UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIQN STACKS :*. The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN sJ EB 3 f 9981 95 DUE*** 1AY 2 5 1988 ocrVV* DEC 13 19 9! /MX 04 to SEP 2 19 J1 NOV 1 9 1991 SEP 10 SEP C S 1997 1997 NOV 02 t JAN 5 199; woy o 5 is )91 FED MAR" 92 2003 AUG 2 1995 L161 O-1096 REMOTE ST ORAGJ OF THE BF EDITED BY HDN.JOHN MOSES & MAJ.JOSEPH KIRKLAND MUNSELL&CO PUBLISHERS -" ABORIGINAL TO METROPOLITAN. HISTORY OF CHICAGO ILLINOIS MOSES AIDED BY EMINENT LOCAL WRITERS. VOLUME II. KIRKLAND. ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO & NEW YORK : MUNSELL & CO., PUBLISHERS. COPYRIGHT 1895 BY THE MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY JO.L BIGHTS RESERVED 3 3 & - s I i X Q. PR186 OF DONOHUE i HENNEBERRY, CHICAGO. v. REMOTE STORAGE CONTENTS VOLUME II. CHAPTER I. THE PRESS. Value of the press as history Character of the American press The newspapers' influence In developing Chicago Destruction of the flies Obstacles in the way of early papers Paucity of news The contrast between early and modern newspapers Standard of journalism Statistics of the Chicago press Local centres of publication To what extent newspapers are read in America The Chicago Democrat Early advertisers John Wentworth Jackson Hall First city officers The "American" Contents of early papers Criticism of Indian affairs Captaiu Hunter's challenge Early newspaper writers The Chicago "American" Its editor fined for contempt The Stuarts William W. Bracket! Buckner S. Morris The "Express" The " Daily Journal" Richard L. Wilson- J. W. Norris Andrew L, Shuman W. K. Sullivan " Illinois Tribune" " Chicago Tribune " J. K. C. Forrest The " Gem of the Prairie "The " Prairie Herald" The "Democratic Press" Early editors Ray Medill Bross White Upton Colbert Wilkie The " Staats Zeitung" The "Deutsche Amerikaner " Hesing Raster The "Times" How originated Wilbur F. Story- Subsequent owners and editors Vicissitudes of a great journal The "Inter-Ocean" The "Frele Presse" The"Daily News" The"Evening Post" The "Evening Mail" The"Herald" The"Evening Mail"(No. 2) The "Daily Globe" The "Abendpost" The"Evening Post" The " National Zeitung" The " Tageblatt " The " Daily Press "The " Arbeiter Zeitung" The " Religious Press" The "Northwestern Baptist" The "Better Covenant "The "New Covenant "The "Western Herald" The "Watchman of the Prairies "The " Northwestern Christian Advocate " The "Advance" The "Interior" Other religious papers Other secular weeklies Defunct newspapers and periodicals Biographical sketches lohn Calhoun John Wentworth Joseph K. C. Forrest R. L. Wilson Charles L. Wilson Andrew Shuman John R. Wilson William K. Sullivan Elias S. Calkins John L. Scripps Charles H. Ray Samuel J. Medill James W. Sheahan Alfred Cowles William Bross Joseph Medill George P. Upton Elias Cobbert Lorenz Brentano Robert W. Patterson, Jr. Horace White Herman Raster Antone C. Hesing Washington Hesing Wilhelm Rapp William Nye-^Emil Mannhardt Wilbur F. Storey Franc B. Wilkie Andre Matteson Carter H. Harrison Martin J. Russell J. Young Scammon William Penn Nixon Oliver W. Nixon Frank W. Palmer G. A. Pierce William H. Busbey Thomas C. MacMillan Frank Gilbert Melville E. Stone Victor F. Lawson Eugene Field David Blakely Oliver A. Willard James W. Scott Frank Hatton Joseph R. Dunlop Elisha H. Talbott Horace R. Hobart Edward Goodman Rev. Justin A. Smith William C. Gray Arthur Edwards Simeon Gilbert Hooper Warren Zebina Eastman George Schneider Benjamin F. Taylor Charles A. Dana John G. Nicolay John F. Finerty S--74 CHAPTER II. EDUCATION. Work of the founders Territorial legislation Past and present contrasted Earliest Chicago schools Development begins The school section First public schools Select school for ladies A case of discipline A "lost township" First free schools Four eras The city incorporated First board of inspectors The council's enlarged powers School inspectors School districts in 1840 Powers of inspectors First school building Demand for increased accommodations School buildings previous to the fire Buildings destroyed in the fire of 1871 Reconstruction Exchange of school property A first lease School fund Special funds Benefactors of the schools Text books Superintendents of city schools Number of teachers Officers of the school board Assistant superintendents School agents High schools Free evening schools Normal school Deaf mute schools Vocal music German Drawing Manual training Physical culture School board organization Superintendent's department Statistics for 1892 Tabular statement for a series of years Ladies and the pub- lic schools The "fads" Flags on school buildings Killing of Principal Hanford Educa- tional conventions Col. R. J. Hamilton William H. Brown William H. Wells Josiah L. Pickard George Howland Albert G. Lane Rev. John C. Burroughs John F. Eberhart Universities Northwestern University Garrett Biblical Institute Law schools Divinity i 800713 ii CONTENTS. schools Medical schools Lake Forest University Its various departments Old Chicago Uni- versity New Chicago University Chicago Theological Seminary McCormick Theological Seminary German Theological Seminary Hahnemann Medical College Chicago Homeopathic College Bennett Medical College College of Physicians and Surgeons Chicago College of Pharmacy Illinois Training School for Nurses Kent Law School Chicago Manual Training School Armour Institute Jewish Manual Training School Parochial schools County Normal School Business colleges Scientific and art Private schools of all classes Aggregate results Art Institute 75-137 CHAPTER III. LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. Chicago Lyceum Mechanics' Institute Young Men's Association Chicago Literary Association Young Men's Lyceum Chicago Historical Society Chicago Academy of Sciences Young Men's Christian Association Union Catholic Library Association Chicago Athenaeum Chicago Public Library Library of University of Chicago Newberry Library Crerar Library Chicago Law Institute Chicago Authors First book published History of literature in Chicago 128-151 CHAPTER IV. BENCH AND BAB. Early Jurists Courts at Fort Dearborn Giles Spring Richard Jones Hamilton Richard M. Young Isiac N. Arnold James H. Collins Justin Butterfleld Henry W. Blodgett Thorn-is Drummmd Buckner 8. Morris Alonzo Huntington John Pearson Murray F. Tuley E. S. Williams William W. Farwell Henry Booth Joseph E. Gary Julius S. Grinnell William P. Black Ezra B. McCagg E. C. Larned James B. Bradwell Lambert Tree Corydon Beckwith Francis H. Kales John N. Jewett Melville W. Fuller Wirt Dexter Daniel Goodwin, Jr. Israel N. Stiles Emory A. Storrs Early practice Nortk- westeru University Law School A non-partisan judiciary Competition at the Bar Circuit- riding Evolution of the system of courts in Chicago Institution of the Federal courts Various brandies of litigation List of courts, judges and court officers 152-189 CHAPTER V. SOME NOTABLE TRIALS. Common and statute law compared Source of land titles Fugitive slaves Lake Front con- troversiesTitle to accretions Litigation over site of Lincoln Park The anarchist trials Sunday closing of the World's Fair Testamentary Devises Masses for the soul Library endowments Dealing in options Falsification of election returns Park litigation Boodler trial-; The Cro.iin case The Prendergast trial 190-228 CHAPTER VI. HISTORY OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION, MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS AND HOSPITALS. First physicians Dr. Alexander Wolcott Dr Elijah D. Harmon Cholera epidemic of 1832 Phy- sicians in 1832 and 1833 First drug store Dr. John S. Temple Dr. Philip Maxwell Phy- sicians in 1837 Dr. Wm. B. Egan Dr. Win. Kennicott Dr. John W. Eldridge Dr.Charles V. Dyer Dr. JosiahC. G.)odhue Dr. Daniel Brainard Dr. Levi D. Boone Doctors between 1837 and 1850 Dr. J. Jay Stuart Dr. John Brinkerhoff Dr. George W. Wentworth First town ordinance regarding public health First Board of Health First health officers First city physicians First vital statistics Board of Health re-established Ravages of smallpox 1862-61 Health department re-organized Rush Medical College First medical journal Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney Dr. Graham N. Fitch Dr. William B. Herrick Dr. Joseph W. Freer Dr. J. Adams Allen Dr. Moses Gunn Dr. Joseph P. Ross Dr Chas.T. ParUes Northwest- ern University Medical School (Chicago Medical College) Dr. James Steward Jewell North- western University Medical School (Woman's Medical College of Chicago) College of Physi cians and Surgeons Dr. A. Reeves Jackson Mercy Hospital Cook County Hospital Chi- cago Hospital for Women and Children Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary St. Luke's Hospital Alexian Brother's Hospital St. Joseph's Hospital Michael Reese Hospital Presbyterian Hospital Wesley Hospital Free dispensaries Allopathic medical societies Early homeopathic physicians Dr. Charles W. Earle Dr. David S. Smith Dr. Aaron Pitney Dr. N. H. Warner Dr. Geo. E Shipman Lay supporters of homeopathy Home- opathic Practitioners in 1854 Dr. J. S. Beach Dr. H. W. K. Boardman Dr. 8. W. Graves Mrs. Dr. C. L. Rawson Dr. R. Ludlam Dr. Gaylord D. Beebe Dr. W. II. Woolyat Dr. Nicholas FraticisCooke Dr. Alvan E. Small Homeopathic medical societies Homeopathic journals Homeopathic medical authors Hahnemann Medical College First course of Lectures First commencement New college Buildings Chicago Homeopathic Medical College First homeopathic hospilal Scammon Hospital Hahneman Hospital Central CONTENTS. iii Hospital and Dispensary Homeopathy at the World's Columbian Exposition Mixed hospi- tals in Chicago Homeopathic Dispensaries Chicago Foundlings' Home Other institutions under homeopathic control Homeopathy following the great fire World's Congress of homeopathic pUysicians Early eclectic physicians Bennett Medical College Dr. H. D. Garrison Dr. H. K. Whitford Dr. H. W. Olin Dr. Edgar Reading Dr. Anson L. Clarke Dr. Milton Jay Dr. Wilson H. Davis Dr. E. F. Buecking Dr. John Tascher Dr. J. B. McFatrich Dr. E. J. Farnum Dr. N. A. Graves World's Fair Congress Bennett Free Dispensary Eclectic Medical and Surgical Society Physio-Medical Institute 224 292 CHAPTER VII. CHURCH AND DENOMINATIONAL HISTORY. Pioneer Chicago Baptists Rev. Allen B. Freeman First Baptist Society Death of Mr. Freeman Rev. Isaac T. Hinton A new church built Rev. C. B. Smith Pastors of the First Church Other Baptist societies Sale of church property New church for First Society Rev. George C. Lorimer Rev. P. S. Henson City Missions Semi-Centennial Celebration Second Baptist Church Memorial Baptist Church Western Avenue Baptist Church First Englewood Baptist Church Hyde Park Baptist Church La Salle Avenue Baptist Church Belden Avenue Baptist Church Fernwood Baptist Church Father Dablon St. Cosm6 Pinet and Bineteau Other Catholic missionaries Father Badin Catholic population First Catholic priest St. Cyr's first mass Sketch of St. Cyr First Catholic church erected Father O'Meara's pastorate Removal of St. Mary's The second St. Mary's Church Bishop Quaiter University of St. Mary's Sisters of Mercy Benevolent Emigrant Society Bishop Quarter's work and death Bishop Vander Velde Bishop O'Regan Diocesan administrators Growth of Catholicity Bishop Duggan Religious orders Loyalty of Bishop Duggan Close of his episcopate Father Halligan Bishop Foley Rt. Rev. John McMullen, D D. Rebuilding of the cathedral Archbishop Feehau St. Mary's Church St. Monica's Church St. Patrick's Church Very Rev. Thomas Dunne Rev. P. J. Conway Dean Terry St. Joseph's Church St. Peter's Church of St. Francis d'Assisium Cathedral of the Holy Name St. Louis' Church St. Michael's St. James' (Catholic) Church of the Holy Family Father Arnold Damen Father Smarius St. Columbkill's Church St. John's (Catholic) St. Jarlath's Church St. Malachy's St. Elizabeth's Early Organization of the Christian Church First Christian Church Early Swedenborgians Chicago Society of the New Jerusalem Origin of Congrega- tionalism Anti-slavery agitation Disruption Organization of First Congregational Church First Chicago Congregationalists Pastors of First Congregational Church New England Congregational Church Union Park Congregational Church Leavitt Street Congregational Church North Congregational Church Pilgrim Congregational Church South Congrega- tional Church Plymouth Congregational Episcopal Diocese of Illinois Bishop Chase Bishop Whitehouse-Trial of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney Diocesan Growth Bishop William E. McLaren Early Episcopalians in Chicago First Episcopal service Rev Isaac W. Hallam St. James' (Episcopal) Church Trinity (Episcopal) Grace Church Church of the Ascension Calvary Church Church of St. Philip the Evangelist St. Alban's Church Other Episcopal parishes St. Paul's (Evangelical) Lutheran Church Division and removal Dr. Henry Wunder Grace Lutheran Church Second Church of the Evangelical Association Wicker Park Lutheran Church Scandinavian Evangelical Lutherans First Norwegian Church Rev. C. I. P. Peterson Emanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church First German St. Paul's Church Trinity Evangelical United Church The People's Church Other independent churches- Early Jewish settlers Zion Congregation Other Jewish congregations Early Methodist missions Centenary Church Grace (M. E.) Church Park Avenue Methodist Cl -?h South Park Avenue Church Oakland (M. E.) Church Ashland Avenue Germ , . E.) Church Simpson Methodist Church First Welsh Methodist Other Methodist , ones- Second Presbyterian Church Fullerton Avenue Presbyterian Church Jeffersr .,* Presby- terian Church Belden Avenue Presbyterian Church Church of the Coven'-" . -first Presby- terian Church of Woodlawn Park Other Presbyterian churches Chrif'^'iciormed Episcopal Church St. Paul's (Reformed Episcopal) Church St. John's (Refr >-ie\l ' Episcopal) Church Other Reformed Episcopal churches First Unitarian service Zany Unitarian preachers- All Souls Unitarian Church Other Unitarian churches- - mrch of the Redeemer Third Universalist Church Other Universalist churches 293-386 CHAJV*,^ VIII. ORGANIZED CH. ...I.KVND BENEVOLENT WORK. The Infirmary Cook County Insan',^'' sylum CortV County Hospital Relief and Aid Society- Other charitable nrganizv : <..,-~,ind institutions Home for the Friendless Old People's Home German Old Pe' - i. Home-Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home Foundlings' Home the Hospitals -oecret and benevolent societies The Free Masoi E The Odd Fellows The Grand Lof* -Liber -lity of the order after the.great fire IndtpiEdent Oidn cf Foresters iv CONTENTS. American Legion of Honor Ancient Order of United Workmen Select Knights of America Grand Army of the Republic Improved Order of Red Men Knights and Ladies of Honor Mutual Aid Society Independent Order o_f Red Men Knights of Honor Knights of Pythias Loyal Legion Order of Mutual Protection Patriotic Order Sons of America Royal Ar- canum Royal League Sons of Veterans United Ancient Order of Druids- t -Temperance so- cieties 387-404 CHAPTER IX. MAHTJFACTUBKS. Industrial interests in early Chicago Growth of iron manufactures Jean Baptist Mirandeau First government blacksmith An exhorter and smith First foundry in Chicago The pioneer in the manufacture of steam engines Inception of the manufacture of stoves Steam boilers The building of cars and locomotives First locomotive works First rail mill Magnitude of iron industry in 1857 First type foundry Geographical position of Chicago and its effect upon manufactures North Chicago rolling mills First steel rail rolled in America Statistics in relation to manufactures in Chicago in 1860 and 1870 Panic of 1873 Growth of the iron industry Illinois Steel Company Other iron and steel works Norton Brothers' works Iron foundries Griffin Wheel and Foundry Company Stove manu- facturing Cribben Sexton and Company The Chicago Stove Works The Kason and Davis Company Mining machinery Fraser and Chalmers M. C. Bullock Manufacturing Com- pany The Crane Company -Architectural Iron Works Vierling McDowell and Company Charles Kaestner and Company Pig iron and coke Locomotive and car builders Railroad specialties Bridge building works Boiler and tank works Steel ship-building Miscellan- eous manufactories Western Electric Company Adams and Westlake C.ompany Bicycle manufactories Agricultural impliments McCormick Harvesting Machine Company-William Deering and Company's Harvesting Machine Works Wagons and carriages Peter Schuttler wagon works Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing Company Pullman Palace Car Company Manufacture of furniture Tanning Boots and shoes Saddlery Soap James S. Kirk and Company Tin foil Brass founders Copper works Pianos and organs Lyon and Healy Manufacture of brick Packing boxes Confectionery and baking trades Marble Rubber foods High wines and liquors Whiskey frauds of 1875 Breweries Early breweries tatistics relative to brewing in Chicago 405-463 CHAPTER X. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Origin of World's Fairs History of World's Fairs Centennial Exhibition Paris Expositions of 1878 and 1889 History of the World's Columbian Exposition Action of Congress First Directors Appointment of National Commission Action of the Legislature Site of the Fair Board of control President Harrision's proclamation Dedication of the buildings Final preparations Opening day Department of Exhibition Cost The Manufactures Building described Illinois State exhibit Lagoons Midway Plaisance Exhibits Fireworks At- tendance Question of Sunday opening Special days Illinois day Chicago day Lost articles Woman's Building Children's day Nursery World's Congress Auxiliary Parlia- ment of Religions The close General and operating expenses Did it pay? Field Col- umbian Museum 464-498 CHAPTER XI. THE PROFESSION OF DENTISTY. Importance o^ . ''-.try Early practitioners Chicago College of Dental Surgery Northwestern University .L^iif*. School -American College of Dental Surgery Dental societies Chicago Dental Society --bdrajtological Society Chicago Dental Club Odontographic Society Hay- den Dental Society The Atkinsonians Dental journals World's Dental Congress 499-508 CHAPTER XII. PARKS AND BOULEVARDS, BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Parks a benefit to a city Early parks in Chicago -Instinctive features in Chicago's parks Boule- vards Lincoln Park Statuary in Lincoln Parr, cawall and beach improvement- Lincoln Park sanitarium Park commissioners West Side ' 'ks Garfield Park Humboldt Park Douglas Park Statistics relative to west sicte park?- -\Ve<-t Chicago park commissioners South side parks Washington Park Floral display in W& ington Park Midway Plaisance Jackson Park Statistics relative to south side parks Lake"ront Park- -Douglas Monu- ment Bridges Early bridges and ferries First iron bridge ^m'^e west Adams street bridge described -Tunnels Building of Washington street tunnti LaSalle street tunnel Public buildings First city hall City hall of 1851 City hall aM court house- County jail Criminal court building First post office First governm 11 ' building Pres- ent government building Monument in memory of George Buchanan Armstrong' 509-527 CONTENTS. v CHAPTER XIII. INTRAMURAL TRANSIT. Effect of rapid transit upon the city's growth Omnibuses First horse cars Inception of Chi- cago City Railway Company Condition of the streets in 1859 Street car tickets as cur- rencyFirst cable road Method of laying a cable track The cable system described The power plant Cost of a cable road Statistics relative to Chicago City Railway Com- panySouth Side electric lines Calumet Elertric Street Railway West and South Town Street Railroad Company Chicago General Railway Company Englewood and Chicago Electric Street Railway Company Grand Crossing and Windsor Park Street Railway Com- pany Elevated roads The " Alley L" Ad vantages of an alley route North Chicago Rail- way Company First Line on the north side -North Chicago Street Railway Company Use of . the tunnel by cable roads Chicago North Shore Street Railway Company Northwestern Elevated Railroad Company Chicago West Division Railway Company West Chicago Street Railroad Company Cable system on the west side Power plant described Statistics re- lative to West Chicago Street Railroad Company Chicago Passenger Railway Lake Street elevated road Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad Company Cicero and Proviso Street Railway Company Cost of various kinds of street railways Rapid transit facili- ties of the United States contrasted with those of other countries 528-548 CHAPTER XIV. DRAINAGE CHANNEL AND WATERWAY. Purpose of the canal Necessity for a better system of sewerage Action of the legislature in 1855 System advocated by E. S. Chesbrough Results of the new system National canal convention The canal deepened Effect of deepening the canals Ogden-Wentworth ditch Relief measures adopted Investigation of Dr. John H. Rauch Pumping works con- structed Action of the Citizens' Association of Chicago Plans of A. J Matthewson Further action of the Citizens' Association City council authorizes the creation of a drain- age commission Action of the legislature Appointment of a committee Legislature passes an act to incorporate a sauitary district Election of trustees Preliminary action of the hoard Several routes proposed Cost of various canals Work commenced Descrip- tion of the waterway Method of working Finances Changes in the Board 549-584 CHAPTER XV. AMUSEMENTS, ART, CLUBS AND HOMES. Mankind likes amusement Primitive amusement in Chicago The circus Minstrels The drama The first theatre First appearance of Joseph Jefferson Jobn B. Rice Metropolitan Hall North's National Amphitheatre McVicker's first theatre Bryan hall Hooley's first theatre The first museum Crosby's Opera House Pioneer concert troupe Philharmonic Society Jenny Lind Appearance of Ole Bull and Adelina Patti Frank Lumbard Opera- First variety show First theatre after the fire Other theatres Central Music Hall May Musical Festival of 1882 The Auditorium The Apollo Club Dime Museum Libby Prison War Museum Art in Chicago Exhibition of paintings in the Exposition building