppsala was his work ; through his widespread personal relations and energy he succeeded in forming an institution wliich worthily compares with many renowned continental museums. It is related that when Fries began his teaching career he brought with him a fresh breeziness whicli had never before been displayed. He spoke simply and naturally, always to the point, and with an undercurrent of humour. His power of carrying with him even the most sluggish pupil was incredible. During his youth and a long period of his mature life he stood in the most intimate relation with the botanical world of Europe. Early accustomed to the modern microscope, he was one of the first in Sweden to introduce microscopical technique into botany, and the various problems set out by Darwin, Delpino, and Kerner in the sixties and seventies. Even during the last decade of the nineteenth century, when he was forced out of the course of scientific evolution by accumulated official commissions, he still worked hard to help others in those studies in which he could no longer partake or dominate. He stood in direct relation to youth as few of his contem- poraries did, the breadth of his personal activity was easily noticed amongst his pupils. His inspectorship of the Smaland nation, and even cf the Gotlauders was notable. On his 80th birthday (which he passed in bed) the Botanical section gave utterance as follows : — " One autumn evening in 1852, some young naturalists met in a student's room at Uppsala and formed a botanic-zoological union, the first soui-ce of our Botanical section. It was you. Professor, who took the initiative in this, and during half a century you have been one of the most energetic workers and greatest powers. In numberless lectures you laid before us results of research in lichenology, mycology, arctic plant-life, and the field of botanical history, which have made your name renowned. LIX>'EAX SOCIETY OF LO>'DOX. 57 Who can number the members to whose first scientific attempts you gave counsel and help ? To their brightest memories belongs your winning, warmhearted personality, the meeting point in both serious discussions and the conviviality of youthful gladness." Fries was a man of practical bent, with a clear head and un- wearied powers of work. It is not \^onderful, therefore, that he should have been overwhelmed with official comn)issious. He was Rector during the period 1893-99. In the eighties and nineties he was ex officio a member of the educational committee, and an active member also. He was also a member of many learned academies and societies ; in 1865 he was chosen into the Royal Academy of Sciences, and in 1888 a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London. Homage of another sort came to him in no stinted measure ; we may recall how the University of Uppsala, on behalf of the wide circle of the scientific world, devoted a unique celebration on his SOrh birthday, barely half a year ago. The Swedish Botanical Club devoted to him a large volume of essays from 35 writers, amounting to 600 pages, on whose first page we read: — " To the Swedish botanists' Xestor, Theodor Maguus Fries, Lichenologist, Polar explorer, Museum builder, Linne-investi- gator, the man who more than anj' other of his time had the power to make botanic science known and loved in the whole of our Country, the incomparable teacher and friend." With his death the old Uppsala times seem to have gone down also into the grave. During 125 terms he saw bis beloved University grow and flourish with renewed vigour, but whilst much was altered, he could recall in his wonderful memory occurrences iu the days of Elias Fries, Wabienberg. and the historian Geijer (whose statue fronts the University) ; perhaps the time may come when others may talk of Fries's Uppsala. The Linnean Bicentenary occasioned a vast amount of work to fall upon Fries, in translating Linnean documents and scarce pamphlets from Latin into Swedish, including the ' Flora lap- ponica ' ; and only recently he finished supervising a new edition of Linne's ' Iter lapponicum ' from the MS. possessed by this Society. Six volumes of the Linnean correspondence have been issued, accompanied by copious notes concerning men and things, of which be seemed to have almost the monopoly, and the notes are specially valuable and helpful to understanding many Linnean albisions. He paid our Society several visits and took copious notes of the Linnean MSS. which he wove into his splendid life of Linne, apparently having, along with his earlier co-worker in Linnean matters, Dr. Ewald Ahrling, extracted everything possible, in an incredibly short tiuie. Those who knew him will preserve a warm place in their hearts for a man whose death leaves a blank M'hich it is hardly possible to fill. The strenuous work of the last few years seems to have told upon the constitution of the Emeritus Professor. Last year he was at times laid aside by short periods of indisposition, one of 5 8 PIIOCEEDINGS or THE them occurring, as previously mentioned, on his 80th birthday ; on the 29th of March last he died, and in token of respect, the flags on the University buildings and those belonging to the various " N^ations '"' \^'ere hoisted half-mast high on that Saturday afternoon. [B. D. J.] The Eev. JoHif Gteeaed, S.J., who died at Earm Street, on the 13th December, 1912, at the age of 72, was a familiar figure at our Meetings, where his attendance was regular until a few months before his death. He was a son of Colonel Archibald Gerard, and a brother of the late General Sir Montagu Gerard, K.C.B., and was born in Edinburgh on the 30th May, 1840. Our late Eellow was educated at Stonyhurst, and entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1856, taking his B.A. at London University in 1859, and was ordained in 1873. After teaching at Liverpool, he was transferred to Stonyhurst, and there remaineei till his removal to London in 1893. At Stonyhurst his influence in teaching zoology and botany was marked, his position as Prefect of Studies giving him the power to carry out his views. A preliminarj' Elora of Stony- hurst came out in the school magazine for 1886, and a second edition appeared in 1891, at Clitheroe, and although anonymous, is known to have been chiefly Mritten by Father Gerard. For some time he was busy in criticising some of Grant Allen's essays, which were referred to by Father Gerard as ' Essays in Un-natural History.' His most important work was a volume in answer to Haeckel entitled ' The Old Eiddle and the Newest Answer,' which has had a large circulation. He was elected Fellow on the 3rd of May, 1900. [B. D. J.] Hejshy Geoyes, Mhose death took place at Clapham on Novem- ber 2ud, 1912, was born in London on October 15th, 1855. He was educated at the grammar school at Godalming, where the family had removed to in 1863. It was here where, under the guidance of the principal of the school, Mr. P. Churton, he was first imbued with the love of nature and trained in collecting and observing. The early death of his father forced him, when only fourteen, into a practical career. He went back to London and served in a stockbroker's office until he was twenty-four. He was eventually placed on the regular staff of the Queen Anne's Bounty Office, where he rose to the position of a senior clerk. The habit of making excursions for the purpose of collecting and studying animals and plants, acquired so early, persisted and developed more and more after the removal to London. For some time the interest \\as divided between fresh-water mollusca and plants, but in the end botany held the field. In his work, in so far as it concerned this department of science, he was from the beginning so intimately associated with his brother James, that it is LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ,5^9 almost impossible to apportion their relative share in it, althougli he seems to have been the " predominant partner." For many years Henry Groves was a keen field-botanist, and his own and his brother's contributions to Townsend's ' Elora of Hampshire ' were as numerous as they are valuable. It was in those days that they discovered and described the remarkable *' rice grass," Spartina Townseiidii, the spreading o£ which assumed subsequently such astonishing proportions. The work, however, tor which Henry Groves, along with his brother, was best known to this country as well as abroad, was on the Characeae. "A Eeview of the British Characeae" (1880) followed by a series of "Notes on British Characeae" (1881, 1883, 18^84, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1890, 1895, 1898), all in the 'Journal of Botany,' a beautifully prepai-ed ' Characeae Britannicse Exsiccatae,' of which the first fascicle appeared in 1892 and the second in 1900, and finally a contribution to Urban's ' Symbolae Antillanae ' dealing with the A¥est Indian Characeae, were the fruits of the joint labours of tiie brothers in this department. British botanists are also under a debt to Henry Groves for his share in the preparation of tlie ninth edition of Babington's Manual ot" British Botany ' (1904). Tied down by the limitations imposed upon them, the brothers had to lea\'e the book as regards plan, nomenclature, and descriptions much as they found it in the author's interleaved copy. Nevertheless, they were able to intro- duce a considerable amount of additional matter, thus contributing largely to the value of the edition. Another field in which Henry ■Groves interested himself was that of botanical nomenclature, as is shown by a number of articles in the ' Journal of Botany.' It may finally be added that he was also a draughtsman of con- siderable skill. Henry Groves joined the Linnean Society in 1892. He served on the Council from 1899 to 1902, and again from 1911 to his death ; and in 1910 he acted as one of the Society's delegates at the International Botanical Congress at Brussels. His common-sense, practical experience, and independence of character made him a most valuable member of committees, just as his frankness, allied with discretion and kindness, won him the esteem and affection of his friends. He was also a Trustee of the South London Botanical Institute. [O. S.] William Thomas Hindmaesh, who died at his house, Alnbauk, near Alnwick, on the 27th April, 1913, was by profession a solicitor, but strongly drawn to the study of living plants. In his garden, about 4 miles from the north-eastern coast, he suc- cessfully cultivated alpine and Japanese plants. He was the first in this country to flower Primula deorum, A-'elen., and was also very fortunate in cultivating the two species of Shortia, S. galacifolia and S. ^miflora : these he described in a paper in the Journal of the Horticultural Society in 1905.' 6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE Prom the year 1872 he had been a member of the Berwickshire^ Naturabsts' Club, of which he was President in 1895; his Presi- dential Address urged the importance of field-woi'k and systematic observation in botany, apprehending that they were being over- shadowed by the work of the laboratory. He was greatly interested in Mendelian research, attended the Genetic Conference in London in 1906, and intended to be present at the 4th Conference Internationale de Genetique in Paris in 1911, but his health prevented his presence; he was, however, awarded a Mendel medal ; apparently he meant to write a paper for that conference, but it has not been found amongst the papers he left. He was elected a Pellow on the 21st Pebruary, 1889, and died as mentioned above, aged 65. l^, D. J.], Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., was the youngest but one, the eighth child of Joseph Hume, the well-known economic and social reformer. Allan was born in 1829, and after training at Haileybury, entered the service of the Hon. East India Company in 1849, and was drafted to the Bengal Presidency, arriving ou the 7th March of that year. Subsequently he served in the N.AV. Provinces, as they were then called, as Collector, and was at Etawah in 1858, when the Indian Mutiny broke out ; he raised a local force, and distinguished himself in several engagements. Por this he was created C.B, in 1860, and awarded the jnedal with clasp. He knew the vernacular languages of the people amongst whom he was set to rule, and ^^as known and liked by them in return in a very uncommon degree. In ] 867 he was appointed Commissioner of Customs for the N.W. Provinces, Punjab, and Central Provinces, and succeeded in carrying through the abolition of the salt-barrier. He became offi- ciating Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department, in 1870, the following year he was Secretary in the Department of Eeveuue, Agriculture and Commerce. During his early official career he was energetic in jmshing forward free schools in his own district of Efcawah ; and later on, he was distinguished by a fearless independence of action and conviction, candidly speaking his opinions on police reform and liquor traffic. This unusual outspokenness and independence were naturally not to the taste of his official superiors ; he was consequently superseded in his secretaryship ; in 1879 he was appointed a Member of the Board of Revenue, but retired from the Indian Service in 1882. Perhaps the most striking part of his career was subsequent to his retirement, when he devoted himself as a private individual to advancing the aims of the Indian Nationalists. The first gathering of the Indian National Congress was held in 1885, and may be said to be the \\ork of our late Pellow. His observations on Indian birds were issued as ' My Scrap- Book, or Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology,' only two numbers of which were published at Calcutta in 1869 and LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOJf. 6 1 and 1870, ' Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,' 1873-75, ed. 2, London, 3 vols. 18S9-90, and ' The Indian Ornithological Collec- tor's Yade Meciim,' 1874. He was editor of the eleven volumes of 'Stray Feathers,' 1873-99; and joint-author with C. H. T. Marshall of the ' Game-birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon,' 1879-80. With Dr. Gr. Henderson, he wrote ' Lahore to Yarkand,' 1873. He quitted India in 1890 and took up his residence in Xor- Avood : and here he devoted himself to amassing an herbarium, and library to coi'respond, which, when it amounted to 40,000 sheets, he founded in 1911 as the ' South London Botanical Institute' at 323 Norwood Road. The sum of o£15,000 has been bequeathed in his will, for the maintenance of the Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the Liunean Society so recently as 18th April, 1901, and died on the 31st July, 1912, at his house in Tapper Xorwood, at the age of 83 ; the last surviving son of his father. His wife, whom he had married in 1853, had died twenty years earlier. [B. D. J.] By the deatli of Frederick Halsey Jaxsox at Brighton on the 1st May this year, the Linnean Society has lost its oldest Fellow, and the legal profession its senior solicitor. On the 8th February he celebrated his 100th birthday, being honoured by a congratulatory message from the King. In 1835 Mr. Janson was admitted an attorney and solicitor, becoming at that date a partner in the firm of Smith, Bade}', and Jansou, whose records are stated to extend back to 1728, and still practising under the title of Janson, Cobb, Pearson & Co. On the 21st March, 1837, he was elected Fellow of this Society, and therefore was connected with it for more than 75 years. He retired from active practice in 1900, but annually took out his license ; since his retirement he lived at 8 Fourth Avenue, Hove, in which house he died. He was buried at Chislehurst, Kent, where his wife, who predeceased him, was also buried. [B. 1). J.] Willi Ail Forsell Kirby was born at Leicester on the 14th January, 1844, the eldest son of a banker in that city, and was educated by private tutors ; like so many similarly trained, in after life he lamented the loss of school experience and training. At the age of seven he was brought to London on a visit, and then saw the British Museum, in which institution so many hard- working years were to be spent by him at a later period. On removing a short distance outside Leicester, Kirby \A'as encouraged by his mother to collect butterflies, thus calling forth the first manifestation of the entomologist. Samuel Kirby died in 1854, and our late Fellow, then a boy of ten, moved with the family to Burgess Hill, and soon afterwards to Brighton. In spite of his tender years, he joined the Brighton 62 PEOCBEDIlfGS OF THE und Sussex Natural History Society, and as early as 1856 he contributed to the ' Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer ' and drew up a list of European Butterflies, the first Euglish work of the kind. In 1860 he came to London, and joining the Entomo- lofieal Society in the following year, he made the acquaintance of the leading entomologists of the time. In 1866 he married Johanna Maria Kappel, of Hilden, near Diisseldorf, whose help in his literary work was invaluable ; their only sou. Dr. W. Egmont Kirby, has issued some entomological works. Kirby became assistant in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society in 1867, the year his only child was born ; but on the death of Frederick Smith in 1879, he removed to London, and took up duty in the zoological department of the British Museum, then at Bloomsbury, and kept up his connection with that institution till the year 1909, when he retired under the regulation lor age. During his official life he was actively busy in tlie preparation of volumes which are still invaluable to the worker in entomology. The siglit of H. W. Bates's MS. list of insects suggested probably the most useful of Kirby's volumes, his well-known ' Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ' 1871, Supplement in 1877. A similar volume, ' Lepidoptera Heterocera ; Sphinges and Bombyces,' 1892, is unfortunately left incomplete, owing to insufficient support. He compiled several Catalogues for the British Museum, as ' Tentbredinidse ' 1883; and ' Odonata' 1890; Orthoptera, in 3 vols., 1904-10. Erom 1869 to 1884 he contributed the reports on Lepidoptera to the 'Zoological Record,' and for some years the entire depart- ment of entomology in that series rested upon him. Introductory works were also produced by him, but his activities were not bounded by his scientific studies, for he also publislied a trans- lation of the great Finnish epic, the " Kalavala." From what has been said it will be understood that his know- ledge of entomological literature was not only great, but was unrivalled. As stated, he joined the Entomological Society in 1861, and the Linnean Society on the 17th April, 1890, and was a member of other associations, literary and scientific, which took up much of his spare time. He died on the 20th November, 1912, after a short illness, and was buried at Chiswick Cemetery on the 26th following, in the presence of many fellow- workers in his favourite branch of science. [B. D. J.] FrajS'cis Gkay Smart, who was born in January 1834, was the son of a medical man and was educated for the same profession. He entered Cains College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1867, proceeding M.A. in 1871, and also taking his B.M. degree. Soon after this he settled at Bredbury, Tunbridge Wells, and identified himself with all philanthropic movements. He gave freely to hospitals and local institutions for helping the poor, and in educational matters he founded the Frank Smart Scholarships, one at Caius in 1887 and another for the University in 1904 as LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOIf. 6^ hereafter mentioned, in memory of his deceased son, an under- graduate of Cambridge. Dr. Hugh K. Anderson, Master of Gooville and Cains College, has been so kind as to communicate the following information concerning the munificence of Mr. Smart in founding these scholarships and other benefactions. " Francis G. Smart and Marian his wife by deed dated Feb. 6, 1888, gave £2000 4"/o Great Eastern Debenture Stock, to found a prize and studentship ' for promoting a scientific study of botany.' The prize consisted of books to the value of £6. The main conditions of the studentship are : — That it should be, generally speaking, tenable for two years ; that it should be open to any member ol the University who has taken honours in Part I. of the Natural Science Tripos, he, of course, becoming a member of the College, if not already so : not to be awarded by a competitive examination, but the candidate to give evidence of his carrying out ' original investigations in botany.' The Student- ship to be termed the ' Frank Smart Studentship.' Its present value is about £100." The donor subsequently increased his benefaction in 1896, thereby raising the income from £90 to its present amount ; and after its death, it was found he had still further augmented the income of the University Studentship to £200 per annum. The names and dates of the Frank Smart students are as follows : — P. Groom, 1888-90; J. C. Willis, 1890-93; F. W. Keeble, 1893-9(5; E. H. Biffen, 1896-98 ; H. H. W. Pearson, 1898-99; E. H. Yapp, 1899-1902 ; E. H. Lock, 1902-04 ; J. M. F. Drummond, 1904-06; F. T. Brooks, 1906-08; E. H. Compton, 1909-12. ' I copy the following passage from the ' University Eeporter,' May 10, 1904, p. 766 : " The Council are informed by the Professor of Botany that Mr. Francis G. Smart of Gonville and Caius College, has offered to found in the University a Studentship of £J00 a year for the encouragement of botanical research to be called the ' Frank Smart University Studentship of Botany.' Among the regulations are : — 3. Graduates of the University are elegible for the Studentship provided that not more than fourteen complete terms have elapsed after their first term of residence. 4. The appointment to the Studentship shall be made by the Vice-Chancellor, the Master of Gonville and Caius, and the Professor of Botany. 5. The successful candidate shall devote himself to research under the direction of the Professor of Botany. Mr. Smart also gave £100 to the redecoration of the College Hall and £50 towards providing bookcases in the Old Hall, now converted into an additional Library.' " Prof. Seward has also kindly supplemented the foregoing remarks by these additional items: — " In 1904 Mr. Smart founded a second Studentship of the 64 PHOCBEDINGS or THE same value open to all Grradaate Members of the TJuiversity. This has been held by Mr. A. M. Smith, Mr. Thoday, Mr. S. Mangham, and Mr. Price. In 1909 the same generous benefactor gave to the University a capital sum to provide two Prizes, known as the Frank Smart Prizes, to be awarded annually to members of the University for proficiency respectively in botany and zoology in Part I. or Part II. of the Natural History Tripos. The Department of Botany has also directly benefited by Mr. Smart's liberality ; a few yeai's ago, in response to a public appeal for funds, he contributed a sum of £500 for the purchase of additional Museum cases aud for other purposes. It is not too much to say that Mr. Smart's benefactions have played a very important part in the growth and efiiciency of the Cambridge Botany School during the last 24 years. The Studentship is available at the most critical period of a student's career, when it is of the greatest importance that some means should be provided for enabling men to show wdiat capacity they have for the prosecation of research, and without such assistance as the Studentships aiford, a student would in many cases be compelled to leave the University without the invaluable training w'hich is placed within his reach by Mr. Smart's benefaction." Two years ago Mr. Smart was knocked down in London by a motor-car, and though it was hoped he had escaped serious injury, his health failed since that time, and he passed away on the 7th April, 1913, in the 70th year of his age. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 20th December, 1883. [B. D. J.] Sir Charles Whitehead, who died on the 29th November last at the age of 78, had been connected with our Society for the long period of 41 years, having been elected a Fellow on February 2, 1871 ; his certificate being signed by Sir John Lubbock, H. T. Stainton, aud Francis Pascoe. He was born of Kentish parents on the 7th May, 1834, and was educated at Tonbridge School. The original intention of his parents was that he should take Holy Orders, as two of his forbears had been clergymen. Owing, how^ever, to his delicate health, it was decided that he should take up farming as an occupation, so he was sent to Mr. Squarey, a well-known land agent then farming 1600 acres near Salisbur}^ In some privately printed ' Retrospections ' issued towards the end of his life, he said that " the four years in Wilts passed all too quickly, resulting in a confirmed taste for literature aud a practical knowledge of agriculture, an ardent love of hunting, and a useful seat in the saddle." For a long series of years he was engaged in agriculture in Mid- Kent ; farming 250 acres of hop, fruit and corn land, besides 240 acres of grazing land in Eomney Marsh. This farm he relin- quished in 1879, finding "depression lowering over agriculture ;and having much countv business and work connected with the LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LO]S"DOIf. 65 Eoyal Agricultural Society." That Society he had joined iu 1857, and was elected a Member of its Council on the 8th December, 1869. It was at his instance that a " Seeds and Plants Diseases Committee " (subsequently called the Botanical and Zoological Committee) was created by the Council in 1871, and he was elected its first Chairman, retaining that position till 1899. He wrote many papers and reports for the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal on botanical and zoological subjects, particularly on Market Gardening, Hop Cultivation, Fruit Farming, Potato Culture, and the Agriculture of Kent. He was elected a Vice- President of the Eoyal Agricultural Society in February 1889, and iu the same year was appointed one of the nine original Trustees under the Lawes Agricultural Trust. In 1887 he became Agricultural adviser of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, and was continued iu that office when the Board of Agriculture was established in 1889. He wrote for the Government various reports on injurious insects and fungi, especially on the Hessian fly, Eust or Mildew on Wheat Plants, potato disease, wire-worms, smut of corn, and clover fungus ; besides papers on ensilage and fruit-evaporation. He retired from this position in 1899 in view of a cari'iage accident that brought on neuritis, rendering scientific investigations involving much research and microscopical examination impossible for him. He gave evidence on Hop and Iruit growing before the first Eoyal Commission on Agriculture (1879), and was a member of the second Commission appointed bj' Mr. Gladstone in September 1893, which did not complete its labours till May 1897. In his later years he removed from Banning House, Maidstone, to St. Leonards-on-Sea, where he lived in retirement until his death. For his services to agricultural improvement he was knighted by King Edward VII. at Buckingham Palace on the 16th December, 1907. He was a cultured man of refined and literary tastes, and un- doubtedly did much to bring under public notice the means of keeping farm pests — both animal and vegetable — under control. On the particular subjects that he had made his own, he was rightly regarded as an authority. [Eknest Clabke.] June 5th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Aniversary Meeting of the 24th May, 1913, were I'ead and confirmed. Mr. Charles Oldham was admitted a Fellow. LINN. SOC. PROCEEDIJrGS. — SESSION 1912-13. / 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. Archibald Joseph Brooks and Mr. Edward Edgar Pescott, "were proposed as Fellows. Mr. James Donald and Mr. Leslie Frank Newman, M.A.. (Cantab.), were elected Eellows, The President announced that he bad appointed the following to he Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year : — Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Mr. Horace W. Mokckton (Treasurer), Pi*of. A. C. Seward, and Dr. A. Smith "Woodavard. The President exhibited eight coloui*ed slides of Lepidoptera in situ, by Mr. A. H. Haman of the Hope Department, Oxford. The very successful rendering of the natural tints had been obtained by the Paget Colour Process. He also showed a remarkable case of mimicry where a Fossorial wasp was mimicked in habit and method of flying, by a Eeduviid bug, and a Locustid. The examples were found flying together in a forest road between Santos and S. Vicente, Brazil; by Dr. A. Seitz of Darmstadt. Mrs. LoNGSTAEP, F.L.S., exhibited a striking specimen of synanthy in the Foxglove, which had grown in Dr. Longstaff's garden ; whilst recalling the specimen shown by Sir Frank Crisp on the 15th June, 1911, it had a larger and more open terminal and synanthic flower. Dr. Stapf commented on the interest of this exhibition. Mr. Horace AV. Monckton, Treas. & V.P., showed a flower of Sisyrinchiwn angvstifoUum, Mill., which had been found on Dartford Heath a short time before. Mr. C. H. Wright, A.L.S., recalled other localities where this alien had been gathered. Dr. Stapf added a few remarks. Miss L. S. GiBBS, F.L.S., then gave an abstract of her paper entitled " A Contribution to the Flora and Plant-Formations of Kinabaluand the Highlands of British North Borneo," illustrating her remarks with a series of lantern-slides. A discussion followed, the participants being Mr. H. N. Ridley, Dr. Stapf, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Mr. E. G. Baker, Miss Gijabs briefly replying. Mr. Hugh Scott, M.A., F.L.S., contributed a paper on the Histeridae of the Percy Sladen Expedition to the Seychelles, which was read in title. Mr. A. D. Cotton, F.L.S., explained the principal points of Mme. WEBEE-van Bosse's paper on the Red Marine Algae from LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LOXDOX. 67 the Indian Ocean, in continuation of a former paper by Mr. & Mrs. Gepp ; the paper was communicated by Prof. J. Stanley Gaedujek, r.E.S., F.L.S. The two following papers were also communicated by liim : — Mr. James G. Needham, on Myrmeleonidse, and Mr. "W. L. Distant, on Ehynchota from the Seychelles — Part I. Heteroptera. The last paper, by Prof. K. J. Habvey Gibson, M.A., P.L.S., on Mj/stropetalon, Harv., was briefly explained by Dr. Stapf. The material was sent by Mrs. Solly of Sir Lowry's Pass as J\I. Thomii, but was found to differ ; the rhizome was attached to roots of Protea. A'very intractable brown deposit in the cells is not ' Balanophorin,' but some unknown carbohydrate of the cellulose group, for which the name 'Mystrin ' is proposed. The male and female flowers are described, and the name of 31. Solhji proposed for the species. June 19th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th June, 1913, were read and confirmed. Mr. Leslie Prank Newman, M.A. (Cantab.), Mr. Eobert Paulson, and Dr. Thomas Harvey Johnston, M.A., were admitted Fellows. Mr. Charles Daley and Dr. George Blundell Longstaff, M.A. (Oxon.), were elected Pellows. The President announced that a dinner would take place on Thursday, 30th October next, at 7 p.m., to inaugurate the new Session, and that details would be circulated in due course. Mrs. LoNGSTAFE, P.L.S., exhibited feeding-tracks of Gastero- poda, stating that these had been obtained from Twitchen, Mortehoe, N. Devon. (Abstract, p. 70.) The President and Mr. H. N. Eidley spoke on the subject thus brought forward. Mrs. LoNGSTAEF also showed two specimens of Poxgloves, the stems of both being spirally twisted, and in one there was cohesion of two stems for about two-thirds of their length, the flowers being confined to the tipper free third. A discussion followed in which the following joined : — Dr. A. B. Eendle, the General Secretary, Prof. G. C. Bourne, Sec.L.S., Mr. A. 0. Walker, and Dr. E. E. Gates. f2 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. Edmund G-. Bakee, F.L.S., gave an abstract of his paper on the *' At'i'icaii species of the genus Crotalaria" illustrating the sections by lantern-slides. Dr. Eendle followed with some additional remarks. Dr. W. T. Calman, T.L.S., explained the subject of liis paper " On Aphareocaris, nom. nov. (Aphareus, Paulson), a genus of the Crustacean Family Sergestidte," which was further discussed by Mr. A. O. Walker and Prof. G. 0. Bourne, Sec.L.S. Miss Fuller exhibited a series of water-colour drawings of Australian and Cape Flowers, introduced by Mr. JST. E. Bkown. A.L.S., who compared the striking features of the two floras. A paper by Dr. Aai^ES Arber, F.L.S., "An anatomical study of the cone-genus Lepidosirohus," in her absence and at her request was read in title. Mr. G. H. Wailes, F.L.S., having contributed his paper " Fresli- water Rhizopoda from !North and !South America," an abstract was read by the Zoological Secretary. " A Eevision of the Genus S)jmphytmn,'' by Cedeic Bucknall, Mus. Bac. Oxon. (communicated by Mr. J. White, F.L.S.), was laid before the Society in abstract. A shorr, discussion on a point of nomenclature was raised by Dr. W. T. Caiman, and continued by Dr. Eendle, the General Secretary, and Mr. N. E. Brown. The Zoological Secretary epitomized the contents of Mr. Stanley Kemp's paper : — " Pelagic Crustacea Decapoda of the Percy Sladen Expedition in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' " communicated by Prof. Stanley Gardiner, F.E.S., F.L.S. Dr. C. E. Moss then introduced the recent discoveries in Britain of varieties of certain plants, instancing 3 varieties of Pojjuliis nigra and as many oi Ahius gluiinosa, lianuncid as ficarice- formis. Primula scoticn var., Lyc'mm barbarum confused with X. cliinense, botli of which occur, and the Orchids, Gymnadenia Wahlenhergii and G. densiflora, both figured bv Eeichenbach. Dr. Eendle, Mr. F. N. Williams, Mr. E." G. Baker, and the Genei'al Secretary engaged in the discussion which followed. LIXNEAX SOCIETY OP LONDON'. 69 ABSTEACTS. On a Problem iu AVeismannism. By A. C. F. Morgan, F.L.S. [Read 1st May, 1913.] Discussing the cases in which reproduction is confined practi- cally exclusiveh' to one individual in the hive, that is the so-called " Queen," the author suggested that Natural Selection has opei-ated in the following manner: — " It seems to me that if a queen or real female produced descendants which had a tendency to be sterile, and remain in the hive and feed the queen, this tendenc}^ would be acted on by Natural Selection, because such a queen being highly fed in the hive would probably produce a large nnmber of eggs which would produce descendants inheriting sterility and the same apparent affection for the queen. Some of these might (as they do, without enquiring now into the cause) develop into real females (queens), which, however, would also inherit the same tendency to produce sterile workers. " No doubt the queens born from this mother would " swarm " and be mated by drones (males) of another stock, and this would be a cli»-"!ck on the continuation of the particular characteristic wliich we are considering, but those queens which did produce sterile workers would have the great advantage of breeding in- dividuals which fed and nourished them to an inordinate extent without any trouble to themselves (the queens), whereas those that did not breed this type would have to go out and forage for themselves and would more nearly approacli the wasps, or the solitary bees, and would in consequence lay many less eggs than the pampered queen-bee fed by the workers in the hive. This explains, I think, the cause of so large a number of workers being produced. " I have, therefore, endeavoured to show that it would be a distinct advantage to the parent queen to produce sterile workers who would attend on her and feed her, and an advantage to the race, as she is then able to produce a large number of eggs and the larvoe are well cared for. It must be noted that the loss of power to reproduce seems to be counterbalanced by a considerable amount of intelligence in feeding the queen, constructing cells and feeding the young, but this intelligence may have been much over-rated, as Lord Avebury has pointed out, in some of his experiments with ants and bees. "The mechanical modiiications of the genital organs, as shown by Mr. Frank Chesliire, in the workers rendering the visit of the males impossible, may be explained as a collateral modification in coiuiection with the degeneration of the ovaries. " But whilst I have endeavoured to show that Natural Selection has effected the preservation of a race of sterile or degenerate females, and this is probably being increased through artificial 70 PEOCEEDINGS OE THE selection by apiarists on account of the increased production of honey, yet this degeneration through the sterility of tlie workers has introduced an element of danger to the race, because the power of reproduction is practically confined to one individual, the queen, and should she come to a sudden end the whole hive might become extiuct." Feeding-Tracks of Gasteropoda. By Jaxe LoxGSTAFr, F.L.S. [Read 19tb June, 1913.1 "When at Twitchen, Mortehoe, N. Devon, during the months of August and September last year, I observed curious markings on the glass roof of a cucumber frame which liad been coated with whitening. They were evidently made by some animal and brought to my mind figures of the feeding-tracks of Helix aspersdy Miill,, published by Mr. Taylor in his Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles (vol. i. p. 260, fig. 520, Nov. 1899, and vol. iii. p. 247, fi-gs. 321 & 322, July 1910). The tracks described by him were similarly made on the whitening on greenhouse roofs, the first at Christchurch, Hants, and the others at Berkhamstead, where they were photographed by the Eev. Dr. ]N"orman. Upon comparison I found, however, that though the tracks in our garden greatly resembled these figures they were evidently formed by a different species. As Mr. Taylor considers that each species has a characteristic movement of the head when feeding, it seemed worth while to investigate the matter further. I therefore placed a specimen of H. aspersa on the glass, and found the impression left by it the same as Mr. Taylor's figures. A search amongst some vegetable refuse at the side of the frame brought to view two large examples of Limax maxhnus, Linn. I then put one of these on a pane 1. 2. Helix aspersa. Limax maximus. where the whitening was intact, and the result was the production of the track here exhibited, which is exactly similar to those first noticed. LIIflfEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 7 1 The tracks of these two species, H. aspersa and Limax maximus, agree iu being formed of a series of pointed impressions disposed in curved rows, sometimes mailing a zigzag, wliere the mollusc has advanced more or less regularly and at an even pace ; at other times mixed up, where the mollusc has moved irregularly or has crossed its own track. Each point represents a lick of the radula, and where the animal has not entirely cleared off the whitening, patches are visible, with the aid of a magnifier, covered with very line parallel grooves which are evidently impressions of the in- dividual teeth. The outline of the imprint of the radula is also sometimes seen to be very minutely serrated. Another feature is observable, namely, the existence of short scratches in the whitening in advance of the point, varying from one to three in number. They greatly resemble, iu miniature, the prints of animals' claws in snow. The impressions of Limnx maxwms may be distinguished from those of U. aspersa in being smaller, moi'e sliarply pointed, and in the example exhibited they are more crowded, this however may not be a constant characteristic. The scratches also differ ; I have not observed more than two in Limax maximus, and they are detached from the main impression, whereas in H. aspersa they are united to it and occasionally there are three. The detachment may possibly arise from the radula of the slug not having penetrated so deeply into the whitening as that of the snail ; or the coat of whitening may be thicker or harder. The following observers have recorded feeding-tracks of Gastero- poda. Ebenezer Emmons in 1846 ('Agriculture of New York,' vol. i. p. 68, pi. xiv. fig. I) described and figured some tracks on fine green slate which he at first mistook for fossils. Prof. E. B. Poultou in 1885 published an account (' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 176) of snails eating the whitening upon a greenhouse roof. He did not see the animal at work, but thought it was almost certainly Helix aspersa. Mr. Woodworth in 1893 (' Science,' vol. xxi. p. 157) described some tracks of snails, of which he did not give the name, on carboniferous rock. Herr Eathay in 1898 (' Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten,' B. viii. pp. 129-133) figured and described tracks made by Helix hortensis when feeding on Pleurococcus vulgaris growing on the bark of trees. The most detailed account, however, is that of Mr. B. B. Wood- ward, in 1906 (Proc. Malac. Soc. March, p. 31, figs. 1 & 2), of impressions made by an unnamed slug upon an overexposed photographic print. The mollusc had eaten quite through the gelatine, exposing the white paper, which retained not only the coarser markings, but also the tine striae made by the individual teeth similar to those referred to above. The figures of the tracks of this slug much more nearly resemble the tracks of L. maxhmis then of H. aspersa. I have not, however, seen any notice of the fine scratches. Prof. Poulton suggested that snails eat the whitening on account of carbonate of lime being requisite for diff^erent parts of their 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LI]S*>'EAN SOCIETY. sti'ucture. Our gardener informs me that cats and dogs lick whitening off glass, apparently hking the paste employed in the mixtures ; it is possible, therefore, tliat gasteropods may have a similar partiality. Moreover, the physiological need for carbonate of lime cannot be very great in the case of a slug. [The panes of glass bearing the tracks have been placed in the Oxford University Museum.] ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO THE LI 13 II A RY. 1912-1913. Acton (Elizabeth). BotrifJina vuhjaris Brebisson, a primitive Lichen. Pp. 7 ; with 1 plate and ^ text-figs. (Arm. Bot. xxiii.) 8vo. Oa-ford, 1909. Author. Albert, Honore Charles (Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Caiupagnes Seientiiiques accomplies sur ses Yachts [I'Hirondelle et la Priiicesse-AhceJ. Publies sous sa Direction avec le con- cours de M. Jules Iiichaiid. Pascicules 1—11, 43. 4to. il7o;wco, 1889-1912. XXXV. Poissons proTenant des canipagnes clii Yacht Prineesse- Alice (1901-1010). Par Eric Zugjiayer. Pp. 174; avec 6 planches. 1911. XXXV'I. Gephyriens (Sipmiculides et Ecliiiu-ides) provenant des Canipagnes de la Pi-inc6sse-Alice (1898-1910). Par G. P. Sluiter. Pp. 36 ; avec 1 planche. 1912. XXXVII. Molliisques provenant des Campagnes de I'Hirondelle et de ]a Priucesse-Alice dans les Mers du JS'ord. Par Pn. D.vuTZENBERG ct H. FiscnER. Pp. 627 ; avec 11 planches. 1912. XXXVIII. Copepodes parasites des Poissons et des Ecliinides provenant des Canipagnes Scientifiqiies de S.A.S. le Prince Albert 1''^' de Monacu (1886-1910). Par Alexandre Brian. Pp. .^8 ;. avec 12 planches. 1912. XXXIX. Pyrosonies et Apiiendiculaires jjrovenant des Canipagnes de ■ rHirondelle et de la Prineesse- Alice (1885-1910). Pp. 38 ; avec 2 planches et 1 carte. 1912. XL. Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les auspices de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco par la Mission Isachsen. Premiere Partie. Par Gunnar IsiciiSEN. Pp. 112 ; avec 2.T planches et 3 cartes. 1912. XLI. Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les auspices de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco par la Mission Isachsen. Deuxieme Partie. Par Gunnar Isachsen et Adolf HoEL. Pp.95; avec 25 planches. 1913. XLIII. Exploi-ation du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les auspices de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco par la Mission Isachsen. Quatrieme Partie. Par Jakob Sciietelio. Pp.32; avec 2 planches. 1912. XLIV. Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les auspices de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco par la Mission Isachsen. Cinquieme Partie. Par Hanna Resvoll Holmsen. Pp.80; avec 9 planches. 1913. 74 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Andrews (Charles William). See British Museum (IS'at. Hist.). A descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Eeptiles of the Oxford Clay. Part II. Pp. xxiv, 206 ; with 12 plates and 73 text- figures. 4to. 1913. Arber (Agnes). Herbals, their Origin and Evolution : a Chapter in the History of Botany, 1470-1670. Pp. xviii, 253 ; with 21 plates and 113 text-figs. 8vo. Camhridge, 1912. Author. Ascherson (Paul). See Muscbler (Reno). A Manual Flora of Egypt. 8vo. 1912. Ashworth (J. H.). See British Museum (Xat. Hist.). Vermes. Catalogue of the Chaetopoda in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). A. Polychseta : Part I. — Arenicolidae. Pp. xii, 175; witfi 15 plates and 68 text-figures. 8vo. 1912. Atlas der Baumarten von Java. See S. H. Koorders und Th. Valeton. 4to. 1913. Austen (Ernest E.). See British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Economic Series. The House-fly af; a Danger to Health: its Life-history and how to deal Avith it. Pp. 11 ; with 7 text-figs. 8vo. 19K^. Bailey (Frederick Manson). Comprehensi\ e Catalogue of Queens- land Plants, both indigenous and naturalised [being a second Edition of the " Catalogue of the indigenous and naturalised Plants of Queensland"']. Pp. 879 { with 16 plates and 976 figs, in the text. Svo. Brisbane [1909-13]. Author. Baker (Richard Thomas) and Smith (Henry George). A Eesea rch on the Eucalypts of Tasmania and their Essential Oils. Pp. 71 ; plates 4. (Papers & Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, 1912.) Svo. Hohart, 1913. Authors. Bastian (Henry Charles). The Origin of Life : being an Account of Experiments Math certain superheated Saline Solutions in hermetically sealed vessels. Second Edition. Pp. 98 ; with 12 plates. Svo. London, 1913. Author. Benington (R. Crewdson). An Introduction to the Study of Craniometry, pointing out its Value in demonstrating the Origin and Evolution of the various Races of Men. Lecture delivered before the Hastings and St. Leonards Nat. Hist. Society, May 7th, 1907. Pp. 14. Svo. Hastings, 1907. Thos. Parkin. Berlin. Das Tierreich, Begriindet von der Deutschen Zoologischen Geselischaft. Im Auftrage der Konigl. Preuss. Akademie der AVissenschaften zu Berlin, herausgegeben von Eranz EiLHATiD ScHULZE. Liefg. 34-38. Svo. Berlin, 1912-1913. Liefg. 34, Lepidoptera. Ehopalocera. Amatbusiidae. Von Hans Sticiiel. Pp. XV, 248, niit 42 Abbildungen. 1912. ,, 35. Platybelmintbes. Tnrbellaria. II. Ebabdocoelida. Von LtTDWiG VON Graff. Pp. xx, 484 ; mit 394 Abbildungen. 1913. 1 - - S „ 36. MoUiisca. Pteropoda. Von Johan Jacob Tesch. Pp. xvi, 154 ; mit 108 Abbildungen. 1913. LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 75 Liefg. 37. Amphibia. Gymnophiona(Ampliibia apoda). Von Friedrich KiEDEN. Pp. ix, 30 ; mit 20 Abbilduugen. 1913. „ 38. Mollusca. Solenogastres. Von Johannes Thiele. Pp. x, 57 ; mit 28 Abbildungen. 1913. Bibliotheca Botanica {continued). Heft 78-81. 4to. Stuttgart, 1913. Heft 78. Petrak (Fr.vxz). Die Fomnenkreis des Cirsium eriopJwrum (L.), Scop, in Eiu-opa. Pp. 92 ; mit 35 Textabbildungen, 1() Tafeln, und 1 Verbreitungskarte. 1912. „ 79. Mylids (Georg)- Das Polyderm. Fine vergleichende Unter- siichung Liber die pliysiologiscben Scheiden. Polydcnri, Periderm, und Endoderiuis. Pp. 119; mit 4 Tafeln. 1913. ,, 80. Fleischer (Max). Seltene sowie einige neue indiscbe Archi- pelmoose nebst CaIymp€ro2}sis, gen. nov. Pp. 11; mit 7 Tafeln. 1913. ,, 81. Gerreshelm (Ekuard). Ueber den anatomiachen Bau und die daiuit zusammenliangende Wirkuiigswei.se der Wasser- bahnen in Fiederbliittern der Dieotyledonen. Pp. 67 ; mit 7 Tafeln. 1913. Blanford (William Thomas). The Tauna of British India, in- chiding Ceylon and Burma .... Edited by A¥. T. Bla>"ford (and Lieut.-Col. C. T. Binghajii and Akthur E. Shipley), 8vo. London, 188«-1912. Diptera Neraatocera (excluding Chirononiidte and Culicidaj). By Enrico Brunetti. Pp. xxviii, 581 ; with 12 plates and 44 figs, in the text. 1912. Hymenoptera. — Vol. III. Icbneunionidaj : — I. By Claude Morley. Pp. xxxvi, 531 ; with 1 plate and 152 text- figs. 1913. Borgesen (Frederik C. E.). The Marine Algse of the Danish West Indies. Part I. Chlorophyceae. Pp. 158 ; with a chart and 126 illustr. in the text. (Dansk Bot. Arkiv. i. Heft 4.) 8vo. Copenliarien, 1913. Author. Bose (J. C). An Automatic Method for the Investigation of A''elocitv of Transmission of Excitation in Mimosa. Pp. 34 ; 25 text-figures. (Phil. Trans, ser. B, vol. 204, pp. 63-97.) 4to. London, 1913. Boulger (George Simonds). Plant Geography. Pp. viii, 136 ; with 16 iUustrations. 8vo. London, 1912. Botany : Chapters on the Study of Plants. Pp. viii, 120 ; with 22 illustrations. 8vo. Halifax [1912]. Author. BouUet (Eugene) and Cerf (F. le). Catalogue de la Collection de Lepidopteres du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. I. Papilionidae. Pp. iv, 47. 8vo. Paris, 1912^ Bournemouth. Bournemouth Natural Science Society. Proceedings. Vol. IV. 8vo, Bournemouth, 1913. R. V. Sherring. Brand (August). See Engler (H. Or. A.). Das Pflanzenreich. Heft 59. Hydrophyllace*. 8vo. 1913. 76 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE British Association for the Advancement of Science. Eeport (Portsmouth), 1911. 8vo. London, 1912. Eeport (Dundee), 1912. 8vo. London, 1913. British Museum (continued). The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. Vol. II. — Appendix. General History of the Department of Zoology from 1856- 1895. By Dr. Albert Gtjnthee. Pp. ix, 1U9. 8vo. London, 1912. Mammals. Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe (Europe ex- clusive of Eussia) in the Collection of the British Museum. By Gerbit S. Millee. Pp. xv, 1019 ; with 213 text- ligures. 8vo. London, 1912. Catalomie of the Heads and Horns of Indian Big Game, bequeathed by A. O. Hume, C.B., to the British Museum (Natural History). By E. Lydekkek. Pp. xvi, 45; with 16 text-figures and Portrait. 8vo. London, 1913. Birds. Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. V. Carinatse (Passeri- formes completed). By W. E. Ogilvie-Graxt. Pp. xxiii, 547 ; with 22 col. plates. 8\o. London, 1912. Insects. Hijmenojiterous Lnsects. A Eevision of the Ichnoumonidse, based on the Collection in the British Museum (Natural History). With Descriptions of New Genera and Species. — Part II. Tribes Ehyssides, Echthromorphides, Anomalides, and Paniscides. By Claude MoRLET. Pp. viii, 140 : with 1 plate. 8vo. London, 1913. Lepidopterous Insects. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense. Yol. XII. Catalogue of the Noctuidse in the Collection of the British Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. Pp. xiii, 626 ; with 134 text-figures. 8vo. London, 1913. Vermes. Catalogue of the Chsetopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). A. Polychasta : Part I. — Arenicolidse. By J. H. Ashworth. Pp. xii, 175 ; with 15 plates and 68 text- figures. Eoy. 8vo. London, 1912. LIlfJSEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 77 Fossils. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine ReptiJes oi" the Oxford Clay. By Charles William Andrews. Part II. Pp. xxiv, 206 ; with 12 plates and 73 text-figures. 4to. London, 1913. Economic Series. I. The House-fly as a Danger to Health : its Life-history and how to deal with it. By Ernest E. Austen. Pp. 11 ; with 7 text-figures. 8vo. London, 1913. Guide-Books. Guide to the Specimens illustrating the Kaces of Mankind ( Antliropology). Second Edition. By R. Ltdekker. Pp. 35; iUustrated by 16 figures. 8vo. London, 1912. Guide to the Domesticated Animals (other than Horses). Second Edition. By R. LtdeivKeb. Pp. vi, 56 ; ilhistrated by 25 figures. 8vo. London, 1912. Britton (Nathaniel Lord). North-American Trees, being de- scriptions of the Trees growing independently of Cultivation in North America, North of Mexico, and the West Indies. With the Assistance of John Adolph Shafer. Pp. x, 894; with 781 illustr. 4to. London, 1908. Brockmann-Jerosch (Henryk) and Elibel (Eduard). Die Einteilung der Pflanzengesellschaften nach okologisch-physio- gnomischen Gesichtspunkten. Pp. vi, 72; mit 1 textfiguren. 8vo. Leipzig, 1912. Brunetti (Enrico). See Blanford (W. T.). The Fauna of British India, inckiding Ceylon and Burma. Diptera Nematocera (excluding Chironomidse and Culicidae). 8vo. 1912. Buchegger (Josef). Beitrag zur Systematik von Genista Hasser- tiana, O. holopetala, und G. vadiata. Pp. 32; mit 11 text- figuren und 1 Vex'breitungskarte. (Oester. hot. Zeitschr., Jahrg. 62, 1912.) 8vo. Wien, 1912. Author. Calonne (Charles Alexander de). Museum Calonnianum. Speci- fication of the various articles .... consisting of .... subjects in Eutomology, Conchology, Ornithology, Mineralogy, &C. [By George Humphreys.] Part I. Pp. viii, 84. [Sale Catalogue.] 4to. London, 1797. Cerf (F. le). See Boullet (Eugene). Catalogue de la Collection de Lepidopteres du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. I. Papilionidse. 8vo. Paris, 1912-> Chapman (Frederick). Note on the Occurrence of some Sepias new or little known to the Victorian Coast. Pp. 3 ; with 1 plate. (Field Nat. Club Victoria, xxix.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Chapman (Frederick). What are Type specimens ? How should they be named ? Pp. 6. (Field Nat. Club Victoria, xxix.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Eeport on a Collection of Lower Ordovician Fossils. Pp. 4 ; with 2 plates. (Eec, Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Eeports on Ordovician Fossils. Pp. 2. (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Silurian and Devonian Fossils from the Mitta Mitta District. Pp. 3 ; with -4 plates. (Rec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Reports on Fossils (Middle Devonian of the Euchan District). — Pp. 6; with 4 plates. (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Note on the Correlation of Tasmanian and Victorian Jurassic Strata. Preliminary Note on the fossiliferous rocks of Limestone Creek, North-East Victoria. Pp. 2, (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Newer Silurian Fossils of Eastern A'^ictoria. Part 11. Pp. 10 ; with 2 plates. (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) Svo. Melbourne, 1912. Eeport on Jurassic and Carboniferous Fish Eemains. Pp. 3 ; with 1 plate. (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) Svo. Melbourne, 1912. On the Occurrence of Scaldicetus in Victoria. Pp. 3 ; with 1 plate. (Eec. Geol. Surv. Victoria, iii. part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1912. Author. Christensen (Carl). A Monograph of the Genus Dryopteris. Part I. The Tropical American Pinnatifid-bipinnatifid Species. Pp. 230 ; with 46 text-figs. (Kgl. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, 7 Effikke, Nat. x. n. 2.) 4to. Kobenliavn, 1913. Christ-Socin (Hermann). Die illustrierte spanische Flora des Cakl Clusius vom Jahre 1576. Pp. 23. (Oester. hot. Zeitschr,, Jahrg. (52.) 8vo. Wien, 1912. Author. Chun (Carl). Festschrift C. Chtjn zum 60. Geburtstage, 1. Oktober, 1912, gewidmet. (Zoologica, xxvi. Heft 67".) 4to. 1913. Clinton-Baker (H.). Illustrations of Conifers. Vols. 1-3. 4to. Hertford, 1909-13. Cogniaux (Alfred). La botanique en Belgique pendant le dernier demi-siecle 1862-1912. Pp.46. (Bull. Soc. Eoy. Bot. Belg. 2 Ser. i. Jubulaire vol.) 4to. BruxeUes, 1912. Author. Coutinho (Antonio Xavier Pereira). A Flora de Portugal (Plantes Vasculares). Pp. 769. 8vo. Lisboa, Jfc, 1913. Dahl (Maria). See Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. Band ii. Lief. 1. Die Copepoden der Plankton-Expedition. 1. Die Corycaeinen, Mit Beriicksichtigung aller hekaunten Arten. Pp"! iv, 134 ; mit 16 Tafelu. 4to. 1912. lixnea:^ society of londou. 79 Danish (The) Ingolf-Expedition (continued). Vol. iii. part 3. 4to. Copenliagen, 1913. Druce (George Claridge). Linnaeus, "Flora Auglifa." Pp. S. (Eeprinted from Scottish Eot, Eeview, July 1912.) 8vo. Edinbtirrfh, 1912. Northamptonshire Botauologia. JoHX Clare. Pp. 32 ; with 2 plates. (Journ. Xorthampt. Nat. Hist. ISol'. xxvi.) 8vo. Northampton, 1912. Author. See Gregory {Mrs. E. S.). British Violets, Svo. 1912. Dublin. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Fisheries Branch. Scientific Investigations, 1912, Nos. 1, 2, & 3. Svo. Dublin, 1913. Author. Edinburgh. Royal Botanic Garden. Notes, nos. 32-36. Svo. Edinhurrjh, 1912-1913. List of Seeds collected in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, during the Year 1912. Svo. Edinhurgh, 1912. I. Bayley Balfour. Elgee (Frank). The Moorlands of North-Easteru Yorkshire: their Natural History and Origin. Pp. xvi, 361 ; with 71 illustrations and 3 maps. Svo. London, 1912. Author. Elliot (Daniel Giraud). A Review of the Primates. (American Museum of Natural History. Monographs.) 3 vols. 4to. New Yorl', 1912-1913. Vol. I. Lemuroidea — Anthropoidea. Pp. cxxvi, 317, Index xxxviii. II. Anthropoidea (continued). Pp. xviii, 382, Index xxvi. III. Anthropoidea (conchided). Pp. xiv, 262, Index clxviii. Elwes (Henry John) and Henry (Augustine). The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Vols. 7. 4to. Edinburgh, 1906-1913. H. J. Elwes. I. Pp. xvi, 200 ; plates 1-60. 1906. II. „ Yi, 201-450 ; plates 58 a, 61-126 ; plate 27 of vol. I. 1907. III. „ Ti, 451-711 ; plates 120, 127-207. 1908. IV. ,, viii, 713-1000; plates 208-270. 1909. V. „ viii, 1001-1333; plates 271-339. 1910. VI. „ Ti, 1335-1651; plates 340-371. 1912. VII. „ viii, 1653-1933 1 , , o-.-, ,,o ^nio ,: xxi;, 1935-2022 1p^''^^''3'--^1-- '^^^• Engler (Heinrich Gustav Adolf). Das Pflanzenreich. Regni Vegetabilis conspectus .... Herausgegeben von A. Engler. Heft 56-59. Svo. Leipzig, 1912-1913. Heft 58. IvRANZLEiN (Fritz). Cannaceoe. Pj). 77 ; mit 80 Einzel- bildern in 16 Figuren. 1912. ,, 57. Pax (Ferdinand). EuphorbiaceiB — Acalyphese — Chrozo- phorinas, uuter MitwirkungTonlvAXiiE Hoff.mann. Pp. 142; mit 116 Einzelbildern in 25 Figuren. 1912. „ 58. G-Ri:NiNG (&.). Euphorbiacea; — Porantheroideis et Eicino- cai'poidete (Euphorbiacere — Stenolobea;). Pp. 97; niit 89 Einzelbildern in 16 Figuren. 1913. „ 59. Brand (A.). Hydrophyllacese. Pp. 210; mit 178 Einzel- bildern in 39 Figuren. 1913. 8o PBOCEEDLNGS OF THE Evans (Arthur Humble). See Fryer (Alfred). The Potanio- getons (Pond Weeds) of the British Isles. 4to. Field (Henry, the late). Memoirs of the Botanic Gai'den at Chelsea belonging to the JSociety of Apotliecaries of London. 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Copepoda Cyclopoida. Pts. I. & II. Oithonidag, Cyclopinidae, Cyclopidse (part). E.oy. 8vo, Bergen, 1913. Scherdlin (Paul). Ueber die Abnahme der verwilderten Tauben am Strassburger Miinster. Pp. 92. 8vo. Colmar, 1913. Author. Scherren (Henry). The Zoological Society of Loudon : a Sketch of its Foundation and Development and the Story of its Farm, Museum, Gardens, Menagerie, and Library. Pp. xii, 252 ; with 02 plates. 8vo. London, 1905. Schetelig (Jakoh). Exploration du Nord-Ouest du Spitsberg. 4e partie. See Albert, fasc. 43. 4to. 1912. Schweinfurth (Georg). See Muschler (Reno). A Manual Flora of Egypt. 2 vols. 8vo. 1912. Sclater (Philip Lutley). Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Fiftieth Edition. Svo. London, 1896. W. Whitaker. Scott (Andrew). See Scott (Thomas). The British Parasitic Copepoda. Vols. I., II. (Ray Soc.) 8vo. London, 1913. Scott (Thomas) and Scott (Andrew). The British Parasitic Copepoda. Vols. I., II. I. Copepoda Parasitic on Fishes. Pp. ix, 256 ; with plates A, B ; plates 72. 8vo. London, 1913. Semple (Rohert Hunter). See Field (Henry). Memoirs of the Botanic Gardens at Chelsea belonging to the Society of Apothe- caries of Loudon. Svo. 1878. Shafer (John Adolph). See Britton (Nathaniel Lord). North American Trees. 4to. 1908. .Sherring (Richard Vowell). Spartlna Townsendi, H. & J. Groves. Intermediate Cord Grass. P. 1 ; with 2 plates. .(Proc. Bournemouth Nat. Sci. Soc. iv.) Svo. Bournemouth, 1910. Author. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. 62-G9. 4to. Leiden, 1912-13.. Dr. Max Weber. Smith (Edward). The Life of Sir Joseph Banks. Pp. xvi, 348 ; with a photogravure and 16 other illustrations. 8vo. London, 1911. Dr. B. Daydon Jackson. Smith (Henry George). >See Baker (Richard Thomas). A Research on theEucalypts of Tasmania and their essential oils. Smith (Sir James Edward). The English Flora. 4 vols. 2nd ed. 8vo. London, 1828-1830. South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies (continued). The South Eastern Naturalist; being the Transactions of the South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies for 1913. 8vo. London, 1913. H. Norman Gray. Stapf (Otto). The rapid spread of the Eice or Cord Grass (Spartina). and its value as a land builder on the Hampshire and Dorset coasts. Lecture given at the Bournemoutli Nat. Sci. Society, Saturday, Eebruary 1st, 1913. (Bournemouth Guardian : cutting.) ■ 1913. Stichel (Hans). See Berlin. Das Tierreich. Liefg. 34. Lepi- doptera Khopalocera. Amathusiidte. 8vo. 1912. Swainson (William). A Treatise on Malacology ; or the Natural Classification of Shells and Shell Eisb. Pp.viii,419 ; figs. 130.. 8vo. London [1830]. 31iss Mary Rathbone. The Elements of modern Conchology ; with definitions of all the Tribes, Eamilies, and Genera, Eecent and Eossil. Pp. viii, 62. 8vo. London, 1835. Tansley (Arthur George). Types of British Vegetation, by Members of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation. Edited by A. G. Tansley. Pp. xx, 416 ; with 36 plates and 21 figures in the text. 8vo. Camhridf/e, 1911. Tesch ( Johan Jacob). See Berlin. Das Tierreich. Liefg. 36. MoUusca : Pteropoda. 8vo. 1913. Thiele (Johannes). See Berlin. Das Tierreich Liefg, 38. Mollusca : Solenogastres. Pp. x, 57 ; mit 28 Abbildungen. 8vo. 1913. Thoday (formerhj Sykes) (Mary Gladys). The Anatomy and Morphology of the Inflorescences and Elowers of E2^hedra.. Pp. 33 ; with 1 plate and 21 text-figs. (Ann. Bot. xxvi.) 8vo. 0,vford, 1912. Author. Thompson (Herbert). See Field Club (Birmingham). 8vo. 1909-10. Timirjazew (Kliment Arkadijewitsch) and others. In Memory of Charles Daeavin (in Eussian). Pp. 220 ; with 4 plates. 8vo. MosGoiv, 1910. Sir William T. Thiselton-Dyer. Tobler (Friedrich). Die Gattung Hedera. Studien iiber Gestalt und Leben des Efeus, seine Arten und Geschichte. Pp. iv, 151 ; mit 57 Abbildungen. 8vo. Jena, 1912. LIX>'EAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 09 Truffaut (Georges). Les Enuemis des Plantes Cultives. Maladies- Insectes. PremitTe Editiou. Pp. o65 ; avec illustrations. Svo. Paris, 1912. Turner (Frederick). Mexican or Prickly Poppy. A noxious AVeed. (Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, Sept. 14, 1912.) Cape Spinach. An Obnoxious Plant. (Sydney Morning Herald, Stanrday, December 7, 1912, p. 27.) Australia's Greatest Crop. (Daily Telegraph, Sydney, Thursday, March 20, 1913.) Horse Xettle, or Sand Briar. A proclaimed Weed Pest. (Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, June 1-1, 1913. p. 20.) Sydney, 1913. Author. United States Geological Survey {continued). Monographs. Vol. 51. 2 Parts. 4to. WasJiinyton, 1912. Vol, 51. Cambrian Brachiopoda. Bv Charles D. Walcott. 1912. I. Pp. 872. II. Pp. 363; plates 104. Valeton (Theodoiic). See Koorders (S. H.). Atlas der Baura- arten von Java. 4to. 1913. Vejdovsky (Franz). Zum Problem der Yererbungstrjiger. Pp. iv, 184 ; mit 12 Tafeln uud 16 Textfiguren. fol. Pray, 1911-12. Author. Voeltzkow (Alfred). Eeise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903- 1905. Vol. III. Heft 3. 4to. Stuttyart, 1913. Wacker (Hermann). Physiologische und morphologische L'nter- suchungen iiber das Yerbluhen. Inaugural - Dissertation. Pp. 57 ; with 3 plates and 5 illustrations im Text. (Pringsh. Jahrb. wiss. Bot. Bd. 49.) Svo. Leipzig, 1911. "Wager (Harold W. T.). On the Effect of Gravity upon the Movements and Aggregation of EuyJena viridis, Ebrenb., and other Micro-Organisins. Pp. 5S ; with 5 plates and 3 text-tigs. (Phil. Trans. B. vol. 201.) 4to. London, 1911. Author.. "Wailes (George Herhert). See Murray (James). Xotes on the Natural History of Bolivia and Peru. Eeport on the Ehizo- poda, pp. 31. 4to. Edinhuryh, 1913. "Walcott (Charles D.). Cambrian Brachiopoda. 2 Parts. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Monog. 51, Parts 1, 2.) 4to. Washinyton, 1912. I. Pp. 872. II. Pp. 3G3 ; with 104 plates. Warming (Johannes Eugenius Billow). Dansk Plantevgekat. Andet Halvbind. Svo. KohenJiavn oy Kristiania, 1909. Author. "Watson Botanical Exchange Club. Annual Eeport, 2Sth. Svo. Cumhridye, 1913. G. Goods. "Weber (Max). See Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. 65. Die Pisclie der Siboga-Expedition. 4to. 1913. "Wood (John Medley). Addendum to revised List of the Flora of Natal. Pp. 14. (Trans. Eoy. Soc. S. Africa, iii. part 1.) Svo. Cuj->e Town, 1913. Author. -90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Yapp (Richard. Henry). SpircHci Ulmaria, L., and its Bearing on the Problem of Xeromorphy in Marsh Plants. Pp. 56 ; with 3 plates and 11 text-figs. (Ann. Bot.- xxvi.) 8vo. 0.vford, 1912. Author. Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. The Natnralist : a monthly illustrated Journal of Natural History for the North of England, for 1910. 8vo. London, 1910. Dr. B. Daydon Jackson. Zoologica (continued). Baud XXVI. Heft 67". Festschrift C.^rl Chun zum 60. Geburtstage, 1. Oktober 1912, gewidmet. Pp. 212-550; mit 9 Tafeln, 6 Karten und 103 Textfiguren. 1913. Zoological Record. Vol. 48 (1911). 8vo. London, 1913. LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDOIS^. 9X BENEFACTIONS. List in accordance with Bi/e-Laws, Chap. XVII, Sect. 1, of all Donations of the amount or value of Twenty-five pounds and upwards. 1790. The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt. Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates of the first volume of Transactions, 20 in number. The same: Medallion of C. von Linne, by C. E. Inlander. 1796. The same : a large collection of books. 1800. Subscription towards the Charter, .£295 4*. 6d. Claudius Ste^jhen Hunter, Esq., E.L.S. (Gratuitous professional services in securing the Charter). 1802. Dr. Richard Pultenej. His collections, and £200 Stock. Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. Portrait of Henry Seymer. 1804. The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt. His collection of Insects. 1807. Eichard Anthony Salisbury, Esq. Portrait of Daniel Solander, by J. Zoffany. 1811. The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bt. His collection of Shells. Mrs. Pulteney. Portrait of Dr. E. Pulteney, by S. Beach. 1814. Joseph Sabine, Esq. Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Eoslin, reversed. Dr. John Sims. Portrait of Dr. Trew. 1818. Subscription of .£215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collection. 1819. The Medical Society of Stockholm. A medallion of Linnaeus in alabaster. 92 PROCEEDINGS OP THE 1822. Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, Bfc., by Sir F. Chantrey, R.x\. Subscription of the Fellows. 1825. The late Natural History Society. =£190, 3i Stock. Bust of Sir James Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey,, R.A., by Subscribers. 1829- Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian. Collections, £1593 8*. 1830. Sir Thomas Grey Cullum, Bt. o£100 Bond given up. 1832. The Honourable East India Company. East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection). 1833. Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,. £315 146-. 1835. Subscription portrait of Eobert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, R.A. 1836. Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis. Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. U, Eddis. 1837. Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.E.A. 1838. Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel .John Winch. Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel "VVallich, by John Lucas, presented by Mrs. Smith, of Hull. 1839. Subscription portrait of William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter. 1842. David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits. Archibald Menzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy duty. Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. U. Eddis, presented by Mr. Bicheno. 1843. Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s. Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. Gani- bardella. LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOJf. 93 1845. INIicroscope presented bj Subscribers. 1846. Joseph Janson: ^100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets. 1847. [Bequest of .£200 in trust, by Edward K-udge ; declined for reasons set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.] 1849. Portrait of Sir J. Banks. Bt., bv T. Phillips, E.A.. presented by Capt. Sir E. Home, Bt., E.X. 1850. Subscription portrait of the Rt. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D., Bishop of Xor\Aich, by J. H. Maguire. 1853. Portrait of Carl von Linne, after A. Eoslin, by L. Pasch, pre- sented by Eobert Brown. Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Eussell, presented by Eobert Brown. 1854. Professor Thomas Bell, =£105. 1857. Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgil], E.A. Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of fruits and seeds. Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in 19 A'olumes. 1858. Subscription portrait of Xathauiel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P. Knight. Eichard Horsman Solly, =£90 after payment of Legacy Duty. Subscription for removal to Burlington House, =£1108 15s. Biography of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop C. F. Mennander, presented by Miss Wray. Dr. Horsfield's Javan plauts, presented by the Court of Directors of the Hon. East India Company. Dr. Ferdinand vod jNlueller's Australian and Tasmanian plants, including mauv tvpes. 1859. Books from the library of Eobert Brown, presented by J. J. Bennett, Seo.L.S. Eobert Brown : bequeet of two bonds given up, £200. 1861. Subscription bust of Eobert Brown, by Peter Slater. "Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Salmon, F.L.S. 94 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 1862. The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Pi'of. T. Sell, by P. Slater. 1863. Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis. 1864. Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, =£40 less Duty. 1865. Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, <£100. George Bentham, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legumi- nosse," Trans, vol. sxv. 1866. Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertum Angolense,' ^130. 1867. George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv. Royal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady on British Ostracoda, £80. 1869. Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses- sion of Carl von Linne. 1874. Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson. George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, £50. 1875. Legacy from James Tates, £50 free of Duty. „ „ Daniel Hanbury, £iOO less Duty. 1876. Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Janson, £200. „ ,, ,, Charles Lambert, £500. George Bentham, Esq. ; General Index to Transactions, vole, xxvi.-xxx. 1878. Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by J. Linnell. Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, by James Peel. ' 1879. Eev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to illustrations, £35. 1880. The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up Dr. Aitcbison's paper, £36. lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 95 1881. George Benthatn, Esq., special donation, =£25. The same : towards Richard Kippist's pension, £50. Portrait of Dr. St. George Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon; presented by Mrs. Mivart. 1882. Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books. Subscription portrait of Charles Eobert Darwin, by Hon. John Collier. The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Flora of the Kurrum. Valley, £60. 1883. Sir John Lubbock, Bt, (afterwards Lord Avebury). Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallmaa. Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper, £25. Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, £50. Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Lione to G. D. Ehret. 1885. Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2d. Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian Busk. 1886. A large selection of books from the library of the late Dr. Spencer Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined). Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and portrait of Eev. William Kirby. 1887. "William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of publication, £50. | Francis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25. j 1888. The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid of publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation Expedition, £150. Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25. Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for publication in Journal, £135. Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60. Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25. Sir Joseph Hooker : (1) Series of medals formerly in possession of George Bentham; (2) Gold watch, key, and two seals belongino; to Eobert Brown. gS PEOCBEDINGS OF THE 1889. Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linne, by J. F. Kjellberg ; presented by Franlt Crisp, Esq, 1890. The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation Expedition report, ^£200. Oak table for Meeting Room, presented by Erauk Crisp, Esq. Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by Hubert Herkomer, E.A. Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a lai'ge selection of books. An anonymous donor, .£30. Colonel Sir Henry Collett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his Shan States collect-ions, ,£.50. 1891. Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury] by Leslie Ward. George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar paper, £60. 1892. Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior : for projection lantern, ^£50. 1893. The Executors of Lord Arthur Russell : his collection of portraits of natui'alists. Electric light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1894. Algernon Peckover, Esq. : Legacy, .£100 free of Duty. Miss Emma Swan: " Westwood Fund," £250. 1896. Clock and supports in Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq. 1897. AVilliam Carruthers, Esq.: Collection of eugi'avings and photo- graphs of portraits of Cai'l von Linne. Royal Societv : Grant towards publication of paper by the late John Ball, £60. Subscription portrait of Professor George James Allman, by Marian Busk. 1898. Sir John Lubbock, Bt. : Contribution to^^'ards his paper on Stipules, £43 Us. 9d. Royal Society : Contribution towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50, „ „ „ ,, 3Iurray& Blackmail's paper, £80.' „ „ ,, ,, Elliot Smith's paper, £50. „ ,, ,, Forsyth Major's paper, £50. LIT!rNEA.K SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 97 1899. A. C. HarmsworMi, Esq. [Lord NorthclifPe] : Contribution towards cost of plates, ,£43. Hoj'al Society : Contribution towards Mr. K. T. Giinther's paper ou Lake Urmi, £50. 1901. Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon, Walter Eothschild, and the Benthaiu Trustees : The Correspondence of William Swaiuson. Koyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. E. Chapman's jjaper on Funafuti Foraminifera, £50. Prof. E. liay Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s. Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart, presented by Mrs. Mivart. 1903. Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £'50. Legacy from the late Dr. 11. C. A. Prior, £:iOO free of duty. Mi's. Sladen : Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy Shi den. by H. T. Wells, E A. B. Arthur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £4-1. 1904. Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora, £120. Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq. (afterwards Sir Frank Crisp). 1905. Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan Planktou.' £50. Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for colouring plates of his paper, £26. 1906. Eoyal Society : Second grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,' £50. Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, by Hon. Jolin Collier. Eoj'al Swedish A'/ademy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von Linne, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Eoshn, both by Jean Haagen. 1907. Eoval University of Uppsala : Copy by .Jean Haagen of portrait of ' C. V. Linne, by ,T. H. Scheffel (1739). Eoval Society : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,' ' X50. The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First grant towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Eesearches in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200. 1908. Prof. Gustaf Eefzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne, modelled by Walther Euneberg from the portrait by Scheffel LIXN. SOC. PROCEEDI>'OS.— SESSION 1912-1913. h gS PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINXEAIS" SOCIETY. (1739) at Linues Hammurby : the bronze original designed for the facade of the new building for the Royal Academy of Science, Stockholm. Miss Sarah Marianne Silver, F.L.S. : Cabinet formerly belonging to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S. 1909. The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second grant towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches in the Indian Ocean in H.M.8. ' Sealark,' c£!200. Prof. James Wilham Heleuus Trail, F.R.S., P.L.S. : Gift of ^100 in Trust, to encourage Research on the Nature of Proto- plasm. 1910. Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. G. H. Fowler's paper on Biscayan Ostracoda, =£50. Sir Joseph Hooker : Gold watch-chain worn by Robert Brown, and seal with portrait of Carl von Linne by Tassie. Prof. J. S. Gardiner : Payment in aid of illustrations, .£35 Os. 6d. Sir Frank Crisp : Donation in Trust for Microscopical Research, £200. Tlie Trustees of the Percy Slnden Memorial Fund : Third grant towards publication of Prof. Stanley Gardiner's Researches in the Indian Ocean, £200. (For third volume.) 1911. The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second Donation towards the publication of the third volume on the Indian Ocean Researches, >£70. The same : First Donation towards the fourth volume, £130. 1912. The Indian Government : Contribution towards the illustration of Mr. E. P. Stebbing's paper on Himalayan Chermes, £46 15s. 2d. The late Mr. Francis Tagart, £500 free of Legacy Duty. The late Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G^C.S.I., £100 free of Legacy Duty. The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second Donation towards the publication of the fourth volume on the Indian Ocean Researches, £140. The same : First Donation towards the fifth volume, £60. 1913. Royal Society : Grant towards Dr. R. R. Gates's paper on " Mutating Oenotheras, £60. Sir Frank Crisp, Bt., Wallichian Cabinets, £50. INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSIO:^ 1912-1913. J^ote. — Tlie following are not iudexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ; speakers whose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions. Abstracts of Papers, 69-72. Accounts, 22-24; laid before Anni- versary Meeting. 20. Additions to the Librarj, 73-90. Address, Presidential, 25-45. Africa, see Baker, E. G., Fuller, Miss, Johnstone, Miss M. U. Alchemilla vulgaris, Linn., series of forms of, exhibited (Sahnon). 15. Algte, Marine, collected in the Eed Sea (Gibson and Knight), 12 : — , Red Marine, from the Indian Ocean (van Bosse), 67. Alnus sp., specimen exhibited, with catkins showing early discliarge of pollen (Henderson), 9. America, see Wailes, G. H. Amphibia, Catalogue of Linnean speci- mens of (Jackson), 19 (Supplement). Anderson, Dr. T., Councillor retired. Anniversary Meeting, 19-48. Anthribida; of the Seychelles (Jordan), 19- Aphareocaris, nom. nov., a genus of the Crustacean Family Sergestidfe (Cai- man), 68. Araclinida of the Sej'chelles (Hirst). 19. Arber, Dr. Agnes, Anatomical study of the cone-genus Lepidostrohus, 68. Ascherson, Prof. Dr. P. F. A., deceased, 20 ; obituary, 49-51. Auditors elected, 17, 18. Austin, B. J., deceased, 20 ; obituary, Australia, see Fuller, Miss. Bagnall, R. S., Classification of the Order Sym phyla. 16. Baines, Mrs. F., witlidrawn, 21. Baker, E. G., African species of the genus Crotalaria, 68 ; on some British varieties of the Bee-Orchis, Ophrys apifera, Huds.. 17. Balance Sheet, see Cash Statement. Banana, inflorescence exhibited (Rath- bone), 8. Bancroft, Miss N., on some Indian Jurassic Gyninosperms, 3 ; Rhex- oxylon africanum, a new MeduUoseau Stem, 1 1. Barber, Rev. H. B., elected, 10 ; pro- posed, 6. Bateman- Brown, A. W., deceased, 20. Bedford, E. J., Notes on two Orchids new to East Sussex, 3-5. Bee-Orchis, some of its British varieties (Baker), 17. Benefactions, 91-98. Bentinck, Count Wilhelm von, received Linnean Medal ou behalf of Prof. Engler, 45. Bickford, E. J., elected, 2. Bigby, Miss G., admitted, 18 ; elected, 14; proposed, 11. Birthday congratulations to Dr. B. D. Jackson, 14 ; to Sir J. Kirk, 6. Black, J. E., admitted, 14; elected, 11 ; proposed, 8. Blackman, Prof. V. H., withdrawn, 21. Blaikie, J., deceased, 20; obituary, Blatter, Prof. E., elected, 13 ; proposed, 10. Bosse, Mme. Weber-van. Red Marine Alg:e from the Indian Ocean, 67. Botanu-al Secretary (Dr. O. Stapf), elected, 25. INDEX. Bourne, Prof. Gr. C, elected Councillor aurl Secretary, 25 ; on the Hon. P. Methuen's visit to Madagascar in search of subfossil Lemuroids, 8 ; exfiibited humerus of an extinct tortoise from Madagascar, 11. BouYier, Prof. E. L., Les Caridines des Seychelles, avec des observations sur leurs variation.^, 9. Brenchley, Dr. Winifred, On branching specimens of Lyginodendron old- hamium, Will., 19. British North Borneo, see Gibbs, Miss L. S. British plants, new varieties of (Dr. Moss), 68 ; , six new (Druce), 9. Brooks, .A. J., proposed, 66. Brown, see also Bateman-Brown. Brown, J. M., admitted, 19. Browne, E. T., elected, 10 ; proposed, 6. Buckley, Sir E.. deceased, 20. Buekiiall, C, Eevisiou of the Genus Si/mphyfum, 68. Bullen, Eev. R. A., deceased, 20; obituary, 52. Burton, F. M., deceased, 20 ; obituary, S3- Calcareous sponges, see Sponges. Caluum, Ur. W. T., elected Councillor, 25 ; on Aphareocaris, nom. nov., a genus of the Crustacean Pamily Sergestidffi, 68. Caniiiion, H., Odonata of the Sey- chelles, 9. Cape Verde Islands, see Pixell, Miss II. L. M. Ciiridines des Seychelles (Bouviei). 