Col- lections in Chicago homes Charles Hutchinson's gallery C. T. Yerkes' collection J. W. Ellsworth's collection S. M. Nickerson's collection Other patrons of art Women as art patrons Decorative Art Society Chicago artists Mural painters Chicago Clubs Gen- eral Features of Clubs Union League Club--Calumet Club Apollo Club Chicago Club Columbus Club Commercial Club Iroquois Club Lincoln Club Marquette Club Her- mitage Club Germania Mannerchor Illinois Club Lakeside Club Union Club Standard Club- -Sunset Club Press Club Illinois Woman's Press Association Chicago Women's Club Fortnightly Club Friday Club Woman's West End Club Young Fortnightly Club Amateur Musical Club Sheridan Club Washington Park Club De Soto Club Ashland Club- Argonaut Club Fellowship Club Other Social Clubs Literary Clubs Chicago Athletic Association Hunting and Fishing Clubs Chicago homes Individuality of Chicago Typ- ical Chicago home Foreigners in Chicago Influence of the Exposition on Chicago New England influence in Chicago homes Absence of sectionalism 565-'590 CHAPTER XVI. LABOR TROUBLES OF 1894. Jealousy between capital and labor Railway labor unions in Chicago American Railway Union Cause of the labor troubles American Railway Union and Pullman workmen Meeting of General Managers Resolutions passed by General Managers in regard to the Boycott Interruption to travel begins Railroads ask for police protection Trains de- railed Distress in Chicago The struggle continues The National Government interferes The aid of the sheriff invoked Injunction granted by United States district court Injunc- tion is read to the mob Government troops ordered to Chicago Altercation between President Cleveland and Governor Altgeld Militia called out Conduct of the troops- Effect of the presence of the troops Action of the labor unions The backbone of the strike broken Troops withdrawn Indictments against executive board of the American Railway Union Work resumed at Pullman Conclusions drawn from the strike Chauiicy M. Depew's statement 591-600 vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. CEMETERIES. Early Cemeteries Rosehill Qraceland Calvary Mount Olivet Oakwoods Saint Boniface- Saint Maria German Lutheran Concordia Jewish cemeteries Mount Greenwood Forest Home Waldheim Mount Olive Bohemian Cemetery Mount Hope 601-607 CHAPTER XVIII. ADDENDA. Inter State Industrial Exposition Railway Mall Service Monument to George B. Armstrong- Chicago Post Office Concessions at the World's Pair Congress of Medico-Climatology National Homoeopathic Medical College Chicago Baptist Hospital International Dispensary Statistics relative to population 608-614 ' CHAPTER XIX. BIOGRAPHICAL. Introductory John H. Foster, 617 Rev. Jeremiah Porter, 618-First Presbyterian Church-A devoted pastor John T. Temple, 624 The "Temple" building Early Baptists Grant Goodrich, 626 An early lawyer Inception of Methodism J. Young Scammon, 628 Swedenborgianism Be- ginning of the public school system L. C. P. Freer, 632 An Anti-slavery agitator Charles C. P. Holden, 633 The west side parks Charles N. Holden, 636 Mrs. Frances Woodbury Holden, 639 A notable church woman Baptist dissensions Calvin De Wolf, 642 Abolition- ist journalism A friend to the fugitive Hugh T. Dickey, 643 An able jurist Dr. Edwin Judson, 645 Pioneer dentistry Henry Wischemeyer, 647 William B. Herrick, 650 De- velopment of medical education Henry Hobart Taylor, 651 The Elgin Watch Company Henry J. Willing, 652 Growth of the Chicago dry goods trade A non-partisan drainage commission Jared Bassett, 654 Voluntine C. Turner, 656 Early intramural transit Charles H. Quinlan, 658 Early dentistry First use of nitrous oxide A successful career Cyrus H. McCormick, 661 A revolution in agriculture A new theological school Rev. Luther Stone, 664 Inception of Baptist journalism Albro E. Bishop, 667 William Bross, 668 First Chicago newspaper A contrast in journalism Early Illinois politics Leander J. Mc- Cormick, 671 His father and family Robert McCormick as an inventor The fiist reaper A rehabilitated industry Luther Haven, 674 Hosroer A. Johnson, 675 Rush Medical Col- lege An eminent practitioner Henry G. Miller, 678 Elliott Anthony, 681 Development of jurisprudence in Cook County Reuben Ludlam, 686 Rise and success of Homoe opathy Charles G. Smith, 689 A fondness for antiquarian lore James M. Walker, 691 John G. Shortall. 693 T. W. Harvey, 696 Growth of Chicago's lumber trade Leonard W. Volk, 699 Struggles and triumphs of an artist Lincoln and Douglas in marble John A. Jameson, 701 Benjamin F. Aytr, 704 Patriotism of the Douglas democrats Rollin S. Williamson, 706 John G. Rogers, 708 A flattering sobriquet A rare judicial experience William H. Byford, 711 Medical specialists Edward S. Isham, 714 George M. Pullman, 716 Inception and development of a great industry Or- ganization of an industrial community William C. Goudy, 719 A lawyer's shrewdness and its Results Joshua C. Knickerbocker, 721 Phenomenal success of a country boy The founder of the probate System of Cook County A genial companion and an upright judge Samuel W. Allerton, 724 Beginning of the Chicago live stock market Dr. Charles Theo- dore Parkes, 725 New discoveries in surgery Treatment of gunshot wounds John Crerar, 730 Founding of a new library Louis Wahl, 732 Brick making in Chicago Prison Reform Lyman Trumbull , 734 Traveling in 1837 Eighteen Tears in the Senate The period of reconstruction Sidney Breese, 739 Early jurisprudence in Illinois The Black Hawk war A commercial highway suggested Varied public services Land grants to railroads Dr. Mary Harris Thompson, 741 Medical education of women Hospital for Women and Children Women's Medical College established John J. Herrick, 743 Ouster of south town officials Dr. Nicholas Senn, 745 Achievements in Surgery Medical litera- ture George R. Davis, 749 Inception of the Columbian Exposition A brilliant military career Legislator and politician Richard M. Hooley, 752 Players and playhouses in the fifties The drama in Chicago after the fire Herman D. Cable, 755 Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., 756 John Ira Bennett, 757 A Swedish colony in Illinois Collapse of the Great West- ern Telegraph Company William Bristol Keep, 759 Development of railroad corporation Law A leading insurance case Archbishop Patrick Feehan, 762 Growth of Catholicism in Chicago Alfred Ennis, 763 Rare professional success David Spencer Wefrg, 769 For- mation of the Chicago and Northern Pacific Railroad Company The Wisconsin Central en- ters Chicago Moses Purnell Handy, 771 Brilliant journalism Surrender of the "Virginia" Department of Publicity and Promotion of the Columbian Exposition Thomas Wetberill Palmer, 774 Eminent public services National Commissioners of the Columbian Exposition John Tilghman Dickinson, 775 Inter-State Military Encampment Trans-Mexican Expo- sitionWorld's Columbian Exposition 615-777 PORTRAITS. Allerton, Samuel W., Anthony, Elliott, Ayer, Benjamin Franklin, Bassett, Jared, Bennett, John Ira, Bishop, AlbroE., Breese, Sidney, Bross, William, Byford, William Heath, Cable, Herman D., Crerar, John, Davis, George R., DeWolf, Calvin, Dickey, Hugh Thompson, Dickinson, John Tilghman, Ennis, Alfred, Feehan, Patrick Augustine, Foster, John Henry, Freer, Lemuel Cove!l Paine, Goodrich, Grant, Goudy, William Charles, Handy, Moses Parnell, Harvey, Tarlington Walker, Haven, Luther, Herrick, John J., Herrick, William B., Holden, Charles C. P., Holden, Charles Newton, Holden, Frances Woodbury, Hooley, Richard M., Isham, Edward 8., Jameson, John Alexander, Johnson, Hosmer Allen, 542 166 182 236 210 416 202 47 248 452 142 468 158 160 492 218 302 78 154 152 520 484 434 110 206 232 514 94 102 572 190 178 240 Judson, Edwin, 500 Keep, William Bristol, 214 Knickerbocker, Joshua Cuyler, 194 Ludlam, Reuben, 272 McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 430 McCormick, Cyrus H., Jr. 458 McCormick, Leander J., 422 Miller, Henry Giles, 164 Moses, John, Frontispiece Palmer, Thomas Wetherill, 476 Parkes, Charles Theodore, 252 Porter, Jeremiah, 374 Pullman, George Mortimer, 440 Quinlan, Charles H., 504 Rogers, John G.. 188 Scammon, Jonathan Young, 86 Senn, Nicholas, 260 Shortall, John G. , 176 Smith, Charles Oilman. 244 Stone, Luther, 294 Taylor, Henry Hobart, 394 Temple, John Taylor, 228 Thompson, Mary Harris, 256 Tree, Lambert, 172 Trumbull, Lyman, 198 Turner, Voluntiiie C. , 536 Volk, Leonard W., 120 Wahl, Louis, 446 Walker, James Monroe, 170 Wegg, David Spencer, 222 Williamson, Rollin Samuel, 184 Willing, Henry J., 560 Wischemeyer, Henry, 410 vii BIOGRAPHIES. Allen, Jonathan Adams, Allerton, Samuel "W., Anthony, Elliott, Arnold, Isaac Newton, Ayer, Benjamin Franklin, Bassett, Jared, Beach, J. S., Beckwith, Corydon, Beebe, Gaylord, D., Bennett, John Ira, Bishop, AlbroE., Black, William Perkins, Blakely, David, Blodgett, Henry Williams, Boardman, H. W. K., Boone, Levi D., Booth, Henry, Bradwell, James Boles worth, Brainard, Daniel, Breese, Sidney, Brentauo, Lorenz, Brinkerhoff, John, Bross, William, Brown, William H., Buecking, B. F., Burroughs, John C. , Busbey, William H., Buttsrfield, Justin, Byford, William Heath, Cable, Herman D., Calhoun, John, Calkins, Elias 8., Clark, AnsonL., Colbert, Elias, Collins, James H., Cowles, Alfred, Crerar, John, Dana, Charles Anderson, Davis, George R., Davis, Wilson H., De AVolf, Calvin, Dexler, Wirt, Dickey, Hugh Thompson, Dickinson, JohnTilghman, Dore, John Clark, Drummond, Thomas, Dunlop, Joseph R. , 242 Dyer, Charles Volney, 724 Eastman, Zebina, 680 Eberhart, JohnF., 155 Edwards, Arthur, 704 Eldridge, John W. 654 Ennis, Alfred, 266 Farnum, E. J., 173 Farwell, William Washington, 267 Feehan, Patrick Augustine, 757 Field, Eugene, 667 Finerty, John P., 169 Fitch. Graham N., 63 Forrest, Joseph K. C., 159 Foster, John Herbert, 267 Freer, Joseph W., 231 Freer, Lemuel Covell Paine, 166 Fuller, Melville Weston, 171 Gary, Joseph Easton, 229 Garrison, H. D., 739 Gilbert, Frank, 50 Gilbert, Simeon, 232 Goodhue, Josiah C., 47-668 Goodman, Edward, 104 Goodrich, Grant, 289 Goodwin, Daniel, Jr.. 109 Goudy, William Charles, 61 Graves, N. A., 158 Graves, 8. W., 711 Gray, William C., 755 Grinnell, Julius Sprague, 36 Gnnn, Moses, 42 Hall, George A., 287 Hamilton, Richard Jones, 50 Handy, Moses Purnell, 157 Harrison, Carter Henry, 47 Harvey, Tarlington Walker, 730 Hatton, Frank, 72 Haven, Luther, 749 Herrick, John J., 288 Herrick, William B., 642 Hesing, Antone C., 178 Hesing, Washington, 643 Hobart, Horace R., 775 Holdeu, Charles C. P., 105 Holden, Charles Newton, 161 Holden, Frances Woodbury, 64 Hooley, Richard M., viii 228 69 110 67 228 763 290 166 762 63 73 241 38 616 241 632 176 166 286 62 67 229 66 626 179 719 290 267 66 168 102-154 771 57 696 64 674 743 241-650 52 53 65 633 636 639 752 BIOGRAPHIES. Howland, George, Huntington, Alouzo, Isimm, Edward 8., Jackson, Abraham Reeves, Jameson, John Alexander, Jay, Milton, Jewett, John Nelson, Johnson, Hosmer Allen, Judaon, Edwin, Kales, Francis Henry, Keep, William Bristol, Knickerbocker, Joshua Cuyler, Lane, Albert G. , Lamed, Edwin Channing, Lawson, Victor F., Ludlam, Reuben, MacMillan, Thomas C., McCagg, Ezra Butler, McCormick, Cyrus Hall, McCormick, Cyrus H., Jr., McCormick, Leander J. . .VIcFatrich, J. B., Mannhardt, Emil, Matteson, Andre, Maxwell, Philip, Medill, Joseph, Medill, Samuel, J., Miller, Henry Giles, Morris, Buckner Stith, Nicolay, John G. , Nixon, Oliver W., Nixon, William Peun, Olin, H. W., Palmer, Frank W. , Palmer, Thomas Wetherill, Parkes. Charles Theodore, Patterson, Robert W., Jr., Pearson, John, Pickard, Josiah L., Pierce, Gilbert Ashville, Porter, Jeremiah, Pullman, George Mortimer, Quinlan, Charles H., Rapp, Wilhelm, Raster, Herman, Ray, Charles H. , Reading, Edgar, Rogers, John G. , Ross, Joseph P. , Russell, Martin J.. Scammon, Jonathan Young, Schneider, George, 108 Scott, James W., 163 Scripps, John Locke, 714 Senn, Nicholas, 254 Sheahan, James W., 701 Shortall, John G., 287 Shuman, Andrew, 174 Small, Alvan E., 675 Smith, Charles Oilman, 645 Smith, Justin A , 174 Spring, Giles, 759 Stiles, Israel Newton, 721 Stone, Luther, 108 Stone, Melville E., 170 Storey, Wilbur F., 62 Storrs, Emory A., 686 Stuart, J. Jay, 61 Sullivan, William K., 169 Talbott, Elisha H. , 661 Tascher, John, 756 Taylor, Benjamin F. , 671 Taylor, Henry Hobart, 289 Temple, John Taylor, 54 Thompson, Mary Harris, 56 Tree, Lambert, 227 Trumbull, Lymau, 48 Tuley, Murry Floyd. 45 Turner, Voluntine C . , 678 Upton, George P., 162 Volk, Leonard W., 73 Wahl, Louis, 60 Walker, James Monroe, 59 Warren, Hooper, 287 Wegg, David Spencer, 60 Wells, William Harvey, 774 Wentworth, George W., 244-725 Wentworth, John, 50 White, Horace, 163 Whitford, H. K., 107 Wilkie Franc B., 61 Willard, Oliver A., 618 Williams, Erastus Smith, 715 Williamson, Rollin Samuel, 658 Willing, Henry J., 53 Wilson, Charles L., 52 Wilson, John R., 44 Wilson, Richard L., 287 Wischemeyer, Henry, 708 Wolcott, Alexander, 248 Woodyatt, W. H. 58 Wye, William, 58-628 Young, Richard M. , 70 64 43 745 46 693 40 268 689 66 153 179 664 62 54 181 231 42 65 289 72 651 624 741 172 734 165 656 49 699 732 691 68 769 106 232 37 51 287 56 63 165 706 652 39 41 39 647 224 268 53 155 ILLUSTRATIONS Academy of Music, Alarm Group Lincoln Park, All Souls Unitarian Church, Anderson School, Anshe Mayriv Temple Jewish, Beach Lincoln Park, Cathedral of the Holy Name Catholic, Centenary M. E. Church, Central Music Hall, Chicago Athletic Association Building, Chicago Club, Chicago Opera House, Chicago Public Library, Christ Church Reformed Episcopal, Church of the Covenant Presbyterian, Church of the Epiphany Episcopal, Church of the Holy Family Catholic, Columbia Theatre, Cook County Hospiul , Cross Sections of Noted Channels, Douglas School, Drainage Channel and Waterway in Rock , Drexel Boulevard, Entrance to Calvary, Entrance to Forrest Home, Entrance to Graceland, Entrance to Rose Hill, Entrance to Waldheim, Excavation in Earth for Drainage Channel and Waterway, Excavation in Rock for Drainage Channel and Waterway, First Congregational Church, First M. E. Church, Englewood. First Methodist Church Block, First Presbyterian Cmirch, First Unitarian Church, Foundlings' Home, Fourth ISaptUt Church, 570 512 298 90 364 519 314 368 570 582 682 570 136 352 378 352 314 570 264 55(1 90 555 510 604 603 605 605 602 551 558 338 368 368 37 298 264 298 Fourth Presbyterian Church Fullerton Aveuue Presbyterian Church, Garden Lincoln Park, Germania Hall, Grace Church Episcopal, Grace M. E. Church, Grand Boulevard, Grand Opera House, Grant Statue Lincoln Park, Haven School, Hooley's Theatre, Hyde Park Presbyterian Church, Immanuel Baptist Church, Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church John Marshall School, Joseph Medill School, Kenwood M. E. Church, La Salle Statue Lincoln Park, Lincoln Statue Lincoln Park, Linne Statue Lincoln Park, McCormick Seminary, McVicker's Theatre, Michael Reese Hospital, New England Congregational Church, Northwestern University, Evauston, North-west Division High School, Oakland M. E. Church, Palm House Lincoln Park, Park Avenue M. E. Church, Pine St. Drive and Sea Wall. Plymouth Congregational Church, Presbyterian Hospital, Residence of Orrin W. Potter, Residence of Patrick A. Feehan, Residence of Samuel E. Gross, Rice's Theatre, Rock in Draiuage Channel after tJlastlng, St. James' Church Episcopal, and Waterway 378 378 518 582 510 570 513 90 570 378 298 378 90 90 368 517 516 518 120 570 264 338 368 90 368 518 368 522 338 264 588 590 586 570 554 352 ILL USTRATWNS. xi St. Joseph's Hospital, 264 St. Luke's Hospital, 264 St. Mary's Church, 1837 Catholic, 314 Scene in Humboldt Park, 524 Seal Rocks Lincoln Park, 523 Second Presbyterian Church, 378 Sinai Temple (Exterior and Interior), Jewish, 364 South Congregational Church, 338 South Division High School, 90 South Park Avenue M. E. Church, 368 Standard Club House, 582 Statue of Alexander von Humboldt Humboldt Park, 524 Statue of Fritz Reuter Humboldt Park, 524 Sun Dial Washington Park, 525 Territory Drained by the Illinois River, 55g The Auditorium, 570 The Drexel Monument and Fountain, 510 Theological Seminary Congregational, 338 Third Presbyterian Church, 378 Trinity Church Episcopal, 352 Union League Club, 582 Unity Church Unitarian, 298 University of Chicago, 116 William E. Gladstone School, 90 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Administration Building, 470 Agricultural Buikling and Macmonnies' Kouu- tain, 475 Battleship "Illinois," 487 Building of Brazil, 495 California State Building, 489 Convent of La Rabida, 488 Electricity Building, 472 Ferris Wheel, 488 Fisheries Building, 472 Golden Door to Transportation Building, 474 Government Building, 470 Illinois State Building, 489 Interior View of Horticultural Building, 478 Looking up North Canal from Colonuaiii-. 479 Machinery Hall, 471 Main Entrance to Horticultural Building, 478 Manufactures Building, 471 Map of the Grounds, 496 Mines and Mining Building, 473 Missouri State Building, 495 New York State Building, 494 Palace of Fine Arts. 473 Pennsylvania State Building, 494 Statue of the Republic, 487 The Caravels, 486 The Court of Honor, 481 The Peristyle, 479 Transportation Building, 474 View Northeast from Electric Fountain, 480 View Northeast from Transportation Building, 480 View Northwest from Agricultural Building, 475 Viking Ship, 486 Woman's Building, 481 HISTORY OF CHICAGO & CO.) PART THIRD CHAPTER I. I THE PRESS. BY PAUL SELBY. The Periodical Press. A POPULAR English author and zealous champion of the liberty of the press, who has written history in a graphic and entertaining style, has said that "The only true history of a country is to be found in its newspapers." While it may be questioned by those who have been behind the scenes, whether this proposition of the brilliant Macaulay is to be accepted without qualification, and whether all that appears in the modern newspaper press purporting to be "history" can be safely regarded as such, it is no doubt true that, in a country where the press is intel- ligent and free, nearly all that is worthy of recognition as "true history" does get into the newspapers in some form, and it is the business of the sagacious and discriminating historian to gather his material for the con- struction of history from the newspapers of the period about which he writes. This is especially true of American communities where the press is both intelligent and free, and where its development has kept pace with the growth of the country in every element of material prosperity. If the statement of Macaulay is to be ac- cepted, even in this restricted sense, as to a whole country, still more aptly will it apply to a great city which may justly be said to be a concentration, to a great extent, of the wealth, enterprise, progress and develop- ment of the country. Unparalleled as has been the growth of Chicago, its newspaper press can justly be said to have borne its full part in achieving all that has been accom- plished. While there has, of course, been the usual proportion of unsuccessful ven- tures in the newspaper field in Chicago, as in other branches of business in a city pass- ing through all the mutations of flood, and war, and fire, financial prosperity and disas- ter, the press has advanced step by step with other interests of the city,until, in respectof numbers, wealth, influence and resources, the newspapers of Chicago stand second only to those of one other city on the continent, and are already beginning to dispute for precedence the claims of New York itself. Formidable as have been the obstacles which the press of Chicago has been com- pelled to overcome in reaching its present influential position, no more deplorable dis- aster has befallen it than the general and almost complete destruction of the files of most of the daily papers by the great fire of 1871. Other features of this disaster only BISTORT OF CHICAGO. served to stimulate to new enterprise and to the achievement of successes previously un- thought of, as in other respects it prepared the way for rebuilding the city in new and more magnificent proportions ; but the loss by this event, in the wiping-out of so vast and valuable a repository of contemporaneous history, will be felt and deplored for genera- tions to come, rendering all the more dif- ficult the labor of preparing an adequate history of the city. In the earlier years of Chicago's history, the absence of ready postal communication, no doubt, tended to retard the development of its newspaper press. This obstacle has now not only been overcome by the growth of its railroad system, but the extent and completeness of that system has assisted to secure for Chicago newspapers, the wide cir- culation and extended influence which they now possess. One of the most noteworthy innovations made by the daily press since the employment of stereotyped forms, the invention of the perfecting press and the utilization of telegraphic communication, has been the introduction of illustrations, and in this respect, Chicago papers stand in the front rank. Several of them maintain com- plete art departments under the direction of corps of skillful artists and engravers, and the class of illustrations furnished by them not unfrequently display a high order of merit. While it may be doubted whether the standard of true journalism has been elevated by this innovation, it has certainly contributed to increase the circulation of the papers adopting it. According to the latest edition of Messrs. Lord and Thomas's Newspaper Directory, which the writer has consulted, Statistical. (edition of 1891 ) there wer6j at the date of its compilation, 411 publica- tions of all sorts issued periodically from the presses of the city of Chicago, including in the number different editions of the same publication issued from the same office. Since this Directory was compiled, three new dailies have been established (two with Sunday and one with semi-weekly editions), and at least one weekly discontinued in consequence of consolidation with another publication, making a total of 416. The fact that about one dozen different languages are employed in these publications, and that they present every phase of political and religious sentiment, from Prohibition to Anarchism on the one hand, and from Christian Science to the mysticism of Theos- ophy on the other, indicates the varied character of the population to whose wants and tastes they are designed to minister. They represent the various departments of law, theology, medicine, agriculture, com- merce, finance, real estate, education, liter- ature, music, the drama, society news, the mechanic and technic arts as engineering, telegraphy, electricity, photography, etc. Of these 416 publications, existing previous to January 1, 1892, twenty-nine are pub- lished daily, fourteen being morning and fifteen evening issues. There are twelve Sunday papers, all but one being issued from offices which print morning editions on other days of the week, making an issue for each day of the week. Two offices issue both morning and evening editions. The other publications include 193 issued weekly, three semi-weekly, five bi-weekly, twenty semi- monthly, 142 monthly, two bi-monthly, and nine quarterly. As to language, they are classified as fol- lows: 339 English; 4 printed in English and German; 31 German; 2 French; 2 Dutch, or the language of Holland; 6 Bo- hemian; 1 Italian; 6 Polish, and 25 Scandi- navian (including Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) about one-half of the latter being distinctively Swedish. Politically, there are 23 Kepublican or Independent-republican; 12 Democratic; 1 Prohibition; 3 Anti-Pro- hibition or liquor-dealers' organs; 2 Eights of Labor; 1 Anarchist, while 3 are devoted to the interests of the Afro- American race and over 50 are classed as "Independent." The 29 daily papers stand politically, 6 Ke- publican, 5 Democratic, 13 Independent, while 5 are devoted to the interests of busi- ness or trade. Eeligiously, the tenets of the THE PRESS. Catholic faith are supported by 7 publica- tions printed in the English, German and Polish languages; the Methodist Episcopal church has 5 in English, Swedish and Nor- wegian-Danish; the Baptists 3 in English, German and Scandinavian, respectively; the Unitarians andUniversalists 3; the Congrega- tionalists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Friends and Jews 2 each; the Presbyterians, Free Methodist, Disciples (or Christians), Sweden- borgians and Theosophists 1 each, while 10 are classed as " evangelical "or " undenomi- national "making a total of 44 publications devoted to the advocacy of religious opinions of some sort. These statistics illustrate the wide extent and variety of the field of political and religious thought occupied by the periodical press of Chicago. As is usually the case in larger cities, there is a tendency on the part of the Chicago newspapers to concentrate in the same vicin- ity. This is especially noticeable on the "South Side," where all the leading dailies are to be found in. two groups, comprised within Randolph street on the north, Monroe on the south, State street on the east and Franklin on the west. One of these groups has the intersection of Washington and Fifth Avenue for its center, around which are clustered no less than ten daily newspaper offices, all of them being within one block of each other. These include the Times, the Stoats Zeitung, Freie Presse, (morning and evening editions), Neivs,* (morning and eve- ning editions), Morning Herald, Evening Post, Evening Mail, Abendpost, Chicago Tageblatt and Evening Despatch. Including the evening editions issued from offices pub- lishing morning editions also, this makes twelve daily papers printed within a block of each other. The other center is at Dearborn and Madison Streets where the Trifame and the Inter Ocean are located at opposite cor- ners, with the Evening Journal less than a block distant to the south. * Since this chapter was prepared the morning: edition of the News has taken the name of the Record. " In America there is scarcely a hamlet which has not its own newspaper," wrote the The Chicago ce l e brated Baron De Tocqueville, Democrat. when embodying the results of an extended tour through the United States, in his admirable work on "Democracy in America," sixty years ago. However surpris- ing this universality t>f the American news- paper may have seemed to foreign tourists at that day, it has become even more so now, since newspapers have multiplied in even more rapid ratio than the population. At the time for which De Tocqueville wrote, Chicago was just emerging from the condi- tion of a military and Indian trading post into a point of commercial importance, and one year later saw the establishment of its first newspaper. This was the CHICAGO DEMOCRAT, the first issue of which, as a weekly paper, made its appearance November 26, 1833, under the direction of John Cal- houn as publisher, printed upon material which he had brought with him from his former place of residence, Watertown, N. Y. The paper at the beginning was a sheet of four pages, with six columns to the page, and its first place of publication was in a new and partially unfinished building which stood on the southwest corner of Clark and South Water streets, near the present Clark street bridge. As the name indicates, it was Democratic in politics, and gave a zealous support to the administration of Andrew Jackson, then serving his second term as President. What Chicago was in population about that time may be learned by the state- ment of the Democrat itself. In its first issue it said: "More than 800 souls may now be found within the limits, that, within a few short months since, included less than one-tenth that number." And less than two months later (in its issue of January 10, 1834), it said : "At that time (the spring of 1833) Chicago did not contain more than five or six regular stores, and now may be counted from twenty to twenty-five ; then it did not contain over one hundred and fifty inhabitants, whereas now there are from HIS10RY OF CHICAGO. eight to ten hundred ; then it did not con- tain over thirty buildings, now may be seen over one hundred and fifty." Thus early, it will be seen, Chicago had begun its phenom- enal growth, and thus early, too, it may be added, the Chicago press was not backward in boasting of that fact. But there seems to have been abundant' reason for the latter, as in 1835, the census of that year showed a population of 3,279. The support given to the paper at this early date must have been very meagre, as shown by the list of subscribers no^ in pos- session of the Chicago Historical Society. This list contains not over 150 names, but includes many which have been for a gener- ation household words in the city of Chi- cago, and not a few which have gained a national reputation. In this list of sub- scribers and among the advertising patrons of the paper may be found such names as Alexander Loyd, Mayor of the city in 1840; Newberry & Dole, forwarding and commis- sion merchants; Alanson Sweet, once an extensive real estate owner, and but recently deceased; Philo Carpenter, an honored and enterprising business man, deceased a few years ago; Col. T. J. V. Owen, Indian agent; Wm. H. Brown, a prominent lawyer and first cashier of the State Bank; the Kinzies; P. P. W. Peck, founder of the "Peck estate;" Mancel Talcott, for many years one of Chi- cago's most honored and successful business men; J. Dean Caton, lawyer and many years a Justice of the Supreme Court still living; Archibald Clybourne, first Constable of Chi- cago when it was a precinct of Peoria county, and for whom Clybourne avenue was named; T. C. Sproat, an early teacher who died a few years ago; Dr. John T. Temple, father of Mrs. Thomas Hoyne; Dr. Maxwell; Billy Caldwell ("The Sauganash"), a half- breed and Indian Chief; the Beaubiens; John Watkins, an early teacher; Jeremiah Porter, Chicago's first Presbyterian minister (lately deceased); Silas B. Cobb; Nelson B. Norton (living, at a recent date, in Michi- gan); John Noble and C. B. Dodson, de- ceased recently, at an advanced age; S. T. Gage, who died not long since somewhere in Michigan; L. Solomon Juneau, "Mill- walkie" (thus spelled), first white settler of Milwaukee, also first Postmaster and Mayor of that city, and others. In May, 1834, the Democrat was designated the official corporation paper, but the patronage thereby obtained was not sufficient to enrich its proprietor. About the end of its first year of publication, the office was removed to a room over the hardware store of Jones & King, a few doors from its first location, but a few weeks later it was compelled to suspend publication for want of paper. This suspension continued from January 1, 1835, to May 20 following, with the exception of two issues on January 21 and March 25, respectively. In the meantime, Mr. Calhoun, beset with increasing financial difficulties and ill-health, was anxious to dispose of the paper, and in May, 1836, an agreement was entered into with a number of leading Democrats to advance capital and take a half interest in the concern. Among the gentlemen engaged in this transaction were Judge J. D. Caton, Ebenezer Peck, H. Hngunin and others, and under the ar- rangement thus effected, the paper was in- creased in size a step no doubt induced by the fact that a Whig competitor had entered the field during the summer of 1835, in the appearance of the American, under the man- agement of T. 0. Davis. Dr. Daniel Brain- ard, afterwards a prominent physician, was editorial writer on the Democrat about this time. A few months later a Mr. Horatio Hill concluded an arrangement for the pur- chase of the paper, and John Wentworth, then a stripling of twenty-one years, fresh from Dartmouth College, was put in charge. Hill then returned East; his notes given for the purchase were protested, and the sale fell through. Mr. Wentworth, backed by the gentlemen who were already interested in the paper, then became the purchaser, issuing his first paper November 23, 183G. According to his own story, THE PRESS. Wentworth liquidated the indebtedness in instalments, the operation requiring three or four years, at a cost of about $2,800. It may well be imagined that the accession to the management of the paper of a man of such pronounced individuality as that pos- sessed by John Wentworfch, even at that early day, produced a marked change in its character and prosperity. The character by which the Democrat was afterwards known was such as he gave to it, and it may be said to have been more distinctively a " personal organ " than any other paper ever published in Chicago. Early in 1837, Chicago having become a city, with the late W. B. Ogden as its first Mayor, Isaac N. Arnold, city clerk, N. B. Judcl, city attorney, and others whose names have been intimately identified with city history in other official positions, the Democrat was, at the first meeting of the new City Council (May 8, 1837), chosen the corporation newspaper, and invested with the city patronage. In 1840, Mr. Went- worth decided to meet the exigencies of the political campaign of that year by the issue of a daily edition, especially as the Amer- ican, the Whig organ, had commenced a daily issue in April of the preceding year. The first issue of the Chicago Morning Dem- ocrat bears date February 27, 1840, being a single sheet of four pages, with four columns to the page. In this issue, the " List of Lands and other Real Estate situated in the county of Cook," ordered to be sold for the payment of delinquent taxes, occu- pies a conspicuous position on the first page, filling a little over two and a half col- umns of space. At this time, the paper was printed in the third story of No. 107 Lake street. In 1846 the hour of publication was changed from morning to evening, but it subsequently resumed its place as a morning paper. In September, 1847, the office was removed to the historic " Jackson Hall," on La Salle street, where it remained until its suspension in 1861. The annals of the early newspapers of Chicago go to show that their founders had to encounter the same obsta- cles in carrying on their business from ex- haustion of their stocks of paper, or more probably from the depletion of their ex- chequers, that the pioneer publishers in seemingly less favored localities have had to meet. On one occasion a long suspension in the publication of the Democrat is said to have been broken for one or two issues, by receiving a "stock" of one or two bundles of paper by stage from St. Louis, while on another, on the eve of the election of 1838, the proprietor sent a boy to Michigan City to beg, borrow or buy a bucket of printer's ink, to enable him to get out his edition. Such cases present a marked contrast with the immense stocks of material now piled up in Chicago. Yet, so marked was the growth of the Democrat that, seven years later (1845), its proprietor was able to set up an Adams power press in his office, the "power," according to the statements of some of the printers of that day, being two healthy and able-bodied Norwegians. An episode occurring in the office of the Democrat during the year 1839, and which excited considerable interest at the time, is thus described in Andreas' "History of Chicago," (vol. I, pp. 151-2). "Novem- ber 30, (1839), occurred the first incipient duel. In a recent issue of the Democrat had appeared the following: ' It is an indis- putable fact, that every one of these persons who have been filching money un- justly, in the shape of Indian claims, are opposed to the administration and use such ill-gotten gains to injure it in every possible manner. It is due to the people that all Indian treaties for the last ten years should be overhauled in the most thorough manner, and the thousand knaveries practiced, by men thereby made nabobs, fully exposed to the public gaze.' Captain (afterwards General) David Hunter, believing that the above was intended as a reflection upon him, came into the office of the Democrat, and then and there demanded satisfaction of John Wentworth, the editor, and laying two pistols upon the table offered him his choice OF CHICAGO. of weapons. Mr. Wentworth, as would any good and discreet citizen, peremptorily de- clined to fight a duel, but made the amende honorable by the publication of a letter in a subsequent issue, disclaiming any reference to Captain Hunter in the article which had raised the chivalrous officer's ire. The cap- tain soon after published a card in which he stated that the pistols were not loaded, and the affair thus ended without the spilling of gore. The pistols afterward came into the possession of Mr. Wentworth, who frequently, in his subsequent editorial career, alluded to them when indulging in early reminis- cences." Politically, the Democrat continued to champion the principles of the Democratic party with that zeal which was characteristic of its editor, until the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska bill by Senator Douglas, when it ranged itself in opposition to this measure, and finally identified itself with the Republican party. It supported with great vigor, the election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidency in 1860, and also gave a cordial endorsement to his war policy for the pres- ervation of the Union in the early months of his administration. During the summer of 1861, Mr. Wentworth decided to retire from the field of journalism, and a transfer of the Democrat subscription list to the Chicago Tribune was effected, the last issue of the Democrat appearing under date of July 24, 1861. Mr. Wentworth, speaking of the conditions of sale, says : " My wife was sick, and I was calculating to go to Europe. I would not sell and reserved the right to issue another paper any time after 1st March, 1864. My wife's health grew worse, and I did not go abroad. The Tribune supplied all who had paid in advance, and I kept my own material and debts. I never gave up my name of ' Chicago Democrat,' nor good- will ; I wanted to start again if I saw fit." Among those who were at different times associated with the Democrat, in the capacity of editorial writers, were Dr. Daniel Brainard and Mr. James Curtis (afterwards mayor of the city), George W. Wentworth, J. K. C. Forrest and William Osman, since of the Ottawa Free Trader. George Wentworth was a younger brother of John Wentworth, who afterwards engaged in the practice of medi- cine, dying suddenly of cholera, August 14, 1850. He had been very active, especially among the poor, during the visitation of that disease, both in 1849 and 1850. David M. Bradley entered the office of the Democrat as an apprentice, in 1837, and was connected with the mechanical and business depart- ments from 1840 until his death, which oc- curred in 1857. The Chicago AMERICAN was the title of Chicago's second newspaper, its first issue The Chicago appearing Monday, June 8, 1835, with T. 0. Davis as its proprietor and editor. Its customary publication day afterwards became Saturday. Like its com- petitor, the Democrat, it was issued weekly in folio form of six columns to the page, but unlike the latter, it was Whig in politics. Like its competitor, it also had to contend with financial reverse?, and for a time was suspended, though, owing to the absence of a complete file, the duration of this suspension cannot be definitely ascertained. July 22, 1837, after one of these interruptions, it appeared with the announcement of a change of proprietorship, and a few months later the firm of "' William Stuart & Co," appear to have been the publishers, with Stuart as editor. Its place of publication during at least a part of this period was at the corner of Clark and South Water streets. In 1839, the American began a daily edition, its first issue being of the date of April 9th of that year. It thus had the distinction of being the first daily paper ever printed in Chicago, as well as in the State of Illinois, the publicatioii of the Daily Democrat not commencing until February following. The election Of 1840 having resulted in the success of the Whig party, Mr. Stuart was appointed, in July following, postmaster, and soon retired from all connection with the paper, being succeeded THE PRESS, in October, by Alexander Stuart, as proprie- tor and William W. Brackett as editor. July 20, 1842, the paper was transferred to Buck- ner S. Morris, then a leading Whig politician, and, on the 18th of October following, it ceased to exist. Morris, who was related by marriage to the Blackburn family of Ken- tucky, will be remembered by many as a lead- ing member of the bar here, an influential whig politician, and on account of his alleged connection with the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners confined at Camp Douglas, in November, 1864 a charge of which he was finally/ acquitted after trial before a military ^urt at Cincinnati. He died in Kentucky, December 16, 1879. An incident in connection with the history of fye American was the fining of its editor (Mr. Stuart) $100 by Judge John Pearson, /or " contempt of court," on account of some editorial criticism upon the judge's action in connection with the trial of one John Stone, for the murder of Mrs. Lucretia Thompson one of the most memorable murder trials ever had in Chicago, which occurred in the spring of 1840. The contempt case was taken to the Supreme Court on appeal, where the decision was reversed in 1842. A year or so after the expiration of his term as postmaster at Chicago, Stuart returned to Binghamton, N. Y., (which had been his previous home), edited a paper there, served two terms as postmaster, and, having become blind, died some years since. But little is known of Brackett, who succeeded Stuart on the American and was afterwards editor of the Express, except that he was a lawyer and for two or three years was a law-partner of Buck- ner S. Morris. The Chicago EXPRESS was started promptly on the demise of the American, The Chicago ^ s ^ rseen employed upon the Tribune, agswmed the management of the paper ;tnfaer a contract for the purchase of a portion of the stock, issuing their first number Augusts, 1866. Denslow was editor, Smith associate, Ballantyne commercial ed- itor and Williston business manager. At the close of the first year Denslow withdrew, and Ballantyne became editor. Compelled to retire on account of ill health, he was succeeded by Smith, but finally the interests of the syndicate having reverted to the orig- inal Springfield stockholders, Mr. John G. Nicolay, who had been President Lincoln's private secretary and had recently retired from the position of Consul- General at Paris, was placed in editorial charge. In the mean- time, Mr. Bunn, having become sole owner, in the fall of 1870, sold the establishment to a company consisting of Joseph B. McCul- lagh, the present editor of the St. Louis Globe Democrat; John R. Walsh, then pro- prietor of the Western News Company, now president of the Chicago National Bank; Homer N. Hibbard and Wm. H. Schuyler. One of the first steps of the new proprietors was to reduce the size and price of the paper the latter being placed at three cents. Under such management the paper seemed destined at last to enter upon a career of prosperity, but the fire of October, 1871, swept away all its tangible assets and its in- surance proving worthless, its ruin seemed now complete. The remnant, which con- sisted of the "good will" and whatever could be gathered together of the subscrip tion list, was soon after purchased by J. Y. Scammon. Among those who were asso- ciated with the Republican between 1865 and 1870 were J. W. Sheahan, J. K. C. For- rest, Isaac England, later of the New York Sun; I. N. Higgins, afterward of the San Francisco Call; Charles D. Bragdon, subse- quently editor of Moore's Rural Neiv Yorker; S. J. Medill, afterwards managing editor of the Chicago Tribune; John M. Farquhar, late congressman from the Buffalo, N. Y., District; Paul Selby, and others. Mr. Scam- mon, who had been one of the members of the company which founded the Evening Journal in 1844, as well as connected with the preliminary steps for the establishment of the Republican in 1865, had cherished a favorite scheme for the establishment of a strong organ of stalwart