9. Cash Statement n^ceived and adopted, 20 ; as audited, 22-24 Catalogue of Linneau specimens of Amphibia, lusecta, and Testacea (Jackson). 1-44 (Supplement). Cavanagh, B. P., elected, 3 ; pro- pi)S!'d, I. Chandhuri, B. L., elected, 11 ; pro- posed, 8. Cheiranthus " Harpur-Crewe," exhibited (Walker), 10. Chibber, H. M., Morphology and His- tology oi Piper BetLe, Linn., 7. Chipp, T. F., admitted, 3; elected, 2; exhibited African Mahogany bored by Xylotrya and of Mangrove bored by Teredo sp., 9. Clarke, Sir E., exhibited pages of MS. of Oliver Goldsmith's "History of the E.irth," 20. Ch,irke, Miss M. U., exhibited speci- mens of " Nature Camera-work," 5. Clarke, W. E., withdrnwn, 21. Classification of the Order Symphyla (Bagnall), 16. Cockayne, E. A., withdrawn, 21. Cornwallis, V. S. W., withdrawn, 21. Councillors elected and retired, 6, 25. Cox, Dr. J. C, deceased, 20; obituary, 53- Craven, A. E., elected, 2. Crisp, Sir F., appointed V.-P., 66; elected Councillor, 6, 25. Crossland, C, see Gibson, Prof. R. J. H , and Miss M. Knight. Crossinan, A. F.. name ordered to be removed from List, 21. Crotalaria, African species of tue Genus (Baker), 68. Daley, C, elected, 67 ; proposed, 19. Davey, F. H!., withdrawn, 21. Davidson, J., elected, 6 ; proposed, 2. Deakin, R. H., Anatomy of the larva of Phrjiganea striata, 11. Deaths recorded, 20. Decapoda, Pi^agic, from the Indian Ocean (Keni))), 68. Dendy, Prof. A., Calcareous Sponges collected in the Indian Ocean, 16 ; Councillor retii-ed, 25. Denny, Prof. A., communication by (Deakin), 11. Diasona violacea, Savigny, see Herd- man, Prof W. A. Dinner, announcement, 67. Distant, W. L., on Rhyuchota from the Seychelles : Heteroptera, 67. Donald, J., elected, 66 ; proposed, 17. Donations to Library, 73-90; — to the Society (1790-1913), 91-98. Druce, G, C, on six new British plants, 9. Druce, H., deceased, 20; obituary, 54. Dzungaria, sec Price, M. P., and N. D. Simpson. East Indies, see Groom, Prof. P., and W. Rushton. Eaton, Rev. A. E., Ephemeridas and Psychodidse of the Seychelles, 9. Elections, number of, 21. Elodea canadensis, Nutt., long-leaved form exhibited (Thomas), 8. Embia major, sp. nov., from the Hima- layas (Imms), 16. Engler, Prof. T>r. Adolf, Linnean Medal presented to, 45-48. Enock, F., showed lantern-slides illus- trating British Mymaridte, i. Ephemeridte of the Seychelles (Eaton), 9- IKDEX. Fasciated holly exhibited (Walker), 7. Feeding-tracks of Gasteropoda ex- liibited (Lougstaff), 67, 70-72. Fellows deceased, 20 ; elected, 21 ; witiidrawn, 21. FiDaneial Statement, see Cash State- ment. Foreign Slembers, deceased, 20 ; elected, 21 ; vacancy in List announced, 11. Fossorial wasp luiuiicked by a Eeduviid bug and a Locustid, exhibited (fuul- ton), 66. Foster, N. H., elected, 2. Fox, Thomas, withdrawn, 21. Foxglove, example of syiianthy in, ex- hibited (Lungstaflfj, 6b ; — , spn-ally- twisted stems in, exhibited \^Long- staff). 67. Fries, Prof. Dr. T. M., deceased, 20 ; obituary, 55-58. Fuller, Miss, exhibited water-colour drawings of Australian and Cape tlowei's, 68. Fiiiiicuhna quad rang idaris (Pallas), see Herdmau. Prof. VV . A. Gardiner, Prof. J. S., Councillor retired, 25 ; communications bj' (Eouvier and others) 9, (Pixell and otiiers) 19. (Weber-van Bosse) 66, (Needham and Distant) 67, (Kemjj) 68 ; moved birthday congraiulatiojis to Dr. Jackson, 14. Garland, sec Lester-Garland. Gasteropoda, their leeding-tracks ex- hibited (Longstaff). 67, 70-72. Gates, i)r. R. K, admitted, 9; elected, 5 ; proposed, i ; on Mutating Oenotheras, i. General Secretary, Annual Report of, 20; election of (Dr. B. D. Jackson), 25- Gerard, Rev. J., deceased, 20 ; obituary, 58. Gibbs, Miss L. S., Flora and Plant- Formations of Kinabalu and the Highlands ot B. N. Borneo, 66. Gibson, Prof. E. J. H., on Mystro- peialon, Harv., 67. and Miss M. Knight, on Marine Alga? coll. by Mr. C. Crossland in the Red Sea, 12. Gilchrist, Dr. J. D. F., Larval Stages of Jasus lalandii (Milne-Edwards), 16. Goldsmith, Oliver, pages of bis MS. exhibited, 20. Green, Dr. J. R., withdrawn, 21. Groom, Prof. P., elected Auditor, 18; elected Councillor, 25. Groom, Prof. P., and W. Rushton, Structure of the Wood of E. Indian species of Piiiiis. 18. Grouvelle, A., NitidulidiE, Hetero- cerida", of the Seychelles, 19. Groves, H., deceased, 20 ; obituary, 58. Gypsina jjlana, Carter, from the Indian Ocean (Lindsay), 19. Haman, A. H., see Poulton, Pr'^EA>' ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEXS. » CONTRIBIJTOES TO THE COLLECTIOXS. The information which has came down to us concerning the acquisition of the Liunean collections is veiy meagre, even more so than with the botanical portion, which itself is disappointingly poor. We find, however, a few indications of the early attention to insects and shells, in Linnseus's letters to his early friend and benefactor, Dr. Kilian Stoboeus at Lund. By the autumn of 1730 he had more than 400 specimens of insects, all collected with his own hand, therefore chiefly from the province of Upland, in which Uppsala is situated. The next year (1731) he succeeded in getting a considerable number of different kinds of shells for his collection. These names of the Contributors to the Collections have been gathered chiefly from the tenth and twelfth editions of the ' Systema Xaturse,' and from a few statements which appeared else- where. It is difiicult to be certain whether the whole of those named sent specimens, for the method of citation leaves it un- certain in many cases as to whether actual specimens were sent to Linue, or only information. When there has been strong doubt, I have been obliged to strike out names, such as many from the ' Fauna suecica,' ed. II., 1761. As to Linue's own collecting, we know from his statements, that whilst a student at Uppsala he collected insects, and had a collection of them set on pins ; that next to plants, his delight was in insects, and that during his Uppsala herborisations, the students collected insects, shot birds, etc. Allioxi, Carlo (1725-1804). Specimens from Xorthern Italy. Alstromeb, Baron Clas (1736-1794). European and Medi- terranean region. Alstromee, Bai-on Johan (1742-1788), brother of the foregoing; p contributed a few insects. Amax, Xils (1730-1783), formerly of Stockholm, finally of Hernosand. Axgersteix, — , of Hedemora (fl. 1771), mentioned in Maut. ii. p. 543. Argillaxder, Abraham (1722-1800). Cf. Syst. ed. XII. p. 1077. AscAXius, Peder (1723-1803), a pupil of Linue, devoted to zoologv and mineralogy. Baster, Job (1711-1755). Specimens from the Dutch possessions. Beckmanx, Johaxn' (1739-1811), distinguished pupil, afterwards professor at Gottingen. Bergeu, Alexander Malachias (1737-1804), a former student at Uppsala. Bergman, Torberx Olof (1735-1784), a celebrated chemist, formerly a pupil of Linne. 10 CATALOGUE OF THE Bergius, Petek Joxas (1730-1790), an eminent Stockholm physician. BiERCHEy, Pehr (1731-1774), naval Surgeon in the Swedish fleet. Blom, Carl Magxus (1737-1815), provincial doctor in Hede- mora district. Branber, afterwards SK:JOLDEBRA^'D, Erik (1720-1814). Swedish Consul at Algiers, from 1753 to 1765 ; many insects sent from North Africa, BRtJNXiOH, MoRTEX Thraxe (J 737-1763), professor of zoology in Copenhagen. Celsius, Oloe, the elder (1670-1756), mentioned in connection with Aranea reticulata. Christier>"I>', Carl. " Phalaena CJiristiernana. Upsala lecta ante diem 1763, jun. 26 fatalem observatori Car. Christi- ernin. eximiae spei juveni." Syst. ed. XII. p. 877. Clerck, Carl Alexander (1709-1765), celebrated dranglitsman of insects. Cyrillo, Domexico (1730-1799), professor in Naples. Dahlberg, Col. Carl G-ustaf (fl. 1754-55). Surinam specimens, de Geer, Count Carl (1720-1778), eminent entomologist ; some fishes and serpents were described from his collection by Linne. Ekeuerg, Carl Gustaf (1716-1784). Specimens from the East Indies. Ellis, John (1711-1776), a London merchant, and close corre- spondent of Linne. Eabricius, Johan Christian (1745-1808), pupil and eminent entoiiiologist. Eagraeus, Joxas Tiieodor (1729-1797), custodian of Baron C. Alstrcimer's collection at Alingsas. Ealk, Jokax Pehr (1733-1774). Specimens from Eussia. Eerber, Johax Hinrik (1703-1781). Specimens from south of Enrope. EoRSKAL, Pehr (1736-1 768). Specimens from Egypt and Arabia, where he died. Eorsskahl, Johan (1691-1762), clergyman in Stockholm ; father of preceding, in spite of different spelling. EoTHERGiLL, JoHX (1712-1780), eminent English medical practi- tioner ; sent insects t'o Linne. Erisch, Johaxx Leoxhard (1666-1743), gymnasialdirecktor in Berlin and writer on birds and insects. Gabriel, Frater [Baron de Latourdaigxes ?] (fl. 1757-1768), a Capnchin friar, sent a few specimens from Erance. Gahx, Hexrik (1747-1816). Specimens during his travels in England. Gardex, Alexander (1730-1791). Eishes, etc. from Carolina, through Ellis. Geoeeroy, Etiexxe Louis (1725-1810), eminent Erench zoologist. LI>->-EA>' ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEXS. 11 GoL'AX, AxTOiXE (1733-1S21), ^lany specimens from Moiit- pellier. Geoxbekg, AxDEiis Nils (fl. ITtJO). Cf. Am. Acad. vi. p. 415, GROxovirs, Jax Fredrik (1690-1762)," a coustant correspondent living at Leyden, GuxxER, Johax Erxst (1718-1773). Bishop of Trondhjem ; marine specimens. Gyllexborg, Cotint Carl (1670-17-16). Chancellor of the Uni- versity ; sent collection of amphibia. ^ Haartmax, Johax Jqhaxssox (1725-1787); student at Abo and Uppsala, in his later years professor of medicine at the former. Hallmaj!, Daxiel Zachari.e (1722-1782). Spanish specimens. Hasselquist, Fredrik (1722-1752), pupil; travelled in the East, Palestine, and died at Smyrna. The queen of Sweden purchased his collections, and Linnaeus described them. Hast, Eeixhold (1726-1747?), educated for the medical pro- fession, but died early in his career. Heise, Johaxxes GoTiT.OB (fl. 1757). Communicated Phalangivm tricar inatum from Dresden. Holm, Jorgex Tyge (1726-1759), a Danish pupil; after his re- turn home named professor in Copenhagen but died that year. Hi'PSCH, JoiiAXX Wilhelm Carl Adolpii, Freyherr von(fl. 1768- 1781) : once mentioned, Mant. p. 547. IsACSOX, Bergii. Communicated t^vo species of Asilus from Gerrjauy. Jacquix, Baron Xicolaus Joseph a'ox (1727-1817), a valued correspondent, living near Vienna. Kahler, Marxix (1728-1773), pupil ; tra^-elled in South Europe. Kallexberg, — . "Mentioned twice in ' Fainia suecica,' ed. II., pp. 149, 232. Kalm, Pehr (1715-1779), in Xorth America and Canada in 1747-49. Klase, Lars Magxi'S (1722-1766). At one time provincial sur- geon at Jonkopiug, but died in misery at Stockholm due to his reckless life. KuRKERiTZ, C. G. Entomologist living at Uppsala ; contributed insects. KcixiG, .Johax Gerhard (1728-1785). Surgeon to the Danish missionaries in India ; Indian specimens. KuHX, Adam (1791-1817), pupil from X. America : afterwards professor of medicine iu Philadelphia. Lagerstrom, Magxus (d. 1759). Asiatic rarities were contributed by him. Laxmaxx, Eric (1737-1796). Siberian objects. L'Ammi]{AL, Jeax (b. 1680). Eminent Dutch engraver; amongst other works published ' Collection des insectes.' ^ Leche, Johax (1704-1764), professor of anatomy at Abo ; sent insects from Skfme, when living at Lund. 12 CATALOGUE OF THE LoFLiKG, Pehb, (1729-1756), favourite pupil; Spanish and South American insects. LoGiE, Yr. (1739-1768), pupil under Linne 1756-58, sou of Swedish consul at Algiers; specimens from Gibraltar and JSr. Africa. Malmborg, — . Mentioned twice in ' Fauna suecica,' ed. II., pp. 197, 216. Marterwille, Lodewijk van (fl. 1755). Netherlands Minister at Stockholm; communicated Phalaena sylvina. (' Eauna suecica,' ed. II., p. 306.) Martin, Anton Eolandsson (1729-1786). Spitsbergen objects. Max von Wurtemberg, i. e. Maximilian III, Josef (1727- 1777), Kurfiirst von Baiern. Modeer, Adolph (1739-1799), surveyor; good entomologist, Moraeus, Johannes (1672-1742). Linne's father-in-law, a prac- tising physician at fahlun. Noobdgreen, Hans Johan (fl. 1759-6-1). Corresponded with regard to advising despatch of amphibia and insects from Java. OsBECK, Pehr (1723-1805). Chiefly Chinese specimens but a few from the neighbourhood of Uppsala. Pennant, Thomas (1726-1798). English traveller and natura- list, Eathgeb, Joseph von (fl. 1744), of Yeuice. Eenstrom, Carl Fredrte (fl. 1752). Author of two papers on insects. EoLANDER, Daniel (1725-1793), a pupil, who collected in Suri- nam, but gave everything to Count de Geer, through whom Linne received some specimens. EosEN (afterwards Eosenstein) Nils (1706-1773). Eminent physician, and Linne's colleague in the faculty of medicine at Uppsala. ScHAEFFER, Jacob CHRISTIAN (1718-1790). lusects seut from Strassburg. ScHEFFER, Henrik Theophil (1710-1759), mineralogist, at Adelfors. SCHLOSSER, Johann Albert (d. 1769), of Amsterdam, had a good library. ScHREBER, Johann Christian Daniel (1739-1810), a distin- guished pupil of Linne, and editor of the last ed. of Amoen- itates Academicce. Scopoli, Johann Anton (1723-1788). Contributed insects from Carniola. Shane, — , Eeferred to in Syst. Nat. ed. XII. p. 1034. Skene, David (1735 ?-177l), physician at Aberdeen ; contributed zoophytes. Strussenfeldt, Alexander Michael von (1716-1797), General ; wrote on fishes. LIXI!rBA>' ZOOJiOGICAli SPECIMENS. 13 SoLANDEE, Daniel (1736-1782); favourite pupil, afterwards librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, Bt. Spabrman, Anders (1748-1820). Traveller to China, the Cape, and the Antarctic. Spenglee, Lorenz (1720-1808); conchologist at Copenhagen. SxARCK, David (fl. 1746-65), professor at Abo. Stellek, Georg Wilhelm (1709-1746). Specimens f rorn Kamt- schatka. Stromer, Martin (1707-1770), professor of Astronomy at Uppsala. Theel, Daniel (1744-1795), army surgeon settled at Stockholm ; renowned for his skill in operative surgery. Thunberg, Carl Peter (1743-1828); pupil and successor to the younger Linne at Uppsala, travelled much. TiDSTROM, Anders Philip (1723-1779) ; a favourite pupil from his constant liveliness ; chiefly a mineralogist. TuLBAGH, C, EiJK (d. 1771), Grovernor for 20 years of the Dutch colony at the Cape. Uddman, Isaac (1731-1781), a medical man in private practice at Uppsala. Vandelli, Domingos (fl. 1768-89), professor at Lisbon ; Portu- guese and Brazilian specimens. "Wahlbom, Johan Gustaf (1724-1807), a favourite pupil; after- wards in medical practice at Kalinar. "WiLKK, Samuel Gustav (fl. 1760-65; d. 1791); entomologist of Greifswald. WiJRTEMBERG, MaX VON, cf. MAXIMILIAN III. Zoega, Johan (1742- 1797) ; pupil from Denmark, much esteemed by Linne. Peculiar Marginal Signs. In the interleaved and annotated copy of ed. X. of the Systema which was marked by Linne, and is the earlier catalogue of his- zoological collections, we meet M'ith special signs in the margin peculiar to this volume, they are these : — 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I have enquired of entomologists at home and in Sweden in vain for any explanation of these signs. As, therefore, no one else has ventured to make any suggestion, I venture to do so myself, and in the absence of any definite information, to put forward a theory in place of none. From the small size of the signs, it is sometimes difficult to be sure of the shape intended,, hence the doubts indicated below. 14 CATALOGUE OF THE Limie was called upon to describe the collections of King Adolt" Fredrik at Ulriksdal, and of Qneeu Ludovica Ulrica ac Drottningholm, We know that the queen allowed him to have a specimen of Hasselquist's plants whenever there were three, and I suggest that these signs refer, Nos. 1 to 4, to Queen Ulrica's col- lection, and Xos. 5 to 7 to the King's Museum. I interpret the signs as showing the number of the given insect in the collection seen by Linne, thus : — 1. One specimen in the Queen's collection. 2. Two specimens , ., 3. Three „ „ „ ,, The sign doubled may stand for six. 4. Four ,. ., „ ., 5. One specimen in the King's collection. 6. Two specimens „ „ 7. Three ,, ,, ,, 8. Unknown ; it occurs only once. It ma}^ serve as a test of these views, if I append lists of the various species marked with these signs ; if I am right in my interpretation, it may serve as an additional piece of historical information relative to the Royal collections. Clueen Ulrica's Collection. One specimen : Papilio Aachises?, SteJenes, Sopliorael, Nauplius. Two specimens : Papilio Bectov, Paris, Memnon, Helena 1, Eur)jpy~ lus, Calliope, Jlidamus, Panopea, Marsijas, Caricae, Pherectus. Three specimens : Papilio Priamus, Glaucus, Panthous, Menelaus, Ulysses, Agamemnon, Diomedes, Pi/rrhas, Zeilus, Ajaoc, Protesilaiis, Achilles, Tevcer, Idomeneus, Demoleus, JVireus, Phdoctetes, Pierae, Pohjmnia 1, Thalia 1, Erato 7, Anacardii, Euippe, Glaucippe, Pi/rantlie, Arsalte, Hyparete, Niavius, Cassine, Feronia, Helia, Lampetia, Arnathea, Venilia, Bolina, Acesta, Gytherea, Vanillae, Philocles, Athemon, Lysippus, Proteus, Phidias, 2'iphus, Jason, IpJiiclus " ? ", Hylas, Eurytus, Zetes, Neleus, Pinthous " ? ", Sphinx Caricae, Lahruscae, Meyaera. Phalaena Cecropia, Luna, virgo, fenestra, p>erspicua, odorata, miliiaris, Strix, Lunus, crepuscularis, occiclua, punctlyera, Domi- nida, Fulvia, ornatrix, rv^hricolUs, Fraxini, luciporcc, Samhicaria, trip>unctaria, tricinctaria, Jatropharia,jiaveolata, Janata. Four specimens : Pajjilio Patroclus, Demophon, Xanthus 1, Aeropa, Pipleis, Dirce ? Bixae ?, Polycletus ?. Sphinx Ficus. Phalaena Hesperus, Pap>hia, Pellex, Heliconia, aestuata, hella. Six specimens : Papilio Helenas, Deipjholms, Ohrinus. King Adolf Fredrik's Collection. 'One specimen : Pajnlio Polytes, Agenor, Demoleus, Aglaja [= Pasithoe MS.], Hecabe, Plexipjnis, ChrysijJjyus, Almana, Le- rnonias, Leda, Alcrnena, LemotJioe, similis, assimilis, dissimilis. LIXIfEAX ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 15 Sphinx cuUcifonnis, Phegea, Fohjmena. Fhalaenci Atlas, monacha, Aulica, Sannio, Celsici, Capucina, helvola, complexa, chri/sithrLv, consjncillans, strigilis, falca- taria, j^itr^w/'m, undulata, immutata, immorata, vii-idans, Solandriana, piapuralis, lutarella, vestianella, Laj)pella, Turio- nella, Clerkella. Two specimens : Papilio Pammon. Three specimens : Papilio Mineus. The sign having been used so frequently by Liune in the sense of Annual, the lirst explanation which occurred, was, that it might apply to the number of broods in each year, but informa- tion kindly supplied by Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., showed that this view was untenable, and the interpretation as explained previously was adopted. It may be noticed that Papilio Demoleus appears in each of the collections ; P. Alcmena was first marked by Linne as being in the Queen's collection, but afterwards corrected to the King's, and that P. Pheredus was first marked for thi'ee specimens and altered to two, in the Queen's collection. AVhether any of the Lepidoptera from the Eoyal cabinets ever enriched those of Linne, cannot be definitely stated. There are many instances of dots prefixed to the names of species ; what ^\"as meant I cannot say. In a few cases dots are employed tinder the names or numbers, and I have regarded these as equivalent to underscoring, and in some cases there is a trans- ition from dots to underscores. BlBLIOGKAPHY. Linne, Carl von (1707-1778), formerly Linnaeus. 1745-55. Fauna suecica. Stockholmiae, 1745. ed. II. ib. 1755. 1758-67. Systema Naturae, ed. X. Holmiae, vol. i. 1753. ' 8vo. ed. XII. Holmiae, vol. i. 1766-67. 1763. Centuria insectorum rariorum . . . submittit Boas Johansson . . . Upsaliae, 1763. 4to. Repr. in Am. Acad. vi. pp. 384-415. 1771. Mantissa plantarum altera. Holmiae, 1771. (Regni animalis appendix, pp. .521-552.) 1845. Hagen, Hermann August. Die neuroptera der Linneischen Sammlung. Stettin, Enrom. Zeit. vi. (1845) 155-156. 1851. Haliday, Alexander Henry. Sendschreiben . . . an C. A. Dohrn iiber die Dipteren der in London befindlichen Linneischen Sammlung . . . iibersetezt von Anna Dohrn. , Stettin, Entom. Zeit. xii. (1851) 131-145. 16 catalogue of the 1855. Hanley, Stlta>'US. Ipsa Linnsei Conchj'lia. The Shells of Linnaeus, determined from his manuscripts and collection . . . also an exact reprint of the Vermes testacea of the ' Systema IS'aturae ' and ' Mantissa.' London, 1855. pp. 4, 556, pis. 5. 1855-59. MoTSCHULSKT, A^iCTOE von. Sur les collections coleopterologiques de Linne et de Fabricius. Helsingfors, Etudes Entom. iv. (1855) 25-71 ; v. (1856) 60-75; vi. (1857) 44-58; vii. (1858) 123-152; viii.(1859) 147-162. 1857. Smith, Frederick. List of the typical specimens of Vespidse in the Liunfean Collection, preserved in the Museum of the Linnfean Society, referred to the genera in which they appear in this Catalogue. Cat. Hymen. Ins. Brit. Mus., vol. v. Vespidse, p. 139. 1879. Wallengren, H. D. J. An analysis of the species of Caddis-flies (Phryganea) described by Linnseus in his ' Fauna suecica.' Com- municated (with notes) by E^obertj M'Lachlan. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. (1879) 726-736. 1884. AuRiTiLLiiJs, Per Olof Christopher. Recensio critica Lepidoptorum Musei Ludovicae Ulricae quae descripsit Carolus a Linue. Stockholm; K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. HandL xix. No. 5 (1884) pp. 1-188, tab. 1 col. 1885. GooDE (George Brown) & Taeleton Hoffmann Beak. On the American Fishes in the Linnaean collection. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. (1885) pp. 193-208. 1888. Jackson (Benjamin Daydon). Report on the Linnean Collections. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1887-88, pp. 25, 31-33. 1896. LoNNBERG (Axel Johan Einar). Linnean type-specimens oP Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians, and fishes in the Zoological Museum of the R. University in Upsala. Bihang K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxii. Afd. it. No. 1 (1896). 1899. Andersson (Lars Gabriel). Catalogue of Linnean type-specimens of Snakes in the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Biliang K. Sv. A^et.-Akad. Handl. xxiv. Afd. iv. No. 6 (1899). LIXXEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 17 1899. GiJNTHER (Albert Carl Lewis Gotthile). Presideutial Address [Avith catalogue of the fishes in the Linneau collection belonging to the Linnean Society]. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1898-99 (1899) pp. 15-38. 1902. Chapman, Thomas Al&ernon. The type-specimen of Phalaena atra, Linn.=^cau- tliopstjche ojydccUa. Eiitom. Eecord, xiv. (1902) 57-58. ] 906. Heylaebxs, P. J. M. Kemarques sur quelques Psychides. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg. 1. (1906) 97-98. 1907. Chapman, Thomas Algernon. Remarks on some Psychids (a rejoinder to the foregoing). Z. c. li. (1907) 57-59. 1909. TuTT, James William. Discussion on the two similar species Plebeius argus (^aec/on) and P. argyrognomon. London, Proc. Entom. Soc. 1909, pp. xii-xiii, 1913. Verity, Eoger. Revision of the Linnean Types of Palaearctic Ehopalocera, Journ. Linn. Soc.^ Zool. xixii. (1013) 173-191. h* 18 CATALOGUE OF THE AMPHIBIA. From marked copy of Syst. Nat. ed. X. (1758). Testudo. p. 197. Mydas (1). Caretta {'Z). orbicularis (3). scabra (4). lutaria (5). graeca (6). cariiiata (8). geouietrica (9). pusiUa (10). Laceuta. p. 200. Crocodilus (1). superciliosa (3). Monitor (5).^ principalis (6). bicarinata (7). palustris (8). Cordylus (9). Ameiva (14). agilis (15). Seps (17). Chamaeleon (19). Salaniandra (20). Gecko (21). aqiiatica (26). Igvana (28). Calotes (29). Againa (30). Umbra (31). _ marmorata (33). Teguixin (36). aurata (37). lemniscata (39). Eaka. p. 210. Pipa (1). gibbosa (4). Eana :— BombinaMS.["variegata J olim (5). ocellata (9). marginata (11). paradoxa (12). temporaria (13). esculenta (14). Hyla (15). ^ arborea (16). boans (17). Ckotalus. p. 214. Dryina. Durissus. Boa. p. 214. canina. Constrictor. Cencbria. Hortulana. Coluber, p. 216. Ammodytes (174). plicatiiis (?) (177,^. angulatus (182). Berus (183). Chersea (184). caeruleus (189). Cobella (204). vittatus (220). cyaneus (229). Aesculapii (223). agilis (234). pallidus (251). lineatus (252). sibilans (260). atrox (263). Sibon (264).^ carinatus (273). LINNEAN" ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 19 COLUUEE : — Trisealis (282). lemniscatus (285). annulatus (286). Petola (299). Ahaetulla (313). Hippocrepis (326), Ceuchoa (344). mycterizaus (359). caerulescens (385). Anquis. p. 227. Scjtale (253). fragilis (270). Amphisbaena. p. 229. fuliginosa (230). Caecilia. p. 229. tentaculata (135). Squalus. p. 233. Acantliias (1). Squatina (4). Cauicula (8). INSECTA. From marked copy of Syst. Nat. ed. XI I., with Notes from ed. X I. COLEOPTEEA. SCAEABAEUS. p. 541 (345). 1. Hercules. 2. Gideon. 3. Actaeon. 4. Simson. 6. Atlas. 7. Aloeus. 8. Molossus (12). 8. Typhaeus. 10. lunaris (8). 11. cylindricus (9). 12. bilobus. 15. nasicornis (7). 17. Mimas (13). 18. sacer(14). 21. hispanus. 22. carnifex. 24. nuchicornis (17). 25. Vacca. 26. Taurus. 27. Bison. 28. subterraneus (18). 29. er rations (19). 30. maurus. SCAEABAEUS : 31. rossor(21). 32. fimetarius (22). 33. haemorrhoidalis (23). 34. couspurcatus (24). 35; raarianus. 38. laticoUis. 40. pilularius. 41. 8chaefl:eri. stercorarius (30). A^ernalis (31). Schreberi. ovatus. sabulosus (33). surinamus. nitidus. sticticLis. EuUo (46). 58. agricola. 59. Horticola (42). Melolontha (43). solstitialis (44). hemipterus (45). farinosus. aulicus. long! pes. 6*2 42. 43. 45. 46. 48. 50. 51. 54. 57. 60. 61. 63. 64. 65. 66. 20 CATALOGUE OF THE SCAI tABAEUS : Der^ MESTES : 68. squaliclus. 23. pedicularius (25). 70. fasciatus (47). 24. pulicariiis (26). indiis (48). 28. niger. 72. brunnus (49). 73. capensis. Ptinus. p. 565. 74. Eremita. 1. pecticornis (4, Dermestes) 75. fascicular] s. 2. pei'tinax (6, Dermestes). 76. punctatus. 3. mollis (7, Dermestes). 78. auratus (52). 4, imperialis. 79. variabilis (53). 5. Pur (33, Cerambyx). 81. nobilis (54). 6. germauus. 83. quisquilius. 86. riitipes (55). HisTER. p. 566 (358). LucANUs. p. 559. 2. 3. major, uuicolor (1). 1. Cervus (58, Scarabaeus). 4. pygmaeus (2). 4. interruptus (59, Scarab.). 5. bimaculatus (3). 6. parallel! piped us (02, 6. 4-maculatus (4). Scarab.). 7. Caraboides (63, Scarab.). Gi-YRINUS. p. 0(3/. 1. natator. Dermestes. p. 561 (354). 2. americanus. 1. lardarius (1). Btrrhus. p. 568. 2. elougatus. 1. Scrophulariae 3. undatus (2). (20, Dermestes). 4. pellio (3). 1 2. Muscorum. pectinicornis (4), 5! Verbasci. c/. Ptinus. 4. Pilula. 5. Capuciuus (8). clavicornis (5). SiLPHA. p. 569 (359). pertinax (6), cf. Ptinus. 1. germauica (1). mollis (7), cf. Ptinus. 2, Tespillo (2). 7. typographus (9). 3. bimaciilata. 9. micrographus (10). 4. bipustiilata (3, 10. poligraphus (11). " bipunctata "). 11. piuiperda (12). 5. 4-pustulata (4, 12. domesticus (15). " bipuuctata"). 13. violaceus (13). 7. americaua. 14. hirtus. 8. semiiuilum (7). 15. fenestralis (14). maura (9). 16. melanocephalus (16). 11. littoralis (11). 17. Scarabaeoides (19). 12. atrata (12). 18. murinus (17). 13. thoracica (13). pilula (18). 14. qiiadripunctata. 19. paniceus. 15. opaca (14). pisorum (21). 16. rugosa (15). 21. ferrugineus. 17. sabulosa (16). LIXNEAX ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEN'S. 21 19. 20. 21. 22. 23! 24. 25. 27. 29. SiLPHA : — 18. obscura (17). ferruginea (18). reticulata, gi'ossa (19). oblonga (20). scabra. nifipes. aqiiatica (21). colon (22). depressa (l3). 30. grisea (2-1). 31. testacea. 32. aestiva (25). 34. pedicularia (26, -is). Cassiba. p. 574 (362). 1. viridis (1). 2. murraea. 3. nebulosa (2). 4. nobilis (3). 5. vibex. 6. maeulata. 7. spinifex. 8. bicornis. 11. flava. 15. reticularis. 16. variegata. 21. jaiuaicensis. 22. cyanea. 23. niarginata. 24. inaequalis. 26. lateralis. 27. discoides. 30. bipustula. CoccixELLA. p. 579 (364). 4. impunctacta [sic]. 5. aunulata. 6. unipunctata (1). 7. 2-punctata (2). 8. 3-punctata (3). 9. 4-puuctata. 10. hebraea (4). 11. 5-punctata (5). 13. trifasciata (6). 14. hieroglyphica (7). Cocc 15. 16. 18. 20. 21. 22. 23! 24. 25. 26. 29. 31. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 49. rN'ELLA : 7-punctata (8). 9-punctata (9). 11-punctata (11). 13-punctata (12). 14-punctata (13). 16-puuctata. ocellata (14). 18-puncta(a. 19-punctata (15). 22-puiictata (16). 24-punctata (17). 25-puuctata. conglomerata. 14-guttata (22). 16-guttata (23). 18-guttata (24). 20-guttata (25). oblongo-guttata (26). obliterata (27). impustulata. 2-pusrulata (28). 4-pustulata (29). 6-pustulara (30). 10-pustulata (31). 14-pustulata (32). tigrina (36). 9. Chetsomela. p. 586 (368). 3. 5-punctata. 4. gottingensis (1). 5. Tanaceti (2). 6. haeiuorrhoidalis (3). 7. Graminis (4). aenea (5). Alni (6). Betulae (7). 11. haemoptera (8). oecidentalis (9). Armoraciae (11). cerealis. fastuosa. speciosa. halensis. Hypochaeridis (12). 22. vulgatissima (13). 23. vitellince (14). 16 17, 18. 19 20 22 CATALOGUE OF THE Chrysomela : — 24. Polygoni (15). 25. pallida (16). 26. staphylaea (17). 27. polita. 28. lurida. 30. Populi (20). 31. Virainalis (21). 32. 10-punctata (22). 33. variolosa. 34. lapponica (23). 35. undulata. 36. Boleti (24). 37. coUaris (25). 38. sanguiuolenla (26). 39. marginata (27). 40. margiuella (28). aestuans (29). 43. coccinea (30). 50. minuta (34). 51. oleracea (35). 53. chrysocephala (36). 54. Hyoscyami (37). .55. atricilla. 56. erythrocepbala (38). 58. Helxiiies (39). 59. exsoleta [sic] (40). 60. nitidula (41). 62. nemonim (42). 65. rufipes. 67. holsatica (44). 68. hetnisphaerica (45). 73. trideiitata (49), 74. Gorteriae. 75. aurita. 76. 4-punctata (50). 2-punctata (51). 77. 4-maculata; cf, n. 103. 79. 8-guttata. 80. 4-pustulata. 82. Moraei (52). 84. nitens [nitida, (53)]. 85. Barbareae. 86. sericea (54). 87. labiata. 88. Coryli (55). 89. Pini (56). 90. bothnica (57). Cheysomela : — 91. cordigera (58). 92. 6-puiictata (59). 93. 10-maculata (60). 95. longimana. 96. obscura (61). 97. merdigera (62). 99. Nyiuphaeae (63). 100. Capraea(64). 101. calmarieusis. 102. tenella. 103. 4-maciilata (65). 104. cyanella (66). 105. melanopa (68, -pus). 106. flavipes. 107. tonientosa. 110. 12-punctata (67). 111. Phelandrii (69), 112. Asparagi (70). 114. sulphurea (72). 115. cervina (73). 116. caraboides. 117. ceramboides (74). 118. murina (75). 119. hirta (76). 120. pubescens. 122. eloiigata (78). HisPA. p. 603. 1. atra. 2. testacea. 5. clavicornis MS. Beuchtjs. p. 604. 1. Pisi. 2. Theobromae. 3. Gleditsiae. 4. Bactris. 5. granarius. 6. seniinarius. 7. pecticornis. CUBCULIO. p. "506 "=606 (377). 1. Palmarum. iiidus. LIXNEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 23 16. 17. 19. 20. 23. 24. 27. 30. CuECULio : — hemipterus. 4. AUiariae. violaceus (4). 9. aequatns. 13. acridulus. graaarius (12). dorsalis (13). Pini (15). Lapathi (17). 21. cupreus (18). 22. scaber. T. album (20). ruficollis. arator r=Polvgoni, MS.] ^(22)._ \iscariae. o-maculatus (25). 32. Sprengleri. 34. paraplecticus (29). 35. anguiuus. 37. algirus (30). 38. Bacchus (31). 39. Betulae(32). 40. Popu]i(33). Salicis (35). Fagi (36). Pomorum (38). ovalis. 48. carbonarius (40). 57. Abietis (49). 58. germanus (50)= 59. Nucum (51). 60. Kuniicis (16). 61. Scrophulariae (27). hispidus (53). recfcirostris [Druparum, MS.] (54). pedicularius (55). tortrix. Ligustici (56). cer villus, oblongus. Pyri (57). oblongus (58). argentatus (59). ovatus (60). cerviuus (61). 43. 44. 46. 47. 65. 66. 67. 68. 70. 71. 72. CuECULio : — 76. viridis (63). 79. 80. 84. 85. 89. 90. ruficornis (65). albinus (66). lineatus (67). nebulosus (71). sulcirostris. barbarus (74). cornutus (75). capensis. verrucosus. Attelabus. p. 6] 9 (387). 1. Coryli (1). 2. Avellauae. 3. curculionoides, 5. pensylvauicus (3). 7. Betulae (4). 8. formiearius. 10. apiarius (7). 11. mollis (8). 12. Ceramboides (9). 13. Buprestoides (10). Ceeambyx. p. 621 (388). 1. longimanus. 3. cervicornis. 5. imbricornis. 7. coriarius (4 i. 8. melanopus. 9. thomae. [11. festivus?] 12. depsarius. 14. liueatus. 18. barbicornis. 22. araneiformis. 26. depressus. 27. 4-maculatus. 34. moschatus (22). 35. alpinus (23). 36. capensis. 37. aedilis (24), 38. sutor (25), 39. cerdo (26). 41. textor (27) 42. tristis. 43. fuliginator (28). 24 CATALOGUE OF THE Cerambyx : — 45. cursor (30). 46. lamed (16). nebulosus (17). hispidus (18). 47. meridiana. 48. nocti? 49. inquisitor (S2). fur (33). 50. Kaehleri. 51. pedestris. 52. carcharias (34) 55. scalaris (35). 56. Cardui. 57. populneus. 58. linearis. 59. cylindricus. 60. oculatus (38y 64. cureulionoides. 65. serraticornis (40). Q6. hispicornis, 67. rusticus (41). 69. femoratus (42). 70. violaceus (43). auratus (44). stigma (45). 73. striatus. 74. variabilis. 75. testaceiic. 76. bajulus (48). 78. liciatus. 79. undatus (50). 80. sanguineus (51). 81. castaneus (52). 82. cantharinu*; 83. ebulinus. Leptuea. p. 637 (397). 1. aquatica (1). 2. melanura (2). 3. rubra (3). 4. sanguinolenta. 5. testacea. 6. revestita. 7. virens (4). 8. serieea (5). 9. 4-maculata (6). meridiana (7). Leptura : — 10. interrogationis (8). 11. 6-uiaculata (9). 12. 4-fasciata (10). 13. attenuata (11). 14. nigra (12). 15. virginea (13). 16. coUaris (14). 17. rustica (15). 18. mystica (16). 19. Alni. 20. detrita (18). 21. arcuata. 22. Verbasci. 23. arietis (20). 24. praeusta. Necydalts. p. 641 (421). 1. major. 2. minor. 3. umbellatarum. 4. caerulea. 5. atra. 6. rui'a. 8. flavescens. 9. Podagrariae. 10. simplex. Lampykis. p. 643. 1. Noctiluca (Cantharis, 1). 2. corrusca. ' 3. splendidula. 10. mauritanica (Cantb., 7). 11. italica (Cantb., 9). 14. latissima. 15. rostrata. 16. bicolor. 17. sanguinea (Cantb., 13). Cantharis. p. 647 (400). 2. fusca (10). 3. livida (11). 4. rut'a. 5. obscura (14). 7. aenea (16). 8. bipustulata (17). 9. pedicularia (18). LIXXEAX ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEXS. 25 Caxthahis : — 10. fasciata (19). 11. biguttata (20). 12. minima (21). 13. Cardiacae. 14. albicans. 15. testacea (22). 16. atra. 22. caerulea (27). 23. viridissiiua (28). 26. navalis (29). 27. luelanura (30). Elaxer. p. 651 (404). 1. flabellicornis. 3. oculatus. 4. noctilucLis. 6. porcatus, 7. ligiieus. 10. brunneus (4). 12. cruciatus. 13. linearis (7). 14. ruticollis (8). 15. lineatus. 16. mesomelus. 17. aterrimus. 18. castaneus (10). 19. livens. 20. ferrugiueus (11). 21. sanguineus (12). 22. balteatus (13). 23. niargiuatus. 24. sputator (15). 25. obsc-nrus (16). 26. tristis (17). 27. fasciatus (18). 28. murinus (19). 29. tessellatus (20). 31. aeneus (21). 32. pectinicoruis (22). 33. niger (23). 34. minutus (24). 37. buprestoides. Cicixdela. p. 657 (407). 1. canipestris (1). 2. hybrida (2). Cicindela : — 3. capon sis. 4. gernianica (3). 6. Carolina. 8. sylvatica (4). 9, maura. 10. riparia (6). 11. flavipes. 14. aqiiatica (7). Bupeestis. p. 659 (408). 1. gigantea (1). 2. 8-guttata (2). 3. iguita (3). 5. sterniconiis (5). 6. mariana (6). 7. chrvsostig:iia (7). 8. rustica (8). 9. austi'iaca. 10. auruleiitus. 11. Tenebrionis. 12. fascicularis. 13. hirta. 14. Eubi. 15. nitidula (11). 17. 9-maculata. 22. 4-punctata (16). 23. ininuta (17). 25. Tiridis (IS). 26. atra. 27. festiva. Dyxiscus. p. 664(411). 1. piceus (1). 3. Scarabaeoides (15). 4. fuseipes (3). 5. luridus. 6. latissimus (4). 7. marginalis (5). 8. semistriatus. 9. striatus (6). 10. fuscus (7). 11. cinereus (8). 13. sulcatus (10). 14. erythroceplialus (11). 15. maculatus. 16. ferrugiueus. 26 CATALOGUE OF THE DXTISCUS : — 17. bipustulatus. 20. uliginosus. 23. minutus (13). natator (14). Tekebeio : — 2. molitor (1). mauritanicus (2). 3. chalybeus. 5. culinaris (3). 6. barbarus (4). 7. Fossor (5). Caeabus. p. 668 [recte] (413). g* Q^rgor. 1. coi'iaceus (1). 2. granulatus (2). 3. horteusis (5). 4. leucophthalmus (3). 5. clatratus. 6. nitens (4). 7. auratus. 8. violaceus (6). 9. cepbalotes (7). 10. 10-guttatus. 11. inquisitor (8). 12. sycopbanta (9). 14. fastigiatus. 15. iividus (10). 16. margiuatus. 17. coiuplanatus. 18. crepitans (11). 21. cyanocephalus (14). 22. inelanocepbalus (15). 23. vaporariorum (16). 24. latus (17). 25. ferrugineus (18). 26. gerinanus (19). 27. vulgaris (20). 28. caerulescens (21). 29. cupreus (22). 30. piceus (23). 32. multipunctatus (25). 33. 2-punctatus. 34. 4-pustulatus. 35. 6-puuctatus (26). 36. meridiauus. 38. ustulatus (27). 39. crux ninjor (28). 40. crux minor (29). 41. 4-maculatus (30). atricapillus (31). Tenebeio. p. 674 (417). 1. Gigas. pedicularis (7) erraticus (8). 10. pallens (9). 11. depress us. 13. quisquilius. 14. " gigas," s])ludm. loco gages. 15. mortisagus (10). 16. grossus. 20. rostratus. 24. spinosus. 26. Sili^boides. 27. rugosus. 28. variabilis. 29. laevigatus. 30. latipes. 32. feuioralis. 33. striatulus, Melo". p. 679 (419). 1. Proscarabaeus (1). 2. niajalis (2). 3. vesicatorius (3). syriacus (4). 5. Cichorii (5). 6. 4-puuctata. 7. capensis. 9. bimaculatus. 11. algiricus (6). 12. Schaefferi. 13. Marci. 14. Monoceros. 15. floralis (8). 16. antherinus. Moedella. p. 682 (420). 1. paradoxa. 2. aculeata (1). 3. humeralis (2). 4. frontalis (3). LINIfEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 27 MOKDELLA : — 5. thoracica. 6. flava (5). Necydalis (421). major (1). minor (2). Staphylincs. p. 683 (421). 1. hirtus (1). 2. murinus (2). 3. maxillosus (3). 4. erytropterus (4). 5. politus (5). 6. rufus ((>). 7. lunulatus. 10. 11. riparius. obtusus. lignoiuin. Silphoides. 14, elongatus. 15. 2-guttatus. littoreiis. sanguineus. Caraboides. t'uscipes. rufipes. 25. piceus. 26. Boleti. 18 19 20 23 24 FoREicuLA. p. 686 (423). 1. auricularia (1). 2. minor (2). HEMIPTEEA. Blatta. p. 687 (424). 1. gigantea. 4. americaiia. 7. orientalis (7). 8. lapponica (8). 9. germanica. Mantis, p. 689 cf. seq. Geyllus. p. 692 (425). GrBTLLUS : — — (Mantis), religiosus (5). precarius (7). — (Bulla). bipunctatus (17). subulatus (18). — (Acheta). Gryllotalpa (19). domesticus (20). campestris (21). — (Tettigonia). myrtifolius (25). viridissimus (38). verrucivorus (38[bis]). — (Locusta). Elephas (40). migratorin.s (45). stridulus (50). viridulus (55). biguttulus (56). rufus (57). grossus (58). pedestris (59). EULGOBA. p. 703. 1. Laternaria (Cicada, 1). 3. Candelaria. 8. truncata. 9. europaea. Cicada, p. 704 (434). 6. cornuta (10). 7. aurita (11). 10. bifaseiata (14). 14. baematodes. 15. plebeja. 16. Orni. 22. sanguinolenta. 23. coleoptrata (23). 24. spumaria (24). 25. nervosa (25). 26. leucophthalma {2&). 28 CATALOGUE OF THE Cicada : — 27. albifrons (27). 29. lateralis (29). striata (30). 31. lineata (31). 32. Populi. 33. flavicollis. 35. interrupta (32). 37. Lanio. 43. leporina. 44. CLUiicularia. 46. viridis (38). 51. Coryli. IS'OTOKECTA. p. 712 (439). 1. glauca (1). 2. striata (2). 3. minutissima (3). Kepa. p. 713 (440). 1. grandis (1). 4. atra. 5. finerea (5). 6. Ciuiicoides (6). 7. linearis. CiMEx. p. 715 (441). 1. lectularius (1). 3. nobilis. 4. Scarabaeoides. 5. inaurus (-i). 6. lineatus (5). 7. grammicus. 8. t'uliginosus. littoralis (10). 13. grylloides. 15. rugosus (11). 16. clavicornis (12). 17. corticalis (13). 18. Betulae (14). 22. rhombeus. 23. bidens (18). 24. rufipes (19). 25. ictericus. 27. haemorrhous. 28, marginatiis (20). 30. scaber. CiMEx : — 31. puiiicus. 34. punctatus (23). 35. bsemorrboidalis (24). 36. valgus. 43. griseus (32). 44. interstiiictus (33). 45. bacearum (34). variolosus (36). 48. Juniperinus. 49. prasinus. 50. caeruleus (38). lineola (39). 51. Morio. 53. oleraceus. 55. bicolor (42). ornatus (43). 57. festivus. 59. acuminatus (45). 60. leucocepbalus (46). 62. cristatus. 64. personatus (48). 65. longipes. 67. intrafasciatus. 68. semiflavus. 71. annulatus (49). 72. ater (50). 73. gothicus (51). 75. laniarius. 76. Hyoscyami (53). 77. equestris (54). 78. apterus ''55). 81. saxatilis. 85. superciliosus. 86. pratensis (59). 87. carapestris (60). 88. melanocephalus. 90. umbratilis (61). 92. crassicornis (62). 93. saltatorius (63). 95. ai'eiiarius (64). 96. Pini(65). 98. Eolandri {Q6). 99. ferrugiDeus. 101. iaevigatus (68). 103. dclabratus (69). 105. striatus (70). ferus (72). LI>'XE\>' ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEXS. 29 CiMEX: — 109. Populi. 110. Ulmi (74). 113. phyllopus. 114r. calcaratus (7S). 115. Abietis (79). 117. lapustris (SI). 118. stagnorara (82). 119. vagabundus (83). 120. Tipiilarius (8-1). Chermes. p. 737 (4.53). 6. Calthae. 8. Urticae. Coccus, p. 739 (455). 2. Aonidum. 3. capensis. 6. Ilicis. 19. U\ae ursi. LEPIDOPTEEA. Papilio. p. 744 (458). 3. 4. 5. 8. 13! 14. 15. 25. 26. 31. 32. 33. 36. 46. — (Equites). Paris (3). Helenus (4). Polytes (7). Pammon (8). Meiimou (12). Agenor (13). Sarpedou (14). Agamemnon (21). Diomedes (22). Pyrrhus. Jason [= Jasius, MS. J. Leilus. Ajax. Macbaon (27). Podaliriiis. Demoleus (35). — (Heliconii). 50. Apollo (41). 51. Mnemosyne (42). Papilio (Heliconii) : — 54. Horta. 59. Mneme. 63. Eicini, A. Autiocbus, MS. 65, Cbaritlionia. 70. Erato. 71. Melpomene. — (Danai). 72. Crataegi (57). 75. Brassicae (58). 76. Rapae (59). 77. Xapi (60). 78. Hellica. 79. Sinapis (61). 81. Daplidice (62). 84. Bella. 85. Cardamines (63). 86. Pyrene. 87. Euippe. 95. Scylla. 96. Hecabe (74). Midanuis (75). , 98. Pyrautbe (66). i 99, Palaeno. 100. Hyale (71). 101. Electra. 105. Cleopatra. 106, Ehamni (73). Plexippus (80). I Clirysippus (81). I 123. Pbilomelus. : 124. Ciytus. I 125, Cassus. Mineus (84). 127, Hyperantus (85). j Pamphilus (86). I 130, Hyperbius. — (Xympbales). lo (188). 132. Almana (89). Oenone (92). 136, Lemonias. Orithya (94), 139. Briseis, -Maera (96). 144, Ligea(97), 30 CATALOGUE OF THE Papilio (Nymphales) : — Aegeria (98). 145. Laomedia. 147. Galathea (99). Semele (101). 149. Hermione. 150. Phaedra. 151. Leda (102). 154. Dejanira. 155. Jurtina (104). 156. Janira (106). 157. Cardui (107). 161. Iris (110). Populi(lll). 165. Antiopa (112). 166. polvchloros (113). 167. Trtieae (114). 168. C. album (115). 