Republicanism, but being unable to set it on foot at once, the publication of the Republican was continued to keep alive its franchise. March 25, 1872, the first number of the new paper appeared and the Chicago Inter Ocean was launched under the editorship of E. W. Halford, pre- viously as well as since of the Indianapolis Journal, but later private secretary of Pres- ident Harrison. Col. Gilbert A. Pierce, since territorial governor of Dakota and United States Senator for North Dakota, was added to the editorial force at an early day, and in May, 1872, Wm. Penn Nixon, who had been identified with newspaper en- terprises in Ohio, assumed charge of the business department. A year later (in the spring of 1873) The Inter Ocean Company was organized, and Col. Frank W. Palmer, who had been editor of the Des Moines (Iowa) State Register and a member of Congress from that State, became the holder of a con- siderable interest and editor-in-chief. In the fall of 1875, the paper having become financially embarrassed, a new company was organized for its purchase, Mr. Scammon retiring. Mr. Nixon and his brother, Dr. W. 0. Nixon, now became owners of the controlling stock, the latter assuming the 20 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. presidency of the new company. Col. Pierce succeeded Palmer as editor-in-chief, but was himself succeeded in 1883 by W. E. Curtis, who had been the Washington correspondent. Curtis gave place, in 1884 to Mr. W. II. Bus- bey, who remains managing editor. During this year (1884) the publication of a Sunday edition was commenced. The first location of the paper was on Congress street on the present site of the Auditorium building; be- tween 1873 and 1880 it was at 119 Lake street; then at 85 Madison until the latter part of 1890, when it was removed to the new building which it now occupies on the northwest corner of Dearborn and Madison streets. The Inter Ocean Publishing Com- pany has recently been greatly strengthened by the accession of Mr. II. II. Kohlsaat, a wealthy and public spirited capitalist, under whose direction extensive improvements have been made in the publishing department, including the introduction of perfecting presses of the latest and most approved de- sign and other features, making it one of the most complete and best appointed newspaper offices in the city of Chicago. The effect of these improvements has been to give to the paper a new stimulus, and a large increase of its circulation and business. Under its present management, the Inter Ocean has been noted for its careful and conservative treatment of all questions of National, State and local policy, its avoid- ance of personalities and mere sensationalism, or anything which can offend the taste of its most refined readers, and an intelligent but unswerving adherence to the tenets of the Republican party. The present business organization of the Inter Ocean Publishing Company consist of Dr. W. 0. Nixon, presi- dent ; H. H. Kohlsaat, treasurer and super- intendent of business department, with W. P. Nixon editor-in-chief. The editorial force includes William H. Busbey, managing editor, with Messrs. Frank Gilbert, John A. Tindall, Ehvyn A. Barren and T. C. MacMillan as general or special editorial writers, and J. H. Ballard, city editor, with a large force of reporters. Dr. Nixon fills the position of literary editor and para- grapher, while Judge A. W. Tourgee, author of "A Fool's Errand," and other popular novels, is a special contributor, furn- ishing, as a part of his labor, the weekly " Bystander's Notes," printed in the Satur- day edition. The circulation of the weekly edition of the Inter Ocean is probably much larger than that of any other weekly politi- cal paper printed in Chicago, giving to it a wide influence, while its resources in all departments indicate that it stands at the threshhold of a prosperous future. Chronologically, the FREIE PRESSE stands next in the list of prominent daily journals Freic ^ Chicago which have maintained Pressc. a continuous existence. It was es- tablished in July, 1871, as a literary and political weekly by Richard Michaelis, the author of " Looking Further Forward, "who continues to be its editor and publisher. In 1872, the publication of a daily edition was begun, and the paper unfurled its flag as "Liberal Republican," supporting Horace Greeley for president that year. After Mr. Greeley's defeat it espoused the cause of straight-out Republicanism, and has main- tained this position since, though it has not hesitated, when it saw what it conceived to be sufficient reason for doing so, to " bolt" the " regular " nominations. Until recently it was the only Republican German daily in Chicago. Its conservative and business-like management has secured for it a steady increase in circulation, until it claims the largest subscription list for its several editions (of which there are five in all) of all the German dailies west of New York City. Besides its daily morning and evening editions, it issues a readable weekly edition and a Sunday paper for city readers, under the title of DaJieim. It maintains a large force of editors and reporters. The location of the Freie Presse is at 90 to 94 Fifth avenue, adjoining the Times office, and in the heart of one of the two great newspaper centers of Chicago. THE PRESS. 21 Success has come more promptly to new journalistic enterprises in Chicago of late years than formerly, n notable ex- 1 tic Chicago J J Daily NCWS ample being the Chicago DAILY NEWS, which was established as a one-cent afternoon paper, December 2G, 1875, by Mel- ville E. Stone, (now vice-president of the Globe National Bank and General Manager of the Western Associated Press), Percy R. Meggy and Win. E. Dougherty, based on a combined capital of about $5,000. Within a few months Dougherty retired and Meggy followed his example beforejtke^ close of the year, leaving Mr. Stone-Sole proprietor. In July or Augiis>j^l876, Mr. Stone sold an interest to, Victor. F. Lawson, who became business manager, while Stone retained the editorship. From the first, the location of the paper was at 123 Fifth avenue, where its business office still remains, though the growth of its business has compelled it to occupy a vastly increased amount of space. There has been a similar increase in its machinery from a double Hoe cylinder with a capacity of 3,000 impressions per hour, to the fastest printing machines now in use. In August, 1878, the Jfews absorbed (by purchase) the Evening Post, as the latter had absorbed the Evening Mail, some three years before. The establishment of the POST followed closely upon the discontinuance of the morn- The Evening ing paper of that name, as re- lated in connection with the his- ' tory of the Republican. The first issue bears date September 4, 1865, with William Pigott, who had been one of the early pro- prietors of the Morning Post, and Stanley G. Fowler, as publishers. The first place of publication was a basement on Randolph street. A few months later, the paper was purchased by David Blakely, who had been engaged in journalis'm in Minnesota, and had also been secretary of State, and ex- officio superintendent of public schools in that State. His brother, C. H. Blakely, became associated with him in the business depart- ment, and the paper was removed to 151 Dearborn street. den. Hasbrouck Davis had an interest and acted as its editor for a short time. In the latter part of 1867, a company was organized, and Dr. Charles II. Ray, who had been a leading writer on the Tribune, assumed the editorship. About the same time, or soon after, Wm. H. Schuyler purchased the interest of C. H. Blakely, and became business manager. Some time during 1809, the office was re- moved to 104-106 Madison street, and Schuyler sold out to the McMullen Brothers, J. B. McMullen succeeding to the manage- ment. Politically, the paper was Republi- can, and Dr. Ray's connection with it gave vigor to its editorial utterances and won the confidence of the party. It sustained an irreparable loss in his death, which occurred in September, 1870. Following this came the great calamity of the fire of October, 1871. The paper was promptly resuscitated, and a temporary build- ing having been erected on Dearborn Park, which was well supplied with material, it was, for some months, one of the most pros- perous papers in Chicago. Blakely finally purchased the interest of the McMullens at a valuation of $150,000 for the whole paper, and continued its management after its consolidation with the Mail, as hereafter related. Previous to this step, however, the publication office had been removed to 84-86 Dearborn street. The EyENiNGMAiL (No. 1), which after- wards became a part of the Evening Post, The Evening was established August 18, Mail - 1870, by S. S. Schorl, C. B. Langley and H. R. llobart, the latter, who had been a reporter on the Tribune, being editor. . It was at first a six-column folio, and was the first two-cent daily in the West to maintain its existence for a considerable period. Its first location was at No. 86 Dearborn street, in an upper story. As it did not possess an Associated Press franchise, it was dependent on specials for its tele- graphic news, but the demand for news of the Franco-German war, then in progress, msTonr of CBICAGO. gave an impulse to its circulation. As time advanced a joint-stock company was or- ganized with a capital stock of $50,000, a number of prominent capitalists and poli- ticians taking stock. E. H. Talbott, who had been publisher of the Belvidere North- western, became a stockholder and business manager. For a time after the fire, it occupied temporary quarters on Market street near Madison, but later was removed to Canal street, on the West side. On February 11, 1873, Major Woodbury M. Taylor, having resigned the office of Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Northern Division, contracted for a large interest in the Mail, including that held by Mr. Hobart, and was entrusted by the stockholders with the general direction of the editorial and business departments. In May following, the office was removed to 123 Fifth avenue, since occupied by the Daily News. Decem- ber 19th, of the same year, he became the purchaser of stock in the Evening Post (held chiefly by Chicago banks) amounting to $111,500, and in conjunction with other stockholders of the Mail, was appointed upon a committee (or board of trustees) to effect a consolidation of the two papers. This was accomplished, and about January 1, 1874, the first issue of the paper, under the name of the Post and Mail, was pub- lished. Major Taylor was elected president of the consolidated company, also retaining the position of general manager, which he had occupied while connected with the Mail. In December, 1877, he retired. In the mean- time the McMullen Brothers, who had previ- ously been connected with the Post, were endeavoring to secure a controlling interest, and published the paper for a few months in the latter part of 1877. Subsequently Oliver A. Willard, who had been connected with the Mail and its successor, attempted to reorganize the company on a basis of $100,000 capital, but after procuring sub- scriptions of stocks to nearly half the amount required, his efforts were brought to a ter- mination by his sudden death in March, 1878. After this event, his widow and his sister, Miss Frances E. Willard, continued the publication for a few months, but it finally passed into the hands of the Daily News, as already stated, in August, 1878. for a consideration of $16,000. The acquisition by the News, in this manner, of an Associated Press franchise, gave to the paper a new impulse, and its prosperity has been continued and uninter- rupted. Its prestige has been greatly en- hanced by its custom, in times of great public excitement, of issuing hourly editions, as was done during the street railroad strike of 1887. On March 21, 1881, it commenced the issue of a two-cent morning edition, for which a press franchise was obtained in 1882. The partnership of Messrs. Stone & Lawson having expired, a joint-stock company was organized, January 1, 1883, with a capital stock of 8150,000, all being held by Messrs. Stone & Lawson. In 1888, Mr. Stone re- tired, Mr. Lawson becoming sole proprietor. One of his first steps was to reduce the price of the morning edition of the News to one cent after a period of liberal advertising, which had the effect to immensely increase its circulation and advertising patronage. It now has a larger circulation than any other paper outside of New York, the daily issue of its several editions averaging from 215,000 to 225,000 copies, though it has at times reached 260,000. The paper has recently taken possession of commodious quarters for its mechanical departments on Calhoun place, in the rear of its old location on Fifth avenue. A leading feature of the News is the concentration of the largest amount of news possible in the smallest practicable space, requiring a large force of editors and special writers and reporters. Its employes number over 300, of whom some forty are engaged in the collection and pre- paration of matter for its columns. Among those who have been, or still are, connected with the editorial department, are Melville E. Stone, J. F. Ballantyne, Dr. F. W. Reilly, Eugene Field, Van Bureu Denslow, Willis B. Hawkins, J. K. C. Forrest, Franc B. Wilkie, John Flynn, Slason Thompson, THE PRESS. Herald. Harry F. White and Eobert R. Peattie. About December, 1891, Dr. Reilly, having been elected secretary of the Illinois State Board of Health, retired from the editorship of the Morning News, being succeeded in that position by Mr. Charles H. Dennis, an experienced and painstaking journalist.* The name "Herald," so popular in news- paper nomenclature, has been used several times in connection with Chicago enterprises. The first secj*Mr paper of this name of which we^JHtffT information in Chicago, was e^fcatffished in May, 1858, as an organ oJ^the Buchanan wing of the Democratic party. After the election of 1860, it was merged into the Times (which see). The second was the Chicago Daily Herald, a five-column folio 1-cent evening paper, of which the first number was issued Aug. 16, 1873, by the Herald Company from an office at No. 58 Clark street. The issue of Dec. 23, 1873, shows that the paper previous to this date had been enlarged to six columns, but this number announces the suspension of the paper, and that " the defunct Herald will be succeeded by 'The Sunday Argus' (under the direction of the Argus Publish- ing Company)" the first issue to take place Jan. 4. How long the "Argus" was con- tinued we have no means at this time of ac- curately determining. On March 17, 1879, appeared the first number of the Chicago Morning Herald, a 7-column 2-cent paper issued from No. 183 Washington street, the name of neither editor nor publisher being given. It introduced itself to "the Democrats of Chicago and the Northwest as a zealous champion of their principles and leaders," while deploring the fact that, for the previ- ous decade, "Democrats of this populous and wealthy section have had no representative newspaper whatever:" How long it con- tinued to champion Democratic principles we are unable to state. * The morning edition of the Xeit'8, at the beginning of the year 1892, took the name of the Chicago Ifews Record. Its business office is at 181 Madison street, though the mechanica! departments of the two papers remain united, The Chicago MORNING HERALD, as it now exists, dates its origin from May 10, 1881, The Chicago when it came into the posses- Morning Herald. s ; on of the franchise and prop . erty of the Chicago Daily Telegraph. The latter paper had been established March 21, 1878, by S.F.Norton as an organ of the Green- back-Labor party. After three or four months unsuccessful effort to float the paper with- out money, simply as a political venture in the interest of the farmers and laboring men of the country, Wm. T. Collins purchased a large interest, supplied capital for its support, and directed its political course in the interest of the Democratic party. For a time it seemed destined to a prosper- ous career, but the burden of its current expenses and the payment of debts incurred in itd early management became very heavy, and in the spring of 1881, Mr. Collins relin- quished the ownership which passed into the hands of the projectors of the Morning Herald. The subsequent successful career of the latter has demonstrated the accuracy of Mr. Collins' judgment in assuming that there was a legitimate field for an independ- ent Democratic journal among the few suc- cessful daily papers of Chicago, and that, under favorable conditions, such a paper would become a valuable property. On this foundation, the present Chicago MORNING HERALD was established by a num- ber of prominent Republican friends of Gen. John A. Logan, with Col. Frank W. Palmer, then postmaster of the city of Chicago, in the position of editor; Will D. Eaton, an ex- ceedingly bright and popular young journal- ist, assistant-editor; John F. Ballantyne, city editor, and J. AV. Scott, publisher and business manager. October 16, 1881, the publication of a Sunday edition was com- menced, and a year later Palmer retired, being succeeded in the editorship by Ballan- tyne, with Slason Thompson and David Henderson, assistants. At this point the paper became independent, though still maintaining Republican proclivities. Hav- ing been mulcted in heavy damages in a suit 24 OF CHICAGO. for libel, brought by E. J. Lehman, it passed into new hands in August, 1883, Messrs. Palmer, A. M. Jones, and Dan Shep- ard, disposing of their interest to John R. Walsh, of the Chicago National Bank, who still holds a majority of the stock. The judgment of Mr. Lehman, which was for $35,000, is said to have been compromised for $3,000, to be paid to certain specified charities. Under the new regime Martin J. Russell became editor, with Horatio W. Sey- mour assistant, William A. Taylor city edi- tor and Margaret B. Sullivan literary editor, and the paper became Democratic. Mr. Russell retired two or three years later, and has been succeeded by Mr. Seymour. Al- though a franchise in the National Press Association was acquired by the purchase of the Telegraph, at the outset, the Herald labored under a serious disadvantage in com- peting with papers receiving their telegraphic news through so complete an organization us the Western Associated Press. This dis- parity has since been removed by the reor- ganization and improvement, chiefly under the auspices of the Herald, of the United Press Association, which now renders an excellent service. One of the prominent features of the Herald, which it has main- tained from the start, has been the neatness and beauty of its typography and the excel- lent quality of the paper used. In this it is unsurpassed by any paper in the country, if it has an equal. Its arrangements for the collection of news are also most complete, and its increase in circulation has been al- most phenomenal. While there have been changes in the stockholders, the manage- ment has been unchanged since the estab- lishment of the paper in 1881. The present stockholders are J. R. Walsh, James W. Scott and A. F. Hatch, who constituted the Board of directors. Mr. Scott has general supervision of the editorial and business de- partments. The editorial stuff (1892) includ- ed II. W. Seymour, managing editor; F. G. Rae, night editor, and Charles E. Chapin, city editor. Mr. William R. Taylor, for some years past, a member of the editorial force, retired in November, 1891, to accept the position of secretary of the Cook County Board of Election Commissioners. The lo- cation of the Herald from its establishment to the fall of 1891, was at Nos. 120-122 Fifth avenue, when it was removed into a splendid new building of its own at 152-158 Washing- ton street, furnished with every appointment needed to make it one of the most complete and elegant newspaper establishments in the country. Its counting-room, editorial rooms, composing-room and machinery departments are not surpassed, if equaled, in elegance and convenience by any similar establishment on the American continent. The Chicago EVENING MAIL (No. 2), had its origin in the Chicago Evening Press, The Chicago whicl1 be S an Publication as Evening Mail a s ix-column sheet of four pages, March 25, 1882, announcing it- self as "strictly non-partisan and devoted to the interests of the people of Chicago." The publishers of this sheet were F. 0. Bennett and John J. Curran,but it seems to have maintained but a brief existence, as it soon passed into the hands of Messrs. Stevens & Dillingham, by whom its name was changed to Evening Mail. [Another paper of the same name was established in August, 1870, and subsequently consolidated with the Evening Post under the title of Post and Mail, afterwards merged into the Evening News which see.] In 1885, Messrs. Hatton, Snowden & Co. became proprietors of the Evening Mail, and changed its title to Chicago Mail. They also changed its politics from Democratic to Republican. Two years later (1887) it was purchased by the Chicago Mail Company, James J. West being the principal stockholder, when it was moved into The Times building. The paper finally became the property of The Times Company, this arrangement continuing until the sale of the Times to Carter II. Har- rison, November 1, 1891, when J. R. Dun- lop, who had been the editor and a stock- holder in the Times, became principal pro- THE PRESS. 25 The Chicago Daily Globe. prietor of the Mail and assumed the editor- ship of the latter. In September, 1892, Mr. Dunlop retired from the Mail, the stock falling into the hands of Frank S Weigley, an attorney, under whose auspices it has since been conducted with Charles I). Almy in the position of manager and editor. Since its connection with the Times was severed its location has been at 120 Fifth avenue. The Chicago DAILY GLOBE is a morning two-cent folio, founded in 1887J>y-^A. L. Paters3n7 formerly of ie Chicago Times, and transferred , to The Globe Company in 1890. A Sunday edition is also published. About the middle of the year 1893, the paper was driven by stress of financial difficulties into the hands of a receiver, Harry Wilkin- son, who had been the editor, assuming charge in this capacity. Some months later M. C. McDonald, who had already purchased the interest of some of the leading stock- holders, bought in the establishment at public sale, and has since placed Alexander Turney in charge of the business department and Wm. D. St. Clair of the advertising, Mr. Wilkinson retaining the position of editor. Its location is at No. 118 Fifth avenue. The ABENDPOST is one of the youngest of the German papers of Chicago, estab- lished as a one-cent daily September 2, 1889, by Fritz Glogauer and William Kauffmann the former being editor and manager. De- cember 29, 1890, it was transferred to the Abendpost Company, who are now (1892) the publishers, with Mr. Glogauer as presi- dent and treasurer, and Julius Goldzier, secretary. Its first location was at No. 92 Fifth avenue, but it was. afterwards removed to No. 187 Washington street, in the Times building. It is represented to have been a success from the start, and claimed a circu- lation at the beginning of 1891 of 30,000. Jt is Independent in politics. The Abendpost. The Chicago EVENING POST, though one of the youngest, already ranks as one of the The Chica o mos t success! ul of Chicago daily Evening Post, newspapers. Its first issue appeared April 29, 1890, and it sprang al- most immediately into a wide circulation. Though occupying different quarters, the Post and the Herald are owned by the same proprietors, viz.: John E. Walsh, James W. Scott and A. F. Hatch, stockholders, with Mr. Scott as president and treasurer of the company. Cornelius McAuliff fills the chair of managing editor, with John A. Wright in the position of City Editor and Samuel T. Clover as business manager. The Post is Independent in politics, and a model in mechanical execution, while careful editing and enterprise in the collection of news, have won for it a deserved popularity. Like its mate, the Herald, it has recently taken quarters in anew building, especially erected for its use, at 104-166 Washington street. The NATIONAL ZEITUNG (German) was established as a weekly, May 8, 1891. Septem- , ber 14, 1891, the publication of a The National zcitung. two-cent eight-page daily issue was commenced. Politically it is thoroughly Republican, giving a zealous support to the principle of protection of American indus- tries. It is published by the German Repub- lican Publishing Company, with Joseph Brucke, president and editor-in-chief; Paul Hsedicke, managing editor and Emil Kar- powsky, city editor. A prominent feature of the National Zeitunrj is the publication of carefully selected articles from German and American periodicals. Its present loca- tion is at 103 Randolph street. The Chicago TAGEBLATT (German), a seven column, one-cent folio, evening paper, commenced publication July 13, 1891. The Chi- cago Tageblatt Publishing Company are the publishers, at No. 83 Fifth avenue. The principal officers are Dr. George Leininger, president ; Charles A. Puschek, vice-presi- dent; H. C. Znttermejster, treasurer, anri The Chicago Tageblatt. HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Albert W. Reifuss, secretary, with Louis Wagner, editor. In addition to the daily, semi-weekly and Sunday editions are pub- lished. The paper is Independent politically. The Chicago DAILY PRESS was the title of a one-cent evening paper, with a Sunday The Chicago morning edition attached, which Daily Pre^s. wftg conimence{ j November 1) 1891, by an association of which Robert Lindblom was president and Max Pola- chek vice-president and general manager. Mr. Charles Barry was editor-in-chief, with Stanley Waterloo managing editor and H. 0. Heinemann city editor. The paper was the revival of the title of a six-column, one-cent paper established in March, 1882, afterwards merged into the Evening Mail (which see). While its publi- cation was continued, it was regarded as the representative of the " Personal Rights League," of which Mr. Lindblom was the president. The Personal Rights Advocate was its weekly edition. The publication of the Press was discontinued early in Febru- ary, 1892. Mr. J. R. Dunlop having withdrawn from the Mail in September, 1892, on the 19th of October following, issued the initial num- ber of the Evening Dispatch, which in the course of a year has attained the rank of one of the most successful evening papers of the city. In this it has been greatly aided by the World's Fair, as well as by the policy of employing experienced newspaper men, and the vigor and enterprise shown in the management. Other dailies are The Arbeiter Zeitung, published by the Socialist Publication Society, organ of the Chicago Socialists (or Anarchists) of which August Spies, executed for participation in the " Haymarket massacre/' was editor at the time of his arrest with a Sunday edition called Die Frackel ("the Torch"): the Dag- lladet (German-Ind.), published at 3G9 Mil- waukee avenue ; Goodall's Daily Sun, published at the Union Stock Yards, and devoted to reports of live stock sales, and other matters of interest to live stock deal- ers, Harvey Goodall, publisher and proprie- tor ; Drover's Journal, devoted to the same interest ; Listy, a Democratic paper printed in the Bohemian language, founded in 1883, publication office, 362 West Eighteenth street; the National Hotel Reporter, F. W. Rice, editor and proprietor, founded in 1871, devoted to hotel inteiests and news the Skandinaven (Norwegian) ; Republican in politics, office at No. 183-187 North Peoria street, and two or three others. The RELIGIONS PRESS of Chicago has kept pace in growth and influence with the The Religious secular press. While it has had Press. gome failures, yet owing no doubt to more cautious investments, they have been fewer both numerically and pro- portionally. The Baptists have the credit of having established the first religious paper ever published in the city. This was the NORTH- WESTERN BAPTIST, a semi-monthly, printed at the office of the Western Citizen (Zebina Eastman's paper), with Thomas Power as editor. The initial number bore date Sep- tember 15, 1842, and its last, September 15, 1844, when it appears to have been removed elsewhere. This was followed a few months later by the BETTER COVENANT, a weekly in the inter- est of the Universalist denomination, estab- lished January G, 1842, by Rev. Seth Barnes and William Rounseville, and issued for a few months simultaneously from Rockford and St. Charles, 111. February 2, 1843, Mr. Barnes became sole proprietor and editor, and after continuing the publication for a few weeks at Rockford, it was removed to Chicago, and April 6, 1843, began to be issued from an office at the corner of Water and Wells streets, with Charles Stedman printer. A few weeks later (May 18), its location was on Randolph street, and August 24 of the same year, A. P. Spence was printer. March 7, 1844, Mr. Rounseville resumed his connection with the paper as assistant editor, and September 5th, follow- THE PRESS. 27 ing, became editor and proprietor, Mr. Barnes retiring. November 21, 1844, Cyrus B. Ingliam became associated with Rounse- ville in the publication, and June 5,1845, was sole proprietor, with office at 99 Lake street. In the fall of 1847, the paper was sold to John A. Gurley, of the Star of the West, at Cincinnati, and consolidated with the latter paper. Rev. W. E. Mauley, George W. Lawrence, F. G. Briggs and D. P. Bailey were associated with the paper in an editorial capacity at different periods duripg'the last years of its publication inCWCago. The NEW CovENAjffsoon after appeared as the successor of the Better Covenant, its first issue being in January, 1848, with Rev. W. E. Manley and J. M. Day editors and publishers. In about a year, Manley sold out to Rev. S. P. Skinner, who sold to I. B. -Mason in 1855. In 1858 it passed into the hands of Rev. D. P. Livermore, who (assisted by his wife, the well-known lecturer) con- tinued its publication until May, 1869, when Revs. J. W. Hanson and Selden Gilbert became proprietors. In September, 1S69, the Northwest Publishing House assumed control, Dr. Hanson continuing in the capacity of editor and business manager until 1874, wheu Rev. W. A. Start took the latter position. A year later Mr. Hanson assumed entire control. In the fall of 1880, the paper was consolidated with the Star of the West, published in Cincinnati, and the name was changed to the Star am/ Covenant. The publication was continued in Chicago until December, 1883, when it was sold to the Universalist Publishing House of Boston, its size enlarged and name changed to the Universalist. In May, 1884, Rev. J. S. Cantwell, D. D., assumed the editorship, which he still retains. The present location of the paper is at No. 69 Dearborn street. The WESTERN HERALD followed the pre- ceding chronologically, its first number being issued April 1, 1846, by Rev. J. B. Walker and B. F. Worrall the former as editor and the latter printer. While it sustained the principles of the Society of Friends, it was supported largely by contributions receiv.ed from the Second Presbyterian Church, of which Dr. R. W. Patterson was the pastor, and its columns were used in support of the doctrines of the New School Presbyterian and Congregational Churches. For some time three sides of the Watchman of the Prairies (the organ of the Baptist Church) were printed in the Herald office and upon its material. In 1847 the Western Herald became the Herald of the Prairies. In 1848, James Shaw was assistant editor. In 1849 it was sold to J. Ambrose Wight and Wm. Bross, who changed the title to the Prairie Herald. About this time Revs. G. S. F. Savage and A. L. Chapin (the latter presi- dent of Beloit College), were corresponding editors. In November, 1851, Bross sold out his interest to Wight and in March, 1853, the latter sold the subscription list to J. C. Holbrook,who changed the name to Congre- gational Herald, issuing his first number April 7, 1853. A number of Congregational ministers, at this time, acted as associate or corresponding editors. Among those who did so were Rev. J. J. Miter, John Lewis, 0. Emerson, Jr., W. Salter, H. D. Kitchell, J Smith Hobart, S. Peet, G. S. F. Savage, Flavel Bascom, J. B. Walker, M. A- Jewett, N. H. Eggleston, G. W. Perkins, W. A. Nichols, W. W. Patton, J. E. Roy, S. C. Bartlett, Samuel Wolcott and Darius E. Jones. In 1857, Rev. H. L. Hammond assumed the editorship. During the preced- ing year, a fund of $7,000 to $8,000 (intended to be increased to $10,000) was raised for the benefit of the paper, the profits thereof to go to the support of the proposed theological seminary. The "profits" were nil, however, so that this arrangement failed and the paper was discontinued in 1861. The WATCHMAN OF THE PRAIRIES was es- tablished in 1847, by Rev. Luther Stone, in the interest of the Baptist denom- inination. Its first issue bore date August 10, and its location was at 171 Lake street. For two years it was printed by Messrs. Walker & Worrall, who were also 28 IirSTOIiY OF CHICAGO. printers of the Western Herald, afterwards the Herald of the Prairies. Messrs. Wight & Bross, who had purchased the Herald, then became the printers. February 22, 1853, the Watchman was suspended, Mr. Stone making a trip to the East for rest, and with a view to purchasing new material. During his absence, he received a proposition from Dr. J. C. Burroughs, Levi D. Boone and A. D. Titsworth, to purchase the paper, which was accepted, and the first issue of the new paper, under the name of the Chris- tian Times, under the auspices of the Fox River Association, was published August 31, 1853, with Dr. J. C. Burroughs as editor, and H. J. Weston and A. J. Joslyn, assist- ants. A few months after (November 24, 1853). the paper was sold to Leroy Church and J. A. Smith the latter taking the posi- tion of editor, which he has continued to occupy ever since. The office was then located at No. 7 Clark. A year later (Nov. 8, 1854), Dr. Smith sold his interest to Rev. J. F. Childs, though he continued in the editorship. Soon after the office was removed to 16 La Salle street. August 29, 1855, Mr. Childs disposed of his interest to his partner, Mr. Church, who remained sole proprietor until 1867, when Mr. Edward Goodman, the present senior proprietor, purchased a half interest. The name of the paper was changed to the Standard (which it still retains) about that time. In January, 1875, Mr. Church sold his interest to Dr. fc S. Dickerson, of Boston, Mass. Dr. D. having died in March, 1870, his heirs have since represented his interests, the firm name con- tinuing Goodman & Dickerson. The Stand- ard has absorbed in its history the Illinois Baptist, of Bloomington, 111.; the Witness, of Indiana, and the Christian Herald, of Detroit, Mich. It is able, progressive and outspoken editorially, and in its business management lias been conservatively and successfully conducted. The NORTHWESTERN CHRISTIAN ADVO- CATE, the leading organ of the northwest- ern conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, commenced publication January 5, 1853, at No. 63 Randolph street, a weekly, with Rev. James V. Watson, editor; Sworm- stedt & Poe, publishers; Win. M. Doughty, agent and Charles Philbrick, printer. At the outset the paper was a six-column folio. This arrangement continued until October, 1856, when Mr. Watson having died, on November 5 of that year, Rev. Thomas M. Eddy, of the Southeastern Indiana Conference, succeeded to the editor- ship. November 4, 1857, the office was removed to No. 66 Washington street. Dr. Eddy was reelected to the editorship by the General Conferences of 1860 and 1864, retir- ing in 1868, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. M. Reid. At the expiration of Dr. Reid's term in 1872, Rev. Arthur Edwards, who had been assistant editor from 1864, was elected editor, and has been re-elected every four years since, now serving his fifth term in that capacity. The paper, under all admin- istrations, has been outspoken on all meas- ures of National and State policy involving questions of public and private morals, as slavery, temperance, etc., and progressive on questions of church polity. The business affairs of the paper were under the manage- ment of Dr. Luke Hitchcock for several years prior to 1880; he was succeeded that year by Walden & Stowe. Cranston & Stowe have been in charge of the business manage- ment since 1884. Charles M. Stuart has been assistant editor since 1886. The circu- lation aggregates over 20,000. The ADVANCE was established in 1867, as the organ of Congregationalism in the West, in place of the Congregational Herald, which had been suspended in 1861. The founders were an association of Chicago gen- tlemen under the name of the Advance Company, with a capital stock of $50,000. The first number appeared September 5, 1867, with Dr. W. W. Patton, editor, and J. B. Maish, office editor. Its loca- tion previous to the fire of 1871 was on the present site of the Montauk block. Having lost all its material by that disaster. THE PRESS. 20 it was printed for a few weeks at Cincinnati, when its publication was resumed in Chi- cago. Soon after, H. L. Turner became associated with Mr. Marsh as publisher and part owner, finally becoming sole proprietor, although Mr. Marsh remained on the edi- torial staff until 1875. In November, 1873, Charles H. Howard and Co. became pro- prietors, when Dr. Patton was succeeded in the editorship by General Howard (a brother of Gen. 0. 0. Howard, of the United States Army.) Rev. Simeon GJibeft, who had been identified with thepaper as associate editor and chief editorial writer ^rom 1871, remained under General Howard's adminis- tration. In July, 1882, a new company, of which Rev. Robert West was a prominent member and stockholder, became proprietors, and Mr. West continued to be editor and manager until his death in 1886. The paper then passed into the hands of the pres- ent proprietors, Rev. II. S. Harrison being a principal stockholder. Dr. Gilbert, who had been for four years the Western editor of the Congregationalist at Boston, was now recalled to the paper, with Dr. F. A. Noble, pastor of the Union Park Congregational church, in the position of nominal editor- in-chief. This arrangement continued for two years, when Dr. Noble retired. Dr. Gilbert, whose connection with the paper has extended over twenty years, continues to be chief editorial writer, Mr. Harrison being editor and general manager. The INTERIOR, leading representative of the Presbyterian faith in the Northwest, was founded by a stock company in 1870, on a basis of $50,000 capital. Hon. R. B. Mason was president of the company and Rev. Arthur Swazey, pastor of the Third Presby- terian church, was the first editor. The great fire which came the year after its establishment, left it without material and $10,000 in debt. At this time Dr. W. C. Gray took charge and continued the issue of the paper from Cincinnati, until January, 1872, when it was returned to Chicago. In January, 1873, C. H. McCormick purchased the paper and put $50,000 capital into it. In January, 1883, Dr. Gray secured a half interest, which he still holds, the remaining half interest being in the hands of the heirs of the McCormick estate. The paper is a large eight-page weekly, and is conducted with an ability and journalistic sagacity which makes it a model among the religious papers of Chicago. There is a free and independent swing in its discussion of all questions which greatly enhances its popu- larity. Of late years it has been very pros- perous. Its location is in the McCormick block at the southeast corner of Randolph and Dearborn streets. In addition to the preceding there is quite a long list of religious weeklies and monthlies of local or limited circulation, representing nearly every religious denomination in every language spoken or read in Chicago. Among the most prominent are : The Christian Oracle, organ of the " Disciples " or Christian denomination ; Christian Worker ( Friend s) \Catholic Home (Catholic); Epworlli Herald (Methodist Episcopal); Free Methodist (denomination indicated by its title); Liv- ing Church (Protestant Episcopal); Israelite and Occident (Jewish); Unity (Unitarian established by Rev. Robert Collyer and his associates), besides a number of others. The Chicago Evangelist was established in 1853 by a number of Presbyterian clergymen, with Rev. Harvey Curtis and Dr. R. W. Pat- terson in the role of resident editors, as an organ of the Presbyterian church, when the Prairie Herald became distinctively Congre- gational, but after various changes, it was merged into the New York Evangelist in June, 1855. The Alliance, established in 1874, by a syndicate of liberal gentlemen of various denominations, including the pastors of leading Protestant churches, had temporarily a prosperous career. Being finally abandoned by all except Dr. Swing, it was sustained for some time as the organ of the Independent church movement, but its 30 DISTORT OP CHICAGO. subscription list was finally transferred to the publisher of the Radical Review, and its career ended. There is a large list of secular weeklies devoted to various branches of business, other trades.literature, society news, etc., weeklies, some of which have a large cir- lation and wield an extended influence. The following include some of the more promi- nent: The Prairie Farmer, established under the auspices of the State Agricultural Society in January, 1841, under the title of the Union Agriculturist and Western Prairie Farmer. At one time this was probably the most pop- ular and widely circulated agricultural paper in the country, and it still has a large con- stituency. The Orange Judd Farmer Com- pany are the publishers, of whom Orange Judd, who had been a successful publisher in the East, was the head. Mr. Judd died during the year 1893. The Saturday Evening Herald, a popular and carefully managed society paper, was founded in October, 1875, by Maj. Geo. M. McConnel, L. B. Glover and John M. Dandy. McConnel withdrew in 1879, has since been literary editor and dramatic critic of the Times, but is now connected with the New York Commercial .Advertiser. Glover retired in 1886, and is now connected with the Chicago conservatory. Mr. Dandy pur- chased Glover's interest, and has since been the editor and business manager of the Herald. The publication office is in the Grand Opera House building. The Hemlandet ("Gamla Och Nya Hem- latidet") is the oldest Swedish paper in the city. It was established in Galesburg, 111., in 1853, but removed to Chicago in 1854, with Rev. E. Norelius as editor. It is the organ of the Swedish Lutherans, and is Republican in politics. The Graphic is a successful illustrated paper, tastefully managed, and displays much enterprise. It increased its circula- tion in the fall of 1891 by absorbing America, another illustrated paper of c onsiderable cir- culation. Geo. P. Englehard is editor of the Graphic. The Citizen is the ablest paper in the West devoted to the Irish Nationalist cause- edited by John Finerty, representative in congress 1883-1885. It is independently Republican. Its location is in the McCor- mick block. The Economist, published in the Real Estate Board building, at the corner of Randolph and Dearborn streets, Clinton B. Evans, editor, is a leading journal devoted to the interests of finance and real estate transaction*. The Legal News, Mrs. Myra Bradwell, editor and publisher, is one of the most suc- cessful and widely known legal periodicals in the country. The Hailway Age was established in 1876, by Elisha H. Talbott and Horace R. Hobart, both experienced newspaper men the first occupying the position of business manager and the latter that of editor. This arrange- ment continued until October, 1891, when the Age having been purchased by Harvey P. Robinson, founder and editor of the North- western Railroader, of St. Paul, was consoli- dated with the latter paper under the name of the Railway Age and Northtvestern Rail- roader, and its publication continued in Chi- cago. Mr. Robinson is president and man- ager of the consolidated enterprise and Hugh Wilson, secretary. The Aye has been the most successful railroad journal in the West, and under its new management its prosperity is likely to continue. Mr. Hobart remains associated with Mr. Robinson in the editorship, Mr. Talbott retiring. Chicago has undoubtedly had its due pro- portion of unsuccessful newspaper ventures, Defunct News- and if the grave of every de- riodlcais 1 . 