169. C. aureuiu. 175. Atalanta (119). Alcmena (121). Leucorhoe (122). Acesta (127). similis (128). assimilis (129). dissimilis (130). Panopea (131). 201. Levana(133). 203. Lucina (135). 204. Maturna (136). 205. Cinxia (137). 209. Papbia (138). 212. Adippe. 213. Lathoiiia (141). 214. Euplirosyue (142). 215. Niobe. 219. Thero. — (Plebeii rurales). 220. Betulae (146). 221. Pruiii (147). 222. Qiiercas. 227. Thyra. 228. Thysbe. 230. Ariou (151). 231. Zeuxo. 232. Argus (152). Argiolus (153). Papilio (Plebeii rurales) : — 236. Tespis. 237. Kubi (154). 238. Lara. 239. Pampbilus. 245. Metis. 252. Phlaeas. 253. Virgaureae (161). 254. Hippothoe. — (Plebeii urbieolae). 256. Comma (162). 257. Augias. 258. Protumnus. 260. Thrax. 266. Pitbo. 267. Malvae (167). 268. Tages (168). — (Plebeii barbari). 270. Niso. 271. Spio. Sphinx, p. 769 (489). ocellata (1). Populi (2). Tiliae (3). Convolvuli (6). Ligustri (7). Atropos (8). Picus (13). Elpenor (15). Porcellus (16). Euphorbiae (17). Piuastri (20). stellatarum (26). fuciformis (28). Filipenduke (32). Phegea (33). Statices (38). Phalaena. p. 808 (495). — Attaci. 1. Atlas (1). 2, Hesperus. 7. pavonia (6). 8. Tau (7). 17. mundana. LI>'KEA3f ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 31 Phalaexa : — — Boriibijces. 18. quercifolia. 19. iiicifolia (9). 20. cape n sis. 21. Eubi (14). 22. Pruni. 23. potatoria (11). 24. Pini (12). 25. Quercus (13). 26. duineti. 27. Catax. 28. lanestris (i.i). 29. Viuula (16). 31. bucepliala. 32. versicolora (IT). 33. Mori (18). 34. Populi (32). Xeustria (19). castrensis {^2^)- Caja (22). villica (24). Plantagiais (25). MoHacha (26). dispar (27). Chrvsorhoea (28). Salicis (29). grammica (31 ) (822). Coryli (33). ciirtula (34). 51. Furcula. 56. antiqua (37). ctieriileocephala (38). Zic^c (39). Cossus (40). Aulica (46). lubricipeda (47). Sannio (48). Graminis (50). cribaria (52). Celsia (53). Libatrix (54). Capucina (55). — Noctuae. bucepbala (61). Hamuli (62). 1 Phalaena : — I lupulina (63). fuliginosa (70). 97. Batis (72). trapezina (73). liicernea (74). glypbica (76). pallens (77). russiila (78). leporiua (79). Jacobaeae (81). rubricollis (83). complana ipo). Pacta (86). Pronuba (87). 125. Fraxini (89). Chrvsitis (90). Gamma (91). luterrogatiouis (92). Jota (93). Festucae (94). Psi (96). Chi (97). Aceris (98). apriliiia (99). occulta (101). umbratiea (103). exoleta (104). Yerbasci (105). exclamationis (106). gothica (107). Pinastri, MS. (108), ' scabriuscula.' strigilis (109). C. nigrum (110). Brassicae (111). Eumicis (112). Oxyacantbae (113). oleracea (114). Pisi (115). triplasia (118). pyramidea (119). leucomelas (121). typica (122). lucipara (123). citrago (125). loco 32 CATALOGUE OF THE Phalaena : — — Geometrae. lactearia (1-7). falcatai'ia (1-S), lacertiiia (130). Alniaria (131)- Prunaria (133). Piiiaria (134). Tiliaria (13.5). elingaaria (137). melanaria (13S). maeularia (139). atomaria (140). fasciaria (142). Betularia(143). scopularia (144). wauaria (145). tentaculai'ia (146). piirpuraria (147). prosapiaria (14S). pusaria (150). papilionaria (151). 526. tripnnctaria. viridata (155). putata (156). uotata (157). amata (158). i-epandata (159). dubitata(160). emavginata (161). atrata (162)=' Chrerophyl- lata,' MS. elathi-ata (163). undulata (164). Grossulariata (167). luteolala (1 68) = cratsegata. biliueata (170). Chenopodiata (171). comitata (172). dotata (173). plagiata (174). Biiata (175). Pruiiata (176). cristata (178). Alcheiuillata (179). liastata(]80). .albicillata (181). Phalaena : — mai-ginata (182). oceliata (183). fluetuata (185). Juniperata (186). incauata (187). remutata (190). succenturiata (191). strigiiata (192). didyrnata (193). rectangulata (194). Hortulata [=urticatal (195). jS'ympliaeata (196). Potainogata (197). Striatiotata (198). Lemiiata (199). cingulata (200). brumata (201). — Tortrices. prasinata (202). viridaiia (203). hamaua (205). f uscana (206). oporana (207). Eosaua (208). Xylosteana (209). Avellaiia (210). Ameriana (211). Piceana (212). ministrana (213). Lecheana (214). Forskaleana (216). BergiuauiaBa (218). Holiuiana (219). Solandriana (221). Hastiana (222). Wahlbomiaua (2l^3). Heracliana (225). — Pjirales. Farinalis (226), glaucinalis (227). proboscidalis (228). rostralis (229). forficalis (230). verticalis (231). LIXXEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIilEXS. 33 ^Phalaexa : — pingiiinalis (232). purpuralis (233). — Tineae. sociella (234). colouella (235). pusiella (236). pulcbella (23S). EvonvmelJa (239). Padeila (240). irrorelJa (241). lutarella (242). mesomella (243), pascuella (244). pratella (245). i'oenella (24S). uHguicella (249). CynosbateJla (251). vestianella (252). tapetzella (253). sarcitrella (255). cucullateila (25s). graneila (259). Lapella (260). Arbutella (262). vittella (264). Xylostella (2fl5). mereurella (269). Pomoiiella (270). «trobilella (271). Pinella (272). Turionella (273). Eesinella (275). stipella (278). gemmella (279). bractella (230). ramella (281). Petiverella (2S3). Swaraixiei'daniclla (284). ■De Geerella (286). Eoesella (297). Eajella (298). Clerkella (299). — Ahtcitae. monodactvla (300). didactyla (301). Phalaexa : — tridactyla (302). tetradactyla (303). pentadacty]a (304). bexadactyia (305). NEUEOPTEEA. LiBELLULA. p. 901. 1. 4-maculata. 2. flaveola. 3. vulgata. 4. rubicuiida. 5. depressa. 6. vulofatissinia. 7. cancellata. 8. aenea. 10. juncea. 11. forcipatn. 17. Carolina. 20. Virgo. 21. Puella. Pheygajtea. p. 908. 1. bicaudata. Hemeeobius. p. 911. 1. pectinicornis. 2. Per]a. 3. albus. 4. Chrysops. 5. Pbalaeuoides. 6. hirtus. 14. lutarius. Mybmeleon. p. 913. 1. Libelluloides. 3. Fonnicarium. 4. Formicalyn. 5. barbaruin. Paxoepa. p. 915. 1. communis. 2. germanica. 3. hvemalis. 4. Coa. 34 Eaphida. p. 916. I. ophiopsis. 3. Cornuta. HTMENOPTERA. Ctxips. p. 917. 18. Sycomori. 19. inanitfi. TEIfTHREDO. p. 920 (555). 1. femorata (1) [dot under figure]. 2. marginata (2). 3. lutea(2). 4. Amerinae. lucorum (4). 5. Yitelliuae. 7. fasciata (5). 8. sericea. 10. nitens (7). II. enodis. 12. ciliaris. 13. ustulata. 14. Pini (8). 15. Juuiperi (9). ustulata (10). 16. rustica(ll). 17. Scrophulariae (12). 18. Abietis (13). 20. Cerasi (14). Salicis (15). 22. mesomela (16). 24. rufipes. 25. campestris (IS). 26. atra(19). 27. viridis (20). 28. ovata. 29. Alni. 30. Eosae (21). 31. bicincta. 32. livida [=cincta] (22). 33. livida (23), 34. nigra. 36. septentrionalis (24). 37. carbonaria. 38. nassata. CATALOGUE OF TUE Testheedo : — 40. erythrocephala (26). 41. sylvatica. 46. reticulata (31). 47. Betulse. SiEEX. p. 928 (560). 1. gigas (1, Ichneumon). 2. Columba. 3. Spectrum (2, Ichn.). 4. Juvenciis (3, Ichn.). 5. Camekis (4, Ichn.). IcH>-ErMOX. p. 930 (560), 1. sugillatorias (5). 2. raptorius (6). 3. sarcitorius (7). 5. quaesitorius. 7. infractorius. 8. constrictoi'ius. 9. saturatorius. 11. crispatorius. 12. Pisorius (IS). 13. luctatorius (14). 14. volutatorius (16). 15. vaginatorius (16). 16. pervasorius (17). 17. lituratorius. 18. designatoriiis (18). 19. edictorius (19). 20. deliratorius (20). 22. fosserius. 24. comitator (23). 27. reluctator. 28. denigrator. 29. desertor (28). 30. rutilator. 32. manifestator (30).. 37. extensor (34). 41. Strobilellae. 42. Moderator. 43. Resinellae. 49. inculcator. 50. pugillator. 52. jaculator (48). 53. affectator (49). 55. luteus (51). 57. glaucopterus (53).. LINNEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMEXS. 35 ICH>'EUMOy : 58. bicolorus. 59. circumflexus. 67. Larvariim. 70. Secalis. 72. Aphidum. 73. Oruloi'um. 75. glonieratus. Sphex. p. 941 (569). 1. sabulosa. 4. capensis. 8. clavipes. 9. Spirifex. 11. figulus. 13. sispes. 14. bidens. 16. fusca. 17. pectmipes. 21. mystacea. 22. ephippia. cribraria (6, Vespa). 24. clypeata. 28. Colon. 29. rufipes. 31. areuaria. 32. fossoria. 35, semiaiirata. 36. leucostoma. Chktsis. p. 947. 1. ignita. 2. bidentata. 4. aurata. 5. cyanea. 7. fulgida. Vespa. p. 948 (572). 1. Carolina. 3. Crabro(l). 4. vulgaris (2). 10. rufa (3), parietum (4). gallica. muraria (5). cribraria (6, Sphex). spinipes (7). Vespa : — rupestris (S). 11. coarctata (9). 12. arvensis (10). 13. cauipesrris. 14. bifasciata. 17. biglumis. 18. uuiglumis (12). 19. riispatrix. 24. signata (14). 28. minuta. Apis. p. 953 (574). 1. longicornis (1). 2. tumulorum (2). 3. clavicornis (3). 4. centuucularis (4). 5. cineraria (5). 7. carbonaria. 8. retusa (7). 9. rufa (8). 10. bicornis (9). 12. truncorum (10). 16. helvola (13). 20. aenea. 21. caerulescens (16). 22. mellifica (17). 23. cuniciilaria (subterranea ) (18). 24. variegata. 25. rosfcrata (20). 26. argillosa. 27. lagopoda. 28. mauicata (21). 29. 4-dentata (22). florisomnis (23). 32. conica(24). 33. annulata (25). ruficornis (26). 38. violacea (29). 41. terrestris (3U). 42. hortoruin. 43. pratorum. 44. lapidaria (31). 45. sylvarum. 46. Museorum (32). 47. Hypnorum (33). f* 2 36 CATALOGUE Or THE Apis : — 48. lucorum. 49. brasilianorum. 50. acervorum (34). 51. subtei'rauea. alpiua (39). MuTiLLA. p. 966 (582). 1. occidentalis. 4. europaea. 5. atrata. 6. maura. 7. barbara. 8. helvola. 9. Acarorum. 11. ichneumonea, MS. noraen tantum. DIPTERA. Oestrus, p. 969. 1. Bovis. 2. Tarandi. 3. uasalis. 4. haemorrhoidalis. TiPULA, p. 970. 1. pectiuicoriiis. 2. rivosa. 3. quadrimaculata. 4. crocata. 5. oleracea. G. hoi'torum. 7. variegata. 8. contaminata. 9. luuata. 10. pratensis. 12. cornicina. 13. nigra. 14. atrata. 15. bimaculata. 16. annulata. 19. flavescens. 21. regelationis. 26. plumosa. 27. littoralis. TiPULA : — 38. Marci. 42. brevicornis. 44. febrilis. 46. Hortulana. 47. phalaenoides. MuscA. p. 979 (589). 1. plebeja (1). 3. chamaeleou (3). 4. mieroleoa (4). 5. hydroleon (15). 7. hypoleon. 9. Morio (7). 11. Maura (8). 12. clavipes. 13. Hottentotta (9). 14. fenestralis. 15. tarda. 16. scolopacea (10). 18. tringaria (12). 19. diadeina. 20. anilis. 21. Conopsoides (13). 23. Ieucoi)a. 25. bombylans (14). 26. mystacea (15). 27. lappona (16). 28. pendula (17). 29. riorea (18). 30. nemorum (19). 31. arbustorimi (20). 32. tenax (21). 33. intricaria (22). 34. oestracea. 35. fallax (24). 36. lucorum (25). 37. sylvarum (26). bicincta (27). 39. arcuata (28). 40. mutabilis (29). 42. ichneumonea (30). 43. diophthalma (31). 44. vespif'oraiis (32). 45. festiva (33). 46. erratica (34). 47. glaucia (35). LINJfEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 37 Muse A : — 48. noctiluca (36). 49. gibbosa (37). 50. Eibesii (38). 51. Pyrastri (39). 52. transfuga (40). 53. Meuthastri (41). 54. scripta (42). 55. mellina (43). 56. pipiens (44). segnis (45). 58. femorata (46). 61. inanis (47). 62. pellucens (48). 63. meridiana (49). 64. Caesar (50). 65. cadaverina (51). 67. Yomitoria (52). 68. carnaria (53). 69. dop.iestica (54). 73. sepulchralis (55). 75. grossa (oQ). 76. x'otuiidata (57). 78. Larvarum (oS). 79. Radicum (59). lateralis(=canicularis,60). 82. Coemiterioru'.ii (61). 83. pluvialis (62). t'enestralis (63). 85. roralis (64). 86. serrata (65). 88. meteorica (67). 89. putris (68). 90. Frit (69). 92. cupraria (71). 93. polita(72). 95. pubera (74). 96. Petronella (75). 97. ungulata (76). 99. arrogans. 104. scybalaria (79). 105. stercoraria (SO). 106. fimetaria (81). 107. parietiua (82). 108. umbrarum (83). 109. grossificatiouis (84). 111, saltuum (85). 112. vibrans(86). MUSCA : — 113. cynipsea (87). 119. Arnicae(91). 120. Hyoscyami (92). 122. germinationis (9))). 123. Urticae (94). 124. Cerasi(95). 127. solstititialis (98). Tabanus. p. 999. 1. rostratus. 3. mauritanicus. 4. bovinus. 7. Tarandius. 11. rusticus. 12. Bromius. 14. tropicus. 16. pluvialis. 17. caecutiens. 18. lugubris. 19. morio. CCLEX. p. 1002. 1. pipiens. 3. bit'urcatus. Empis. p. 1003. 1. borealis. 2. pennipes. 3. livida. 4. forcipata. 5. stercorea. CoxoPS. p. 1004 (604). 1. rostrata. 2. calcitrans. 3. irritans. 4. A^esicularis. 5. macrocephala 6. aculeata. 7. flavipes. 8. ferrugiuea. 12 buccata. 38 CATALOGUE OP THE AsiLUS. p. 1006. 3. barbarus. 4. crabroniformis. 6. gibbosus. 7. ater. 8. flavus. 9. gilvus. 12. germanicus. Chiton, (p. 661.) aculeatus (3). punctatus (4). Lbpas. (p. 667.) Balanus (5). Tintinabulum (6). Testudinaria (7). Mitella (5). anatifera (9). Pholas. (p. 669.) eandidus (13). Mya. (p. 670.) crispata (15). truncata (16). arenaria (17). latraria (18). pictorum (19). margaritifera (20). SOLEN. (p. 672.) Vagiua (23). Siliqua (24). Ensis (25). Legumen (26). radiatus (28). strigilatus (29). ioaequivalvis (32), Tbllina. (p. 674.) virgata (35). fragilis (37). albida (38). AsiLUS : — 13. forcipatup. 14. Tipuloides. 16. Morio. HiPPOBOSCA. p. 1010. 1. Equina. 2. avicularia. 3. Hirundinis. TESTACEA. TeilijSta : — planata (40). laevigata (41). radiata (42). rostrata (43). trifasciata (44). incarnata (45). donaciua (46). balaustina (47). Eemies (48). scobinata (49). lactea (50). carnarJa (51). bimaculata (52). balthica (53). pisiformis (54). divaricata {oo). digitaria (56). cornea (57). Cardium. (p. 678.) costatum (58). Cardissa (59). hemicardium (60), echiuatum (63). ciliare (64). Isocardia (60). Eragum (67). muricatum (69). serratum (73). corallinum (75). solidum (76). edule (77). rusticum (78), stultorum (SO). virgineum (81). LIXNEAX ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 39 DoxAX. (p. 682.) rugosa (84). Trunculus (85). deniiculata (86). cuueata (87). scripta (88). Irus (90). Yexus. (p. G84.) Dione(91). Dysera (93). verrucosa (94). Casina (95). Gallina (96). Chione (lOU). maculata (101). Sc'ortum (103). laeta (104). castrensis (105). xMeroe (107). deflorata (108). fimbriata (109). tigerina (112). pensylvauica (114). exoleta (117). orbicularis (118). peetiuata (120). Lupinus (123), literata (124). rotundata (125). decussata (126), Spoxdylus. (p. 690.) Gaederopus (127). Chama. (p. 691.) Lazarus (129), Gigas (130). ' autiqiiata (132). calyculata (134). gryphoides (137). bicornis (138). Arc A. (p. 693.) tortuosa (139). Noae (140). Aeca : — barbata (141). Pella (142). lactea (143). antiquata (144). senilis (145). undata (149). Pectunculus (150). Glycymeris (151). nummai'ia (152). Xucleus (153). OSTREA. (p. 696.) Jacobaea (155). Plica (162). Pallium (163). Pesfelis (165). varia (168). gibba(172). flavicans (173). Lima (175). Malleus (177). Folium (178). edulis (180). AxoMiA. (p. 700.) crauiolaris (183). pectinata (184).' Ephippium (185). Cepa (186). electrica (187). Squamula (188). Gryplius(192). Pecten (193). striatula (194). reticularis (195). Plicatella (196). crispa (197). lacunosa (198). farcta (199). Caput serpentis (200). Terebratula (201). angulata (202). Hvsterita (203). biloba (204). Placenta (205). 40 Mrxiirs. (p. 704.) Crista galli (206). lithopha^is (211). barbatus (214X edulis (215). anatinus (219). Hirundo {:i22). Pinna, (p. 707.) rudis (223). nobilis (224X AE60N-AIJTA. (p. 70S.) Argo (231). Nautilus, (p. 70i).) Pompilius (233). Caloar (235). crispus (236). Beccarii (237). Spirula (23i)). Ehaphamstrum (242)* Raphanus (243). Grauum (244). Legume a (24^^). Co»us. (p. 712.) marincireus (250X imperialis (25 1 ). lineratus (252X Virgo (25;^). Capitaneus (254). Miles (255X Ammiralis (257). Mouaehus (262). Kustieus (264). ebraeus (2t>^). Sterous musearum (269). spinosus (271). jNussateila (273). graiiulatiis (274). Aurisiacus (275). Magus (276;). striatus (277X Te:s:tile (27S). aulieus (27£>X Spectrum (280). CATALOGCB OF XiliS COXFS : — Tulipa (2S2X Geographus (2S3X- Terebellum (2J^X ClPKAEA. (p. 718.) Mappa (285). arabiea {2i^i$)i. Argm (2S7X stercoraria (2Si>). Zebra (291). Talpa (2i>2). lurida (294). TanelH (295). fragiiis (297 X Caput serpentis (298). mauritiana (299). Vitellus (3'X)). Mus (301). Lvnx (303). Isabella (304). Ziezae (307 X Hiruudo (308X Asellus (309). eribraria (310). Moaeta (312>. Caurica (313). Anuulus (314). erosa (315). helvola (316X spurca (317). stolida (31 8 X ocellata (319). Pedioulus (322X Nucleus (323X staphylaea (324)i. Cicereula (325)l Globulus (326i). BtruQA. (p. 725.) Ovum (327). Spelta (329)l verrucosa (330)i. gibbosa (331). Naucum (Si^^X Hvdatis (3;>3). Ampulla (334). LINNKAX ZOOLOGICAL Sl'liClMlONS. 41 Bulla : — li.<;nan.i (335), Physis {'SM')). Amplustre (337). pallida (33S). tornatilis (342). solidula (3-J(i). coffea (348). A^OLUTA. (p. 720.) 0]iva(3;jO). Ispidula (351). Persicula (352). inonilis (353). miliaria (354), Paba (355). glabella (35(5 ). niercatoria (357). rustica (35S). pauperciila (350). iDendif.'iria (3()0). Tringa (361). Cornicula (362). Sanguifuga (3()4). Vulpecula (3(i5). plicaria (30(i). pertiisa (367). Mitra (368). — episcopalis. — papalis (3()0). Musica (370). Vespei'tilio (371). ebraea (372). Cymbiuin (374), 011a (375). BuccI^'UM. (p. 734.) Galea (377). Perdix (378). Doliuin (380). Ecbinophoruni (381). tuberosum (382). Testiculus (387). decussatum (388). Areola (880). Erinaceus (390), glaucum (391). Vibex (392). BUCCINUM : j)apillosum (393).. Glans (394). Arcularia (305). Piillus (30()). gibbosulum (397X miitabile (308). Keriteiim (300). Harpa (40(1). patulum (402). Lapillus (403). spiratuni (405). glabratum (406). virgineum (407). praemonsum (408). undosum (400). undatum (4J0). reticulatum (411 ), .scabriculum (412). nitiiluhun (413). laevigatum (414). maculatum (415), crenulatum (416). .strigilatum (418). du])licatiim (410). dimidiatum (42')). murinum (421). Steombus, (p. 742.) Pes pelecani (422). Scorpius (424). Lambis (425). Auris diauae (429). Pugili.s (430). Luhuanu^ (432). gibberulus (433). Epidromis (437). Cauarium (438). vittatus (430). urceus (440). MUREX. (p, 74().) llaustellum (443). Tribulus (444). cornutus (445 ). Brandaris (446). Trunculu.s (447). ramosus (448). 42 CATALOGUE OF THE MUREX : saxatilis (450). liana (452). Gyrinus (453). • Olearium (455). Femorale (456). Pileare (458). !ScrobJ]ator (460). reticularis (46 L). Anus (463). Rieinus (464). •Capitellum (465). Turbiuellus (466). Melongena (472). scabriculus (473). senticosus (474). i'icus (475). Eapa (476). Granuin (477). Colus (480). canaliculatus (483). perversa* (485). antiquus (486). despectus (487). Tritonis (488). Tulipa (489). Pasio (^490). corneus (491). iigniariiis (492). syracusanus (494). craticulatus (4H5).. Aluco (497). fuscatus (498). Eadala (499). granulatas (501). Thochus. (p. 756.) maculatus (502). perspectivus (503). hybndus (504). cruciatus (505). pharaonius (506). Magus (507). varius (511). cinerarius (512). divaricatus (513). umbilicaris (514). vestiarius (515). Tkochus : — Labio (516). Tuber (517). striatus (518). Conulus (519). Zizyphinus (520). dolabratus (522). perversus (523). punctatus (524). striateilus (525). TuKBO. (p. 761.) obtusatus (526). Neritoides (527). littoreus (528). muricatus (529). Cimex (530). Pullus (531). Petholatus (533). Cochlus (534). Chrysostomus (535). Tectum persicam (536). Pagodus (537). Calcar (538). marmoratus ( 539). saaguineus (543). Ai-gyrostomus (544). margaritaceus (515). Delphinus (546). Clatbrus (549). crenatus (550). lacteus (551). striatulus (552). Uva (553). acutangulus (559). duplicatus (560). exoletus (561). Terebra (562). variegatus (563). imgulinus (564). bidens (566). auriscalpiuui (569). politus (570). Helix, (p. 768.) Scarabaeus (571). Lapicida (572). LINNEAN ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 43 Helix : — Albella (574). striatula (575). algira (576). Leucas (577). complauata (579). Carocolla (5Sl). Vortex (583). cornea (587). contorta (589). ampullacea (o92). ungulina (597). itaJa (598). hispana (599). perversa (601). janthina (601;). Vivipara (603). nemoralis (604). decollata (60S). Pupa (609). barbara (610). stagnalis (612). putris (614). Auricularia (617). perspicua (620). Haliotoidea (621). ambigua (622). jS^erixa. (p. 776.) Caureua (623). glaacina (624). Vitellus (625). Albumen (626). nodosa (628). Corona (629). cornea (631). fluviatilis (632). littoralis (633). lacustris (634). Nerita : — viridis (636). virginea (637). polita (638). ChamaeleoD (644). Exuvia (646). Patella, (p. 780.) chinensis (656). t'ornicata (658). saccharina (660). barbara (661). vulgata (664). caerulea (665). ungarica (667). mammillaris (668). pectinata (669). lutea (670). pellucida (673). rustica (676). notata (678). Kssura (681). Pustula (682). nimbosa (684). Nubecula (685). Dentalium. (p. 785.) Elephautiuum (686). Deutalis (687). Eutalis (688). Sekpula. (p. 786.) spirorbis (693). intricata (695). glomerata (697). lumbricalis (698). anguina (700), Penis 2 (701). Madrepora. (p. 1 turbinata (19) Fungites (20). truncata (26). LITHOPHYTA ■93.) Madrepora : — stellaris (27). Organum (31). 44 LINKEAX ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, ZOOPHYTA. Sebtularia. (p. 807.) See below. 1293. CoEALLiNA, cf. Pi'oc. Linii. Soc. 1911-12, Suppl. p. 62. The following are in the Linnean Herbarium, and when vouched for bj Linne are marked with ! 1294. MiLLEPOEA. p. 1282 (790). - Alcyoniuir-, Linn. MS. - ovarium, Linn. MS. 1295. Spoxgia. p. 1290. 1296. Flustea. p. 1500 (Eschara, p. 804:). 1. foliacea, L. ! 2. truncata, L. ! 4. papyracea, L. I 1297. TUBULAEIA. p. 1301 (803). - Androsace, L. ! 7. splachnea, L. ! - divaricata, L. ! 1298. Seetulaeia, p. 1306 (807). 2. pumila 1 (2). 4. tamarisca ! (4). 5. abietina ! (5). 6. cupressina ! 8. halecina ! (10). 10. Myriophvllum ! (14). 11. falcata ! (15). 12. Pluma ! (16). Seetulaeia : — 13. echinata ! 14. antennina ! (17). 16, volubilis ! 20. lendigera ! (22). 21. geniculata ! (23). 25. polyzonias ! (27). 26. Pennaria ! (30). 27. Liclienastruni I (31), 28. cedrina! (32). 29. purpurea ! (33). flexuosa (34). 30. Bursaria ! (35). 31. loriculata (loricata! 36). 32. fastigiata ! (37). 34. neritina ! (38). 35. scruposa ! (39). 36. reptans ! 37. parasitica ! 38. ciliata ! 39. eburnea ! 42. ansuinea. Vol vox, cf. Proc. Linn, Soc. 1911-12, Suppl. p. 151. 45 Additioxs and Corrections to the ' Index to the Linnean Herbakium,' published as a supplement to the ' Proceediugs,' 1911-12. Page 8, li7ie 4 from bottom, the last icord should read actual. 11, after line 33, insert Commerson, Philibert (1722-1773), dried plants received in 1754. 14, line 40, rend Gerhard. 15, ,, 13, for p. 17 read p. 18. 18, after line 6, insert Weigel, Christian Ehrenfried (1748- 1831), plants from Greifswald. 18, line 33, /or autumn 7-ead spring. 23, line 5 from bottom, for On read Om. 24, after line 28 insert : — 1844. Xewmax, Edward. A history of the British Equiseta [com- pared ■with the Linnean specimeusl rhvtol. i. (.1884), 530-534. reprinted in his " Ilistorv of Bviti>h Ferns," ed. 2(1844)412-415. '/"raws. Duval-Jouve, Histoire naturelle des Epdsetum de France, Paris, 1864, pp. 228^230. 1845. Parlatore, Filippo. Flora palennitana . . . Vol. i. 8vo. Firenze 1815 [-47], xxii-1-442. [References to the Linnean herbarium "ex ejus herbario " throughout the volume ; see also preface p. viii.] Page 24, before 4th line from bottom, insert : — 1866. LoHET, Henri. De I'herbier connu sous le nom d.'herbier Mai/nul. [Attributed by internal evidence to the younger Antuine Mairnol, and a portion to Claude Cbaptal.] Jkill. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. (18G0), 101-106. 1806. DuvAL-JorvE, Joseph. L'herbier de Linue et les gramin^es fran9aises, d'apres les travaux de MM. Ph. Parlatore, C. Hart- man et W. 3Iunro. l-Jr.ll. Soc. Bot. Fr, xiii. (1866), 103-135. Page 25, after line 30 insert : — 1908. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. The American Grasses described bv Linnaeus. 'Coutrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii. (li)08), 114-127. 46 Pajre 26, line 3, read D. Solander. 51, col. 1 59, „ 2 2 64, „ 2 74, „ 1, 80, „ 1, 106, „ 107, „ 111, „ 138, „ 143, „ 148, „ line 8, read Pyxidaria. ,, 6, ,, Alaternoides. ,, 18, ,, calyciiium. ,, 12, ,, Rhagadioloides. „ 19, „ Colpoon = Cassine capensis? ,, 43, ,, Ginkgo. „ 24, „ uctnos7ts=sej)tia/s. „ 14, ,, Lencadendro7i: cf. Melaleuca Leucadendroiu ,, 34, „ Scorpioides. „ 12, for " groecum " read " graecian.'' „ 41, read Frisea. „ 20, ,, africana MS. = capensi«, iz'«»./. INDEX. The names of genera are in Roman type, subgenera and sections in Italics,. and groups in Small Capitals. Acheta, 27. Alucifae, 33. Amphibia, IS. Amphisbaena, 19. Angiiis, 19. Anomia, 39. Apis, 35. Area, 39. Argonanta, 40. Asilus, 38. Attaci, 30. Attelabus, 23. Blatta, 27. Bombyces, 31. Bruchus, 22. Buccinum, 41. B^dla, 27. Bulla, 40. Buprestis, 2.5. Byrrhus, 20. Caecilia, 19. Cantliaris, 24. Carabus, 26. Cardium, 38. Cassida, 21. Cerambyx, 23. Chama, 39. Chermes, 29. Chiton, 38. Chrysis, 35. Chrysomela, 21. Cicada, 27. Cicindela, 25. Cimex, 28. Coccinella, 21.. Coccus, 29. COLEOPTEEA, 19. Coluber, 18. Conops, 37. Conus, 40. Corallina, 44. Crotalus, 18, Culex, 37. Curculio, 22. Cynips, 34. Cypraea, 40. Danai, 29. Dentalium, 43. Dermestes, 20. DiPTEEA, 36. Donax, 39. Dytiscus, 25. Elater, 25. Empis, 37. Equites, 29. Flustra, 44. Forficula, 27. Fulgora, 27. Geometrae, 32. GryUus, 27. Gyrinus, 20. Heliconii, 29. Helix, 42. Hemerobius, 33. Hemiptera, 27. Hippobosca, 38. Hispa, 22. Hister, 20. Hymenopteea, 34. Ichneumon, 34. Insecta, 19. Lacerta, 18. Lampyris, 24. Lepas, 38. Lepidopteea, 29. Leptura, 24. Libellula, 33. Lithophyta, 43. Lociistn, 27. Lucanus, 20. Madrepora, 43. Mantis, 27. Meloe, 26. Millepora, 44. Mordella, 2G. Musca, 36. Mutilla, 36. Murex, 41. Mya, 38. Myrmeleon, 33. Mytilus, 40. Nautilus, 40. Necydalis, 24. Nepa, 28. Nerita, 43. Neueoptera, 33. Noctuae, 31. Notonecta, 28. Nymphales, 29. Oestrus, 36. Ostrea, 39. ■48 Panorpa, 33. PapHio, 29. Patella, 43. Phalaena, 30. Pholas, 38. Phryganea, 33. Pinna, 40. Pleheii, 30. Ptinus, 20. Pijmles, 32. Eana, 18. Raphida, 34. Scarabaens, 19. Serpula, 43. Sertularia, 44. Silpha, 20. Sirex, 34. Solen, 38. Sphex, 35. Sphinx, 30. Spondylus, 39. Spongia, 44. Squalus, 19. Staphyliniis, 27. Strombus, 41. Tabanus, 37. Tellina, 38. Tenebrio, 26. Tenthredo, 34. Testacea, 38. Testudo, 18. Tettigonia, 27. Tineae, 33. Tipula, 36. Torfrices, 32. Trochus, 42. Tubularia, 44. Turbo, 42. Venus, 39. Vespa, 35. Voluta, 41. Vol vox, 45. ZOOPHTTA, 44. PRINTED BT TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COtTKT, FLEET STREET. To face Title. Proc. Linn. Soc. , Session 1913-1914. DR. ALBERT GUNTHER, F.R.S., P.L.S. READING THE SWAINSONIAN CORRESPONDENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 126th session. From November 1913 to June 1914. L X D X : PRI>^TED for the L I N Is E A X SOCIETY BrELI>'^GTOX HOUSE. PICCADILLY, W. 1914. PEINTED BT TAYLOE AXD PRAKCIS. KED LION COURT, FLKET STREET. V / y^T I CONTENTS. Page List of Publications issued iv Proceedings of the 126th Session i Presidential Address 23 Obituaries 45 Abstract : Dr. Lotsy ' On the Origin of Species ' .... 73 Additions to the Library 99 Benefactions, 1790-] 914 124 Index 133 Appendix. Reprint of G. W. Sleeper's pamphlet : ' Shall we have Common Sense? ' MakJj^l^ PUBLICATIONS: Session July 1913-JtJLi: 1914. Journal, Botany. Vol. XLI. No. 283. 15/- „ 284. 6/- Yol. XLII. „ 285. 20/- „ 286. 21/- Journal, Zoology. Vol. XXXII. No. 216. 4/- „ 217. 10/- Transac'tions, Botany. Vol. VIII. Part 3 8/- „ 4. ■ 4/- „ 5. 10/- „ 0. 12/- Transactions, Zoology. Vol. XVI. Part 2. 21/- „ 3. 12/- „ 4. 30/- Proceediiigs, 125th Session, October ]i)13. List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], Nov. 1913. PROCEEDINGS OF TnE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (OXE HUNDRED AXD TWEXTY-SIXTH SESSIOX, 1913-1914.) Xovember 6th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTox, E.E.S., President, in tlie Ch;nr. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th June, 1913, were read and confirmed. The President announced the deaths of Prof. P. P. A. Ascher- son, a Foreign Member, and of Adolphus Henry Kent, an Associate. The following were proposed as Fellows :— Miss Maude Lina West Cleghorn,Mr. Alfred Eastham, B. So. (Toronto), Mr. Arthur Samuel Home, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. Arthur Eeginald Horwood, Mr. James John Joicey, Mr. Harold Henry King, and Miss Agnes AVhateley Thomson. Mr. Archibald Joseph Brooks and Mr. Eduai'd Edgar Pescott, F.E.H.y., were elected Fellows. The Treasurer drew attention to a complete set of the ' Bulletin de la Societe Mycologique de France,' on the table, which had been purchased for the Library from the current year's income of the Tagart Fund. LIXX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1913-1914. h 2 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. H. Hamshaw Thomas, M.A., r.Gr.S., on behalf of himself and Miss Nellie Banckoft, B.Sc, P.L.S., explained the main points of their joint paper, "An Investigation of the Cuticles of some recent and fossil Cycadean Fronds." Miss Bancroft, Dr. D. H. Scott, and Prof. A. C. Seward engaged in a short discussion upon the paper. Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.H.S., P.L.S., gave his account of recent work in the S.Y. ' Euna,' entitled " Spolia Euniana II. — Eesults of the past Season's Di-edging.'"' He described the course taken by the yacht oif the West Coast of Scotland, and showed a long series of slides displaying the scenery and bird-life of the unfrequented regions visited. Mr. A. O. Walker contributed some remarks upon the Amphipoda obtained, and Mr. E, Heron-Allen showed addi- tional lantern-slides, and remarked upon the interesting hauls of Poramiuifera, both as to their rarity and abundance, Mr. W. C. Worsdell's series of slides to illustrate Cape plants in their native habitats was postponed. Dr. A. B. Eendle, P.E.S., P.L.S., showed a bunch of abnormal pears, received from Mr. Eoss, of Bournemouth ; they exhibited the well-known phenomenon of proliferation in an interesting degi'ee. Mr. W. C. Worsdell added a few observations on this exhibition. November 20th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the Gth November, 15)13, were read and confirmed. Mr. James Lomax and Mr. Eichard Francis Towndrow were proposed for the vacant Associateship caused by the death of the late Adolphus Henry Kent. The President referred to the recent death oE our distinguished Fellow, Dr. Alfred Eussel Wallace, mIio cherished a special regard for the Linneau Society, with which he had been more closely associated than Avith any other scientific society. The Linnean Society had not only published the Darwin-Wallace essay in 1858, but also H. Vi. Bates's memoir on mimicry — a paper which had greatly inspired and interested Wallace and" directly LIXNEAy SOCIETY OF LOKDOS". 3 led to his aud Eoland Triuien's papers on the same subject iu the ' Transactions.' He also read before the Society on June 18, 1896, his last scientific paper — on the Utility of Specific Cha- racters; and no Fellow who was preseat at the Society's celebration on July 1, 1908, of the 50th anniversary of the joint essay on natural selection, can ever forget the words iu which Wallace spoke of his illustrious fellow-worker. The Pre- sident then proposed a vote of condolence with the deceased naturalist's family, which was tendered by the wliole of the Fellows present rising in their places. The President then spoke of the Hooker Lecture Fund, to which the Fellows had liberally subscribed, the amount of X300 being already invested as a fund to enable the Society to invite distinguished foreigners, both from America and Europe, to deliver lectures on similar work to tliat achieved by Sir Joseph Hooker. He therefore invited further contributions. Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., F.L.S., then delivered his lecture on "The Travels of Sir Joseph Hooker in the Sikkim Himalaya," which was illustrated by specimens, drawings, maps, and lantern- slides. December 4th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PouLTOK, F.E.S., President, in the Chair, The Minutes of the General Meeting of the I'Oth Xovember, 1913, were read and confirmed. Mr. Loftus St. George Byne, M.Sc, and Mr. Gerald Walter Erskine Loder, were proposed as Fellows. Miss INIaude Lina West Cleghorn, Mr. Alfred Eastham, B.Sc. (Toronto), jNlr. Arthur Samuel Home, B.Sc. (Loud.), Mr. Arthur Eegiuald Horwood, Mr. James John Joicey, Mr. Harold Henry Xing, and Miss Agues Whateley Thomson, were elected Fellows. Prof. John PEECivAii, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of wild wheat. Triticum dicoccoides, Koeru., from Mount Hermon, Palestine, aud gave an account of his experiments in cultivatiug various forms of wheat from all available sources. Dr. Gates, Dr. Otto Stapf, and Mr. Frederick J. Hanbury contributed further remarks on the exhibition. 62 4 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE This was followed by a paper entitled: — "On a Collection of Non-Marine Mollu.sca from the Southern Sudan. Hy Jane Lo>^GSTAFF, r.L.S. With Descriptions of Three New Species by H. B. Pjrestox, F.Z.S. ; and Notes on Veronicella nilotica. Cockerel), by G. C. Eobson, B.A." The paper, which was illustrated by lantern-slides and a profuse display of specimens, was discussed by Prof. G. C. Bourne, Sec.L.S., and Dr. LongstafF. Before explaining the salient features of his own paper, Mr. A. S. HoKNE, B.Sc, alluded to an exhibition by Messrs. James Veitcii & Sons, of the " cross-grafted plants," which had been showu at the International Horticultural Show in London in 1912, the following being the plants now on view : — Athrotaxis Doniana grafted upon Cryjytomeria eli'gans, Aiicuba jrtponica on Garrya eUijytien, Bentliamia fragifera on Conius Mas, Cotoneaster jxtnnosa on Pyrus Aucuparia, Cratcegus Oxyacantha on Cotoneaster Simonsii and on Baphiolepis japonica, Cratfpgus Pyracantha on Photinia Benthamiana and on the quince, Cup>ressus Laivsoniana and its variety Allumii on Thuya occidentalism Cytisus snpinus on Lahurnimi vulgare, Eriohotrya japonica on the quince and on Papliiolepis japonica, Hamamelis sp. on Parviotia 2)ersica, Uippophae Ehamnoides on Ekeagnus aurea var. picta. Laburnum vnl(/are on Cytisus prcecox, Libocedrus macrolepis on Thuya occi- dentalism Ligustrum ovcdifolium var. elegccntissimum on Olea fragrans, Olea fragrans on Osmanthus ilicifolius, Osmanthus ilici- folius on Ligustrum ovalifolium, on Olea fragrans and on Phillyrea tlicifolia, with its variegated form on Olea fragrans and on Phillyrea ilicifolia, Osmanthus rotundifoli^is on Phillyrea ilicifolia, the latter on Ligustrum ovalifolium, Osmanthus rotundifolius on Phillyrea ilicifolia, the latter also on Ligustrum ovcdifolium, Phillyrea Vilmoriniana on Olea fragrans, Photinia ovata on the quince, Photinta serridata on Cotoneaster Simonsii and on the quince, Pyrvs Aucuparia on Cotoneaster Simonsii, the quince (Pyrus japonica) on Crataegus Pyracantha, Raphiolepis japonica on Cotoneaster Simonsii, on Cratipgus Lcdandii, and on Cratcegus Pyracantha, lluhus bambusarum on a rose, Stranvcesia undulata on Cratcegus Oxyacantha and on the quince, Sycopsis sinensis on Hamamelis virgiuica, Thuya orientcdis on Thuiopsis borccdis, and the latter worked on the former reciprocally. In all, 57 plants were shown. Mr. HoBNE then gave an outline of his work during the past eight years which was embodied in his paper : — " A Contribution to the Study of the Evolution of the flower; with special reference to the Hamainelidacese, Caprifoliaceae, and Cornacese." (Com- municated by Prof. J. Beetland Farmer, F.B.S., F.L.S.) Dr. Eendie, Dr. Gates, and Dr. Otto Stapf spoke en various points which had been raised by the author. LIXXE.VJf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 5 December 18th, 1913. Prof. E. B. PorLTOX, F.E.S., President, in tlie Chair. Tlie ^Minutes of tlie General Electing of the 4th December, 19J3, were read and confirmed. -Nfr. John A\'i!liam Haigh Johnson, B.Sc, was admitted a Fellow. The names of Mr. James I.omax and ^Mr. Eichard Francis Towndrow were subuiiLted to a ballot for tlie vacant Botanical Associatesliip. The ballot havinjy been closed, the President nominated Dr. G. B. J^ougstaff, Dr. R. 11. Gates, and Mr. E. G. Baker, scrutineers ; these iiaving examined the Ballot-papers and cast up the votes, reported to the President, who thereupon declared that a majoi-ity of votes had been given in favour of Mr. Lomax, but short of the requisite two-thirds majority. The name of Mr. James Lomax \vas then submitted to a second ballot, and the President having counted the votes declared Mr. Lomax to be duly elected an Associate. Dr. Otto Staff, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., then showed and commented on a ball of raw rubber, which had been picked up on the seashore of St. Helens, Isle of "Wight. The long exposure to sea-water had altered the aspect of the ball to such an extent, that the true nature of the objcjt was discernible with difticulty. Mr. JoHX Parkix, M.A., F.L.S., then gave a summary of his paper on "The Evolution of the Inflorescence.'" He slated that the evolution of all types of inflorescences is to be traced from the solitary terminal flower. The first cluster to arise is a cymose group of three flowers (a simple dichasium). This comes about through the pushing-out of floral shoots from the leaf-axils just below the terminal flower. Two somewhat opposing tendencies now reveal themselves : — (i.) Either the secondary floral shoots may branch repeatedly, giving rise to the compound or continuous dichasium. From this sympodial cymes etc. can be derived. (ii.) Or the number of these secondary shoots may be increased. This eventually leads to the formation of true racemose inflorescences. Solitary axillaiy flowers are shown to arise in three different ways, and are all capable of being derived from the solitary terminal flower. Finally, attention is drawn to a little-recognised form of flower-cluster, which is characterised by the main axis, after emitting flowers laterally, continuing its grouth vegetatively. 6 mOCEEDIKGS OF THE The term intercalary is proposed for such. The origin of these inflorescences is indicated, and their further evolution mto j^studo- terminal inflorescences shown. A discussion ensued in which the following engaged : Dr. A. B. Eendle, Mr. F. N. AVilliams, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. W. C. Worsdell, Prof. F. AV. Oliver, and Dr. 0. 8tapf, the author briefly replying. Mr. C. E. SALMO]!ir, T.L.S., then read a note on " Hypericum Desetangsii, Lamotte, in Britain," illustrating his remarks by a series ot specimens of that species and its nearest allies, together with a lantern-slide. He stated that in 1893 the late Mr. T.Hilton, of Brighton, collected what he considered to be JI. chthium, Leers, in the vicinity of Lewes. Some yeai.'s after, the specimen came into the author's hands and was seen not to be the usual plant so named. Various causes prevented him from visiting the locality at the proper season until the pi-esent year, \\hen good examples were examined on the spot and afterwards inore minutely at home. A drawing was made of the plant when alive, and a lantern-slide made from the plate Avhich appeared in the 'Journal of Botany ' for jSToveiuber 1913, was now shown with Mr. Britten's kind permission. It appears that the Lewes plant must be placed under the species published by Lamotte (in Bull. Soc. Bot. Pr. xxi. 121) in 187-1, as H. Desetangsii, and further elaborated, in the same journal, by Bonnet in 1878. It may be roughly distinguished from H. perforatum — of which it has the goklen-yellow flowers — by its 4-angled stem ; from H. tetraptenim by the colour and size of its flowers, and from H, quadrangulum [H. duhium) by its dotted leaves and narrower sepals. These are main distinctions ; finer ones exist. In the upper leaves of //. Desetavgsii the main veins only are translucent and the whole leaf is pellucidly-punctate ; in H. qiiad- rangultim the veins anastomose and all are translucent ; pellucid dots are somewhat rare. When they do occur the specimen is referable to the var. punctatur,%, Schinz, but no examples named with authority have been seen. Bonnet divided Hypericum Desetangsii into o. genuinum and (i. imjH'rforatiim, but, so far, the latter has not been seen from any British localities. The genuinum form grows, as mentioned, near Lewes, and dried specimens from Eichmond, Yorkshire, collected by B. B. Bowman, and from near Caton, W. Lancashire, gathered by J. A. Wheldon, have been seen. Dr. Thelbnig reported it from England in 1912, and it was elicited that the example seen by him was found by Prof. Dr. H. Schinz in 1903 growing spontaneousljr in the garden of the Eev. Mr. Hooper, at Cam- borne, {Cornwall. Abroad, it has been found in eastern, northern, LI])rNEAlS" SOCIETY OF LOK"DOX. 7 and central France, Belgiuui, Germany, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria. Some may contend that H. Desetanrjsii is a hybrid form or //. qaadrangulnm crossed with H. perforatum (ff. tetrapterum is even less likely), but if that were the case, some of the more minute characters of perforatum would be present, such as the peculiarly-shaped pellucid dots, long style, absence of membranous margin to leaf, etc. It appears likely that the extreme form of H. quadrangulum with very broad, obtuse, entire sepals is far from common in Britain, our usual plant having these longer and narrower and the lip often eroded or denticulate. Dr. Schinz has described a variety erosum, and this, very likely, is our more frequent form. Babiugton's var. maculatum (now var. Bahinytonii) is probably the same. As regards the name " quadrangulum, L.," this has been used, both on the Continent and in Britain, by various wi-iters to denote either the large-flowered non-dotted-Ieaved plant or the smaller-flowered dotted-leaved species in a most confusing manner. An examination of the Linnean Herbarium shows that there is some reason for this. Two sheets are pinned together, both labelled " 13," which refers to H. quadrangulum in ' Species Plantarum,' ed. 1. One of the specimens is H. tetrapterura, and upon this sheet Smith has written " quadrangulum origiual sp." The other example is labelled by Linnaeus " quadrangulare " (altered by Smith to '■^ quadrangidum," who aho added "•duhium'?"), and it is the plant with large flowers, non-dotted leaves, and short obtuse sepals. Mr. Gr. C. Druce and Dr. Stapf commented on the exhibition, and Mr. Salmon replied. The paper by Mr. J. Datidsox, M.Sc, F.E.S., on "The Mouth-parts and Mechanism of Sucking in ScJihoneura lanigera" (communicated by Prof. A. D. Imms, F.L.S.) was postponed. January loth, 1914. Prof. E. B. PouLTO>-, P.R.S , President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the ISth December, 1913, were read and confirmed. Mr. James John Joicey and Mr. Alleyne Leechman were admitted Fellows. Mr. Thomas Buxton Hardie, Mr. Eric Marsden Jones, Mr. John Kitching, Mr. John Eamsbottom, M.