1111 " ceased journal were marked by a monument, the path of history for over fifty years would be strewn with grave- stones.. Owing to the lack of files, a com- plete enumeration of them is impossible, yet some record is needed to complete this history. THE PfiESX. 31 1833. The Chicago Democrat, the first Newspaper established in the infant city, Nov. 26, 1833, ceased to exist July 24, 1861, being merged into the Tribune. 185. The Chicago American began as a weekly June 8, 1835, expanded into Chi- cago's first daily, April 9, 1839, and ended its career Oct. 18, 1840. 1836. The Chicago Commercial Advertisi began as a weekly October 11, 1836-Xwith Hooper Warren, editor, and Edwa.rd-'H. Eudd printer, office on Dearbofn^street, near South Water. It was a^" Liberty paper/; lived about a year, wlfen its material was re. moved to Lowell/ La Salle county, and used by Benjamin Lundy and Zebina East- man in the publication of the " Genius of Universal Emancipation " and the " Genius of Liberty." A paper called the Daily Argus was projected this year, but appears never to have been issued. 1840. The Illinois Weekly Tribune was established April 4, 1840, E. G. Eyan, edi- tor, and Charles A. Holcomb & Co., print- ers. It existed for about a year when the material was sold to Col. Elisha Starr, of Milwaukee, and was used in establishing the Milwaukee Journal. Eyan was afterwards Chief Justice of Wisconsin, dying in office in 1880. The Chicago Express took the place of the American, discontinued this year, com- mencing as a daily and weekly, October 24. It was maintained until April 20, 1844, when it gave place to the Evening Journal, (which see). The Hard Cider Press was published as a Harrison campaign weekly, from the office of the American, by Wm. Stuart, beginning June 6, 1840, and ceasing publication, October 24. 1842. The Quid-Nunc, a 4-page penny paper (said to have been the first west of the Alleghany mountains), commenced publica- tion as a daily July 5, 1842, with David S. Griswold, editor, David D. Griswold, pro- prietor, and Ellis, Fergus & Co., printers. It was devoted to literature, fine arts, science, commerce, agriculture in fact, nearly every topic except religion and poli- tics. Its accomplishments seem to have been in inverse ratio to its aspirations, as it pub- lished only thirty-seven numbers, ceasing publication Aug.l6th, with loss to the print- ers. The Western Citizen (anti-slavery) was also commenced this year by Zebina Eastman and Asa B. Brown, (Eastman, editor), and continued under the name of the Free West, until 1856, when it was merged into the Chicago Tribune. A daily edition under the name of the Daily Chicago Time* or Times and Citizen, was published for some time. Its first place of publication was No. 143 Lake street ; in 1845 it was removed to 63 Lake, when Eastman and Davidson were proprietors ; in 1849 the firm became East- man & McClellan ; after 1852 Eastman was sole proprietor. Hooper Warren was asso- ciated with this paper for a time. The Northwestern Baptist (semi-monthly) was begun September 15, 1842, and removed elsewhere in about two years. (See Eeligious Press.) The Chicago Republican (a weekly organ of the Tyler administration) began Decem- ber 14, 1842, A. E. Niblo, editor, in the Harrison & Loomis building, corner of Clark and South Water streets. June, 1843, it was sold to Cleveland and Gregory ; the latter retired and Cleveland continued alone. It is supposed to have lived about a year. Niblo subsequently published the Kendall County Press at Oswego, 111., and was killed in a railroad accident at Washington, Ohio, June 22, 1858. 1843. The Setter Covenant commenced publication in Chicago April 6, 1843; after- wards merged into the Universalist (which see). The Youth's Gazette, a juvenile paper, started May 18, 1843, by Kiler K. Jones, expired July 26th, following. 1844. The Gem of the Prairie was com menced May 20, 1844, by Kiler K. Jones and James S. Beach. This paper finally became the weekly edition of the Chicago HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Tribune and was merged into that paper. (See sketch of Tribune.) 1845. The Garland of the West was pro- jected this year by Robert N. Garrett and Nelson W. Fuller, who issued one number July 30, but it seems not to have been con- tinued. The Spirit of Temperance Reform was started this year by J. E. Ware, but had a very brief career. The Western Liferarjj Magazine was begun by Rounseville & Co., October, 1845 ; Sep- tember, 1846, it was sold to J. J. Moon, who issued two numbers when it expired. The Chicago Daily Neios (anti-slavery) started in the latter part of 1845, as a daily, by Eastman & Davidson, with L.W. Chapel, assistant editor, ceased publication after a brief existence. The Chicago Volksfreund, the first Ger- man paper established in Chicago, began in December, 1845, by Robt. II. Hoeffgen (afterwards of the Staats Zeilung), was discontinued early in 1848. 1846. The Daily Cavalier (penny paper) was started by Robert Wilson in 1846 and discontinued in April, 1847. The Morning Mail, started by Rev. Wm. Rounseville as a rival to the preceding, died about the same time. The Chicago Ariel (weekly), established by C. H. Boner, with Edward Augustus, editor, continued publication but a short time. The Dollar Weekly was published three or four months in 1846 under the management of Wm. Duane Wilson. The Valley Watchman, J. McChesney, publisher, had a similarly brief existence in 1846 or 1847. The Liberty Tree, Eastman & Davidson, publishers, Z. Eastman; editor, started in 184C; ran about two years. 1847. The Chicago Commercial Advertif- er, established as a weekly, February 3, 1847, by Alfred Dutch; commenced daily and tri- weekly issues in 1849, and expired in 1853. Dutch, who was an iconoclast and reformer, had a stormy career. He was connected with the Chicago Commercial Bulletin in his later years, but died some years since. The Northwestern Educator (monthly), James L. Enos and D. S. Curtis, publishers, established September, 1847, lasted about two years. The Porcupine, Charles Bowen and Thomas Bradbury, publishers, had a short career in the winter of 1847-8. 1848. The American Odd Fellow, the first secret society publication, had a short history this year. J.L. Enos and Wm. Rounseville were the publishers. The Northwestern Journal of Homeopathy (monthly), George E. Shipman, editor and proprietor, began October, 1848, and ceased publication September, 1852. The Lady's Western Magazine, Chas. L. Wilson, publisher, with B. F. Taylor and Rev. J. S. Hurlbut, editors, began December, 1848, but existed only a few months. 1849. The Chicago Dollar Newspaper, (a literary weekly) J. R. Bull, editor, begun March 17, 1849, died the same year. The Chicago Temperance Battle-Axe was the sanguinary title of a temperance weekly published for a short time this year by Charles J. Sellon and J. J. Driscoll. 1850. The Democratic Argus, established August, 1850, at No. 71 Lake street, had a short career. B. F. Seaton and W. W. Peck were the founders, but MacDonald & Co. appear to have been the publishers a part of the time. The Eclectic Journal of Education and Literary Review (monthly) was started in June, 1850, with C. F. Bartlett, editor. April, 1851, Dr. N. S. Davis assumed the editorship. It lived only a short time. The Commercial Register (weekly) estab- lished by J.F. Ballantyne, afterwards com- mercial editor of the Tribune, had a short existence in 1850. 1852. The Chicago Literary Budget (monthly) commenced January, 1852, by W. W. Danenhower, became a weekly one year later, with B. F. Taylor, editor. In THE PliKSK. 1854, T. Herbert Whipple was associate editor and furnished a number of stories which were printed in book form. It is claimed that the first music ever printed from movable types was set up for this paper. In 1855 it became the Weekly Na- tive American, and was continued until November, 3856, as a "Know Nothing" organ . The Christian Era, Rev. Epaphras Good' win, editor, was published for a shor>-tirne this year. The Western Tablet (a Catholic weekly) begun Feb, 7, 1852, continued three years. The Chicago Daily fixprcss and Commer- cial (a commercial daily) had a short exist- ence from June 11, 1852. The publishers were J. Q. A. Wood and W. J. Patterson. The Weekly Express, J. F. Ballantyne & Co., publishers, founded in 1852, con- tinued about a year. The Daily Times and Citizen (Free Soil) begun some time in 1852 by Z. Eastman, was continued until July, 1853. Frihed's Banneret, the first Norwegian paper in Chicago, began in 1852. After a career of eleven months it was sold to the Slants Zeitung. 1853. Sloan's Garden City, commenced July 23, 1853, as a medium for the publica- tion of advertisements of patent medicines in which the proprietor was interested, was a neat and readable paper. Robert Fergus was the printer in its early history. Homer's Chicago and Western Guide (monthly), commenced in 1853 by \V. B. Horner, appears to have been a sort of fore- runner of the railway guides of the present time. It gave information in reference to steamboat and stage routes in the Northwest, as well as railways. The Youth's Western Banner, a juvenile monthly, begun August, 1853, by Isaac C. Smith and Oliver C. Fordham, continued only a short time. The Christian Banker, commenced Jan. 5, 1853, by Seth Paine, an eccentric banker, issued onlyeight numbers. The bunk broke, the paper went down with it, and the banker went to the insane asylum. The Christian Shoejnaker, by F. V. Pit- ney, was a "burlesque" on the above; like its rival it died soon. The Olive Branch oftho West, Rev. J. R. Balmer, pastor of Salem Baptist church, publisher, had a short history this year. JT-he Chicage Homeopath (monthly), started ut up," by advice of an acquaintance^whom he met on the streets^_oi--the future metropolis, at the luted States Hotel (previously known as "The Sauganash"), kept by Mr. John Murphy, afterwards a local politician of some note. He soon determined to enter upon the study of law with Henry Moore, then a leading lawyer of Chicago, but before a month had elapsed, he had consented to identify himself with the Democrat, as suc- cessor to its publisher, Mr. John Calhoun. His first number was issued November 23, 1836. He was finally induced to purchase the paper, which he did at a cost of $2,800, paying for it in installments in the course of three or four years. At that time Chicago was a straggling village, made up chiefly of clusters of houses near the mouth of the river and about " Wolf Point," at the junction of the "North" and "South Branch." The town had not yet been incorporated by act of the legislature, but during the next winter meetings were held to secure that result, in which Mr. Wentworth took a prominent part. The record says he was secretary of the first political meeting ever held in the old First Ward. The legislature hav- ing passed an act incorporating the city, he assisted to secure the election of W. B Ogden, as its first mayor. He was appointed corporation printer at the first meeting of the new city council, in May, 1837, school inspector in 1838, Aide-de-Camp to Gov. Carlin, in 1839, with the title of Colonel, and in February, 1840, commenced the issue of the Democrat as a daily. Meanwhile, be prosecuted his law studies, and after a brief season spent in attending lectures at Har- vard, was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1843, he was elected for the Chicago Dis- 38 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. trict, one of the seven members from Illi- nois in the XXVIIIth Congress, and re- elected in 1844, 1846 and 1848, but declined a re-election in 1850. He was again elected to Congress in 1852, but was not re-elected until 1864, when he was chosen on the Re- publican ticket. He thus served six terms in Congress a record which has been ex- ceeded by few Congressmen from Illinois, Though a Democrat at the time, he was one of the committee which called the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847, drafting the address sent out to the people on the subject. On the organization of the Republican party, he identified himself and his paper with it, but was a supporter of Greeley in 1872, though he afterward re- turned to the Republican party. He was elected mayor on a fusion ticket in 1857, declined a re-election in 1859, was re-elected in 1860, and officially supervised the enter- tainment given to the Prince of Wales in Chicago that year. While mayor he intro- duced many valuable reforms in the city government. He served as a member of the State constitutional convention of 1862, and was one of the two or three Republi- cans who supported that instrument, though it was rejected by vote of the people. In 1863 he was appointed, by Gov. Yates, one of the police commissioners for the city of Chicago, and in that capacity rendered effi- cient aid in suppressing the intended out- break by rebel prisoners at Camp Douglas, in November, 1864. Just previous to the Democratic national convention of 1864, he replied in a speech of great power and effect, to a peace-argument made by Clem- ent L. Vallandigham to a vast concourse of opponents of the war. la his speech, Mr. Wentworth displayed both courage and skill in turning the points of his adver- sary's arguments. He was a zealous friend of the common school system, serving sev- eral terms as a member of the board of education. As a politician in his younger days, Mr. Wentworth was adroit and not over scrupulous as to the means of accom- plishing desired results, believing that in politics as in war, " all is fair," In his later years he was inspired by a higher ambition and performed many generous and patriotic acts. He was a patron of the Chicago His- torical Society, and furnished many valuable contributions to its archives and to the history of the State. Mr. Wentworth wa s married in 1844 to Miss Roxanna Marie Loomis, of Troy, N. Y., who died Feb. 5, 1870. Five children were born of this union, of whom only Miss Roxauna Atwater Went- worth survives. His later years were devoted to looking after his extensive real estate in- terests and his enormous stock farm of 5,000 acres at Summit, Cook county, in which h e took great pride. He died in Chicago, Octo- ber 16, 1888. His daughter, Miss Roxanna Wentworth, was married, Jan. 27, 1892, to Clarence Bowen, son of the well-known edi- tor of the New York Independent. Among the newspaper men of Chicago, none can claim so varied an experience or so long a service as Col. Joseph K. C. Forrest, now of the Daily Netvs, though his early and long con- tinued connection with the Democrat en- titles him to be grouped with the editors of that paper. Mr. Forrest is descended from a family holding prominent and influential positions in business and political circles in Cork, Ireland, where he was born November 26, 1820. Coming to America before he had reached his twentieth year, he arrived in Chi- cago in July, 1840. During the early years of his residence in Chicago he was associate editor of the Evening Journal and was also a writer on the Gem of the Prairie, the predecessor of the Tribune. On the 10th of July, 1847, in conjunction with others, he assisted in bringing out the first issue of the tribune wiiich he named but selling his interest a few weeks later, on September 27, 1847, he assumed the position of associate editor of the Chicago Democrat, then under the managementof John Wentworth, remain- ing with the latter paper until its consolida- tion with the Tribune in July, 1861. Sub- Jos. K. C. Forrest. THE PRESS. 39 sequently he served as correspondent of the Tribune, St. Louis Democrat and Chicago Times in Washington, Springfield and in the field; was also associated with the Chicago Republican after its establishment in 1865, being one of the original incorporators of that paper. When Mr. Scammon purchased the Republican after the fire of 1871, he was made its managing editor, and continued to hold a position as editorial writer for several years after it became the Inter Ocean. While connected with the Infer Ocean he made Melville E. Stone its city editor, a favor which was returned some years later in his employment by Mr. Stone in an editorial capacity on the Neivs, a position which he continues to hold, the articles under the title, "An Old Timer's Facts and Fancies" being from his pen. In 1846, Mr. Forrest was elected clerk of the recorder's court for Cook county, over Phil. A. Hoyne, and in 1873 was chosen city clerk on the People's Party ticket. His wife, Sarah Paddock (Calhoun) Forrest who still survives is a daughter of Alvin Calhoun, an older brother of John Calhoun, the founder of the Chicago Democrat, She was regarded as a favorite niece of the latter, being one of the three heirs named in his will. Mr. Forrest's facility as a writer has been widely recog- nized, as indicated by his almost continuous employment upon the press of Chicago. During his connection with the Democrat he had the reputation of being able to imitate " Long John's" peculiar style a little more closely even than " Long John " himself. Richard L. Wilson, the first editor and publisher of the Evening Journal now the R L Wilson ^ es ' ; P a P er of consecutive pub- lication in Chicago came to Chicago in 1834, and in connection with his brother, John L., established himself in business. The two brothers were natives of New York State. According to Fergus' "Chicago City Directory" for 1839-40, Richard was at that time a contractor on the canal, while his brother appears to have been employed at the same place, though not a partner. Richard appears to have had con- siderable literary taste, as, after a tour across the plains, he printed, in 1842, a small volume of travel under the title of " A Trip to Santa Fe." This was followed a few years later by " Short Ravelings ofa-Long Yarn " a story of Spanish travel and adventure. In 1844 he\vas-4rrtTuced to undertake the manag&nrent of a new paper to take the plage of the Express, the Whig organ, then about to be suspended. At first he acted as the editor and publisher for a committee of Whig gentlemen, but soon became the owner of the new paper, the first issue of which, under the name of the Chicago Evening Journal, made its appearance under his management, -April 22, 1844. On the 3d of April, 1847, Mr. Wilson suffered a terrible accident in the loss of his left arm torn off at the shoulder, and of the thumb of his right hand, by the premature discharge of a cannon which he was assisting to fire in celebration of the battle of Buena Vista. The story at the time was that the cannon had been raised from the bottom of the river, where it had been thrown on the day of the Fort Dearborn Massacre in 1812. Having labored successfully to secure the election of General Taylor to the presidency, Mr. Wilson was, on the 23d of April, 1849, appointed by "Old Rough and Ready" post- master for the city of Chicago, but held office only until September 25, 1850, when he was removed by Fillmore. His death occurred December, 1856. John L. Wilson, brother of Richard L., and fora time business mana- ger of the Journal, was elected sheriff of Cook county in 1856, and died in Chicago a few years since. Charles L. Wilson, youngest brother of the two preceding, and son of John Quintard and Maria (Lush) Wilson, was born in Fail-field county, Conn., October 10, 1818. The paternal branch of the family was of Scotch and Puritan origin, being descended from John Wilson, who came over in the Mayflower, and was a preacher of some note, being known as the Charles L. Wilson. 40 HISTORY Of CHICAGO. "St. Paul of New England." The mother was of Huguenot blood, the daughter of Dr. Richard Lush, of Albany, N. Y. The father practiced law in New York City for some time in early life, but later moved to Connecticut and became judge of Pairfield county. Removing still later to the State of New York, he was made judge of Albany county, dying there in 1863, one year after the death of his wife. Charles L. received such an education as the common schools and academies of that time afforded, and in 1835, at the age of seventeen, removed to Chicago, entering into the employment, as a clerk of his older brothers already named was also employed for a time in a similar ca- pacity at Joliet. Richard L., having assumed charge of the' Evening Journal in 1844, soon associated his brother Charles with himself in the management, and on the appointment of the former postmaster of the city of Chi- cago, the control of the paper devolved upon the latter. The partnership continued until the death of Richard L., which occurred in December, 1856. Charles L. then became sole proprietor, retaining the bulk of the stock until his death. He was prominent in State politics, first as a Whig, and then ranging himself promptly on the side of the Republican party on its organization. He was a member of the Republican State Con- vention of 1858, and, it is alleged, offered in that convention the resolution which made Mr. Lincoln the candidate of the party for United States Senator that year ; it is also claimed that he was especially instrumental in inducing Mr. Lincoln to challenge Sena- tor Douglas to the series of debates which proved so prominent a feature of that cam- paign. Being a strong personal friend and admirer of Governor Seward, he and his paper were zealous supporters of the nomi- nation of the New York statesman for the presidency in 1860, but after the nomination gave to Mr. Lincoln a cordial support. One of the first appointments under Lincoln's administration was that of Mr. Wilson secre- tary of the American Legation in London, a position which he retained until 1864, when he resigned on account of business demands at home. lie was a sharp paragraphist, but in the later years of his life entrusted the editorial management of the paper to Mr. Shuman, who was his associate for over twenty years. Mr. Wilson was married July, 1869, to Miss Caroline P. Farrar, daughter of Isaac Farrar, of Bangor, Me. Two children Louisa F. and Charles L. were the result of this union, the latter dying in infancy. Having been in ill-health for two years and a half, in the winter or early spring of 1878, accompanied by his wife and daughter, he went to Texas, hoping to derive benefit from that mild climate. His death occurred at San Antonio, Tex., March 9, 1878. Andrew Shuman, for nearly a quarter of a century the leading writer and managing editor of the Chicago Evening Andrew Shuman. Journal> was the gon of j acob and Mary (Whistler) Shuman, born at Manor, Lancaster county,Pa., November 8, 1830. His father having died when the subject of this sketch was only seven years of age, he was adopted by an uncle, who treated and edu- cated him as one of his own family. At the age of fourteen he entered a drug-store at Lancaster as a clerk, but soon abandoned this calling for that of apprentice in the printing office of the Lancaster Union and Sentinel. A year later, his employer having sold out the paper, removed to Auburn, N. Y., where he purchased the Daily Advertiser of that city, known as Governor Seward's "home organ." Young Shuman accompa- nied him, remaining with the Auburn paper two years. At the age of eighteen, during his leisure hours, he edited, published and distributed a small amateur weekly called the Auburnian. His apprenticeship con- cluded, he was associated for about a year and a half with Thurlow W. Brown, a well- known temperance lecturer, in the pub- lication at Auburn of a popular temperance paper, called the Cayuga Chief. This part- nership having been dissolved, he entered THE PRESS. 