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. Herbert Fuller Wernham, B.Sc. (Lond.), were proposed as Fellows. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. Loftus St. George Byne, M.Sc, aud Mr. Gerald Walter Erskine Loder, J.P., i».L., M.A. (Cantab.), LL.B., were elected Tellows. The Teeasuree exhibited a copy of ' Fauna HaAvaiiensis,' bound in four volumes, recently acquired for the Society out of the income of the Tagart Bequest. Mrs. Hexshaw gave an account of the journey into the interior of Vancouver Island, made by Mr. Henshaw and herself, illus- trated \\ith a series of photographs of the scenery aud the more striking plants. A discussion followed, Dr. Eendle, Dr. C. E. Moss, Mr. A. H. Maude, Dr Stapf, aud Dr. Youug taking part in it, Mrs. Hen- sliavv replying. The second paper was read hy Mr. H. A. Batlis, B.A. (Oxou.), entitled " ttou)e Observations on the Tentacles of Blennius gaito- ragine," which was communicated by Prof. G. C. Bourne, E.E.S., Sec.L.S. Prof. G. C. Bourne and the President contributed further remarks, to which the author replied. Mr. G. Claridge Deuce, M. A., E.L.S., read a paper on a Marsh Orchis for \\ liich he proposed the name Orchis prcetermissa (a Latin description being giveji), and contrasted it with the true flesh-coloured 0. incaniata of Liunseus, as described by C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1881) 206, showing how it dif- fered from that plant in the shape of the flowers and in other characters. 0. 2)ii''-^'termissa is the crimson-flowered plant which has a wide distribution through soutli and central England. A painting oF it has been executed by Miss Trower fi'om a seedling raised by Mr. B. Savile Ogle, who had collected the parent plant before 1903 on the borders oi: Berkshire and Hants. The seedlings obtained from it resembled each other and the parent in all the stages of their growth. The parent was figured as 0. incarnata in the ' Eeport of the Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire ' for 1904. Mr. Druce himself collected the plants in Nottinghamshire in 1878, in Oxfordshire in 1882, in Berkshire and in Norfolk. Mr. P. M. Hall and Mr. E. B. Dllman, who have studied the Orchids from round AVinchester with great assiduity, expressed independently the o])inion that it was a distinct species (a note on it appears in the cm-tailed ' Eeport of the Winchester College Nat. Hist. Society '); they found it abundantly in Hampshire. A photograph hy Mr. Bedford showed that it occurred near Lewes in Sussex. LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 9 Reference was made to another and as yet undescribed form from the coast sands of Britain, as well as to a northern plant, but these await further investigation. Mr. Druce stated that he h:is as yet been unable to find any description or figure of his plant in British or European works. Mr. Druce then read a note on Article 45 of the Vienna Eules, contending that the change of Limonium to Statici was eirliei* nnnecessary, or, if persisted in, might open the door to other changes in nomenclature. His point was that the Liunean genu-* Stadce was made up of the two Tournefortian genera Statice and Limonium; that in his 'Genera Plantaruui' Linna3us alludes to and gives descriptions of both these under Statice, placing first the Sea Thrifts under Statice. Miller and Hill correctly chose Limonium to represent the Sea Lavenders, leaving Statice, Linn., to denote the Sea Thrifts. A list of genera, in which the retained name represents a minority of plants in the genus, had been drawn up, hut many of these were correct on the same evidence as that of the example given. He fiu'ther suggested that, in order to clear up sooie apparent ambiguity in Art. 45, the words " has no retrospective action " miglit be added to it. Mr. Deuce's third paper paper gave a list of the names of genera defined by Miller, Abridgement of the ' Gardener's Dic- tionary ' of 1754, which (as wholl}^ Tournefortian) were not included in the 'Index Kewensis ' : thus Miller may liave to be cited for many of those genera, instead of later authors such as Adanson, Moench, Gilibert, etc. To tliis was appended a note concerning John Hill's ' British Herbal ' of 175^, with its accidental binomials, which in some cases preceded those cited from Garsault's ' Materia Medica ' of 17(3S, which have been inserted in the fourth supplement to the ' Index Kewensis.' These short papers produced a brisk discussion, the following speakers engaging in it : Mr. James Britten, Dr. C. E. Moss, Mr. Pugsley (visitor), Mr. C. E. Salmon, Mr. F. N. AYilliams, Dr. A. B. Eendle, the General Secretary, and Mr. A. J. "Wilmott, Mr. Druce replying on certain points. February 5th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PoTJLTOx, r.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 15th January, 1914, were read and confirmed. lO PEOCEEDIIS'GS OF THE Mr. Arthur Samuel Ilorne, E.Sc. (Loud.), aud Mr. Gerald Walter Erskine Loder, J.P., D.L., M.A. (Cautab.), LL.B., were admitted Eellows. The PRESiDBifT adverted to the death on the 1st February of Dr. Albert Kael Ltjdwig Gotthilf Gtuntheb, President of the Society from 1896 to 1900, aud suggested that a vote of condolence be sent to his family, which was approved by all present rising in their places. The author being abroad, the Secretary for Zoology then read an abstract of a paper by Mr. James Davidsons', M.Sc, P.E.S., entitled " The Mouth-parts and Mechanism of Suction in Schizo- neura Lanigera, Hausm.,"'* and communicated by Dr. A. D. Imms, P.L.S. The General Secretary, on behalf of Miss Wing, exhibited a series of coloured drawings of British insects by her late brother, Mr. William E. Wixg, which are now available for disposal. The Secretary for Botany then read a paper, " The Vegetation of White Island, New Zealand," by Mr. W. B. B. Oliver, com- municated by Dr. L. Cockatne, F.E.S., E.L.S., and illustrated it by herbarium specimens, and lantern-slides showing the island, with the lake emitting steam and hydrochloric acid, the effect of which upon the flora was very marked. A list of twelve plants was appended. Mr. W. C. WoRSDELL, E.L.S., exhibited a series of 93 lantern- slides of Cape plants, mostly in their native habitats ; most; of the photographs had been taken by Prof. W. T. Saxto]s^. A discussion followed in which Mr. N. E. Brown, Dr. Stapf, and Mr. T. A. Dymes took part, Mr. Worsdell briefly replying. The last paper was by Mr. Walter E. Collinge, M.Sc, F.L.S., entitled " On the Eange of Variation of the Oral Appendages in some Terrestrial Isopods." The author had been unexpectedly prevented from reading the paper himself, but the conclusion of the paper was read by the Secretary. The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing contributed a few additional remarks. February 19th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PouLTOif, F.E.S. , President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th February, 1914 were read aud confirmed. LIXXEAN SOCIETY OP LOXDOX. I i Mr. Edward Aslulown Bunyard, and Miss Ellen Marion DelF, B.A. (Dubl.), D.>Sc, (Lond.), were proposed as Eellows. Mr. Thomas Buxton Hardie, Mr. Eric Marsden Jones, Mr. John Kitchino;, Mr. John Eamsbottoin, M.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. Her- bert Fuller Wernham, B.8c. (Lond.), were elected Eellows. Dr. JoHx P. LoTST, of Haarlem, read a paper entitled " On the Origin of Species by Crossing," ilkistrating his points by diagrams, lantern-slides, and dried specimens, (xibstract, pp. 73-89.) A discussion followed, in which the follov\ing speakers took part:— Prof. W. Bateson, Prof. J. B. Parmer, Mr. P. L. de Vil- morin. Dr. E. E. Gates, Prof. P. Keeble, Prof. A. Dendy, Sir Francis Darwin, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Prof. E. W. MacBride, P.E.S. (visitor). Prof. F. E. Weiss, Major C. 0. Hurst, Mr. Arthur ^V. Sutton, Dr. O. Stapf, Miss E. E. Saunders, and the President, the author btieliy replying. (Abstracts, pp. 89-98.) March 5th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PouLTOX, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of tlie General Meeting of the 19th February, 1014, were read and contirmed. Miss Agnes Whateley Thomson and Mr. Arthur Eeginald Horwood were admitted Fellows. Mnior Frank Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S., was proposed as a Fellow, and Prof. Eobert Chodat of Geneva, and Prof. Eichard Wettstein Eitter von Westersheim as Foreign Members. A paper by the Misses Katiiakike Foot and E. C. Strobell, on " Eesults of crossing Euschisius varioJarlus and E. servus, witli reference to the Inheritance of an exclusively Male Chai-acter," was explained by Miss Foot, by the aid of lantern-shdes. The President opened a discussion in which Dr. E. E. Gates, Prof. Eamsay Wright (\'isicor), and Prof. Bourne, Sec.L.S., took part. The second paper was by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnertox, entitled "Short Cuts by Birds to Nectaries," illustrated by lantern-slides from photographs and drawings by the author. Dr. Stapf, Sec.L.S., added a few remarks, and the author stated that he hoped to continue his observations on his return to Africa. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE The following fouv papers, communicated by Prof. J. Stakley GtARDINEE, F.li.S., F.L.S., on collectious made by the Percy JSladeii Expedition to the Iiidiau Oceau, were formally read in title :— Mr. Ch. Kerkema-n-s. — Buprestidse. Lt.-Col. Wi^^N Sampson'. — Platypodidse and Ipidae from the Seychelles. Dr. G. Exdkrleik. — Scatopsid^e and Simuliidae. Mr. C. G. Lamb. — Heteroaeuridse— Milichiidse. March 19th, 1914. Prof. E. P. PouLTOii, E.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of tlie General Meeting of the 5th March, 1914, \Aere read and confirmed. Mr. Eraucis Druee, M.A., the 'Rev. Edward Francis Liuton, M.A. (Oxon.), Mrs. Mary ISewman Tremearne, L.L.A., and Mr. Mudumalukurti Veukata Rau, M.A. (Madras), were proposed as Eellows. Mr. Edward Ashdown Bunyard, and Miss Ellen Marion Delf, B.A. (DnbL), D.Sc. (Lond.), w'ere elected Eellows. Dr. E. F. Akmstrong, E.C.S., read a paper entitled "The Bearing of Chemical Eacts on Genetical Constitution," which was communicated by Prof. F. Keeble, Sc.D., F.L.S. The following abstract was furnished by the author : — (1) The Eblatiox oe Enzymes to Colour Inheritance in Plants. — The known genetical relation obtaining between the colour-series of Primula sinensis as typified by the colour series : — Dominant White — Magenta — Eed — Blue — Eecessive White. The universal presence of oxydase in all the members of this series. The demonstration and delineation of oxydase in plant- tissues by means of the benzidine reagent and similar artificial ehromogens. The apparent failure of dominant white flowers to show the oxydase reaction is due to inhibition. The inhibitor may be removed by means of hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, absolute alcohol, and certain other reagents. The presence of oxydase can be then demonstrated. (2) The Nature or Oxydases. — The present position of our knowledge based on a review of the work of Bach and Chodat, LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 13 Palladin, Gortuer. etc. The manifestation of oxydase reactions in solutions of different degrees of hydration — the possible bearing of these facts ou the course of chemical events in plant cells. (3) The Axthoctax Pigments of Pl.o-ts axd their Mode or Formation. — The work of A. G. Perkin, Wheldale, Will- sliirter, etc. The Glucoside nature of the antecedents of anthocyanin. The stages in the formation of pigment : — Glucoside + enzyme — >-Sugar + chromogen. Chromogen + enzy me + peroxide — ->piginent. (4) Other Plaxt Pigments.— The action of Oxydase on Amino Acid and on phenolic bodies in the presence of Amino Acids. Formation of pigments from glucosides (e. g. Arbutin) in this manner. Biological synthesis of the principles of both colour and odour of the ripe fruit. (5) An hypothesis as to the relation between the several members of an epistatic series of pigments. Mendelian interpretation of an epistatic colour-series. Parallel behaviour of certain phenolic substance*, e. 7. methy- quinol, which do not give a colour-reaction with oxydase i')er se, but only when another compound, such as benzidine, is present to transmit oxygen to them. Primida sinensis. Biochemical model. Oxydase. Oxydase. Blue factor. 4- Ked factor. Benzidine. + Methyl quinol. i >^ I I 4^ ] i Bed. ir ^ Bed. ^ Blue. Colourless. Blue. Colourless. A discussion followed in which the participants were : — Miss Wlieldale (visitor), Prof. AV. Eateson, 8ir E. Bay Lankester, and Prof. H. E. Armstrong (visitor), Dr. E. F. Armstrong briefly replying. April 2nd, 1014. Dr. A. Smith "W'oodward, F.B.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. Tne Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th March, 1914, \\ere read and confirmed. Miss Sarah .Martha Baker, D.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. Charles John Bond, and Mr. Stuart Hoi.'g, were proposed as Fellows. 14 PROCEEDINGS OE THE Major Frank Wall, I.M.S., was elected a Fellow. The following Auditors for the Society's Accounts were nominated by the Council and, by show of hands, elected : for the Council, Dr. W. T. Caiman and Prof. Percy Groom ; for the Fellows, Mr. James Groves aud Mr. Alfred W. Oke. Miss Ida. M. Haxwaed, F.L.S., exhibited a series of 46 Australian plants, found growing on the banks of the River Tweed and its tributary the Gala, with a large collection of Australian seeds, the whole obtained from Australian wool. Many of the species had been determined by Dr. A. Thellung, Dr. Josef Murr, and other specialists, the following being pointed out as of exceptional interest: — Accena iSaii(^tusorba',\iih], Lepl- dium peregrinum, Thell., Millotia depcniperata, Stapf, Centipeda orbicularis, Lour., Bracliycome collina, Benth., Stuartina Muelleri, Sond., Toxacanthus Muelleri, Benth., Danthonia semianmdaris, E. Br., Pteris aquilina. Linn., var. esculenta. Mr. G. C. Druce, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Dr. Stapf, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and the Vice-President in the Chair, engaged in a discussion upon this exhibition, which was further enhanced by a series of lantern-slides. Mr. W. C. Worsdell, F.L.S., then gave a second series of 67 lantern-slides ot Cape plants, mostly in their native habits. These were commented upon by Mr. P. F. Fyson, Mr. N. E. Brown, and Dr. A. B. Rendle ; Mr. Worsdell replying. Mr. Cleme^'t Reid, F.R.S., showed a lantern-slide of photo- graphs from seeds of a new species of Corema ((.-'. intevhtedia) Irom the Pliocene Cromer Forest Bed. The same had also been found in a similar deposit in the Netherlands, at Tegelen. Mr. W. RusuTON gave a summary of his paper, "Structure of the AVood of Himalayan Junipers," Avhich was communicated by Prof. Pekct Gkoom, D.Sc, F.L.S. The four species which were investigated were : — Juniperus communis, Linn., J. pseud.o-sahina, Fisch. & Mey. [svn. J.WulUchiana, Houk. f. it Thoms.], J. recurva, Buch.-Ham,, and J. rnacro2)oda, Boiss. Mr. AV. B. TuKuiLL gave an account of his paper, " A Con- tribution to the Flora of Fiji," which was communicated by Dr. Otto Stapf, F.R.S., F.L.S. , and illustrated by a series of views of the main island of Yiti Levu, taken bv Sir Eveuard iM TuuKX, K.C.M.G. Mr. H. N. Ridley and Dr. Stapf added some further observa- tions, and the author briefly replied. LI>XEAX SOCIETY OF LOyDOX. 1 5 Mr. E. Allet^^ Eolfe, A.L.S., exhibited a series of coloured drawings of live hybrid 0])lirvses, raised by Mr. Fernand Denis, Balariic-les-Bains, France, from Ophrys tenthreclinifera, "Willd., crossed with the pollen of 0. aranifera, Huds. ; together with the two parents. This was believed to be the first hybrid Ophrys raised artificially, and it proved the origin of a natural hybrid that has been recorded from three localities in Italy, and is known under the names of 0. Grampinii, Cortesi, and 0. etrusca, Asch. & Grlibn. The hybrids varied somewhat between themselves, but all showed an unmistakable combination of the characters of the two parents, particularly in the colour and markings of the lip, and in the peculiar combination of rose and green in the sepals and petals. Mr. Denis has a batch of some forty seedlings in flower or bud. At least eighteen natural hybrid Ophryses have been recorded, and Mr. Eolfe believed there were others. He would be greatly obliged to anyone who would send him examples, as he is studying them. Dr. A. B. Eendle referred to Ihe importance of these observa- tions and experiments as tending to clear up the doubts as to the afiinities of many of these allied forms, so troublesome from a taxonomic point of view. The two following papers w^ere read in title : — Prof. Cuaeles Chilton, LL.D., F.L.S., "A new Amphipodan Genus and Species (Family Dexaminidae) from New Zealand"; and Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., P.L.S., "Mr. W. A. Lamborn's Breeding Ex- periments upon Acrcen encedon (Linn.), in the Lagos District of West Africa, 1910-1912." May 7th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PoLaTo:N", F.E.S,, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd April, 1914, were read and confirmed. Mr. Eiic Marsden Jones and Dr. Elleu Marion Delf were admitted Fellows. The Eev. John Eobert Lewis Kingou, M.A., Mr. Eobert Eay, B.Sc. (St. And. & Cape), and Miss Clotilde von Wyss were proposed as I^ellows. Mr. Francis Druce, M.A., F.E.G.S., the Eev. Edward Francis Linton, M.A. (Oxou.), Mrs. Mary Is'ewman Tremearne, L.L.A., 1 6 PKOCEEDIXGS OF THE and Ml-. Mudurnakkurfi Venkata Eau, M.A. (Madras), were elected Eellows, and Prof. Eobert Chodat and Prof. Eicliard Wettstein, Eitter von Westersheim, were elected Foreign Members. The President announced that the Council had decided to award the Linnean Medal at the forthcoming Anniversary Meeting to Prof. Otto Butschli, of Heidelberg. Mr. H. N. EiDLEY, C.M.G., F.E.S., P.L.S., then gave an account of " The Botany of the Utakwa Expedition, Dutch Kew Gruinea," which had been worked up by various botanists. He stated that the extensive collection of plants made by Mr. C. B. Ivloss during Mr. Wollaston's expedition to Mt. Carstensz, Dutch New Guinea, in ] 912-13, is the most important collection of New Guinea plants brought to this country. Mr. A. P. E. Wollaston exhibited a series of photographs of the scenerv and vegetation taken during the expeditioi], and Major Gage, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Mr. E. G. Baker, and Dr. Otto Stapf discussed the paper. Prof. G. C. Bourne, Sec.L.S., gave an abstract of a short paper by Mr. Geofftiey W. Smith, E.L.S., "The Genus Lemceodiscus, P. Miiller, 1862." Major Gage then showed lantern-slides, (1) of views in the Botunic Gardens at Sibpur, Calcutta, and (2) the Government Cinchona plantations in Bikkim. Dr. Otto Stapf, Sec.L.S., explained the chief points of a brief paper by Dr. J. C. Willis, P.L.S., "A new Natural Order of Flowering Plants : Tristichaceaj," separated from Podostemacese. There was exhibited for Mr. James Hornell, F.L.S., " The forced or cultural production of free, spherical Pearls; a pre- liminary note on a new method," together viith specimens in jars of (1) a dissection of a species of Unio having an induced free pearl in the tissues of the anterior adductor muscle, (2) three minute pearls from the mantle of the Indian and Ceylon pearl- oyster, Margaritifera vulgaris, Schumacher, and (3) two pieces of the mantle of two other individuals of the same species con- taining three other free pearls, all produced by artificial stimulus, but tlie precise method was not disclosed. The minute pearls were shown under a microscope. LI>"NEAX SOCIETY OP LOXDOX. 17 Two remaining pnpers were I'ead in title, namely: — Prof. Charles Chiltox, LL.D., F.L.S., " Some Terrestrial Isopoda from New Zealand and Tasmania ; with the Description of a new Genus, A'otoniscus" ; and. Mr. G-. C. Champiox, A.L.S., •' Ciircu- lionida? from the Indian Ocean," being a report on material brought home by the Percy tSladea Expedition. May 25th, 1914. Anil i versa ry Meetinr/. Prof. E. B. PouLTOX, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minntes of the General Meeting of the 7th May, 1914, were read and confirmed. Mrs. Mary Newman Tremearne, L.L.A., was admitted a Eeliow. Mr. Walter Henry Charter, Mrs. Edith Jane Dnrrant (Mrs. Wilfred Durrant), and Mr. Linn?eas Eden Hope, were proposed as Fellows. The Treasurer laid his Annual Statement of Accounts before the Meeting, and explained the various items of receipts and expenditure, and the same was received and adopted upon the motion of the President (see pp. 19-21). The General Secretary then laid his Annual Eeport before the Meeting, thus : — Since the last Anniversary 17 Fellows have died, or their deaths been ascertained : — Thomas Hawkes Eussell. Philip Lutley Sclater, D.Sc, Ph.D. Frederick Granville Sinclair, M.A. Martin John Sutton. Arthur AV. AValker. Alfred Russei Wallace, O.M., LL.D. William West. The Eev. WiUiam Williams, D.D. 1913-1914. c Tempest Anderson, M.D.,D.Sc. The Rt. Hon. John Lubbock, Baron Avebury, P.C. Arthur Ellson Davies, Ph.D. Peter Ewing. Albert Karl Ludwig GotthiJf Giinther, M.D., Ph.D. Allen James Hewitt. Sir John Muri'ay, K.C.B., Se.D. George Henry Parke. The Rev. John Robinson Porter, M.A. LINX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION PEOCEEDIIS'GS OF THE Also 3 Foreign Members : — Prof. Dr. Paul Priedricli August Ascherson. Prof. Carl Chun. Prof. Philippe Edouard Le'on Van Tieghera. And 1 Associate : — Adolphus Henry Kent, B.A. Pellows withdrawn (9) : — William Prancis Cooper, B.A. Alexander Hutton. John Eudd Leeson, M.D. James Pat on. William Joseph Rainbow. Linsdall Richardson. Buxton Shillitoe. John Frederic AA'^aby. Prof. Richard Henry Yapp, M.A. Fellows whose names were i-emoved from the List by order of the Council : — Robert Carlisle Appletou. Henry Caracciolo. Paul Rivalz Dupont. Charles Aubrey Ealand. Fellows elected 27, oF which 25 have qualified up to the present. ; also 2 Foreign Members and 1 Associate elected. The Librarian's Report was as follows : — During the past year there have been received as donations from private individuals 101 volumes and 165 pamphlets. From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there have been received in exchange, and otherwise, 367 volumes and 34 detached parts, besides 93 volumes and 13 parts obtained in exchange, and as donations from the editors and proprietors of independent periodicals. The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee, have sanctioned the purchase of 246 volumes and 53 parts of impoi'tant works. The total adtlitions to the liibrary are therefore 807 volumes and 265 separate parts. The number of books bound during the year is as follows : — In full-morocco 3, in half-morocco 270, in half-calf 3, in full- cloth 327, in vellam 24, in buckram 32, in boards and half- cloth 12; relabelled (half-morocco and cloth back) 18. Total 689 volumes. The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elections, the President opened the business of the day, L1]S'>"EAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 1—1 z -^^ i .n CO C5 DO O' CI t- - o 2 iX. o '^ c ^ t; ?. C' 1 !i ■1 K J > r; _- VJ 55 0- H pH O CK l-J 33 "*^ ^ H O -H oo o o — < OOO Cl c o — 1-H 1-H CO tr- »+< lO >0 -TIM O —l- 00 -^ T-H ...CC ic oo o ■^: to-t — * t-i^ ir. -t Ci C<> ^, =^ a; !:.0 -f "« t^J S 1 "» i "-' -'fc' 5 ^ •- 1 ! -?.■= o hD'r^ S 'm .!>- 11 1 ills: • ^ — o ~ '" C^ ^-v * '^^^ 1 1.1 _£ r,^ a c : s a; s '7 19 ^ v-:^W g CQ ; X r:' o o o tD C- to -+< 'M ^ o it; o — ' ci ^ -ri f^i ^ — — < C' O O CO 0>^ 3 -ti -? ^ J3! "t- m J s ' o r; ^ = r- 5 3 •=: 22 ? ? 3 )s 5 o It'll g o 5 4^ '^ *^ 2 ^ ^ ■::: 53 b :» S c2 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ^ ^ a--^^ '=^ w ■ ^ «-■ (i< s = £ »- o -g S' ^ _• CO pq ^ S p.£0 _o -^ 00 - '^ ^ .r^t^ ^ 1^ ""I § t- O: ^ CO iC lO CO 00 — • o >-( 10 &* "" r r- r— '^ ^ t '^ ? S - S " ^ , ;: cs — ^ <" 5 C k s: fe f^ 1-^ cs £ c .2 ^^ 2 M 0) N C) C/J ^ o ez; : fl X' : o ? ■ <^ : -o %^ : 3 n, S s- : 3 (B . ' '^ rl=) 03 O o t. ~ 5 o CD I — ' w S c => - fig C-. O CC i-i (M cc CO CO 00 o ^ fcj 't: ^3 tJ -3 1? " Sj « c ° S-^ S cs § ■» l> O fe ^ rv M o £ cs .2 bJD 2 ^ OmO ^q LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. ►5^" O Tt< O C: C: O O O I 1-1 03 lO 00 3 O M O O o 01 -HOO^COXClOrt C o C5 CO ir:. C5 Tf< c^l o Tic; 30 i-ci o o >§, @ (§) ® (§) .§> ® §) oJOrHOOOOOO , , O -M O O O O O O «*^ uj ^ i--: = t-. o o o 1—1 05 o ''^ C5 t^ CO — 1. :o fifi 2 :p-i •3 ^ !M K .:; j:; » yj = k 'is C i © - £ sju g : p" -^ — P" '- »==; O f^ r==;i ;0 CiO cs o ■ CO O O 00 l^^ 5j 10 -t< c^i o — I I ^ ^ X rt — . cs O I -r i-( CO 1— 1 rf (M '^' O >r: o o o «• iC CO O X o t— I IJ C-l CO o 01 o ^ CO .'r>, .— ) ir:i CO CQ c . P r5 -€ > fi r- CU OD w O I' i<^ c^i S y' O t. - o i;q 5 'S Ja o t. f I ^ 3 fe 00 -1^ .;:i-'^ cs ■= p ^ 5 2 2 PEOCEBDINGS OP THE and the Fellows preseut proceeded to vote for the Council and Officers. The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President appointed the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Col. H. H. Johnston, and Mr. C. Sillein, [Scrutineers ; these having examined the Ballot- papers and cast up the Votes, reported to the President, who declared the result as follows : — ElCHAED ASSHETOIS^, F.E.S. ; Prof. G. C. BdUENE, P.E.S. ; Dr. W. T. Calman ; A. D. Cotton, Esq. ; Sir Peank Ceisp, Bart. : James Gteoves, Esq. ; Prof. W. A. Heedma^', P.E.S. ; Dr. B. Daydon Jacksoi^ ; Prof. E. A. Minchin, P.E.S. ; Hoeace W. MoNCKTOif, F.G.S. ; Dr. C. E. Moss ; Prof. E. B. Poultox, P.E.S. ; Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.E.S. ; H. N. Eijuley, F.E.S. ; Miss Edith E. Sadndees ; Prof. A. C. Sewaed, F.E.S. ; Dr. Otto Staff, F.E.S. ; Miss Ethel N. Thomas, B.Sc. ; Comr. J. J. Walkee, E.N. ; and Dr. A. Smith Woodwaed, F.E.S. (The five retiring Councillors were Dr. Peecy Geoom, Mr. A. AV. Hill, Prof. F. Keeble, Prof. F. W. Olivee, and Dr. W. G. Eidewood.) The Ballet for the Officers having been closed, the President appointed Dr. E, E. Gates, Prof. G. S. Boulger, and Dr. A. P. Toung, Scrutineers ; these having examined the Ballot-papers and cast up the Votes, reported to the President, who declared the result as follows : — President : Prof. E. B. Poultojst, F.E.S. Treasurer : Hoeace W. Moncktox, F.G.S. Secretaries: Dr. B, Daydon Jackson. Dr. Otto Stapf, F.E.S. Prof. G. C. BouENE, F.E.S. The President then delivered his Address, a continuation and completion of his investigation of a remarkable pamphlet by- Mr. G. W. Sleei'ee, with lantern-slides of documents throwing light upon the genesis of the work, which had not been cleared up at the time of his previous Anniversary Address, as follows : — LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIJf. 23 PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1914. When I had the pleasure of ackh-essing you on May 24, 1913, I little thought that the same subject would require another year's iuterinittent work, and furnish the material for another Anniver!?ary Address. But tr. W. Sleeper's hooklet, dated 1849, had been in my hands only two months, and the enquiry Avas still proceeding, when the address was dehvered. I had informed tiie author's son, Mr. J. E. Sleeper, that the registration of the Mork was not to be found among the copyright records for Massachusetts for the year 1849, that there was no evidence of a copy having been deposited, and that therefore any docu- mentary proofs which he could furnish would be of the utmost importance. His reply, which arrived on June 2nd, a few days after the delivery of the Address, shewed that decisive evidence was in his possession : — Bense's contract, signed and sealed by hira and dated May 18, 1849, is among my f'atlier's papers ; there is an entry in his old memo book for 1849, " Bense, paiuplilets, §30," under that date ; and an MS. lecture, " Life and the Cosmosite," refers to the Origin of Life as delivered in 1847. Mr. J. F. Sleeper had previously stated that the Avord " Agnostic " had been introduced by his father, and that it was to be found in the manuscript of a lecture to which he assigned the date 1846. I wrote asking lor the loan of all these documents, in order that they might be examined by experts. Mr. Sleeper replied that, in the absence of the expected registration, they had become so precious that he could only submit them one at a time, and could only despatch the second after the safe return of the first, and so with the rest. This meant loss of time ; but the perfectly reasonable conditions could not be resisted, and I still hoped that expert opinion would be unanimous, no further evidence required, and the whole subject brought to a decisive conclusion in a terminal note to the 1913 Address. With this hope, the revised proofs were held back from the press until late in the summer ; but by August 13 it was obvious that the enquiry was far from complete, and I therefore returned the proofs to the General Secretary, after adding the brief explanatory paragraph on p. 45. I fully expected when the proofs were returned that the investigation would be finished in time for a meeting in the autumn session ; but, partly because I could not devote myself to this subject continuously, although mainly on account of the 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE inherent difficulty of pursuing enquiries in anodier and distant land, it was soon realised that many months must elapse. Tiie necessary delay has heen of special and great advantage, in that it has afforded the opportunity for settling, as I believe finally, the date of certain type used in printing the booklet — a problem which last year appeared to be insoluble. I do not think that the Fellows of the Linnean Society will criticise too severely the devotion of two Anniversary Addresses to this interesting subject. Had I not seen, in the documentary evidence and the lines of enquiry suggested by it, the probability of a final decisive solution, I should not have hesitated to express my own conclusions as to the authenticity or otherwise of the booklet ; althougli it is not to be expected that the opinion would have received universal or even general approval. On tiie evidence available a year ago, many thinkers held that the booklet was the outcome of remarkable genius, many that it was the product of remarkable fraud. Whether genius or fraud, it is certainly remarkable, as I fully realised when the title of the address was deliberately chosen :—" A remarkable American Work upon Evolution and the Germ Theory of Disease." The evidence now brought forward will probably lead the scientific and literary world to an undisputed conclusion — that the work is a fraud ; but, wlien the story is told, I do not doubt that the word " remarkable " will, by general agreement, be allowed to stand. Much kind help has been received in the course of the investi- gation, which, indeed, could not otherwise have been carried to a successful issue. All such help is acknowledged in the course of the Address, but I must at the outset specially record my grateful thanks to Mr. Horace Hart, Controller of the Oxford University Press; Mr. J. W. Phinney, Manager of the American Type- founders' Company, Boston, Massachusetts ; Sir George Warner, late Keeper of the Manuscripts of the British Museum ; Mi's. Prederic Pndicott, of Canton, Massachusetts, a daughter of the late Mr. AV. Bense : Dr. H. Putnam, Librarian of Congress, AVashington ; Mr. H. G. Wadlin, Librarian of the Public Library, Boston. I also desii'e to thank Mr. F. Madan, Bodley's Librarian, Oxford University, for his great kindness in correcting the proofs of the reproduction in the Appendix, comparing them line for line and word for word with the original booklet. Fellows of the Linnean Society owe to his kindness, and to the skill of the experts of the Oxford University Press, that they will possess an exact reproduction m all essentials of the work stated to be written by G. W. Slee])er and dated 1849. Mr. J. F. Sleeper has been most kind in supplying dociunents and answering qi.estions, and I fear that the long correspondence has absorbed much of his time. I regret that 1 have not been able to accept his conclusions. On p. 44 I have ventured to Liy^EAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOJf. 25 I suggest the mental conditioa wliich led to the fabrication of evidence. The solution offered — that of self-deception — is, 1 hope, not only the correct one, but also the one which will bring the least distress to my courteous correspondent. 1, The Type. At the time wlien the revised address for 1913 was sent to press, no clear evidence based on the type had been forthcoming (Proc. Linn. Soc. Iyl2-13, pp. 40, 41). «ome of the founts liad been found by Mr. Horace Hart in an undated catalogue of Y. and J. Figgins, but their successors had been unable to trace the history. JMr. Hart, on the whole, concluded that the booklet •' nnglit very well have been printed in Boston at the date mentioned" (p. 41). The enquiry has now been carried much furtlier, and has pro- duced results of the highest importance. On July 16, 1913, JMr. Hart wrote the following letter to his friend, the iate Mr. Theodore L. De Vinne, of 300 West JSeventy -sixth {Street, iS'ew York : — I am ti'oubling you with a question about the da^e oT certain types, wbicli wiU interest you, es))ecially if you are able to make the uecessai-y relerences to typetouiiders' catalogues in your o«n possession. I iiave a pamphlet, the titlepage of which is as follows : — SOME EECENT LECTURES. By GEO. W. SLEEPER. Boston: Ww. Bense, Printer, 1819. I bare been assisting to fix tbe date by means of the types, and I have chosen three founts as tests. 'Ihese are: (1) Type used for certain headings: Figgins's two-line long primer Monastic Ko. '1. (2) Ditto. : two-line brevier Monastic No. 2. (3) Ditto, : two-line small pica wide Latin. The point I would submit to you is, — Can you say with any certainty that 1, 2, or '6 existed in America as early as 1849 ? I find them in late editions of Figgins's Specimen Books ; but unfortunately their business has been sold to ilessrs. R. H. Stevens & Co., and the new firm Las not the means of finding out anything about origins of types. I have not found these types in your specimen books. P.S. — On second thoughts, I am sending you a couple of rotographs, one of tbe titlepage which contains tbe types I am writing about, and tlie other containing a drire-down * beading. Tlie words "SOME RECEKT LEC- TURES "are in the wide Latin type, and the words " The Origin of Life" are in the two-line long primer and brevier Monastic No. 2. * A beading that is not printed at tlie very top of a page, but is driven down, as at the beginning of any important section of a book. 26 PROCEEDINGS OP THE Ml'. De Vinne, in acknowledging the receipt of tliis communi- cation, said he was getting old and could not himself undex'take the necessary research, but that he had handed Mr. Hart's letter and enclosures over to Mr. J. W. Phinney, the Manager of the American Typefounders' Company, Boston. Mr. Phinney kindly undertook a thorough investigation, which occupied some months, and it was not till Nov. 4, 1913, that Mr. Hart received the following reply : — Mr. Theodore L. De Vinne has handed nie your inquiry about the date of cerl'ain types used in the titlepage of a pamphlet entitled "Some liecent Lectures by George W. Sleeper ; Boston, William Bense, Printer, 1849." 1 have examined my specimen books of French, German, English, and American types, and am disappointed. Our Librarian in Jersey City, where we have a Typographic Library and Museum, has examined tlie catalogues of four Libraries, and is unable to find the Sleeper Lectures pamphlet. Tlie type has been variously called "Norman," "Wide Latin," "Celtic No. 2,'' etc. We do not find any specimens of " Norman " in French specimen-books earlier than 1879, in Berlhier, a concern with a reputation of [producing] faces foreign to France. Even at this day no French specimen-book of a leading; type-foundry shows " Norman." The earliest sliowing in England was by F'iggins, 1873, one size, two-line Great Primer, Caps, and Small Caps., called " Wide Latin." The same book shows " Ornamented Latin," three sizes, with Floriated Caps, and Small Caps, similar to "Wide Latin," in bodies coi-re- .^ponding to our 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, and 18-poiiit sizes. Figgins also shows the Floriated Caps, separately under the name "Latin Initials." We have not been able to find the face in German books earlier than 1885. MacKellar, Smiths, & Jordan's 'Typographic Advertiser' of July, 1870, shows the face in eight sizes as " Celtic No. 2." All other specimens in that issue are priced, indicating that tlie face was quite new at that date in that foundry. The Matrix Book of the Johnson Foundry shows tliat the face was first added in 1870. Tiie matrices are electrotyped. The specimen has no patent date, while all faces originating in that foundry were patented as they appeared. Conner's 'Typographic Messenger' shows the face in 1873, as a supplement, printed on one side, suggesting that it was just added. The Boston Type Foundry shows the face in five sizes of Caps, in 1874, and there is a note to the effect that " Small Caps, are in preparation." Our collection has the Dickinson book of January 187(i, in which "Norman " is sliown in four sizes in Caps, and Small Caps. I believe the Dickinson commenced to manufacture the " Norman" in 1874. Finally, in a letter written March 16, 1914, kindly giving me permission to quote the above statement, Mr. Phinney summed up the results of his enquiry in these words :— " It seems to me impossible that the titlepage could have been set at the date claimed for it, the style of type used in some of the lines of the titlepage being designed at a much later date, as we have recently estabhshed in the runniug-dowu we gave to the type face." LI^'>fEAy SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2^ 2. Early WorTcmansMp of W. Bense compared wltli iliat of the Booklet dated 1849. The rough appearance of the booklet was referred to in last year's address (|). 41), where Mr. Hart's opinion that it was the work of an amateur is quoted, and where it is compared un- favourably with the 1860 pamphlet. Sir George Warner wrote, August 7, 1913, after seeing the booklet : — Apart from its really astonishing anticipation of modern theories and discoveries, the only thing at alJ suspicious about the pamphlet is that it looks almost too early and scrubby — in short, overdone, especially as it purports to have been printed at Boston, which was not a primitive Western town, but the literary centre of the States. Even if Bense was merely a printer in a small way of business, one would have expected something better, and it is a pity more of his work is not available for comparison. It has, fortunately, been possible to supply this want ; for Mrs. Endicott, a daughter of the late Mr. W, Bense, kindly seut to me on Nov. 4, 1913, two samples of her father's work set up within a few years of 1849. One is the ' Annual Eeport of the Selectmen of the Town of Canton' (1855); the other the ' Massapoag Journal and Canton Observer' (vol. i. No. 12, Oct. 9, 1852). Mr. Hart has kindly examined both of them, and tells me that the type referred to on p. 25 is not to be fotnid in either, although the journal is rich in the variety of its fotmts. The workmanship of both is creditable, and bears no resemblance to the rough and untidy print of the booklet. The comparison affords strong evidence that the booklet was not printed by Bense. Mrs. Endicott wrote in the accompanying letter : — My father thoroughly imderstood his business, and took pride and pleasure in it. Ho served an apprenticeship in the old-fashioned way with the well-established firm of Crocker and Brewster, continued with them afterward as a journeyman, and ever since mj earliest recollection had his own printing-otHce in Boston, and I suppose was in business for himself at the time of his marriage. He must have had a proper outfit, too, for he made a specialty of dainty work, dance orders, bills of fare for some of the largo city hotels, and other work of that nature. Mr. Phinney, in his letter to Mr. Hart (p. 26), also stated that "William Bense was an excellent printer." The copy of the ' Massapoag Journal' supplies evidence that there were business relationships between W. Bense and G. W. Sleeper ; for it contains a rather extensive advertisement of the latter's " New England Tea Hong," at 130 Washington Street. Eurtherniore, the last advertisement in the paper, that of the printer, W. Bense, states that " orders may be left with E. & N. Bent, at the Depot, or at 130 Washington Street, Over New England Tea Hong, Boston." 2 8 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE Mr. J. r. Sleeper states that his father specially arranged for W. Bense to procure the paper and type from abroad, and would not permit the printer to damp the paper. No such stipulations appear in the very elaborate contract (see p. 32). The price, moreover, of 30 dollars for 500 copies, does not seem to leave much margin to pay for the special importation of paper and type. 3. Evidence that G. W. Sleeper vias described as a Printer between 1866 and 3872. In last year's Anniversary Address it is stated (p. 42), on the authority of JDr. H. Putnam, that G. W. Sleeper's name appears as a printer in tlie Boston Directories from 1866-1872, Mr. J. F. Sleeper, on the contrary, strongly asserted (I. c, footnote) that the information was erroneous, and that his father went to Xew York in June 1866. I therefore asked Dr. Putnam if he would give me the precise addresses printed in the volumes. He kindly replied as follows : — OiEce of the Librarian of Congress, November 14, 1913. The following entries occur in the Boston City Directories for the years 1866 to 1872 : 1866. Sleeper, George, printer, boards 89 Hudson. 1867. Sleeper, George, printer, boards 12 Piedmont. 1868. Sleeper, George, printer, 120 Wash. b. 11 Suffolk-pl. 1869. Sleeper, George AV., priuter, 118 Wash. b. 29 Plarvard. 1870. Sleeper, George W., printer, 118 Wash. b. 29 Harvard. 1871. Sleeper, George W., printer, 118 Wash. b. 29 Harvard. 1872. Sleeper, George W., printer, boards 10 Decatur, It will be seen that two of the business addresses are very near that of the " JVew England Tea Houg," at 130 Washiugton Street, Mr. J. F. Sleeper states emphatically that his father " never was a printer ; any such statement in a Boston Directory for 1860, &c., is either a gross error or refers to some other person. Tour proof said ' 1866-1872.' At that time father was in New York and New Jersey ! " Mr. Sleeper also suggests many directions in which enquiries may be expected to yield conHrmatory evidence. These I have not had time to make. Purthermore, anj amount of evideuce that G. W. Sleeper was resident in New York and New Jersey between 1866 and 1872 would not disprove his residence in Boston for portions of the same years. The proof that is required by Mr. J. P. Sleeper must deal with the Boston record. No other will suffice. LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29 4. Tlie Contract ivith the Printer. The contract, of which a reduced facsimile appears opposite p. 32, is the most important document relating to the 1849 booklet that 1 have received. It supplies a crucial test. If it be genuine, the booklet receives sufficient confirmation, and will be accepted by the reasonable critic. If it be proved a forgery, the reasonable critic will conclude that the booklet is a forgery also. Se\eral eminent authorities in Oxford to whom I shewed the contract were quite satisfied with its appearance, and were prepared to accept the booklet on its authority. I do not think that any of them examined it very critically, for they appeared to be satisfied with the inherent improbability that it had been forged. Mr. Horace Hart remarked that the deed was unnecessarily pompous and elaborate for so small a sum as thirty dollars. After receiving several favourable reports, 1 took the document to the Begins Professor of Modern History, Prof. C. H. Firth, who at once expressed his disbelief in it, telhng me that he would not think of accepting historical data on such evidence. He did not consider that the brown stains looked genuine, and thought that the effect had been in part produced by rubbing. Mr. J. F. Sleeper states that the lecture containing the word " Agnostic " (App. p. 15) and some other manuscripts, being crumpled and dirty, he damped them shghtly with a nearly dry sponge, and then ironed them flat. Such treatment might have caused the appearance noticed by Professor Firth. The document was then sent to Sir Frederick Kenyon, who kindly expressed his opinion as follows ; — British Museum, London, W.C. July 25. 1913. I return the contract. I can't say I like the look of it. The brown stain does not look natural; it has more tlie appearance of the coffee-stain ■wliich one sees on faked documents than the genuine foxing. Otherwise there is not much to take hold of, though I should have expected more wear at the cracks of the folds. On the whole, though I should not like to pronounce decisively, this document rather increases my distrust than otlierwise. I have shown it to the present Keeper of MSS., who concurs; un- fortunately we no longer have Warner available, whose experience is much greater than ours. I next sent the contract to Sir George Warner, late Keeper of the Manuscripts of the British Museum, who was then at Llandrindod Wells. He kindly replied, Aug. 1, 1913 : — I have carefully examined the document which j-ou have sent me, hut without further evidence cannot come to a positive conclusion respecting its genuineness. So far as its general appearance goes, it certainly viiyld date 30 PIlOCEEDIl!fGS OF THE from 1849, but I am by no means convinced that it really does so, for tbere is much in it tbat is decidedly suspicious. The discoloration (which in forgeries is so often a vfeak point) does not look quite natural, and I see no signs tbat it is caused by the use of pounce instead of blotting-paper*. But, apart from this, there seems to be an occasional tendency to lapse into what may be the writei-'s own customary hand as distinct from an artificial one. Take, for instance, the"Q'" at the end of "aforsaid.'' This was originally written as " Q," but has been painfully altered to " d " so as to conform to the usage elsewhere ; and the same is apparently the case with the " d " at the end of " counted." In my experience tliere is no letter, especially when at the end of a word, in which a forger is more often taken off his guard; and througlioiit the document the f7-forra seems to be made with more or less of an effort, as if the writer was not accustomed to it. I am also inclined to think that the attestation was written by the same hand as the body of the document. The mode of connecting tlie letter s with e or another letter following is somewhat peculiar and characteristic, and it is exactly the same in " presence " and " Joseph " as it is in " presents " (1. 1) and elsewhere t. A few weeks after the receipt of the ahove letter, Mr. J. P. Sleeper kindly sent several sheets of his father's nianiiscript, written within a few years of 1849. These were submitted, together Avith a collotype of the contract, to Sir George Warner, who wrote, Aug. 28, 1913, as follows : — The more I see of the contract the less I am disposed to believe in its authenticity, for the hand varies too much in so short a document written all at one time to be the writer's own natural hand, and has all the signs of an attempt to disguise it. The paper, so far as I remember it, seems to be the sa;ue as tbat used for most of the documents now sent, but of course it may have been a blank page torn off for t.he purpose of the forgery, if it is one, as I more and more strongly suspect is the case. I certainly would not commit myself to a belief in the pamphlet until more copies with authenticated dates of acquisition are forthcoming. It was obvious, after learning Sir George "Warner's opinion, that every attempt should be made to obtain signatures for com- parison with the contract, as Avell as other possible confirmation. On Aug. 9 I wrote to the Librarian of the Boston Public Library, asking if he could kindly give me the names and addresses of * Mr. J. F. Sleeper sent me samples of his father's white and also of his dark blotting-sand, but they bore no resemblance to the fine white powder which was thickly encrusted on some of the ink. t Sir George also wrote on the same subject, Aug. 7, 1913: — In the contract it is not the similarity of the signature of Bense to the body of the document which struck me as a little suspicious, for I thiuk there can be no doubt that, as would be natural, they were both written by the same hand. The question is, whether the signature of the witness was not also written by the same hand, though the intention was to disguise it. These of course are only grounds for suspicion, and not proofs, but they make me very anxious to see specimens of both Sleeper's and Bense's hand- writing, if it is possible to obtain them. The problem presented by the pamphlet is an extremely interesting one, and it is well to sift the matter thoroughly The use of the term "Agnostic" staggers me, and I confess I am sceptical and disposed to ask for more proof than this doubtful contract that the pamphlet is anything more than a fraud prompted by an old man's vanity and desire to score off liis detractors. LrN'XEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDO:S'. 3T W. Bense's children. The Assistant-Librarian, ISlr. Otto Fleisch- ner, kindly rephed, Aug, 22, sending tlie addresses of two daughters and a son. I wrote at once to Mrs. Frederick Endicott, of 1032 Washington Street, Canton, Massachusetts, wlio replied most kindly on Sept. 21st, and has since continued, in consultation Avith other members of her family, to assist the investigation. Mrs. Endicott's letter showed that no evidence was to be expected from the business books and papers that must have been kept at her father's printing establishment, for in the panic and confusion of the gi-eat Boston fire in 1872, the chief of the fire department ordered the blowing up of ninuerous buildings, among them the one at .35 Congress St., where his office was. The fire did not reacli the spot, but the great building was totally wrecked, and father's finely equipped office, presses, and everything, went down in the ruins. So of course every- thing, books, papers, and all were gone, and he had to make an entirely new beginning. Mrs. Endicott had never heard of Mr. Joseph Crafts, and other attempts to trace the witness to the contract have also ended in failure. Enclosed in iNIrs. Endicott's letter was the signature of William Bense, reproduced on a slightly smaller scale below. The signature was the receipt for a bill dated Jan. 8, 1890, from the office at 35 Congress Street, Monks Building : — The signature was obviously closely similar to that upon the contract (opposite p. 32). I sent it to Sir George Warner, together with a collotype reproduction of the contract, and wrote to Mrs. Endicott begging for more signatures, especially of an earlier date, and one as near as possible to 1849. Sir George replied, Oct. 6, 1913, as follows : — The signature you have sent me certainly does support the genuineness of the Sleeper-Bense contract of 1849. At the same time I am not quite satisfied, for it seems to me verj" i-emarkable that aiter so long an interval as 40 years the signature should be so precisely identical : and it i.-; almost easier to believe that tl)e early one is a forgery from a considerably later example. Is there no signature of Bense more nearly of the same date as the contract ? — and other writing as well, for it is the text of the contract which looks so sus- piciously irregular and artificial. The signature, I think, would not be a difficult one to forge. The hoped-for signatures, three in number, were found by Mrs. Endicott and her sister, and sent Xov, 4, 1913, One of them, reproduced in a slightly smaller size b^low, is of late date, Sept. 5, 1882. It is a receipt from the same oflSce as the 32 PROCEEDl^S^GS OF THE signature last-mentioned, and, like it, obviously resembles the one appended to the contract : — The two other signatures are of great importance, being much earher- — the first, of Dec. 17, 1856, not eight years, the second not quite nine years, from the date of the contract ; yet both are very different from the signature on the latter. The first, the receipt on a bill, is shewn slightly reduced; the second, on an unreceipted bill, is of about half the original size, and includes with the signature the upper third of the document, so that the ordinary handwriting, as well as the signature, may be compared with the contract: — /^,»;z^ ^c^^^ /efj~J OyU^ C/A^-^ '/K^(//a //U o^tU /i? "^ /irooC2a 5) (2 ^ /3 2 > rf-cx r, ^ Sir George Warner wrote, Nov. 17, after receiving the four signatures and tlie collotype of the contract: — I have received your five documents and have compared them. The two dated in 1856 and 1858 supply the evidence wliich has hitherto been lacking, and I am now convinced that the contract purporting to be dated 18 May, 1849, is nothing more than a forgery, as I have suspected all along. Both the text and signature were evidently written by the same person ; but the hand of the text has no resemblance to that of the items in the bill of 1858, nor t^Z^J^r C^^k^iX,^' Cc^ Y'-XA^-i^C^ Crti^^C.4^ CA..t-,^t.'~ C^'^<^-i.-X^ <^ /]r c.- .{L^.^-tJ^Ayf:^'^ ^f'fe/ ^^J^o~>^ 4ic.:,:/ ;^\^,,,J' ■ yn--^-ejUyt^.-ot^ tr^ REDUCED COLLOTYPE FACSLMILE S/s^ o/" original sheet gj'jj //?. x &J0 m. LIXNEAX SOCIETl" OF LON'DO>'. ^^ could the latter, I think, have been developed from \t, while the si'N. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1913-1914. d 34 PIIOCEEDIXGS OF THE I was anxious to know if the fifty cents conformed to the law at the time, and also whether there was any entry in the record hook for April 26, 1849, that might have escaped notice. I there- fore wrote to Dr. Putnam, who very kindly sent me the following result of a renewed search made by the Register of Copyrights : — Fro7n the Register of OorvRiGiiTS, Sept. 12, 1913. To the Librarian of Congress, Referring to the inquiry from Prof. E. B. Poulton. Professor Poulton asks that the Copyright Offico record book for the yenr 1849 be searched under the specific date April 26, for possible entry of Mr. SIeepei"'s book. We have done so, but find no registrations at all on April 26 of that year. As stated in my previous " JVleuiorandurn," we had already examined the record book page by page for the year 1849 without discovering any entry in regard to Mr. Sleeper's book. He also asks, in view of a notation in Mr. Sleepers Diary, what the legal copyright fee was at that date, and whether the copyriglit could have been registered before the book was published. The answer is that any registration in 1849 must have taken place under the provisions of the Act of February 3, 1831, which provided in sec. 4 as follows (in part): — "That no person shall be entitled to the benefit of this Act, unless he shall, before jmblication, deposit a printed copy of the title of such book, or books, map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, in the clerk's office of the district court of the district wherein the author or l^roprietor shall reside, and the clerk of such coiu't is hereby directed and required to record the same thereof forthwith, in a book to be kept for that purpose .... For which record, the clerk shall be entitled to receive, fi-om tjie person claiming such right as aforesaid, fifty cents .... And the author or proprietor of any such book, map, (?hart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, shall, within thrae mouths. U-oxn the publication of said book, map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, deliver or cause to be delivered a copy of the same to the clerk of said district. . . ." Respectfully, TlIORVALD SoT.BERG, Register of Copyrights. It is therefore clear that the date and fee of the copyright are entered in accordance with the law existing at the time ; although, in the absence of confirmation, they are valueless as evidence of the publication in 1849. Sir George Warner, in fact, considered that the diary does not support the genuineness of the pamphlet, for he wrote, Sept. 6, 1913 : — I am not satisfied with the entry in the Diary, 18 Maj', and in.stead of removing my suspicions it merely increases them. The ink in which it is written looks as if it had been doctored to give it the appearance of age, and neither this entry nor the others in which the same ink is used have quite the character of C W. Sleeper's hand — they seem imitative rather than natural, e. g. compare " Burrill," 20 May, with " Burrill," 1.5 March, and the entry on 22 May with the other " Nash " entries. The object of more forged entries than one would of course be to make any peculiarity in the appearance of the entry less marked. On the other hand, assuming all the rest of the entries to have been Sleeper's, his hand certainly does vary to a certain extent, as every- one's does when writing at different times and under different conditions. So LTNXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX, 35 fill- tlierefore tlie evidence is iiicondusive, and I am very glad to hear you are in coinimiuication with Eense's daughters. If his iedge'rs or business accounts are in their possession, tliej uught to settle tlie matter* ; but it will be some- thing, wilh regard to the cf)ntract, to get specimens of his signature and handwriting t. I am inclined to tliink that the 18 May entry and the contract were written by the same person, so far as I can remeniber the latter. 7. Manuscript exhibiting Appearance of Artificial Treatment tuith a Broivn Stain. Mr. J. F. Sleeper kindly sent to me, Aug. 10, 1913, a number of short manii>cript.s, piobably tbe original rou<;;b drafts ot' a series ol: articles for the press entitled " Thoughts of an Atheist." Some of the pages were written on the backs of sheets dated 1851 and 1852, and accompanying them was a manuscript letter, protesting auainst slavery, signed "A Southerner," and dated Aug. 14, 1852. This, like the " Thoughts," was evidently intended for the press, and probably published. There seems little doubt that all were written within a few years of 1849, yet the contrast between them and the pamphlet is immense. Ihe ••Thoughts," which convey no vsuggestiou of originality or power, include discourses on the following subjects: — \^No. 7) On laws and their enforcement and on the atheist being compelled to give evidence on oath — although meaningless to him ; (No. 8) On the atheist being as good as any other man ; (No. 12) On the brain of animals and man, and on mind as the product of brain and therefore of matter ; (No. 13) On animal sagacity and instinct ; an unnumbered paper on the inconsistencies of the attributes of the Deity. No. 9 was of interest in a very different way ; for it had obviously been treated with a brown stain, apparently laid on by a brush or rubbed on by a broad surface, perhaps the end of a finger or a painter's stump. Mr. J. F. Sleeper suggests that a fluid may have been spilt over the manuscript, or mildew formed in the creases, and that after some chemical had been then brushed over the surface in order to remove the effect, the iron in the ink had in time caused the stain. He has not seen such an appearance on any of the other papers. This curious-looking document was submitted to Sir George Warner, who wrote Aug. 28, 1913: — "No. 9 has a very queer appearance. Is the stain tobacco-juice or what? It is obviously artificial and intentional, and not the natural discoloration of time like that on No. 8 ; but this again, 1 think, is not the same as that which is on the contract.'' 8. The Paper of the Booldet dated 1 849. The present section does not contribute evidence for or against the authenticity of the work ; but it is desirable to render the * See p. 31. t See p. -52. d2 ^6 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE enquiry as thorough as possible, and to throw further light on a subject already investigated up to a certain point. Mr. Lewis Evans and Mr. Johns expressed the opinion, at the time of last year's address (p. 40), that the paper is probably a Dutch hand-made. The late Mr. De Yinne also informed me, Aug. 25, ]913, that "the hand-made paper sold in the United States about 1850 «as largely of Dutch manufacture." It is now possible to come to a definite conclusion concerning the watermark, which appeal's on pp. 19-20 of the booklet, and concerning the letters I V to be made out from pp. 9-10 and 25-26. Last summer, Mr. Horace Hart, continuing the skilled help which he has always given me in this enquiry, sent a photograph of the watermark to Mr. C. H. Balston of W. and R. Balston, Ltd., Maidstone, proprietors of the Whatman paper. Mr. Balston recognised the device as that distinctive of his firm for paper of Eoyal size (19 in. x 24 in.), namely, a shield A^ith three diagonal cross-wires. He furthermore stated that the form of the device was of an old type, shewn, by a fine series of samples kindly submitted by him, to have been altered by 1831, when a broader bolder pattern was substituted, and has been continued unchanged to the present day. Unfortunately the photograph sent to Mr. Balston did not include the lowest part of the device, which in the Whatman watermark terminates with a W, but in the pamphlet with a simple point, making a V, I wrote explaining this to Mr. Balston, who replied, Nov. 11, 1913 : — If, as Tou say, the monogram in the watermark finishes off as a V, and not as a VV, then I agree with you that the device is probably a pirated one. I noticed in your photograph tlie centre of the W did not, ajjpear, but as ic was on the extreme edge of the print, I thought possibly that its non-appear- ance might be due to a fault in the printing, or that it appeared lower down, so I did not attach much importance to it. Another pcjint which struck me was that the upright lines were not the regulation distance apart, namely 1-1^"^ which is invariably the case in all the samples I have of this size from 1781 up to the present day. In the photograpli showing the monogram they are 1" apart. This might be due to shrinkage ot your printing paper after washing the print, so I attached no importance to it. You could, however, verify this point by measuring the original. I have made a fairly extensive search through all the old papers and liave been unable to find anv watermarks with the characters I V, as referred to in your letter of July 14. The letters I V are clearly to be explained as a fraudulent rendering of J. W. (for James Whatman), which appear on the earliest Whatman sheets, viz. 1781 and 1784 in the specimens sent by Mr. Balston. It is probable that the imitated paper was of very early date ; for in 1808 and 1810 J. W. is replaced by J. Whatman, while W. Balston is added, although omitted from later years, viz. 1831 and 1834. The upright lines of the pamphlet are not spaced at regular distances, some of them being 1 in. apart, others as much as 1^ in. Considering the evidence as a whole, there can be little doubt LINXE.VX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 37 that the paper of the pamphlet is of Dutch inamifacture and that it bears a forged AVhatman watermark of early date iu the history of the firm. Having undertaken this enquizy I have been anxious to pursue it to the end in every detail, although fully aware that the identification of ])aper and watermark throws little light on the date of the pamphlet, for iu the words of JSLr. Levris Evans: — Should auvone in America, say in tlie seventies, have contemplated a literary forgery purporting to belong to the forties, he might easily ha»'e got enougii suitable ])aper for the purpose of printing a few copies, either from some old blank books or conceivably irom some little lot iu stock in a printer's ware- house .... Aug. IS, 19lo. 9. A Manuscript Lecture entitled " Life and the Cosmosite " as Evidence for the BooJcIet dated 1849. Mr. J. F. Sleeper has- kindly permitted me to see the following letter addressed to his father : — Boston, Nov. 5/50. My Dear Sir, You are cordially invited to deliver jj^our Lecture — Life and the Cosmosite at the meeting of the Society * next Monday. Ever &c., James W. Stone t. Mr. Slee])er. Accompanying the letter was a manuscript of rather closely written pages (8|-x6| in.), bearing the title "Life and the Cos- mosite," and purporting to be the lecture of Xov. 11, 1850, delivered iu response to Dr. Stone's invitation. The lecturer * The Massachusetts Medical Society is the only one which Mr. H. Gr. Wadlin, Librarian of the Public Library of the City of Boston, can suggest. He kindly wrote, Feb. "12. 1*J14 : — "A search of the Boston newspapers of Monday. November 11, 1850, and previous and subsequent dates, revealed no notice of the lecture by G. W. Sleeper. " No mention of the lecture before the Massachusetts Medical Society is found in 'An Index of Medical Communications, Library of Practical Medicine, and Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1790-190L Prepared by the Recordmg Secretary. Boston, Clapp, 1903, 40 pp., 8". ' " G. W. Sleeper's lecture would hardly fall into the category of " Medical Communications," so that the absence of a record is probably unimportant. t The following information has been very kindly sent to me, Feb. 12, 1914, by Mr. Horace G. Wadlin ; — The 1850 Boston Directory gives the address of Dr. J. W. Stone as 6 Bowdoin Square, h. do. "The Harvard Medical School, a History &c. by Thomas F. Harrington," Vol. 3, p. 480, No. 794, has the following record of Dr. Stone: — "James Wincliell Stone, A.B. 1843; A.M.; b. Oct. '26, 1824, Boston; d. Aug. 20, 1863, Dorchester. Practiced Boston. Collector Intermil Eevenue, 3d. Massachusetts District. M. M. S. S." From 1857-1862 Dr. Stone's residency was Cottage Street, Dorchester. " Harvard College, Class of 1843, Memorabilia, 1883, Prepared by Wm. A. Eichard?on," has the following entry relating to Dr. Stone:— " James W. Stone, Boston (Roxbury, Mass.), Descendants, Ella G. Stone Florence, Italy ; Frances Tyler Stone, Florence, Italy." 38 PEOCEEBIKGS Or THE speaks of being "iibout to address you this evening at the literal invitation of L)r. Stone . , . ." He continues, alter a brief intro- duction, "In 1847- — only three years ago in this very city — some of you will doubtleiss remember I delivered several Lectures, one on the Origin of Life and tlie i\d\ance of Civilization, . . . ." He then goes on to speak of their hostile reception, concluding this parr, of his lecture in the following words : — " These good Christians, were also zealous to show their pious faith, by publicly burning my ' blasphemous pamphlet,' that is, the lew that they could lay hands upon .... All this tempest rose because a man who had thought and experimented and reasoned and reflected tried to place before his fellow-men the results he had theoretically and expHrimentally arrived at" ... . "It is this theme (with your kind permission) which I intend to review to-night, and in doing so I hope to reveal my thoughts in a some- what clearer manner — ." The lecture proper then opens with a paragraph beginning — "As I then was at pains to try to prove" and continuing with the substance — often word for word the same — of the second and third paragraphs on p. 3 (p. 3 of the present Appendix) of the 1849 pamphlet. The last three lines " may be greatly modified .... its kind." on p. 3 appear word for word on a later page of the lecture. The passage re- ferring to the triad of Lemur, Monkey, and Man (Appendix p. 5) also appears in nearly the same words. The two sequences of stages (Appendix p. 8) are also given — fused together and almost complete. The lecture concludes, as does the 1849 pam- phlet, in argument directed against the existence of a Personal Deity. As evidence there is brought forward the "fact that the air, &c., is filled with myriads of deadly genus." Apart from the abo\e, the lecture is ahnost entirely devoted to the contention that the germ of every animal and plant has always existed and will continue to exist for all time, that it may lie dormant for long periods until called into activity by favourable circumstances which determine the particular form its reincarna- tion will assume. All germs are apparently to be traced back to an electrical primal germ containing " within it all the essentials of all Life that it is possible to create — Cosmosite .... or ' germ- world-iuhabitant.' " It will be realized from the above account that the lecture itself is of no great interest or importance, except as supplying evidence that the booklet dated 1849 is genuine. The validity of this evidence again rests upon the authenticity of Dr. Stone's invitation. Accompanying the latter were three other documents signed by J. W. Stone. One of these dated Aug. 11, 1866, introduced " my friend George W. Sleeper, Esq." to the Hon. E. G. Hazard. A second of the same date, written to G. W. Sleeper, suggested that the same introduction might be shown to others, who are named. The object in view was probably poli- tical, viz., " doing something for the good cause of Fremont and Da\to:)." L1NNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON, 39 A third docuraeiit, dated Boston, May 23, 1854, certifies that Dr. Stone had known " Greorge W. Sleeper for some years as an active, determined, paying, and wox-king member of the Suffolk Free Democratic Ward & Co. Couveution, of which he was one year the Secretary." There was sometiiingiu the handwriting of the iin'itation, when compared with that of the three other documents, which roused my suspicions. I sent all four to Sir George Warner and asked for his opinion. He kindly replied as follows, April 18, 1914: — I return the. four additional letters which yon hare sent nie. I am un- liesitatingly of ojjinion that the one dated 5 Nov., 50, is spurious. It is ahiiost enough to place the four letters side by side, when the diH'erenee of its iiaiidwriting from that of the others is at once apparent. Instead of being easy and natural, it is laboured, halting, and plainly imitative. But there is other damning evidence. The paper {a) is the same make as that of the letter dated 23 May, 54 (/;), and is, I have no doubt, the originally blank second leaf of the same sheet. You will see that the left edge of b is slightly rough, showing that it has been cut with a paper-knife. If you lay a upon h, making the right edges exaetlj' even, you will find that the width is not quite the sanje, and that the left, edge of a has been trimmed (so as to avoid a suspicious rough edge), but not quite straightly. It has also been carefully torn, evidently with design, so as not to show the same holes as are in b, and also for the purpose of destroying the evidence of the date in the endorsement. Nevertheless, by laying the one leaf carefully over the other, as I have said, the top hole and the next will be seen to fit in exactly. This would hardly be the case unless a and b were the two leaves of the same sheet, any more than the original folds would exactly coincide, as in fact they do. The folds spoken of b}' Sir George Warner traverse the leaves in both directions — three across and two longitudinally — so that the case against coincidence is much stronger than it would be with the two leaves of most letters. The fotir holes are perfora- tions by which the letter had been doubtless attached to others in pamphlet-like form, and a part of the circumference of the third hole as well as that of the first and second is still visible, in spite of tlie torn edge. The only one that has been entirely removed is the fourth and lowest. Examination with a lens shows that the portions of the three upper holes resemble the corresponding parts of the entire holes in their darkened colour as well as their precise form. The endorsement has not been wholly torn away. " Dr." and " 18," the first two figures of the year, were no doubt intentionally left. The blank sheet was probably damped and ironed in order to alter its appearance as far as possible. Sir George AVarner's convincing proofs that the invitation was forged are, of course, sufficient evidence that the manuscript lecture, which opens with a reference to the invitation, is also fraudulent. 10. The Use of the Word "Agnostic."' Mr. J. F. Sleeper wrote May 10, 1913, stating that the word Agnostic was invented by his father in 1846 and that he used it in several lectures. The manuscript of the lecture in which the word was introdticed was the first of all documentary evidence 40 mOCEEmXGS OF THE submitted to me. The lecture is entitled '■'■On Our rii/Jit to express our Ideas and the value to Manlind. of that expression.^' Speaking of "men who dared to think ditferently from their less-educated or less-original fellows," and who, although perse- cuted in their own age, were honoured in later generations, the manuscript continues: — These men I shall designate as "Agnostics" — as differing from the mere Atheist, under this term I comprehend much : I mean it to signify a maa of advanced ideas who coufesses lie has not attained perfect worldly wisdom, wlio admits he does not know all about " God " and " a future state," who is an honest asserter of ignorance on all matters not proTen to him by actual Scientific demonstration, and to whose reflectiTC mind the mere verdict of a majority carries little weight. Which, as joa will see, is precisely the reverse of the word " Gnosis" and of the professions of the old Gnostics (as described by the Rev. Taylor in his Diegesis on page 37) — in several respects — and is also in defiance of those bigoted, all-knowing, persecuting and pitiless imparters of divine revelation whom I would call Torarians from the Hebrew word Torah*. The mannscript is signed with the initials " G. W. S.," and is undated. Mr. J. F. Sleeper informs me that his father said the lecture was delivered durmg the latter part of 1846. The date can be inferred by means ot a quotation from the " poet Mackay," who is said to have "just composed the lines — " We wonder long That hate had power to lead our fathers wrong Or that false glory lured their hearts astray And made it virtuous and sublime to slay." Mr. J. !F. Sleeper tells me tiiat these lines form part of a work entitled ' Eailways ' dated 1846. The circumstances under which Huxley introduced the word "Agnostic" in 1869 were quoted in last year's Address (pp. 44-5). Although no comparison is possible between the literary form of the two accounts, the line of thought is precisely the same, and adds another to the long series of improbable coincidences in- volved by the hypothesis that the booklet is genuine. But the facts proved in sections 2, 4, and 9 show that it is not genuine, and we are driven to conclude tliat the manuscript is a late fabrica- tion, and that the manner in which the date is revealed without being stated, as well as the addition of " Torarian " are parts of an elaborate scheme intended to throw the critic off his guard. It was probably foreseen that there would be a tendency to argue thus : " The date is so important that a forger would certainly have added it : therefore, as it has not been added, the document is genuine." 11. The 1860 Pamphlet is inconsistent luith the Booklet dated 1849. It was pointed out on p. 43 of last year's Address that the com- parison between the two pamphlets was unfavourable to the * Signifying inspired teaching. LIJfNE.VX SOCIEl'T OF LOXDOX. 4I authenticity of the one with the earlier date. A farther serious inconsistency was pointed out to me by Mr. Howard M. Ghapiii, Librarian ot the Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, and was aftei-wards independently observed by my friend Professor Lotsy, of Haarlem. The Introduction of the later pamphlet opens with the words This lecture is founded upon a theory, eutiroly original upon this side of tile Atliintic, and which first developed itself in my uiind about the year 18'i3 — at which time I published a sumU article in a Boston paper, from which luicleus was produced and delivered the greater jjart of this discourse, in the year ISoG, before the Hopkins Literary Association of North Providence — of which I was then President — in which capacity, I became acquainted with F. W. Miner, who, to reciprocate a like act, invited me to deliver it before the South Providence Lyceum, where it was also well received. The next delivery of it occurred from an invitation to present it as the lirsl, or opening lecture of the " Member's Course of Franklin Lyceum Lec- tjre?," which was done, and it stands so recorded — uotwithstanding every jiieans have been used to efface it. The Introduction then goes on to speak of the attempts made to deliver the lecture on Feb. 8 and again on Feb. 2-I-, 1»60. I have quoted the above sentences in order to shew that the author was extremely careful to give the history of the develop- ment and the exposition of his thoughts on education in relation to civilization. And yet these very thoughts are set forth in considerable detail on pages 12-18 (also 12-18 of the Appendix to the present Address) of the 1849 booklet, stated in the Intro- dtiction to contain lectures delivered in 1817, and to be founded on ideas which entered the author's mind when he was 17, viz., in the year 1843. We cannot doubt that if the pamphlet dated 1819 had been in existence in 1860, the author would have referred to it in his Introduction. Mr. J. F. Sleeper maintains, on the contrary, that there is a real difference between the two pamphlets, which accounts for the want of any reference from the later to the earlier. He states that in 1847 his father looked upon Education as the otf^pring of Civilization, but in the next decade regarded Civiliza- tion as the offspring of Education. I am sure, however, that no one can read pages 12-18 of the accompanying Appendix with- out recognising the fact that Education is given the primary place, just as in the 1860 pamphlet, and that "the advance of civihzation " spoken of in the title (Appendix, p. 1) was a pro- gress which the author maintained in that very lecture to have been brought about by " Mother Education " (Appendix, p. 17). 12. l^Jie BooJdtt contains Ideas imjjli/ing Knowledge mucli later than 1849. My friend Professor Van Bemmelen, of Grroningen, has pointed out to me that the ideas ou the germinal origin and germinal transmission of characters set forth on pp. lOj 11, and 14 (also I 43 PROCEEDINGS OF THE pp.10, 11, 14 of tlie Appendix) of ihe 1849 booklet, aud quoted in last year's Address (p. 31), imply a standpoint of knowledge and liypothesis that is much later than 1849. The passages referred to pre-suppose the equality in heredity of the germ-cells of the two sexes. Yet this conclusion is only implied and not announced as the important new thought it would have been in 1849. The same criticism applies to the work as a whole, which, apart from the discoveries announced in it, seems to belong to the intellectual atmosphere of a far later date. My friend Professor August Weismann tells me that the con- clusion that the male and female germ-cells are essentially similar, and plaj^ the same part in heredity, was fii-st published in his memoir " Beitrage zur jVaturgescbichte der Daphnoiden," Leipzig, 1876-79, p. 323. 13. The " 1849 " Booldet prohahhj of very recent Date. In May 1913 I had no reason to doubt the history of the copy given on pp. 26-27 of last year's Address, and considered on p. 43 to be the strongest evidence in favour of authenticity. The lacts that have now been proved make it impossible to accept this history without further confirmation, and as yet such con- firmation is wanting. The attempt was made to trace the book-store at Cleveland or Cincinnati where Mr. Miller stated that he had bought the booklet (pp. 26-27). A letter directed to "Mr. AV. Davie, Book Store, Cleveland," was returned with the stamp "Not in Directory No. 8." A similar letter directed to Cincinnati was not returned, but brought no reply, and a second letter to the same address was equally unsuccessful. My friend Dr. Joseph L. Hancock, of Chicago, lias been unable to find evidence in the Directories that anyone named W. Davie is now keeping a book- store in either city. The attempt to obtain confirmation has therefore failed, and we cannot acce])t the history of the copy sent to Dr. Wallace. If the booklet is a forgtrj^ as there is the strongest evidence to prove, it is only reasonable to suppose that it was printed after all the discoveries announced iu it had become known, and perhaps after the death of G. AV. Sleeper in 1903. This suggestion was made by Sir George Warner in a letter dated Aug. 17, 1913: — The possibility of a fraiidulent concoction after G. W. Sleeper's death had occurred to me. If, however, Miller's statement that he purchased his copy of the pamphlet in 1892 is coi-rect, this cannot be, and the fact that the pamphlet is mentioned* in tlie obituary notice of 190.3 is also against it ... . But, on the assumption that the date 1849 is genuine, the vonder to me is that the author apparently does not refer to the theories advocated in this pamphlet anywhere else among his later publications, and that no claim to anticipation has been made on his behalf until now, although he lived to so * This is a mistake (see p. 43;. LiXNEAX SOCllilY OF LONUOX. 