41 the Liberal Institute at Clinton, N. Y., with a view to a preparatory course of collegiate instruction, and a year later (in the fall of 1851) became a member of the Freshman class in Hamilton College. Here he main- tained a hard struggle between poverty and his desire for an education, working at his trade during his vacations, at Auburn, Syr- acuse and Utica, until having reached his junior year in college (1853), he complied with the earnest desire of friends of Mr. Sevvard that he should assume the editorial management of the Syracuse Daily Journal. He continued in this position nearly three years, when on the invitation of the proprie- tor of the Chicago Evening Journal he ac- cepted an editorial position on that paper, beginning work July, 1856. In 18(51, Mr. Wilson having gone as secretary of legation to London, Mr. Shu man was left in editorial charge, and on the death of Mr. Wilson, in 1878, he succeeded the latter as president of the Journal Company. In 1865, he was appointed by Gov. Oglesby commissioner of the State penitentiary, and three years later (1868) was elected to that position by the vote of the people for a term of six years. Owing to the pressure of editorial duties, he resigned this position after having held it for two years. During his connection with the institution he was instrumental in securing many very important reforms in penitentiary management, la 1876, he was nominated as the Republican candidate for lieutenant-gov- ernor on the same ticket with Gov. Cullom (present United States Senator), and elected by a plurality of 52,197 votes. Mr. Shuman was married at Ovid, N. Y., in 1855, to Miss Lucy H. Dunlap, daughter of Joseph Dun- lap, a farmer of that place. The year after coming to Chicago, he settled at Evanston, where he continued to make his home until his death, which occurred suddenly in the city of Chicago, on the evening of May 5, 1890, as supposed from heart disease, with which he had been afflicted for some time. Owing to declining health, he had in January, 1888, withdrawn from active work upon the paper, but continued president of the Journal Company up to the time of his death. His wife and only daughter (Mrs. Frank M. Elliott) still survive at Evanston. Mr. ShumaH' per- formed considerable literary ^Jabor apart from his editorial dujueefamong them a serial story priatcl in the Journal, and afterwards published in book form, under the title of "The Loves of a Lawyer." He also prepared and delivered before literary, busr ness and scientific associations, a number of lectures and addresses which were received with marked favor. He was a zealous Mason, a stalwart Republican, though conservative in his tastes and methods, of retiring, mod- est demeanor and universally popular among the members of his profession. On the day of his death, the Journal contained an article from his pen on the death of the late Sena- tor Beck, of Kentucky, which had occurred a day or two previous, in which he expressed the following sentiment, which may aptly be applied to himself: " Honesty of purpose, like charity 'cov- ereth a multitude of sins,' and Mr. Beck was not only an honest man, but it may be said with truth that the lives of but few men have so little of sinfulness in them as his had." The Journal of the following day pi'inted a tribute to its deceased editor, of which the following is an extract: " Gov. Shuman * * * was a man of the kindest heart and most generous impulses. He had not an enemy on the face of the earth, for his entire life was one of kindness and good will toward every human being. * * * Yet he had courage and an unbending will. He had a conscience. * * * He was a just man. His opinions , were solidly set because they were founded in enlightened thought and on mature deliberation." John R. Wilson, present publisher of the Evening Journal, is a native of Hornellsville, johnR. N". Y., where he was born April 28, wuson. 1852> Hi8 father> Stephen L. Wilson, was an older brother of the Wilson Brothers, who were founders of the Journal. Coming West about 1856, the elder Wilson founded the village of Rice Lake, Minn., which suf- 43 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. fered terribly from the Indian troubles of 1862-3. Mr. Wilson having raised a com- pany to protect his neighbors and other fron- tier settlers from these depredations, at the close of the Indian war the whole company was transferred to the United States ser- vice in the suppression of the rebellion, and while yet in the army, Mr. Wilson died. The son (John R.) who had been in the em- ployment of his uncles upon the Journal, before he had reached his twentieth year, was admitted to a proprietorship in the paper, becoming one of the stockholders in the Journal Company when first organized as a stock company, which occurred October 10, 1871. He was then elected a director of the company a position he has held contin- uously until the expiration of the charter of the Journal Company, in the fall of 1893. On the reorganization of the company he assumed the position of publisher, which he now holds. William K. Sullivan, late editor-in-chief of the Chicago Evening Journal and for some wiiiiam K. sum- time president of the Journal van - Company, is a native of Water- ford, Ireland, born Nov. 10, 1843. He was educated in the national schools of Ireland, in his youth serving for some time as a pupil teacher in the Waterford Model School. Later he graduated from the Marlborough Street Training School in Dublin, and after- wards taught in Malin, County Donegal. Coming to the United States in 1863, with- out capital, he engaged in teaching in Kane county, 111., but the following year (1864) enlisted as a soldier in the 141st regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving six months. After his discharge from the army he resumed teaching for a time in Kane county, but soon after went to the oil regions in West Virginia, where he took lessons in running a steam engine. Making a brief visit to his native land, on his return he commenced his newspaper career, his first experience being as a reporter on the New York Sun. Again coming West he became attached to the reportorial staff of the Chi- cago Tribune. During his connection with the Tribune he was elected a representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly at the election in 1870. In 1872 he became city editor of the Evening Journal, and on the retirement of Mr. Shuman in January, 1888, succeeded that gentleman as managing editor of the paper and president of the Evening Journal Company. During the earlier period of his connection with the Journal, he served three years as a member of the Chicago Board of Education by ap- pointment of Mayor Colvin, being president of the Board two of these years. He has also been President of the Chicago Press Club. Mr. Sullivan has visited his native country several times, his last visit being made in the summer of 1891. While preparing for this visit he found himself in the condition of a " man without a country." The certificate of naturalization which he had received after the war having been burned in the Chicago fire of 1871, on inquiry with a view to pro- curing a new one, it was discovered that the records of the court in Kane county in which he had been naturalized, had been destroyed by fire also. Upon representation of these facts to the Secretary of State at Washing- ton, that official recognized his claim to be regarded as an American citizen and furnished him with a passport in due form. Mr. Sullivan was married in 1874 to Miss Emma Shackelford, step-daughter of the late Gen. Julius White, of Evanston. On Octo- ber 1, 1891, he retired from the editorship of the Journal, and a few weeks later was appointed by President Harrison United States Consul at Bermuda, departing for consulate in the latter part of December, 1891. The following year he resigned and is now a citizen of Chicago. Col. Elias S. Calkins, for several years lead- ing political writer on the editorial staff of the Chicago Evening Journal, Elias s. Calkins. wag born at R oya iton, Niagara county,N.Y., in 1828. At the age of fifteen he removed with his parents to Milwaukee, where he commenced learning the book- THE PRESS. 43 binder's trade with Messrs. Hale & Chap- man, making use of his spare intervals for study. Abandoning this, he entered upon newspaper work in the office of the Wis- consin Free Democrat in the employment of Sherman M. Booth, whose name became known throughout the nation a few years later in connection with the celebrated Glover fugitive slave case. Leaving the Democrat in May, 1851, Mr. Calkins became local editor of the Milwaukee Commercial Advertiser, then published by Cary & Bounds the latter, S. P. Rounds, after- wards of Chicago and public printer in Washington. During his connection with it, the name of the paper was changed to the News. In December, 1852, he went to Madison as clerk in the office of Dr. Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruc- tion for the State of Wisconsin, remaining until January, 1854, when he was appointed by Beriah Brown, publisher of the Madison Argus and Democrat, assistant editor of that paper. In 1855 he became one of the pro- prietors of the paper, remaining, with two or three changes of partners, until 1861, when, having determined to enter the army, he was offered a commission as Colonel. This he declined, but accepted the position of major of the Third Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, with the late Governor Barstow as colonel. In 1865 he was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy, remaining in the ser- vice until March, 1865. During his connec- tion with the army he participated in the campaign in the southwest, making a good record for bravery and efficiency as a soldier and officer. The war having closed, he returned to journalism as editor of the Capital, at Madison, with the late Geo. Hyer as partner, remaining until 1867. In 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson col- lector of internal revenue for the second Wisconsin district, but failing of confirma- tion in 1867, accepted the position of editor of the St. Paul (Minn.) Pioneer, in which he continued until 1870. Then returning to Milwaukee, he assumed the editorship of n i,. the News, the successor to the second paper with which he had been connected in his early newspaper career. This connection continued until 1876. In December, 1873, in conjunction with C. C. BowsjieWT he started the Milwaukee SundatfTelegraph, but in July following--sOla out his interest to J. A. Watrons. A few months later, having joined Mr. Watrous in purchasing the interest of Bowsfield in the Telegraph, he returned to the latter paper, remaining until 1884, when, having disposed of his interest, he accepted the position, which up to 1892, he held upon the Evening Journal. John' Locke Scripps, one of the leading spirits in achieving that elevation of the standard of Chicago journal- s. ism which began to be mani . fest about 1850, was the first among that group of able men who gave to the Chicago Tribune its national reputation, to succumb a few years later to the arch enemy, death. He was born near Cape Girardeau, in Jack- son county, Mo., Feb. 27, 1818. While in his youth his parents removed to Rushville, 111. He received a collegiate education, gradua- ting with honor at McKendree College, Lebanon, 111., where he afterwards occupied a position as professor or tutor of mathemat- ics for a short time. Having studied law, he came to Chicago in 1847 with the design of engaging in the practice of his profession, but in the following year was induced to purchase a third interest in the Chicago Tribune, which had been established dur- ing the preceding year. In the political campaign of 1848 the Tribune supported Martin Van Buren for president on the Free-Soil platform. Mr. Scripps was the principal writer and editorial manager of the paper, and devoted much attention to the discussion of the financial and commer- cial interests of the Northwest, thereby giv- ing to the paper a wide popularity among business men. In connection with W. B. Ogden and John B. Turner he canvassed northern Illinois in the interest of the Chicago &. Galena railroad and aided ma- 44 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. terially in securing the success of that enterprise. At this time the controlling in- terest of the Tribune was in the hands of members of the Whig party. Mr. Scripps being a Democrat with Free-soil proclivities, in June, 1852, disposed of his interest in the paper to parties in sympathy with the principles of the Whig party, and in Sep- tember following, in conjunction with the late Gov. Bross, commenced the publication of the Daily Democratic Press. In the early part of its career this paper gave an earnest support to Senator Douglas, but on the passage of his bill repealing the Missouri Compromise, it took ground in op- position to that measure and its advocates, and in the campaign of 1856 was a zealous supporter of the Republican candidates for State and National offices. The political posi- tion of the Tribune and the Democratic Press having thus become identical, the two papers were united in the latter part of the year 1856, Mr. Scripps retaining his proportionate interest in the consolidated concern. The services rendered by the paper and Mr. Scripps were recognized by his appointment, early in 1801, to the position of postmaster of the city of Chicago. During the war he gave a vigorous support to the president's war policy, with his own means organizing and equipping company C of the Seventy- second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Scripps Guards." After retiring from the post-office in 1865, he disposed of his interest in the Tribune, and arranged to engage in the banking business, as the senior member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. Almost immediately after this he was seized with a sudden and dangerous attack of pneumonia, from which he had only partially recovered, when a new and overwhelming affliction befell him. His wife, Mrs. Mary E. Scripps, a woman of rare gifts and graces, to whom he was most devotedly attached, while dispensing hospitality among a circle of her friends, on New Year's Day of 1866, fell dead from disease of the heart. The blow caused a relapse, from which his recovery for a time seemed doubtful. He rallied sufficiently during the next few months to undertake a visit to Minneapolis, hoping to receive benefit from the invigorat- ing climate of that latitude. His friends were shocked, a few days later, however, by receiving intelligence of his death, which occurred at Minneapolis, September 21, 1866. His father was a prominent and influential member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the son had been educated in the faith of that denomination, which he openly em- braced in his last illness. Dr. Charles H. Ray, the co-laborer and associate of Mr. Scripps in editorial service Charles ^ or man y years, was a native of H. Kay. j,f ew York, born at Norwich, Che- uango county, in that State, March 12, 182 L. At the age of twenty-two, (1843), he came West, and having studied medicine, commenced the practice of his profession at Muscatine, la., but he subsequently, removed to Tazewell county, 111., where he continued in practice for several years. It was probably before his removal to Taze- well county, that he seems to have been a citizen of Springfield for a short time, as his name appears in connection with that of T. S. Fairchild, a noted temperance lecturer, as editor of the Illinois Wasliingtonian, a temperance paper established in that city in March, 1845. During his residence in Taze- well county, he was married to Miss Jane Yates Per-Lee.a most estimable lady, who died in Chicago in the year 1862, leaving one daughter and three sons. In 1851, Dr. Ray removed to Galena, and soon after became associated in the publication of the Galena Jeffersonian, a leading Democratic paper of that portion of the State. On the introduc- tion of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in Con- gress, he at once took strong ground against that measure, and his powerful articles on the subject attracted attention to their author beyond the boundaries of the State. A difference of opinion with his associates led^ to his retirement from the Jeffersonian and the next winter (1854-5), was spent at THE PRESS. 45 Springfield as secretary of the State Senate. This was the session at which Lyman Trum- btill was elected to the United States Senate for the first time, and Dr. Ray being a Democrat, was naturally a friend of the successful candidate. During this session, he acted as the Springfield correspondent of the New York Tribune, and his able letters on current political questions served still further to extend his reputation. After the adjournment of the Legislature, he came to Chicago with the intention of establishing a penny Republican paper, but almost imme- diately found temporary employment as a writer upon the Tribune, then under the management of Henry Fowler & Co. A let- ter of introduction from Mr. Greeley was the means of making him acquainted with Mr. Medill, who was then contemplating removal from Cleveland with a view to iden- tifying himself with the Chicago press, and an interview resulted in a determination to unite in the purchase of an interest in the Tribune. This plan was carried out on the part of Dr. Ray in September following, when he became part proprietor and editor of the paper. During his connection with the Tribune, the vigorous logic and tren- chant style of his political articles won for him a wide reputation and greatly increased the popularity of the paper. In November, 1863, he sold out his interest in the Tribune and engaged for a time in prospecting for oil in Canada, which proved disastrous pecun- iarily. Returning to Chicago in May, 1865, he again became associated with the Tribune as an editorial writer, but soon after engaged in other business. About the beginning of 1868, he accepted the position of managing editor of the Chicago Evening Post, which he continued to fill until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. Dr. Ray's characteristics as a writer have already been hinted at. He was earn- est, able, direct and logical, and while he seldom failed to carry his unprejudiced read- ers with him, he covered his opponents with confusion by the vigor of his attack. Dur- ing the period of his connection with the Samuel J. Medill Chicago press, no man did more to give to it the commanding position it has since maintained, nor did any one exert a more potential influence upon the public mind. Samuel J. Medill, for over eight managing editor of the Ghisagfr was borjMiTStark county, 0., November 10, 1841. Receiving such education as the public schools afforded, before he had attained his eleventh year he entered the office of his brother at Coshocton, 0., to learn the printing business. In May, 1852, he joined his brother at Cleve- land, 0., where the latter had started the Daily forest City. Here and in the office of the Cleveland Leader, its successor, he remained until the sale of the latter in the spring of 1856. The next three years were spent with his mother at Canton, 0., where he attended the high school. Coming to Chicago in the spring of 1859, he at first entered the office of the Prairie Farmer, but a year or so later, was employed in the Tribune job office. Later he filled the posi- tion of stationer for the Illinois Central rail- road. The war coming on, he attempted to enlist in the Chicago Board of Trade battery, but was rejected on account of his youth. In September, 1862, he succeeded in securing his acceptance as a member of the Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, under Col. Farnsworth. Being of slender constitu- tion, after seeing some service on the Poto- mac, he was discharged on account of sick- ness, in November of the same year. Re- turning to Chicago he spent a year in Beloit College and in 1864 became a reporter on the Tribune. In the summer of 1866 he accepted the position of