43 late as 1903, and his son shares his views and seems fully alire to his pre- eiTiinent merits I am still rather soeptieal, and look forward willi interest to the arrival of the Diary, which ought to settle the matter as you say As a matter of fact, the pamphlet dated 1849 is not directly mentioned in the obituary notice of 1903. AVhen the account of (jr. W. tSleeper in the ' The Truth Seeker' for October, 1903, is carefully compared with the further re- ferences to him in the obituary notice of his wife iu the same journal, for January 13, 1912, certain dilferences are apparent. The earlier notice speaks of his "little book, entitled 'Educa- tion and its Offspring — Civilization,' " of " various ideas put forth in his numerous essays and speeches," and stat^es " he was the first to advance the theory that germs cause most diseases, and further maintained that life was due to other organisms diffused throughout the atmosphere, requiring only favorable conditions for its development. Numerous novel thoughts concerning ci\i- lization likewise emanated from his mind, " There is no reference to the 1849 booklet, and the words I have quoted give a very imperfect idea of its power and scope. And yet a sentence in the notice, quoted as one of G. W. Sleeper's " oft-repeated utterances," appears ahnost word for word * in the pamphlet, viz., the sentence beginning "Of what lies beyond the grave" and ending "need not fear to die" near the top of p. 17 (also p. 17 of the Appendix to this Address). The I'eferences in the obituary notice of 1912 are very different. " The Origin of Life " and " The Dangers of the Unseen " are spoken of as lectures published in 1849, while the main subjects of both are set forth in brief but adequafe summaries. The above comparison strongly suggests that the 1849 book- let was printed after G. W. Sleeper's death. The printer's signature to the contract taken alone is probable evidence for thirty or forty years after 1849. The special mention of the house-fly as a carrier of disease is evidence for a much wid-jr interval. I have carefully read more than once everything in print and everything in manuscript by G. W. Sleeper that has been sent to me by his son, and I fail to see any evidence of that ability which would certainly be required to produce the booklet if it were written to-day. The evidence of ability is probably chiefly dis- played in fitting the accounts of modern discovery into the frarae- Mork of an older phraseology. The conclusions of modern science may well have been derived, as Sir George Warner suggests, from a resume of recent discoveries in some scientific publication or magazine. On the other hand, the fact that G. W. Sleeper is described * The only verbal differences are the substitution of " can " in the notice for "may" in the booklet, and of " all his fellow-men " in the former for "all" in the latter. There are also flight differences in punctuation, capital letters, &.c. 44 rKOCEEUI^GS OF THE as a printer (p. 28), and that some of Lis manuscript shows the signs of artificial treatment (p. 35) are in favour of the conclu- sion that the fraud was perpetrated by him. 14. The prohahle Motive of the Forgery. The consideration of motive seems to be almost a waste of lime, but so maii)^ friends have raised the question " Why should anyone have done such a thing?"' that I think it may be interest- ing to atiempt a brief discussion. The most probable explanation is, 1 think, as follows : — G. W. Sleeper was a man who loved to lecture and to take every opportunity of publicly expressing his views. He was probably far more wounded by ridicule and neglect than by any violent attack. The following reminiscence by an old resident of Provi- dence was kindly sent to me by Dr. Putnam : — I kne%Ar George W. Sleeper by sight, but was not acquainted with liim. He kept a lea store as stated. He advertised a lecture about the year 18(i0, the subject being ' Education and its Ofi'sjiring, Civilization.' He may have ])ut tbis in pampbiet (orni, but I do not remember of seeing it. There was a tendency to ridicule his literary aspirations and he was hardly taken seriously. Excepting in that early time I do not renieniber of ever hearing of him, and I do not know that he remained in Providence. Sleeper's intense belief in himself would only have been strengtliened by opposition, and still more by his failure to command serious attention. He probably quite honestly believed that the vague ideas Mliich occurred to him were of momentous importance in the history of science, and that when he had put the results of his reading in his own words he was announcing original discoveries. Then, as the years went by, such ideas as natiu"al selection, the origin of man, the continuity of the germ- plasm, the germ-theor}' of disease, resistance, the mosquito and the house-fly as carriers, sprang into existence and instantly became centres of intense interest. In each of these successive dis- coveries and many others, Sleeper's self-centred egotism would recognize the natural outcome of thoughts received so very dif- ferently or not received at ail when he had spoken them. One thus self-deceived as to the importance of his own ideas would certainly honestly believe that he had been, and was still, the victim of bitter injustice, and he might defend the falsification of evidence on the ground that only in this way could justice be done not only to himself, but to the history of thought. He would argue '' All these vaunted discoveries are the simple and easy development of original thoughts which I announced half a century ago, and it is only fair and right that they should bear the date of their conception as well as that of their birth." The above attempt- to analyse the psychological situation assumes that the forgeries were committed by Gr. W. Sleeper himself ; but the same explanation may be offered if we suppose that they were committed by another who knew his feelings and shared his delusion that he was the victim of injustice. LIN^XEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 45 Upon the concliisiou of the Presidential Address, Dr. A. Smith WoouwAKD, E.R.S., moved the following Eesolutiou : — " That the President be thanked for bis excellent Address, and tliat be be reqnested to allow it to be printed and circulatetl amongst the Fellows," wliich, being seconded by Mr. Miller CiiRiSTT, was carried by acclamation. The President then addressing Prof. E, A. Mincihn, F.R S., gave tlie reasons which guided the Council in awarding the Linnean Gold Medal to Professor Otto Butschli, of Heidelberg, and handed the Medal to him for transmission to the recipient. Prof. MixcHii^ briefly replied, expressing his pleasure in receiving this Medal on behalf of his old teacher and friend since the year 1888. The General Secretary then laid his obituary notices of deceased Fellows before the Meeting, and Ihe proceedings terminated. OBITUAET NOTICES. Though our late Fellow, Dr. Tempest Anderson, did not make any direct contribution to biological science, yet by his Presidency of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society and of the Museums As- sociation, and by his generous bequests, he indirectly aided the departments of science fcjr which our Society was founded. Tempest Anderson was born at York in 1846, the eldest son of William G. Anderson, J.P., M.E..C.S., in the house at 17 Stone- gate, which formed liis home during the whole of his life, a wonderful old timbered house, in a narrow roadway leading towards the Minster, a lit residence for the descendant of an old Yorkshire family. A friend of his says : " Tlie garden was a I'evelation to his guests, for the lawn reminded one of the turf in an old college quadrangle, and a fig-tree flourished under the study window." He was educated at the School of St. Peter's, York, and University College, Gower Street, London, where he greatly distinguished himself and of which he was elected a Fellow. He gi'aduated at London University as B.Sc, and took the M.D. degree at the same University. In 1904 the University of Leeds conferred upon liim the honorary degree of D.Sc, of which he was very proud. Heturning to Yo;k, he entered upon medical practice, and, specializing as an oculist, became Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE to the County Hospital tit York. As the years passed, and Ins leisure increased, he gave more time to his favourite geoh)gic and mountaineering trips, and particularly to the phenomena of vol- eauoes, of which he succeeded in getting many striking ])hoto- graphs. In 1903 he brought oat a volume, ' Volcanic Studies,' in which he mentions that for eighteen years he had spent the greater part of his holidays in exploring volcanic regions, including Vesuvius, Etna, the Lipari Islands, Auvergne (many times), the Eife], the Canary Islands, and Iceland; iu 1900 the Grand Canon of Colorado and the Yellowstone Park. In 1902 he visited the Soufriere and Mont Pelee in Guada- loupe as the accredited representarive of the Royal Society with Dr. Elett, and in later years he examined the voh-anoes of Guate- mala and Mexico, Hawaii, New Zealand, and was in South Africa in 1905 with the Britisa Association, as far as the Victoria Ealls of the Zambesi. Our former Zoologicnl Secretary, Walter Percy Sladen, married his sister Constance, and after the death of both tlie Percy Sladen Trust was constituted upon a bs^quest from Mrs. Sladen, Dr. Tem- pest Anderson being one of the Trustees until his death. In ]912 he started for a long journey to Java, Krakatoa, and the Phihppines, and when half-way home, he succumbed to an attack of enteric fever on 26th August, 1913, and was buried at Suez. He was never nuirried. As Secretary and afterwards President of the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society, he was a moving spirit of that body, and presented to it a fine lecture-theatre, now known as the Tempest Anderson Hall, and when it was formally opened in June 1912, he was presented with his portrait painted by William Orpen, A.R.A., as a mark of the vSociety's appreciation of the work he had accomplished for it. When the British Association met at York in 1906, he acted as host every afternoon at the tea-tables in the beautiful grounds of St. Mary's Abbey, in which the Society has its rooms. He left various bequests to relatives and friends, and directed that of the residue, about =£75,000, two-thirds should go to the Y^orkshire Philosophical Society and one- third to the Sladen Trustees, who are to add experimental physiology, pathology, and therapeutics to the list of subjects for their grants. He was elected Fellow of the Linuean Society 15th March, 1906, and belonged also to the Geological and Royal Geographical Societies ; iu all three Societies he had served as Councillor. [B. D. J.] Carl Chuk, who died at Leipzig on the 11th April, 1914, was born at Hochst am Main on 1st October, 1852. He studied at Gottingen and at Leipzig, where he Avas a pupil of the famous zoologist, Rudolf Leuckart, whose assistant he became in 1878. In 1883 he was appointed professor of Zoology in Konigsberg, and in 1891 he went to Breslau, whence he was called, on the LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 47 death of Leuckart in 1S9S, to succeed to the cliair of his old master in Leipzig. Clmn's gi-adiiatioii thesis (1878) dealt with the nervous and muscular sy.stems of tlie Cteiiophora, aud was the first of a long series of memoirs, which have become classical, on these and otiier organisms of the marine plankton. The first of the well-known mouographs, issued by the Zoological Station at Xaples, was Chun's volume on the Ctenophora (1880), exquisitely idustrated by his own pencil. It was in this work that he first called atten- tion to a remarkable phenomenon, which he later discussed at greater length (1892) under the name of "Dissogoiiie." Briefly stated, this consists in the occurrence, in certain Ctenophores, of two periods of sexual maturity in the life in the same individual, the one in a larval stage, the second after the assumption of adult characters. These two periods are separated by an interval, during which the genital organs return to a more embrj'onio condition, while the organism continues its metamorphosis. In 1888 Chun was associated with Leuekarr in founding the ' Bibliotheca Zoologica' (afterwards ' Zoologica '), perhaps the most lavishly illustrated of all zoological periodicals, of which he after- wards became sole editor. Xotable among his own contributions to this journal are a series of memoirs on the bionomics of pelagic organisms, which appeared under the general title of " Atlantis.^' In tfiese he discussed, among other subjects, the phosphorescent organs and the modified eyes of certain bathypelagic Crustacea, and showed how the structure of the eyes was specially adapted for vision in a dim light. In 1898-99 Chun was leader of the German Deep-Sea Expe- dition in the ' Yaldivia,' of which he has given a most interesting account in liis book ' Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres ' (1st edn. 1902, 2nd edn. 1906). The scientific reports of this expedition, which have been in process of publication under his editorsliip, form a statel}- series of volumes. Chun's influence as a teacher is strikingrly commemorated in the 'Festschrift,' dedicated to him by his pupils on his sixtieth birth- day and published as a volume of ' Zoologica.' The list of contributors includes many of the most distinguished among the younger zoologists of Grerman}^ aud the variet)^ of the subjects dealt with is evidence of their teacher's interest in widely diverse branches of the subject. Chun was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society in 1904. He was a foreign member of the • Challenger' Society and a corresponding member of the Zoological Societv of London. [W. T. Calman.] PetilR Ewixg was born at Kinross on 13th July, 18^9, but passed the greater part of his life in Glasgow; from his early youth he was an enthusiastic botanist, giving all his available leisure from business to the collection of plants. Specially attracted to the study of Alpine plants, he stated in 1911 that he had stood on 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 53 different occasions on the summit of Ben Lawers, and bad spent more tlian 200 days upon tliat mountain. He was elected a Pellow of the Liniiean Societj on 20th De- cember, 1S94, and from ]902 to 19u5 he was President of the JS'atural History ISociety of Glasgow, in whose publications most of his contributions to botanic science appeared. He wrote several ' Contributions to the Topographical Botany of the West of Scot- land ' between 1886 and 1895 ; 'An Ecolooical Problem* in 1904, and his separate little work, a ' Glasgow Catalogue of JSTative and Estabhshed Plants' in 1892, v\hich was revised in 1899 — in this he catalogued 1959 species. His visits to London rarely missed a call upon the Linnean Society, to consult books or specimens, even though the occasions of liis journeys south upon insurance business demanded the lion's share of his attention. He died on 3rd August, 1913, in a nursing-home in Glasgow, after an operation. [B. D. J.] By the death of Dr. Albert Ivabl Ludwig Gotthile GtJNTHEii on 1st Pebruary, the Society has lost an illustrious Pellow, who had for many years been one of its trusted counsellors. He was born on 3rd October, 1830, at Esslingeu, Wiirttemberg, where his father held the post of an Estates Bursar ot the municipality. He attended the gymnasium at Stuttgart and studied in the Uni- versities of Tubingen, Berlin, and Bonn. Destined originally for a career in the Lutheran Church, he soon devoted himself to JVatural History and Medicine, and obtained the degree of Philo- f^ophiae Doctor in Tiibingen in 1852 and of Mediciiise et Chirurgiae Doctor in the same uni\ersity in 1802. In 1856 he paid a visit to England for the purpose of studying the zoological collections of the British IVluseum. This led in the following year to his temporary and subsequently (1862) his permanent appomtment on the staff of the Museum. In 1872 he succeeded G. B. Gray as Assistant Keeper, and three years later (1875) Dr. J. E. Gray as Keeper, of the Zoological Department, \^hich post he held until retirement in 1895. It was during his Keepership and under his direction that the va!^t collections of the Zoological Department were successfullj^ mo\ed to their new home (1882-1883). An appreciation of Giinther's work as zoologist and of his keen love of nature generally follows below. Here it may suffice to slate that his tirst publications date back, as far as 1853. They are a short article, " Uel er den Puppenzustand eines Distoma," a note " Beitrage zur P'auna Wurttenjbergs,"and a memoir on "Die P'is( he des Neckars," all in the 9th volume of the ' Wiirttem- berg'sche Jahreshefte.' He was a fertile writer, and the titles of his papers in the Eoyal Society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers up to 1883' — that is, where the Catalogue stops- — fill no fewer than 14 columns. His last contribution to scieuce was "^Andrew Garrett's Eische der Siidsee," in Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft 17 (1910) pp. i-vi, 389-515. _ To appreciate his activity as administrator and organizer, we LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49 have only to turn to his ' General History of the Department of Zoology from 1856 to 1895 ' (Appendix to vol. ii. of ' The History of the Collections contained ni the Natural History Departments of the British Museum '), published in 1912 by the order of the Trustees of the British ]Museum. AVritten in the terse and sober language of the recorder, it testifies through its bare facts and figures to the loyal devotion and the organizing genius of the man who for nearly forty years took an e\ er-growing — and, finally, leading — share in the marvellous activity wliicli the book unrolls. Placed in one of the centres of scientific life, he could nut, even if he had wished, escape the claims which the organized corpora- tions of his fellow-workers were bound to make on one so learned, so judicious, so conscientious, and, above all, so utterly unselfish. So \\ e see him elected a lellow of the Eoyal Society in 1867 and a Vice-President of the same Society for 1875-1876 ; a Pellow of tiie Zoological Society in 1862, a member of its Council for 31 years, and a Vice-President for 24 years ; a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1877, a member of its Council for 10 years, and its Prej^ident for 4 years (1896-1900); and in 1880 President of the Biological Section of the British Association. Kor did his merits remain unrecognized. The Eoyal Society awarded him its Eoyal Medal as early as 1878, and the Linnean Society the Linnean Medal in 1904; whilst learned societies of many countries enrolled his name in the lists of their members. As to Giinther's services to the Society, there is one important aspect which must not be passed over in silence. The first is the great amount of time and trouble he gave to the arrangement of the Linnean specimens of fishes, their preservation in glass- topped boxes, and a full catalogue of them, which will be i:'ound printed in our ' Proceedings,' 1898-99, pp. 15-38. The other was the acquisition for tne Society of the entire Swainsonian correspondence, by the help of the late Hon. Charles Ellis, the Hon. AValter Eothschild, Sir Frank Crisp, Mr. F. D. Godnian, and the Bentham Trustees. Besides being the active promoter of this purchase, Giinther gave a complete catalogue of all the letters, with an introduction, setting out some of the more interesting ilems. This calendar was printed in our ' Proceedings ' the year following the above-mentioned Linnean list, namely, for 1899- 1900, pp. 14-61. The portrait chosen for the frontispiece depicts our former President reading the corresponde'ic^ referred to ; it was reproduced in collotype from a water-colour drawing by Miss Lucy Gee (now Mrs. H. Coxeter) in the possession of :\[r. E. T. Giinther. It would not be in the spirit of the deceased to dwell on the aspects of his private life, in which he had his ample share of bliss and of sorrow. But the friend may be permitted to conclude this all too short sketch with a few words of tribute to Albert Giinther, the man. He had many friends. If from among his fellow-workers he LIXX. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1913-19)4. e 50 PROCEEDIiSrGS OF THE attracted them through the breadth and tlioroughness of his knowledge, from among his official colleagues through his un- flinching sense of duty and his fairness aod sympathy, from among wider circles through a rare union of unaffected dignity and natural charm of persouahty, he held them all by the trans- parent sincerity of his character which was virile without harsh- ness, generous to the point of self-oblivion, and true to the core. He gave freely and yet ahnost humbly from the AAealth of his knowledge and experience, unconcerned whether he received any- thing in return or not. It was permitted to few to look into tlio depth of his soul. A chaste veil lay over it, born of humihty and delicacy ; but through it radiated all the same the warmth of a great and strong heart. There are noblemen by the grace of man, and others by the grace of God — and he was truly one of them. He bore liis years to the last nppai'eutly in robust health of body and mind, only his eyesight had of late begun to fail very seriously. Then came tlie end, short and swift, as if it had been decreed that he should be spared the trial of blindness, the severest that could have befallen him. Three days later he was buried at Eichmond by the side of his beloved only daugiiter. [O. Stapf.] In Zoology the name of Glinther stands high among the great constructive systematists and missionaries of organic method. His work is incorporated in the fabric of the British Museum, where half his days were spent, and where for twenty years he ruled as Keeper of Zoology. It would be impossible for an outsider to do justice to his repu- tation as a Keej)er; but all the world knows that it was he who accomplished the stupendous task of removing the zoological col- lections from Bloomsbury and establishing them afresh at South Kensington, and all wlio appreciate the value of circumstantial evidence attribute to him in incomparable measure both the inspiration and the impetus which have made those collections in their new- home the easy and effective instruments of research that they now are. The one desire of his life was to see the Natural History Museum the recognized headquarters of the study of systematic zoology for the whole empire ; and it is a simple statement of fact that when he was in the zenith of his po\A"ers the JN^atural History Museum and Dr. Giinther were equivalent expressions to a host of natui-alists and explorers scattered through the British Possessions. As an authoritative systematist his influence was wide-spread, but for a ready illustration of his momentum in a specific direc- tion, one naturally selects his great ' Catalogue of Fishes,' since, in his own words, he devoted the best years of his life to its exe- cution. It is, in truth, a monumental AAork — not merely a massive achievement of steadfast and discerning labour, and a beacon in science, but an imposing standard of taxonomic method, and also an enduring model of a museum instrument. Its originalitv LiyXEAN SOCIETr OF LOXBOK. 5 1 lies in tlie fiict that it is the first reference catalogue wliich is also a replete monograph adequately expressing a si<;niHcant natural classification. It surveys the whole field of ichthyology, discriminating and defining, group hy group, every order, i'aiiiily, and genus, and every one ot: the seven thousand species known at the time, whether represented in the Museum or not — the per- vading idea being to make the collection not only accessible to specialists and students, but also generally illuminating, and furthermore perennially fruitful and recuperative to itself. No doubt, there may be some parts of the original fabric of the Catalogue that, in the light which it itself has helped so greatly to spread, may now seem somewhat worn : opinions will ah^ays fluctuate as to the limits of genera and families ; with extension of knowledge views must necessarily change as to the phvletic significance of i)articular structures and organs ; but, howsoever any of its contents may become modified by time, nothing can be eftaeed or lightly dismissed, and for quality and style, for coherent comprehensiveness and lucidit^y, Giinther's Catalogue will always stand out as a great original exemplar. It is hardly possible to overestimate the stimulating influence that it and his ' Intro- duction to the Study of Fishes ' — another work of conspicuous originalitv, — together with his " lie port on the 'Challenger' Deep-Sea Fishes," have exercised in this one particular branch of science. But even as a systematist Giinther's influence extended far beyond the field of ichthyology. In herpetologv he was hardly less authoritative and stimula- tive, and his ' E-eptiles of British India' is another of the big landuiarks of natural history. It, and also his ' Catalogue of Batrachia' and 'Catalogue of Colubrine HSnakes,' have been superseded for practical purposes in the onward movement of science, but time cannot stale their merit as foundation-work, nor wither their rooted credit as incentive and directive forces in that progress. In the history of systematic zoology Giinther will also long be held in remembrance as one of the inceptors and, for the first six years of its existence, the editor of the ' Zoological Record,' and as for nearly forty j'ears one of the editors of the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History.' To portray Giinther only as a great museum-administrator iind systematist would be to give a very iucomplete impression of him as a zoologist. His paper on Ceratodus, published in the ' Philosophical Transactions of the Iloyal Society,' ranks as a classic in Comparative Anatomy, for it remains a great original storehouse of formulated facts of structure, even though all the phyletic interpretations of fact have not been established. But beyond everything he had a perfect heart towards Nature, and was an observer of the hunianest and most universal tem])er, literally overflowing with delight in all things haying life. For e2 52 PIlOCEEDIJfGS or THE birds lie had a peculiar affection, which they, whether caged in his conservatory or free in his garden, reciprocated in ways that were wonderful to witness. It was no mere accident that one of the last papers that he published dealt with the habits of certain native birds. It was this perennial interest in living creatures that made him so effective in his relations with travellei's and explorers, and that niiscellaneons multitude of people interested in natural history who are only too willing to bring all their opportunities into the common service if they can get in touch with some one to direct and support them on their own level. It is natural to infer that this too had a good deal to do w-ith that breathing of life into dry bones which was one of the miracles worked in the Natural History Museum soon after its new foundation in Cromwell Road. From the esoteric tendencies of modern taxonomic zoology, Avith its fine-spun distinctions, its rather aberrant dialectics, and its idolatry of the museum type, Giinther stood aside. To him a species was not a defunct entity enshrined with an inscription in a cabinet, but a group of living things with natural affinities ; and in the investigation of these affinities — which he, with Agassiz, considered to be the main business of the systematist — he held consistently to the belief that long monotonous descriptions of individual specimens are more likelv to mislead than short differential diagnoses, where the salient specific features are shown in strong relief. Though he never wrote of museum organization as an in- dependent theme — for anything savouring of self-importance was quite fJieu to his nature,' — he naturally had formed critical judgments on the subject; and the authorities of the British Museum are much to he congratulated that, in entrusting to him the preparation of their lately-published 'General History of the Department of Zoology,' they afforded him an opportunity of incidentally recording some of those judgments in an official document. Though he never talked of the public educational value of a museum of natural history, no man had surer instincts or clearer insight in this matter also. In the theory of long descriptive labels illustrated by specimens, he put no trust, divining that the educational opportunity of a people's museum is to reach the vacant mind through the objects themselves. [A. Alcocx.] Adolphus HE^'E,T Kext was born at Bletchingley, Surrey, in 1828, and was educated for a schoolmaster privately. Becoming the schoolmaster of his native village, he remained there for the greater part of his life. Sir George Maeleay, of Pendell Court, knew and appreciated Kent's knowledge of plants and his love of gardening, which he pointed out to Mr. (now Sir) Harry Yeitch one day. Matriculating at the IJniversitv of London in 1870, he obtained LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOX. 53 liis degree of B.A. in the following year, being placed in the tirst divicsiun. He was obliged, soon after this, to give up his position as schoolmaster on account of growing deafness, but j)is former acquaintance with the leading partner of the firm of Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, was of the greatest value to him, as he became private secretary to the head of the firm, and for many years he was occupied in drawing up works of very great value which were published by that firm. We may name 'A Manual of the Coniferae,' published in. 1880, and reaching a second edition in 1900 ; another work, the outcome of long-continued labour, is ' Manual of Orchidaceous Plants cultivated under Glass in Great Britain ' in ten parts — the first, devoted to the genus Odontorjlos.mm, appeared in 1889, the last, in 1894, gave a genera] review of the Order. He was elected aTi Associate of this Society on the 5th May, 1889, and made constant use of our Library. Upon his retire- ment, a few years since, upon a hberal pension, he still enjoyed borrowing books on the various subjects connected with botany and gardening. His own large collection of books he bequeathed to a nephew, as he had no children and his wife predeceased him. He died at his house, " Mycene," Doria Koad, Fulham, on the 12th September, 1913. [B. D. J.] The Society has the misfortune this year to record the death of two former Presidents in the same year — Lord Atebury and Dr. GtJNTHEE. The Eight Hon. Sir JoHif Lubbock, 4th Baronet and 1st Baron Avebury, was born in London on the ;30th April, 1834, the eldest son of Sir John William Lubbock, 3rd Baronet, who was well kuown as a physicist and mathematician. After education under tutors, he went to Eton, and was thei'e simultaneously with four younger brothers. He left Eton at a very early age, losing all chance of a University training, in consequence of the serious illness of some of the partners in his father's bank. Thus, at the age of 14, he made his first acquaintance with the routine of the banking business of Sir John Lubbock, Edward Forster, and Georg-e Hotham, which afterwards became Eobarts, Lubbock & Company. At the time young Lubbock entered business, one of the partners was Edward Eorster, as mentioned above, and this man was Treasurer of the Linnean Society from 1816 to 1849, a long period of 33 years. There is no record of the influence Forster may have exercised upon the youth at the impressionable age, but as the elder man was of considerable note in botanical circles, and possessed a fine herbarium, it is not perhaps unduly hazardous to speculate that he may have had a considerable share in directing young Lubbock's attention to natural history. In passing, it may be poiuted out that Forster's herbarium was acquired by the British 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Museum, aud formed the basis of the present British Herbarium now at Cromwell Road. Another influence — and, without doubt, a greater one- — was that meutioned by Lord Avebiuy at the Darwin- Wallace celebration on the 1st July, 1908. Speaking of Charles Darwin, our late Fellow said : — " I first heard his name in 1842—66 years ago — when my father returned one evening from the city and said he had a great piece of news for me : Mr. Darwin was coming to live close to us at Down, which he has rendered so famous." Mr. Lubbock joined our Society on the 21st January, 1858, at the age of 23, and compounded for his annual payments, an investment which has hardly ever been equalled, for during 55 years the use he made of the library has not been approached by any other recorded Fellow. How many of his facts in his long series of papers and books were derived from volumes in possession of the Society can never be ascertained. Soon after his admission, his first paper, on the " Cutaneous Muscles of the I/arva of Pygcera hucephala" was printed in the 22nd volume of our ' Transactions,' followed by tweh'e papers in the same set of volumes, besides others in our Journals. All his 'Transaction' papers were on insects and many of the Journal papers also ; but he afterwards broke ground by botanical observations. Naturally, it is his biological papers which appeal to us, but the general public know him as an author chiefly by his popular works, such as "Use of Life," "The Beauties of Nature," "The Pleasures of Life " in two parts, " Prehistoric Times," " The Scenery of Switzerland,'"' and the like, some of which ran into very many editions and were translated into most of the European languages and even into Japanese. But, side by side with his scientific studies, his business pursuits and political life caused him to publish essays and addresses on points of interest for the passing moment, and also on archaeo- logical and anthropological matters. It was his many-sided existence which attracted the notice of the pubUc, and that regard was finally fixed when the Bank Holidays Act was passed in 1871, Avhich added the first Monday in August to the clays following: Boxing Day, Easter Monday, and Whit-Monday. Sir John Lubbock, who had succeeded to the baronetcy in 1865, was elected President of the Linnean Society in 1881, and made his influence at once felt. His predecessor was far better as an observer and describer than as an administrator, and nndor his indulgent rule the debates were suffered to become discursive and irregidar. The new President quickly brought his trained faculties to bear, and the conduct of business became both quicker and more regular. He also revived the receptions, which had been dropped since the days of Mr. George Bentham, and the rive years of his presidency were notable in the history of the Society. Upon his quitting the Chair, the present rule was established with his entire sanction, by which no president is elected more than four times. tIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55 After this period, although it was rarely that Sir John Lubbock appeared at any of our meetings, and then only to read one of his papers, lie frequently visited the library, or still more often sent his secretary for volumes on subjects upon which he was working. This lie continued until a very short time before his death, which happened on the 28th May, 1913, four days after our Anniversary. He died at his seat, Kingsgate Castle, near Eamsgate, but was buried from his other Kentish mansion, High Elms, near Orpington; he was carried on the shoulders of his tenants from that house to the churchyard of Farnborough. His honours were many and varied ; he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1890, and created first Baron Avebury in 1900, taking his title from his "Wiltshire estate, a small village, containing the site of what is the largest Druidical temple in Europe, though ruder and less known than Stonehenge ; of the 650 stones formerly standing, only about 20 remain, and many of those which have been carried off have served as building-material for the \illage. Aubrey stated that Avebury " did as much for Stonehenge as a cathedral does a parish church." When some yeai's before his elevation to the peerage it was proposed to (.lestroy this venerable relic and to build upon the site, Lord Avebury averted the calamity by purchasing the estate. He was Commander of the Legion of Honour and the Prussian " Ordre pour le Merite"; had been President of the Society of Antiquaries, Royal Microscopical, Entomological, Ethnological Societies, and Anthropological Institute, and of the British Asso- ciation Jubilee fleeting at York in 1881, At the time of his death he was President of the Pay Society and of the Selborne Society, together with many other Associations and Committees, too numerous to particularise, and was Vice-President of many others. The citizens of London appreciated his qualities, and he occupied the Chair of the London County Council during 1890-92. His Parliamentary career began in 1870, when he became Member for Maidstone, retaining the seat until 1880, in that year being elected for the L^niversity of London, which he represented until his elevation to the House of Lords. La both Houses he attended assiduously, and a curious sign of this lies in the fact that many of his papers were written on House of Commons note-paper, on doubt jotted down whilst waiting for the division-bell. Indeed, his manuscripts were singular in this, that while most was written on the Commons paper, intercalated were sheets of club note-paper or with private headings, showing that, having determined his procedure, the actual writing could be accomplished anywhere. His speaking was characteristic of the man, moderate and even, with a tranquil flow, far removed from strong feeling or passion. Attached as he was to all things he had taken up, he needed to satisfy himself aboitt every new departure, not only that it was desirable, but almost certain to succeed, before he identified himself with it. It was not in his well-balanced temperament to espouse a lost cause or to fight a losing battle. The advocacy 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE of Proportional Eepresentation is really a case in point, for its justice and even-handed plan commended itself to his well- regulated mind. As an author the extent of his compositions is great, and the more so when it is recalled that liis banking business in the day- time, and parliamentary duties afterward, took up so much of his time. The secret of it is that he had thoroughly mastered the art of devolution, and made extensive use of others in his various publications. Ingenious and apt in devising experiments, he largely committed the task of observation to others, while he himself was busy in the city. Possessed of an easy and fluent pen, he was accustomed to submit his manuscript and proofs to authorities in their respective departments. Thus while the facile writing pleased the general reader, the author had ensured the absence of palpable error, and so appealed to the man of Science. The Presidential Address at York in 1881 is a good instance of this composite writing ; in reviewing the progress of science during the previous half-century, he was naturally com- pelled to enlist the help of workers in other fields than those known to him. One feature of his social life must not be omitted mention — the breakfiists he gave at his town house during the London season, resembling those of Sir Joseph Banks and the banker- poet, Samuel Rogers. The time was half-past nine, about a dozen to twenty was the usual number of guests, and none who were invited to these gatharings will forget their pleasant charm. The portrait of our former President which hangs in our Meeting Room was painted for the subscribers by Mr. Leslie "VVai'd, from no fewer than 27 sittings. Lord Avebury was twice married : first to Ellen, only child of the Rev. Peter Hordern. in 1856, who died in 1879, by whom he had three sons and three daughters, and second to Alice Augusta Laurentia, daughter of Lt.-Gen. A. H. Lane Fox-Pitt-Rivers, who survives, and by her had two daughters and three sons. [B. D. J.] Biological Bibliographt. Description of a new Genus of Calanidse. Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) xi. (1853) pp. 2.5-29. (Plate.) On Two new Subgenera ot Calanidffi. L. c. pp. 202-209. (Plate.) On Two new Species of Calanidse, with Observations on tlie Spermatic Tubes of PonteUa, Diaptoinus, Sf.c. L. c. xii. (1853) pp. 115-124, 159-165. (2 plates.) On some Arctic Species of Calanidse. L. c. xiv. (1854) pp. 125-129. (Plate.) On the Freshwater Entomostraca of South America. Trans. Entom. Soc. n. s. iii. (18."54-5(3) pp. 232-240. On some Entomostraca collected bv Dr. Sutherland in the Atlantic Ocean. L. c. iv, (1850-58) pp. 8^ 37, pis. 2-12. LI2fNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 57 Description of Eight new Species of Entomostraca found at Weymoutb. Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) XX. (1857) pp. 401-410. (2 p'ates.) An Account of the Tavo Methods of Eeprodiiction in DopJniia, and of the Structure of the Ephippium. PhiL Trans. 1857, pp. 79-100, pis. 6, 7. On the Digestive and Nervous System of Coccus hesperidum. Proc. Eoy. Soc. ix. (1857-59) pp. 480-485. On the Arrangement of the Cutaneous Muscles of the Larva of Pyf/fcra bucephala. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. (1858) pp. 173-191, pis. 34, 35. On the Ova and Pseudova of Insects. ' Phil. Trans. 1859, pp. 341-369. On the 1 )evelopment of Buccinmn. Rep. Brit. Astoc. i860 (pt. 2), pp. 139-142. Notes on the Generative Organs, and on the Formation of the Egg in the Annulosa. Proc. Rov. Soc. xi. (1860-62) pp. 117-124; Phil. Trans. 1861, pp. 595-627, pis". 16, 17. On Sjjhccrularia bonibi, Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, pp. 44-57. Notes on Sphandaria bonibi. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1862 (pt. 2), pp. 109- 110. On Two Aquatic Hvmenoptera. L. c. pp. 110-111. On the Distribution of the Tracheae in Insects. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. (1860) pp. 23-50, pis. 1-4. On some Oceanic Entomostraca collected hj Captain Tojnbee. L. c. pp. 173-191, pi. 29. Notes on the Thysanura : Part 1. L. c. pp. 429-448, pis. 45, 46 ; Part II. lb. pp. 589-601, pi. 59 ; Part HI. lb. xxvi. (18(i8) pp. 295- 304, pis. 21, 22 ; Part IV. lb. xxvii. (1870) pp. 277-298, pis. 45, 46. On the Development of Lonchontera. Trans. Entom. Soc. (3) i. (1862-3) pp. .338-344. (Plate.) A Visit to the ancient Shell-mounds of Scotland. Nat. Hist. Review, 1863, pp. 41.5-422. On the Development of CJtloeon (Ep/iemera) dimidiatum : Part I. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. (1863) pp. 61-78, pis. 17, 18 ; Part II. lb. xxv. (1866) pp. 477-492, pis. 58, .59. On Two Aquatic Hvmenoptera, one of which uses its AVings in Swimming. L. c. xxiv. (1863) pp. 135-142, pi. 23. Notes on some new or little- known Species of Freshwater Entomostraca. Z. c. pp. 197-210, pi. 31. Notes on Spha-rvlaria Bomhi. Nat. Hist. Review, 1864, pp. 265-270. _ On the Transformations of Chloeon {Ephemera) diinidiutum. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1865, p. 89. On the Metamorphoses of Insects. Trans. Plvniouth Instit ii. (1865- 66) pp. 13-20; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) x'vii. (1866) pp. 375-381; Proc. Roy. Instit. iv. (1866) pp. 551-558. Hearing of Decapod Crustacea. Entomologist, iii. (1866-67)_p. 245. On PauropKs, a new Tvpe of Centipede. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hit^t. (3) xix. (1867) pp. 8-10; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. (1868) pp. 179-180; Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. (1868) pp. 181-190, pi. 10. On some Points in the Anatomy of the Thysanura. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1867, pp. 91-92. On the Larva of Micropteplus staphylhioides. Trans. Entom. Soc. 1868, pp. 27.5-278, pi. 13. Note on the Discovery of Planaria terrestrisin England. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zooh x. (1870) pp. 193-195. Address to the Biohjgical Section of the British Association. Rep. Brit. Assoc 1872, pp. 123-126. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE On the Origin of Insects. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xi. (1873) pp. 422- 425. On tlie Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects. Nature, vii. (1873) pp. 44(3-449, 486-489 : viii. (1873) pp. 31-33, 70-73, 107-109, 143- 146, 167-169, 207-209.' Common Wild Flowers considered in relation to Insects, lb. x. (1874) pp. 402-406, 422-424. On the Relations of English Wild Flowers to Insects. Proc. Roy. Instit. vii. (1875) pp. 351-353. Observations on Bees, Wasps, and Ants. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xii. (1876) pp. 110-139 ; Part II. lb. pp. 227-251 ; Part III. lb. pp. 445-514; Part IV. Jb. xiii. (1878) pp. 217-258; Part V. Ib.x\v. (1879) pp. 265-290; Part VJ. lb. pp. 607-626; Part VII. With a IJescription of a new Species of Honev-Ant. lb. xv. (1881) pp. 167-187; Part VIII. lb. pp. 362-387; Part IX. Jb. xvi. (1883) pp. 110-121 ; Part X. With a Description of a new (lenus of Honey- Ant, lb. xTii. (1884) pp. 41-52 ; Part XI. lb. xx. ( 1888) pp. 118-136. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. (Ray Society.) 8vo. London, 1873. On British AVild Flowers considered in relation to Insects. (Nature Ser.) 8vo. London, 1875 ; 2nd ed. appeared in the same year, and another in 1897. On a new Genus and Species of Collembola from Iverguelen Island. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. (1876) p. 324; Phil. Trans. 168 (Extra vol.) (1879), p. 249, pi. 13. On some Points in the Anatomy of Ants. Monthly Microsc. Journ. xviii. (1877) pp. 121-142. _ Note on the Colours of British Caterpillars. Trans. Entom. Soc. 1878, pp. 239-259. The Habits of Ants. Proc. Roy. Instit. viii. (1879) pp. 253-271. On the Habits of xVnts. Wilts Archseol. Mag. xviii. (1879) pp. 49- 62. On Fruits and Seeds. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1879, pp. 370-371. On the Anatomy of Ants. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. (1879) pp. 738- 739 ; Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. ii. (1881) pp. 141-154. Scientific Lectures. 8vo. London, 1879. Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London, Jan. 19, 1881, Trans.^Entom. Soc. 1880, pp. xli-lv. [Presidential Address at the Jubilee Meeting of the British Association, York, Aug. 31. Principal Scientific Results of the last Half-century.] Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1881, pp. 1-51. On the Sense of Colour among some of the Lower Animals, lb. pp. 676-677. Habits of Ants. Proc. Roy. Instit. ix. (1882) pp. 174-190. Fruits and Seeds, lb. pp. 595-628. Anniversary Address of the President. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1880-82, pp. 36-58 I. c. 1882-83, pp. 14-39 ; I. c. 1884-85, pp. 84-90 ; I. c. 1885-86, pp. 135-137. (Published in the Journal (Bot.) with 134 illustrations as " Phytobiological Observations, Pt. 1.") Ants, Bees, and Wasps, a Record of Observation on the Social Hymeno- ptera. (Intern. Sci. Ser.) 8vo. London, 1882. (3 subsequent eds. appeared in the same year, and another in 1886.) On the Sense of Colour among some of the Lower Animals. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvi. (1883) pp. 121-127, pi. ii. ; ib. xvii. (1884) pp. 205-214. LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 59 On the Origin and Metaniorplioses of Insects. (Nature Ser.) 8vo. London, 1883. Xew ed.. UJOO. Note on the Intelligence of the Doir. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1885, pp. 1089- 1091. ^ ' ^^ Phytobiological Ob.-ier\ations : On the Forms of Seedlings and the Causes to which they are due. (A Presidential Address.) Joiirn. Litin. Soc, Bot. xxii. (1880; pp. 341-101 (134 figures); Tart II. Jdurn. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxiv. (18s7) pp. 62-87. riowers, Fruits, and Leaves. (Nature Ser.) 8vo, London, 1886. On the Senses, Instincts, ar.d intelligence of Animals, with Special Beference to Insects. (Intern. Sci. Ser.) 8vo. London, 1888; 3rd ed., 1889. On the Shape of the Oak-leaf. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1889, pp. G26-fi27. On Buds and Stipnles, their Form and Fnnction. Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxviii. (1891) pp. 217-243; I'art 11. L. c. xxx. (189o) pp. 4G3-032; Parts III. & IV. L. c. xxxiii. (1897) pp. 202-268, pis. 12-15. On the Form of the Leaf of Viburnum Opuhis and V. Lantana. L. c. xxviii. (1891) pp. 244-247. On the Fruit and Seed of the .Tuglandeae. L. c. pp. 247-2.54. A Contribution to onr Knowledge of Seedlings. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1892. Popular edition. (Intern. Sci. Ser.) 8vo. London, 1896. On the Attraction of Flowers for Insects. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxxiii. (1898) pp. 270-278. On some Spitzberiren Collembola. Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxvi. (1898) pp. 616-619. On some Australasian Collembola. L. c. xxvii. (1899) pp. 3-34-338. On ]hids and Stipules. (Intern. Sci. Ser.) 8vo. London, 1899. Notes on the Life- Ilistorv of British Flowering Plants. 8vo. London, 1905. [Presidential Address to the Selborne Societv, 29 Mav, 1902.] Nature Notes, xiii. (1902) pp. 121-128. [Addiess to the Selborne Societv on Botanic Observation.] Z. c. xv. (1904) pp. 1.36-140. On the Fiirms of Stems of Plants. Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1904 (1905), pp. 812-813, 2 tigs. Altliough Sir Jonx Murray was very near to seventy-four years of age at the time of the accident in which he lost iiis life, he had not commenced to show any failure of either bodily or mental po\\ers. Only a few months before the fatal event be had given to the public a handbook upon Oceanography, and his obviously strong constitution showed no signs of being impaired. This robustness of body induced sane work, and the characteristic oP Murray's contributions to science reflect this association. Immense application in the collecting and formu- lation of details of fact, coupled with perfectly clear deduction, uninfluenced by any desire to produce unnaturally straii:ied effects, is the distiuguishiug feature of In's work. The researches con- ducted by Murray were, as is well known, entirely connected with the geology of oceans and lakes ; aud the most important of all his conclusions is, of course, that relating to the formation of coral reefs, in which he revolutionised opinion current at the time. 6o PBOCEEDIN^GS OF THE This line of work was initiated by Murray's appointment in 1873 to the naturalist staff of H.M.S. 'Challenger.' The zoo- logical side of the expedition was amply cared for by tlie director of the scientific staff, the late Sir Wyville Thomson, and by his two assistants, the late Prof. Moseley and the late Dr. v. vVille- moes-Suhm. It was naturally therefore left to Murray to devote himself to the geological aspects of the dredgings carried out during the voyage. For this line of work he had been well prepared by his studies at the University of Edinburgh und^r Sir Archibald (then Professor) Geikie, the late Prof. Tait, and Prof. Crum Brown. Extensive observations were made during the voyage, and, on the conclusion of the expedition, Murray, in conjunction with the late Prof. Eeuard, published one of the series of the ' Challenger ' volumes upon these deposits. The same kind of work was pursued in after years by numerous minor exploring expeditions, and, latest of all, Murray commenced with the assijitaiice of others a survey of the Scottish lakes with their fauna and deposits, providing the necessary finances. The facts gathered in this survey fill six volumes, of which it has been said that " there is probably no other country of which the depths and other features of its lakes have been so fully made known." Although one of the leading, and at the time of his death probably the leading, enquirer in this department of geology, Murray was a most wide-minded man in his views of other branches of science ; he was anxious to assist in purely zoological and botanical work with the same fervour that he devoted to his own studies. His founding or patronage of zoological stations in Scotland (such as the labora- tory at Granton) are well known ; and with him were associated many young naturalists, at that time unknown, but now well known for their contributions to science (such as Mr. J. T. Cun- ningham, Dr. H. E. Mill, and many others). A very marked part of Sir John Murray's character \^as his encouragement of, and assistance to, younger men desirous of pursuing scientific paths ; nor was this encouragement tainted by the least trace of jealousy, so lamentable a trait in the character of even some very great men of science of the past. There are many now with us who have much reason to be grateful to Sir John Murray. After the return of the ' Challenger ' Sir John Murray assisted Sir Wyville Thomson ; and on the death of the latter in 18S2 succeeded him in the editing of the vast series of volumes in which the scientific results of the Voynge were set forth, and in the conduct of the huge collections. He himself, as already stated, was responsible with Prof. Eenard for that part dealing with the marine deposits and also, with assistance from the late Prof. Moseley and some others, for the writing of the introductory part dealing with the cruise itself and containing resume's of the scientific work done. The editing of so colossal a series of volumes is most justly to be credited to Sir John Murray, who supervised every matter himself and read proofs with the same diligence that he devoted to other departments of his duties to LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXnOX, 6 1 H.M. Treasury. In selecting his contributors — tbe selection being virtually in his hands — Sir John Murray was careful to gain the services ol: certain of those alreadv distinguislied for their knowledge of the various groups of animals which were offered to them for their study. But this very necessary part of his duty did not prevent Sir John from generously helping many younger men by including them in the list which contained some of the greatest names in Europe (such as Haeckel, Kolliker, Agassiz, iM'Intosh, F. E. Scluilze, Giinther, &c.). He was particularly kind in this matter to his own countrymen, though he also secured the services of some naturalists from abroad of the then young generation. It was unquestionably due to Murray's energv of character and justly earned and general popularity that enabled the completion of this monumental work, which has never been equalled in the mass of accumulated and novel information by any subsequent exploring voyage. This must, of course, be re- garded as Murray's chief life-work on the official side, and it is gratifying to reflect that he received many testimonies to its importance by the numerous honours which were subsequently conferred upon him. Born at Coburg, Ontario, on the 3rd March, 1841, he died in conseijuence of a motor-car accident near Edinburgh on the (5th ^larch, 1914. He was elected a Fellow of this Society the loth jS^ovember, 18S3. [Fiia>'k: E. Beddard.] Thomas Hawkes Eussell. who died at Edgbaston on 31st July, 1913, was horn on 30th March, 1851, the eldest son of the late Dr. James Russell. Educated at the Birmingham and Edgbaston Proprietary School and University College, London, he adoj)ted the profession of the law, and practised as a member of the firm of Lee, Musgrove, & Lee, Solicitors, until 19l)o, when he retired and devoted his leisure to local activities and botanic studies. He was elected Fellow on the ist March, 1906, and in 1908 he published a small octavo volume, ' Mosses and Liverworts : an Introduction to their Study, wirh Hints as to their Cultivation and Preservation,' which was issued by Low & Co., the 10 plates being from the author's own drawings ; a slightly enlarged edition came out in 1910. During the last eight years of his life he gave himself energeti- callv to lecturing on botanical subjects in the neighbourhood of his home, his diagrams being enlarged from his coloured drawings of objects under the microscope. After cremation his ashes were interred at Witton Cemetery on the oth August last. [B. D. J.] Philip Lutley Sclater. — By the death of Philip Lutley Sclater, which took place on June 27th, 1913, the zoological world lost an extraordinarily able leader and the Liunean Society one of its most distinguished Fellows. In how far the trend of his life's work was influenced by the 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE difficulties wliicli beset those who, in liis early days at Cambridge, were possessed by an insatiable thirst for knowledge in regard to all that pertained to Natural History, we shall never know. In his day there were no organized Science Schools, and Biology found no part in the teaching scheme of the University. Hence, like Darwin and others ot: his day who in after life attained to fame as zoologists, he had to satisfy his cravings as best he might. But it Avas to tliese limitations, probablv, that Systematic Zoology and the Gi-eographical Distribution of Animals alone occupied his l)ost-graduate life. To these he made splendid contributions. He, indeed, was the founder of the science of Zoo-Geography ; and if he had done no more than this, he would have earned his niche in the Temple of Eame. Among ornithologists his name was revered, and his con- tributions to science loom largest in the enormous output of ornithological memoirs which stand to-day to his credit. Ti>e bulk of these were purely systematic in scope, but he wrote one or two small papers on the wings of birds and devised a scheme of Classification. The latter, however, from his lack of anatomical knowledge, added nothing to his fame. His activities were, however, by no means confined to birds, for he possessed an encyclopaedic knowledge of mammals from the systematist's point of view. Bub Sclater's influence on the zoological world was by no means limited to his published writings. His personal influence was enormous, subtle, and far-reaching. It made itself felt in no uncertain way in the affairs of the Zoological Society of London ; for he controlled its destinies for forty-three years, and made it famous throughout the world. These concrete fruits of a long and useful life are matters of common knowledge; they are historical facts, which those who Avill may estimate according to their own conceptions of merit.- But no measure can be applied to his influence on the men of his time, and especially the younger men. He was a keen judge of character, and zealous in his efforts to win recruits for his beloved science. None who appealed to him for help or advice ever turned away empty. But he did not always wait to be asked : whenever he met with promising youngsters, be was certain to offer his aid to promote their welfare. JN^auy men who have attained to eminence owe much to him. That he was held in high regard by the men of his time is shown, in the first place, by the fact that Darwin, Owen, and Huxley were among his closest friends, and, in the second, by his success in promoting expeditions to unknown lands charged with the task of exploring their fauna and flora. His work for Societies other than his own was considerable. Eor many years he edited ' The Ibis,' the Journal of the British Ornithologists' Union, and the ' Journal of the Ornithologists' Club.' Of the latter he was Chairman from its inception in 1392 till his death. For many years he acted as Secretary to Section D of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, aud in 1875, at the Bristol meeting, was its President. That occasion LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 6^ was made memorable by his brilliant address •' On the Present State of our Knowledge of Geographical Zoology." He twice served on the Council of the Eoyal Society. Among his recreations, perhaps, we may reckon Ins work as a Justice of the Peace ; and he was also a keen huntsman, following tlie hounds up to the day of his death, which was due to a carriage accident. The science of Zoology owes not a little, perhaps, to the fact that in those early days its territories had to be explored without the aid of guides. This served to concentrate attention on faunistic Z')ology, and to lay the foundations for the study of Geographical Distribution, which has so important a bearing on the history of the zoology of past ages. Sclater, as we have already remarked, was a pioneer in this field, and if this had been his only achievement it would have been a great one. [W. P. Pycraft.] Mr. Mautix Joh>- Sutto:v was born in the year 1850, the eldest son cf Martin Hope Sutton, of Whitley, Berks. He became the senior partner in the firm of Sutton & Sons, the Eoyal Seed Establishment, Reading, and his activities were directed almost entirely to the advancement of horticulture and agriculture. The dignities conferred upon him are proof of this : he was Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and of the Ordre du Merite Agricole ; Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Member of the jN^ational Agricultural Examination Board, Governor and Member of the Council of the Royal Agri- cultural Society. He also took his share in the conduct of the Bath and West of England and Southern Counties Societies. Of local honours conferred, he possessed the Honorary Freedom of Reading, was J. P. of that town and of Oxfordshire, and County Councillor of Berks. He was twice married, and leaves a widow and two sons and a daughter. Ho was elected Fellow, 3rd June, 1886; he died unexpectedly at the Piccadilly Hotel, London, on the 14:th December, 1913, under an aufesthetic for a minor operation. [B. D. J.] Alfked Russel Wallace, O.M., D.GL., F.R.S.— The death of Alfred Russel Wallace on November 7, 1913, broke the last link with the band of illustrious Englishmen who made Evolution the watchword of the latter half of the nineteenth century — Darwin, Hooker, Huxley, Spencer, and Wallace himself. The details of Wallace's long, happy, and varied life are so well known that it would be inappropriate to repeat them on the present occasion. I prefer to speak of his special association with the Linnean — to him, there is reason to believe, the dearest of all scientific societies. He was proposed in 1871, the Form of Recommendation, first read on November 2, being signed by Bentham, Stainton, Hooker, Newton, Flower, Gray, and six other Fellows. The election took place on January 18, 1872. ]iut Wallace's connexion with the Society was much earlier than this ; for, in addition to the epoch-making papers in 1858, he had 64 PnOCEEDINGS or THE read his important memoir on " Mimicry in the Malaj'^an Papilios " in 1864, Wallace's share in the joint papers was his greatest scientific acliievement ; while, in the second publication, he was the first to extend tiie principles set forth by his old fellow-traveller, H. AV. Bates, to the East, and to discuss and throw new light on certain important aspects of Miniicry wliich had up to that time escaped attention — I specially refer to polymorphism in Mimicry and to the presence of Mimicry in the female. Not only was the parent theory of Natural Selection first brought before the scientific world by the Linnean Society, but the daughter theory of Mimicry, which formed and still forms its most striking illustration and defence, was first made known by Bates, then extended by Wallace, and later by Roland Trimen, through the same channel. Mimicry always possessed an intense fascination for AVallace, and I remember how he wrote to me soon alter iny election as Hope Professor, urging that the whole resources of the Hope Department should be devoted to this subject. The last paper communicated by Wallace to a scientific society was read by him before the Linnean on June 18, 1896. I'he subject was " The Problem of Utility," and, as he haa himself explained *, his " purpose was to enforce the view that all specific and generic characters must be (or once have been) useful to their possessor, or. owing to the complex laws of growth, be correlated with useful characters. ... 1 endeavoured to show that the ])roblem is a fundamental one, that utility is the basic principle of Natural Selection, and that without Natural Selection it has not been shown how specific characters can arise." I recall with the greatest pleasure meeting Wallace at breakfast at Prof. Meldola's the morning after the meeting. He showed not the slightest trace of fatigue after the journey and the effort of reading the paper. The party, which also included Francis Darwin, sat and talked until far into the morning. Einally, as AVallace rose, he said, with the greatest animation, " Well, I should like to go on in this way all day !" It is a piece of remarkable ill-luck that the Linnean Society does not possess a noble representation of one of our greatest Fellows — a splendid companion to the D;irwin we know and love so well. Ten years ago the Hon. John Collier generously offered to paint a portrait of Wallace, and even, if it weva necessary, to stay at Broadstone for the purpose. I told Wallace of the offer, and tried to persuade him to accept it. Others tried also, but no one could induce him to sit. "My portrait is just appearing in 'Black and White,'" he said, " and I am sure nothing could be better than that." The Linnean Society and the whole world of science and letters are the poorer for his decision. Nothing would have pleased Wallace better than the thought that the books in his library, which bear the imprint of bis per- sonality, should find the j)ermanent home in the Linnean Society * ' My Life' (Loudon, 1905), ii. p. 215. LIXI^EAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOK. 65 now assured to them by the generosity of Mr. T. H. Riches. Many years ago he sent ine E. D. Cope's ' Origin of the Fittest,' saying that he had read it and had no furtlier use for it. 1 suggested that he should present it to the Library of the Hope Department, but he would not consent until he had first ascer- tained that the Liunean Society already possessed a copy. I well remember, too, how cordially he agreed with my suggestion that G. W. Sleeper's booklet should be placed in the Linneau Libraiy. The culmination of Wallace's life, July 1, 1908, was also intimately bound up with the Linneau Society. The admirable Memorial Volume, issued b}^ the Society, makes it unnecessary to refer to the events of that great day, which will assuredly h\'e as an abiding inspiration in the memory of everyone who was fortunate enough to be present. AVallace himself, although he was eminently sociable and delighted in converse with his friends, was strongly averse to publicity and ceremony of every kind ; and I think that his appearance on that momentous anniversary was due to a sense of duty, and not from pleasure. He felt that it was a unique opportunity of paying homage to the mighty genius whose name had been, and will ever be, associated with his own *. [E. B. POULTOX.] [The subject of the foregoing memoir was born at Usk, in Monmouthshire, Sth January, 1823, and was therefore in his 91st year at the time of his death.] AYlLLiAM West. — Algology has lost its foremost British exponent by the death at Bradford^ on the 14th May, lUU, of William West. He was a native of Leeds, where, on the edge of Wood- house Moor, he was born on the 22nd of February, 1848. He studied for the Pharmaceutical profession, proceeding to regis- tration on the Kith February, 1870. He removed to Bradford, and set up in business there in 1872. Two years later he was married to Hannah Wainwright, also a native of Woodhouse Moor, Leeds, and they had two sons and a daughter ; Mrs. AVest died in 1904, after a long and tedious illness. All the children inherited the paternal ability, the two sons passing through Cam- bridge University with distinction and applying themselves to botanical work. The elder son, William, died at Mozuffer|)ur in Bihar in 1901, very soon after taking up a biological research appointment ; and the younger, George, is now Professor of Botany at the University of Birmingham. The subject of this notice in 1886 took up science teaching professionally on being appointed Lecturer in Botany at the Bradford Technical College, atterwards adding the teaching of Biology and Pharmacology. * See also the Obituarj- by the present writer in ' The Zoologist,' Dec. 1913, p. 468, parts of vviiich Lave been adapted for incorporation in the above notice. LIXN'. SOC. PROCEEniNGS ^SESSION 1913-1914, / 66 PROCEEDINGS or THE Botanical!}', he was a man of a remarkably wide and varied range of knowledge. His acquaintance with all groups of plants, more especially of the whole of the Cryptogamia, was extraordinary ; and his knowledge was not merely wide, but profound and. detailed. In the early period, as a general botanist, he took part, along with numerous other able naturalists of the county, in making the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union the remarkably powerful and suc- cessful instrument of local scientific research which it has ever since been. In 1880 he was Secretary of its Botanical Section ; but the increasing claims of his teaching work prevented, him from attending after this many of the meetings. But in 1899 he was elected President of the Union — significant evidence ot^ the respect in which he was held by his fellow Yorkshiremen. About this time — 1878 to 1887 — he published numerous notes and short papers on general botanical subjects ; and in 1888 he contributed a large amount of material to Mr. F. Arnold Lees's 'Flora of West Yorksliii'e.' He now began to concentrate his energies on the freshwater Algse, and particularly upon the Desmidiaceae — a group which he speedily made peculiarl}^ his own. He studied them from all points of view — systematically, morphologically, ecologically ; and his vacations were systematically devoted to field-work in many parts of the British Isles, particularly in the remoter and more inaccessible parts of the mountain regions of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The results were seen in the publica- tion of numerous important papers, some in the issues of the Linnean Seciety. Beginning near home, their (for his son George was now growing up and actively co-operating in the algological investigations) native county of York was adequately worked, papers published for each of the Eidings, and, finally, in 1900-01, a full Alga-flora of the whole county. Papers were also published dealing with North AVales (1890), the English Lakes (1892), the West of Ireland (1892), Scotland (1893), the South of England (1897), the North of Ireland (1902), and the Orkneys and Shet- lands (1912). A couple of papers also appeared dealing with Denmark (1891) and Portugal (1892). Material was now being sent to West and his son from various parts of the world, and this formed the basis for a number of memoirs. These included papers dealing with the American States of Maine (1888, 1891) and Massachusetts (1888), and for the West Indian Islands (1894, 1899). For the Old World were published memoirs dealing with Singapoi'e (1897), Koh Chang (1901\ Ceylon (1902), Burma (1907), and Korth Borneo (1914). Meanwhile, another able Leeds desmidiologist, Mr. W. Barwell Turner, had monographed the Desmids of India. The Wests dealt with Madagascar in 1895, Central Africa in 1896, and Welwitsch's African material in 1897 ; and in 1911 they pub- lished the freshwater Algae collected by the Sliackleron Antarctic Expeditiou. LONEAN SOCIETY OF LON^DON. 67 Besides tliese systematic papers, nuinerous notes were published in various jouriials, as well as memoirs on the " Conjuoation of the Zygnemace83 " (1891) and " Observations on the Coniuffatae " (1898). Speaking broadly, the earlier papers (to 1893 or so) appeared as by William AVest, most of the later ones as by himself and his son jointly ; but the actual co-operation in the work had extended over the whole period of investigation, and of later years the algological work fell to the son, the father devoting attention to ecological studies of bryophytes and lichens, his latest paper — and one intended to be the first of a series — being read to the Linnean Society a month after his decease. The algological work above summarized did not by any means exhaust the potentialities of the subject, and led up to a systematic investigation on another line — that of the Phytoplankton of lakes and rivers. In this the two Wests were the pioneer workers in Britain, and they set about their task in characteristically ample fashion, commencing the detailed field-work about 1900, devoting the vacation months of several years to the exploration of the lakes of Western and Southern Scotland, Northern England, Wales, Western and South-Avestern Ireland, as well as Lough Neagh, Malliam Tarn, and the rivers Ouse, Lochay, and Bann. The results achieved were of high importance, showing that the Phytoplankton of lakes in extreme Western Europe, and parti- cularly the British Isles, differed completely from those of Central Europe by the presence and dominance of Desmids, and Mere quite a revelation and surprise to European algologists. The culminaticm of the algological work was the publi<'ation by the Eay Society of the first four volumes (1904, 1905, 1908, 1911) of the six of their Monograph of the British Desmidiacea?. Such was the work accomplished by William West. Of the man himself it remains to be noted that his personality was such as to endear him to everyone with whom he came in contact. As a science teacher ho Mas remarkably successful, and he enlisted the affections of his students in a most extraordinary degree. As a lield-uaturalist he M-as an ardent lover of Nature in all her aspects, and he was a man of warm enthusiasms, Mith a singular charm of manner and a vein of quiet genial humour ; so that he was most beloved by those who (like the present writer) knew him longest and most intimately. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on 17th March, 1887, and was the only one resident in Bradford at the time of his death. The most characteristic porti^ait of West is the one published in the 'Journal of Botany' for July 1914, along with a memoir by the present writer. A much fuller memoir (also by the present writer) is published in ' The Naturalist ' for July and August 1914, also illustrated by a (different) portrait, and to this memoir is appended a bibliographical list of West's principal papers and notes. [W. Dexisox Eoebuck.] /2 68 PROC'EEDI^'GS OF THE June 4th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PoULTOX, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 25th May, 1014, were read and confirmed. Mr. Edward Ashdown Bunyard uas admitted a Pellow, and Mr. James Lomax an Associate. Miss Snrali Martha Baker, D.Se. (Lond.), Mr. Charles John Bond, E.B.C.S., and Mr. Stuart Hogg, were elected Eellous. The President announced tliat he had appointed the following to be Vice-Presidents dni-ing the ensuing year: — Prof. W. A. Hekdmak, Prof. E. A. Mixciiix, Mr. Houace W. Moxckton, and Mr. PI. N. IIidley. The Eev. (jeorge He>'slow, M.A., F.L.S., gave an address on " Darwin's Alternative Explanation of the Origin of Species, without the Means of J^aturul Selection," and supplied the following abstract : — The cause of Variation, always " changed conditions of Life,'' with "Definite or Indefinite liesults " {Variation, i^-c. vol. ii. p. 'ZT2, 1868). Natural Selection is not a Cause: e.g. Mivart {Origin, Sf-c. 6th ed. ch. vii.). Also, E. \V. Hutton, who says: — "Having proved Natural Selection to be a tme cause, and one that largely explained the Origin of Species from Varieties, by causing a gradual divergence of chai'acter, &.c." {Darwinism and Lamarclcism, p. :i8, 1899). No necessity for the words "Several generations " for giving rise to a variation, as plants vary at once ; but they are required for fixing them so as to be hereditary under any conditions. " Species " and " Variety " are terms representing the varying amounts of change necessary for adaptation. Hence thei-e need be no intermediate forms. Eirst reference to "definite action," &.C., as a Cause {Origin, dr. Isted. End of Introduction, 1859). His original view {Origin, <^-c. pp. 11, 12) not strongly emphasized until 1868 {Variation, S,-c., and Origin, c^-c. 6th ed. 1878). Reason for delay given to Wagner {Life Sf-c, 4'c. vol. iii. p. 158; Oct. 1876), viz.: — "I could find little evidence of the direct action of the environment." "Definite variation" leads to "permanent modification * of LIXXE.VX SOCIETY OF LOXBOX. 69 structure,"' i. e. Inheritance of Acquired Characters (Oriijin, ^c- (>th ed. p. 421, 187S). These may become only relatively, or even absolutehj stable under all conditions oi lite. Indefinite Variations, also caused by "Direct Action of Changed Conditions of Life." They consist of a supposed mixture of indi- \iduals, the minoritif possessing "favourable " (i. ^. adaptive), the majority, "injurious" (i. e. iuadaptive) variations. Such is the Theory of Xatural Selection as described {Oriyiii, ,^-c. Gth ed. p. 0;3,'lS7S). Natural Selection is not required, for the majority die by " fortuitous destruction •' {Orhjiti, if'c. Gth ed. pp. 53, 54, 59-89). E.y. Sir E. Eay Lankester says, that one out of a million eggs of an oyster may survive, i.e. per chance (Darwin's word). Contra, T. Buckland says of young oysters trausferred to new localities, that within two months they begin to assume the 'native charactei's ' (Variation, ^-c. vol. ii. pp. i;SO, 281). Some Illustrations: — Mesophytic plants becoming aquatic and vice versa, e.g. Water Crowfoot. Monocotyledons originated fi-om aquatic Dicotyledons. Mesophytic plants becoming Xcro- ]ihytic and vice versa by means of water, e.g. Kestharrow, iSrc. Cultivated plants originating, by prepai'ed soil, from wild plants, and their reversion, e.g. root crops. Depauperized and dwarfed ])lants, recognized as specific ; through drought, submergence, parasitism, and saprophytism. Daruin's final charge against scientists for their misrepresen- tations :— " Great is the power of steady ndsrepresentation ; but the history of science shows that, fortunately, tliis power does not long endure " (Orir/in, ^"c. Gth ed. p. 421). It has lasted for fifty-five years (1859-1914). Dr. Rendle, Mr. A. W. Sutton, and the President joined in a discussion, and the author replied. Mr. Gut C. Eobsox, B.A., gave an abstract of his paper "On a Collection of Land and Freshwater Gastropods from Mada- gascar, with Descriptions of a new Genus and new Species" (communicated by Prof. G. C. Bourse, P.R.S., Sec.L.S.). The affinities of the species examined were found to be mainly Oriental and not African. Mr. James Lomax, A.L.S., showed series of sections of the entire vertical thickness of a seam of coal, also shown by photo- graphs of sections in the lantern. Prof. H. H. W. Pearso', F.L.S., contributed a paper, " Notes on the Morphology of certain Structures concerned in Repro- duction in the Genus Gnetum.'" 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE The last paper was by Prof. C. Ciulton-, LL.D., E.L.S., on " Deto^ a Subaiitai-ctic Genus of Terrestrial Crustacea." No new species are described in the paper, but the six species are fully described and compared and their appendages figured. June 18th, 1914. Prof. E. B. PouLTON, E.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4tli June, 1914, were read and confirmed. Mr. Francis Druce, M.A., and the Rev. Edward Erancis Linton, M.A. (Oxon.), were admittegl Eellows. Mr. Walter Henrv Cliarter, Mrs. Edith Jane Durrant, Mr. Lin- nieus Eden Hope, the Rev. John Robert Lewis Kingon, M.A., Mr. Robert Ray, B.Sc. (St. And. & Cape), and Miss Clotilde von "Wyss, were elected Fellows. The President announced that the Annual Dinner would take place on the 12th November next. Prof. G. C. Bourne, E.Pv,.S., Sec-L.S., briefly explained the scope of a paper by Mr. R. Douglas Laurie, M.A., " Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. — On the Brachyura." (Communicated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, F'.R.S., E.L.S.) Mr. George Mattiiai, B.A., then gave liis "A Revision of the recent Colonial Astreeidse possessing distinct Corallites " (com- n)unicated by Prof. J. Stanley Garj)INEr, F.R.S., F.L.S.), with explanatory di-awiugs on the blackboard and a series of lantern- slides. Prof Bourne contributed further observations, and the author replied. Mr. Robert Paulson, F.L.S,, exhibited two Lichens : Lecanora isidiouhs, Nyl., from the New Forest ; and Parmelia revoluta var. concentrica, Cromb., from Seaford Downs, explaining their rarity and the difficulty of accounting for their geographical distribution in Britain ; he further illustrated his subject by lantern-slides. Mr. C. F. M. SwYNNERTON, E.L.S. , gave the purport of his paper " Short Cuts to Nectaries by Blue Tits," referring to his LI>-XEA>* SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 71 previous accouut of African ornithophilous flowers, read on the 5th INJarch last, and showiDg photographs of injured shoots of Kibes on the screen. A paper by the late INIr. William West, F.L.S., '-Ecological Notes, chiefly Cryptogamic," was read in abstract by Dr. O. Stapf, F.R.S., Sec.L.S., who remarked that this paper was the outcome of a suggestion by Prof. Engler, F.M.L.S., that whilst abundance of observations existed of ecological facts regardino- phanerogams, the cryptogams had been neglected. This paper Avas intended as the first of a series, which has been cut short by the unexpected and lamented death of the author, but who had sent in the summary i-ead. The following papers were, in the absence of their respective authors, read in title : — Mr. R. J. TiLLTARD, M.A., r.E.S.— Life-Histories and Descriptions of Australian ^schninse. With a Descrip- tion of a new Form of Telephehia by Herbert Campion. (Communicated by Prof. W. A. Haswell, E.R.S E.L.S.) Miss Olga G. M. Patxb, B.Sc— On the Life-History and Structure of Telephorus litaratus. (Communicated by Dr. A. D. Imms, F.L.S.) Mr. A. Geooyelle. — Cucujidae, Cryptophagidse, avec una description de la larve et de la nymphe de Protominia convexiusciila, Grouvelle. (Communique par M. le pro- fesseur J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S., F.L.S.) Mr. Hugh Scott, M.A., F.L.S. — Mallophaga, Aphaniptera, and Diptera Puparia. (Percy Sladen Expedition.) The General Secretary read an extract from a letter addressed to him by Dr. George Henderson, F.L.S., enclosing photographs of the fat-tailed sheep of the Punjab, which were also shown on the screen, one illustrating a small cart to support the tail of a sheep. Dr. Stapf, referring to a remark in Dr. Henderson's letter, said he had seen similar sheep in Persia. 72 PEOCEEDIiSGS OF THE List of Contributors to the Sir Joseph Hooker Lecture Fund. Anderson, Tempest, D.Sc. Lyell, Mrs. K. M. Baker, J. f^. Barratt, W. Berridge, Miss E. l\. Bickliain, Spencer II. Bower. Prof. F. O. Bmy, H. Candolle, Dr. C. de. Carson, Miss M. Cockayne, L., Ph.D. CunuiDgbam, Co!. D. D. Darwin, Sir Francis. Darwin, W. E., B.A. Drnce, G. C. Duthie, J. F. Ewing, P. Farlow, Prof. W. G. Farrer, Tlie Dowager Lady. Fry, Sir Edward. Gamble, J. S. Gardiner, Prof. J. S., M.A. Gibson, Ernest. Godman, F. DuCane, D.C.L. Goebel, Prof. Dr. K. von. Griffin, G. Herbert. Giintber, Albert C. L. G., Ph.D. Gurney, J. H. Gwynue-Vauglian, Mrs. H. C. I. G Wynne- Vaughan, Prof. D. T. Ilanburv, F. J. Harlev,"Jobn, M.D. Hill, Artbur W. Hooker, Lady. Hopkiuson, John. Jackson, B. Daydon, Ph.D. Kanjilal, U. Keeble, Prof. F. Lacaita, C. 0. Ijister, Miss G. Lister, J. J., M.A. Loder, Gerald W. E. Loiigstafl; Dr. & Mr.-\ G. R Mac Andrew, J. J. McDonald, D. Martin. N. H. Meiklejohn, J. W. S., M.D. Melvili. J. Cosmo, D.Sc. Mennell, H. T. Monckton, H. W. Nawaschin, Prof. S. Newstead, Prof. R. Nicholson, C. S. Oliver, Prof. Daniel. Palgrave, Sir E. H. Inglis, F.R.S.l Parkin, John. Peckover of Wisbech, Rt. Hon. Lord. Pertz, Miss D. F. M. Pophani, R. Brooks. Pouhon, Prof. E. B. Radlkofer, Prof L. Rath bone, Miss M. Reid, Clement. Retz