assistant city editor, and afterwards that of city editor, on the Chicago Republican, retiring in the fall of 1867. A few months later he became the city editor of the Tribune, remainftig until 1873, when he was detailed as Washington correspondent of that paper. Returning to Chicago in June, 1874, lie spent some months as traveling correspondent in the West, and on his return from this mission, his brother, 46 HISTORY OF CHICAGO James W. Shcahan. who had succeeded in obtaining control of the Tribune, assigned him to duty as man- aging editor. This position he continued to fill until his death. He was married Jan- uary 14, 1880, to Miss Nellie M. Carson, daughter of the late John B. Carson, then of Quincy, 111. He was president of the Chicago Press Club for the year 1882. His death, resulting from consumption, occurred at Quincy, February 20, 1883. James W. Sheahan, for nearly thirty years a leading editorial writer on the Chicago press, was born of Irish parents at Baltimore, Md., receiving his education at the Jesuit school at Frederick in that State. A considerable portion of his early life was spent as a congressional re- porter in Washington, and in 1847, he came to Illinois to report the proceedings of the second Illinois State Constitutional Conven- tion, held at Springfield that year. During this visit, or while acting as a reporter of the proceedings in Congress, of which Mr. Douglas was then a member, Mr. Sheahan made the acquaintance of that rising Illinois statesman, and it was chiefly through Mr. Douglas' influence that he was induced to accept the position of editor of his (Douglas') principal organ in Illinois. In the summer of 1854, he came to Chicago by invitation of Messrs. Cook, Cameron & Patterson, who had obtained control of the Chicago Courant, an independent daily paper established the pre- ceding year, and which they had changed to the Young America, intending to make it a representative of Douglas' political interests. One of Mr. Sheahan's first acts was to induce the proprietors to discard the name " Young America," and on the 20th of August, 1854, the first issue of the Chicago Times made its appearance under his editorial manage- ment. He also soon became part owner of the paper. In 185fi, Cook, who had dis- agreed with his associates on some questions affecting the policy of the paper, retired, leaving Sheahan and Cameron in charge. The latter soon after retired, being succeeded by William Price. During the controversy between the Douglas and Buchanan wings of the Democratic party, which grew out of the breach concerning the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas, the Times, under Mr. Sheahan's management, was Senator Douglas' most vigorous champion. In the fall of I860, the Times was sold to Cyrus H. McCormick, and consolidated with the Herald, the Buchanan-Breckenridge organ. Mr. Sheahan, in conjunction with Francis A. Eastman and Andre Matteson, both of whom had been connected with the Times the former as editorial writer, and the latter as city editor immediately took steps for the establishment of the Morning Post, the first number making its appearance Decem- ber 25, 1860. During the war, Mr. Sheahan gave to the government a conservative but judicious support in its measures for the suppression of the rebellion, and did much to keep the " War Democrats" in line. He was selected as a member of the committee on resolutions, by the first Union meeting held in the city of Chicago, after the pre- tended secession of South Carolina, for the purpose of denouncing the scheme of seces- sion. The publication of a Democratic paper of the stamp of the Post was not profitable, and notwithstanding the acknowl- edged ability of its editorials, the maintenance of the paper required a constant struggle. In May, 18C5, the Post was sold to the projectors of the Chicago Republican, and after a few months spent in the service of the latter, Mr. Sheahan, in the early part of 1866, joined the staff of the Tribune, re- maining until his death, which occurred June 17, 1883. Mr. Sheahan's ability as a writer was widely recognized, and during most of his connection with the Tribtme he was a leading political writer. He had an extensive and intimate knowledge of political and general history, and, when he chose, could display a keen and biting sarcasm in the use of his pen. For general editorial work, where a wide and accurate knowledge of political and historical facts was needed, he had few equals and no superiors, Mr. '" THE PRESS. Alfred Cowles. Sheahan was a member of the Chicago Board of Education for five years, from 1859 to 1863, inclusive. Though an indomitable worker, he still found time for considerable literary labor in addition to his editorial duties. The most important of these were a " Life of Stephen A. Douglas," written for the campaign of 1860, and " Chicago ; Its Past, Present and Future," prepared in col- laboration with Mr. George P. Upton after the fire of 1871, and in description of that event and its results. Alfred Cowles, the successful business manager of the Chicago Tribune for a period of over thirty years, was born at Mantua, Portage county, 0., May 13, 1832, and died in Chicago, December 20, 1889. His early life was spent on a farm, and after receiving such a course of in- struction as could be secured in the public schools, he spent some time as a student in Michigan University at Ann Arbor. With- out completing his course, however, at the age of 19, he left the University to take a position as clerk in the office of the Cleve- land Leader, then under the management of Joseph Medill, with whom he afterwards became associated upon the Tribune. The purchase of the latter paper having been effected in the summer of 1855, Mr. Cowles accepted a position as clerk in the office and soon acquired an interest, becoming business manager. On the organization of the Tribune Company, he was elected treasurer, holding the position, which included that of business manager, until his death. Whatever success the paper achieved as a business enterprise and that was of the most con- spicuous character is acknowledged by his associates to have been largely due to Mr. Cowles' careful and sagacious business man- agement. He was married in 1860 to Miss Sarah F. Hutchinson, daughter of Hon. Mosely Hntchiuson, of Cayuga, N. Y., who died in 1884, leaving two sons and a daugh- ter. Her death was a severe blow to Mr. Cowles, from which he never recovered. His death was the result of a sudden attack of apoplexy, on the evening of December 19, 1889, his death occurring the 20th. William Bross, one of the founders of the Democratic Press and a proprietors^ the- Chicago Tribune after the con- William Brcss. , ., .. ,. ,, /. sohdation of the/ two papers, was a native of Port Jervis, N/ Y., where he was born November 4, 1813. During his boyhood, his family moved to Milford, Pa. After receiving an academical education there, he entered W T illiarns College, Mass., in 1834, graduating four years later. He then spent several years teaching. In May, 1848, he came to Chicago, and soon after entered into partnership with S. C. Griggs in the book and stationery business, under the name of Griggs, Bross & Co. This lasted about a year, when he was associated with Rev. J. A. Wright in the publication of a religious paper, the Prairie Herald. Selling out this, in September, 1852, he joined the late John L. Scripps in founding the Democratic Press, which having been united with the Tribune in 1858, he became a stockholder and one of the editors of the latter. Originally a Demo- crat, Mr. Bross became azealousEepublican,on the coming up of those questions which led to the organization of that party. He was in full sympathy with the radical position of the Tribune in 1856 and 1860, and after the beginning of the war, was active in promot- ing the organization of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Colored Volunteers, of which his brother, John A. Bross killed at Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864 was the commander. He aided efficiently in the means taken to un- earth and check the rebel conspiracy at Camp Douglas in November, 1864. He was elected lieutenant-governor on the Republican ticket with Gov. Oglesby, 1864, and as presi- dent of the senate, had the privilege of being the first to affix his name to the resolution of the Illinois legislature ratifying the amend- ment of the national constitution abolishing slavery throughout the United States. The Illinois " black-laws," were also repealed during his incumbency in office. In 1868, in company with Schuyler Colfax and Samuel 48 tilSTORY OF CHICAGO. Bowles of the Springfield (Mass.) Republican, he made an overland trip to the Pacific coast, which he reported in letters to the Tribune. After the great fire of 1871, he made a visit to New York, and in an address before the chamber of commerce, gave to the business men of that city an intelligent statement of the great disaster, which assisted to secure aid for the stricken people of Chi- cago. He served as vice-president of the Chicago Academy of Sciences from 1876 to 1881, and as president in 1882. Besides acting as president of the Tribune Company, for several years up to his dath, he was identified at different times with other busi- ness corporations. Gov. Bross was married in 1839 to the only daughter of Dr. John T. Jansen, of Goshen, N. Y., and sister of E. L. Jansen, former senior member of the exten- sive book and stationery firm of Jansen, McClurg & Co. His later years were spent in looking after his property interests with frequent trips of travel and occasional jour- nalistic labor. His death occurred at his home in the " Beaurivage Flats," in Chicago, on the evening of January 27, 1890 the re- sult of a stubborn attack of diabetes in his 77th year. Joseph Medill is the sole survivor of that little group of able men whose accession to the management of the Chicago Joseph Media. Tr ifr une> i n 1855, opened up a new era in Chicago journalism, and pre- pared the way for that revolution in methods and principles which has shown such remarkable results within the past thirty- five years. He was born April 6, 1823, near St. Johns, N. B., where his par- ents had settled on coming to America from Ireland, in 1819. About 1832 his family re- moved to Stark county, 0., where he resided twenty-three years, his boyhood being spent chiefly on a farm near Massilon. Here he acquired an academic education, taught at times, and after he had reached his ma- turity engaged in the study of law, first with Hiram Griswold and afterwards with Sey- mour Belden. Having been admitted to the bar in November, 1846, he began prac- tice at New Philadelphia as the partner of Geo. W. Mcllvaine, since Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of that State. The part- nership having been dissolved in 1849, he soon afterwards established the Coshocton Republican, a Free-soil Whig paper. This was sold out in the winter of 1851-2, when he went to Cleveland and founded the Daily Forest City. In 1852 the latter paper was united with the Cleveland Free Democrat then under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, out of which grew the Cleveland Leader, now the leading paper of that city. During the winter of 1854-5 he sold his interest in the Leader, and coming to Chi- cago a few months later, purchased an interest in the Tribune, in which he was soon after joined by Vaughan and Dr. C. H. Ray. The growth of the paper under the new combination was rapid, and it soon devel- oped into the most influential organ of pub- lic opinion in the Northwest. This result was accelerated by the consolidation of the Tribune and Democratic Press in 1858. In the early years of his connection with the paper,Mr. Medill acted as business manager, besides performing editorial service. Of course he gave a vigorous support to Mr.Lin- coln for the senate in 1858 and again for the presidency in 1860. After the war began, he was individually active in inducing the gover- nors of Minnesota and' Wisconsin to call the legislatures of those States together in special session, for the purpose of enacting laws authorizing the soldiers to cast their votes in the field for president, State officers and members of Congress. This step went far to secure the election of Mr.Lincoln and a Re- publican Congress in 1864. He was also active in the organization of the Union League of America, which proved so powerful an aid in upholding the hands of the govern- ment and advancing the measures required for the success of the Union arms. Owing to differences of opinion between himself and Horace White, who held a controlling interest in the Tribune between 1866 and THE PRESS. 49 1874, Mr. Medill practically retired from all connection with the management of the paper during the most of this period. He was elected to the State Constitutional Con- vention in 1869, and was chiefly responsible for the section in the constitution of 1870, providing for " minority representation," and also exerted a strong influence in framing the provisions relating to municipal and business corporations. He wasappointed by President Grant, in 1871, a member of the first civil service commission, and at the municipal election in November of that year; a few weeks after the great fire, he was elected mayor of the city of Chicago on the "Union Fire-Proof ticket " by a majority of over 11,000 in a total of 24,000 votes. The con- dition of the city finances, consequent upon the fire, made the situation one of great diffi- culty, yet he succeeded in administering the duties of the office in such a manner as to command general approval. During his term of office, the free library, which has become the pride of Chicago, was estab- lished, and Mr. Medill, in his capacity as mayor, had the honor of delivering the address at its formal opening, January 1, 1873. In September, 1873, near the close of his term of office, he made an extended tour of Europe,wliich was protracted forabout a year. Almost simultaneously with his return, he secured a controlling interest in the Tribune and immediately resumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he has retained ever since. The growth of the Tribune, since his connection with it began, is indicated by the statement that the circulation of all editions of the paper on the first of July, 1855 a few weeks after he took charge of it amounted to less than 2,500, of which 1,440 was of the daily edition and about 1,000 of the weekly. On resuming editorial charge of the paper after his return from Europe in 1874, in the issne of Nov. 9th of that year, Mr. Medill said: "The Tribune hereafter will be, as it formerly was under my direction, an independent Republican journal. It will be the organ of no man however high ; no clique or ring however influential ; or faction however fanatical_or_ demonstrative. . . . Looking at tl;e individ- ual composition of the two pafties .... and at their respective records/and underly- ing principles, I cannot hesitate to give the decided preference to the Republican party. Hence the Tribune will be conducted as a Republican journal." Mr. Medill has lived to see the paper which he reorganized and with which he has been identified for over thirty-five years, acquire an influence and a degree of business prosperity enjoyed by no paper on this continent at the time his journalistic career in Chicago began. By right of seniority in years and length of pro- fessional services on the same paper, he is conceded by common consent the title of " Nestor of the Illinois Press." George P. Upton, editorial writer and for many years musical and dramatic critic of the Chicago Tribune, is a native of Roxbury, Mass., born October, 25, 1834. He was educated at Brown University, graduating in 1854 with the honors of " class poet," and almost im- mediately entered upon a literary career as contributor to several popular periodicals of the time. Coining to Chicago in 1855, he commenced journalistic work, first as re- porter upon the Daily Native American, owned by Simon B. Buckner, afterwards the Confederate general of Kentucky who surrendered to Gen. Grant at Fort Donel- son in 1862. The American having died in 1856, Mr. Upton became connected with the Evening Journal, and in 1861 took charge of the local columns of the Tribune. The next year he went to the field as war correspondent, in that capacity furnishing the accounts of the capture of Columbus, Ky., New Madrid, Island No. 10 and Fort Pillow, but being compelled by ill health to return home, he became night editor of the Tribune. He enjoys the reputation of being one of the best posted writers on musical George P. Upton. 50 UISTOIlT OF CHICAGO. Elias Colbert. and dramatic topics connected with the Chicago press. In addition to his work upon the daily press, he has been an industrious writer in other fields. His published works comprise the Letters of " Peregrine Pickle " (originally contributed to the Tribune; "Chicago: Its Past, Present and Future," written after the fire in collaboration with Mr. Sheahan; translations of the lives of several eminent composers, and other works on musical and dramatic topics. He was married in 1863 to Miss Sarah E. Bliss, of Chicago, (who died in 1876), and again, in 1881, to Miss Genevieve S. Ward. He is at present vice-president of the Tribune Com- pany, and ranks as one of the veterans of the Chicago newspaper press. Elias Colbert, for many years city and af- terwards commercial editor, now editorial writer on the Tribune, was born in Birmingham, Eng., and immi- grated to the United States in 1857. Coming to Chicago, he commenced work as a reporter on the Daily News, a family paper started by "Father" Dutch, which soon suspended. Then, in partnership with George Buck- ley, with whom he had studied phonography in England, he assisted in the establishment of the Northwestern Phonographic Institute, which was discontinued in 1862. His next service was as a reporter on the Times, but in 1863 he accepted a similar position on the Tribune, which, in 1866, was exchanged for that of commercial editor. The annual re- views of the trade and commerce of Chicago, which have been so prominent a feature of that paper, were for many years prepared under Mr. Colbert's direction. An accom- plished and reliable statistician, thorough ness and accuracy have been prominent fea- tures of his work. He has been an enthusi- astic student of astronomy, and for many years had charge of the observatory connected with the old Chicago University, while con- tinuing his labors upon the Tribune. He published a brief history of Chicago, and wrote the greater part of "Chicago and the Great Conflagration," in co-operation with Everett Chamberlin, besides several works on astronomical subjects; furnished several papers for the New American Cyclopaedia, including the article on Chicago (edition of 1873), has been a writer for the magazines, etc. Mr. Colbert's life has been a laborious one, and a pains-taking care and conscienti- ous devotion to duty have been among his prominent characteristics. A stockholder in the Tribune Company, he enjoys in part the profits of the paper for which he has labored so assiduously. Eobert W. Patterson, Jr., present secretary and treasurer of the Tribune Company, is a Robert w native of the city of Chicago, Patterson, jr. born N OV- 30, 1850. He is the son of Eev. R. W. Patterson, D. D., for so many years pastor of the Second Presby- terian church, and one of the best known of the early Chicago ministers now of Evans- ton. Mr. Patterson was educated at Wil- liams College, Mass., graduating in the class of 1871 ; spent some time in the study of law, and between March, 1872, and September, 1873, was connected with the Interior, the organ of the Presbyterian church. Retiring from the Interior, he accepted a position upon the Tribune, first as telegraph editor, but has filled successively those of night editor, news editor, literary editor, dramatic critic, general editorial writer, Washington correspondent, and managing editor, until now, as secretary and treasurer of the Trib- une Company, he fills the post of business manager, with general supervision of the paper and its business affairs. Mr. Patterson is son-in-law of Mr. Medill, from whose shoulders he is gradually receiving the in- creasing burden of responsibility in the management of a great newspaper. Lorenz Brentano, successor of Mr. George Schneider in the editorship of the Chicago Ktaats Zeitung, on the appointment of the latter to the United States consulship at Elsinore, Denmark, in 1861, was born in Lorenz Brentano. 'HWA L SKETCHES. 51 Manhcim, Germany, November 4, 1813; studied law at Heidelberg; engaged in prac- tice in his native town ; was twice elected its mayor, the government on each occasion refusing to allow him to serve. In 1848 he was elected to the Parliament at Frankfort; became a liberal leader, and in the gover- inental crisis which followed, was chosen president of the Provisional Government of Baden, and later on, dictator. On the return of the monarchists to power he fled to Switzerland, and was sentenced to death in his absence. In 1849 he came to America, and the following year was engaged in the publication of the Democratic Zeitung, at Pottsville, Pa., which proved unsuccessful. lie then went to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he remained until 1860, when he became managing editor of the Illinois Staats Zei- tung, under Mr. George Schneider. The following year he secured an interest in the paper, which was increased a year later by the purchase of Mr. Schneider's interest, and he then became editor-in-chief of the paper. In 1862 he was elected a representa- tive in the Illinois Legislature, serving in the session of 1863 ; he was also a member of the Board of Education of the city of Chicago and its president for several years. Having sold his interest in the Staats Zei- tung to Mr. Hesing, his partner, in 1867, he established the Volks Zeitung, but aban- doned it a year later. Having been granted amnesty by the German Government, he visited Europe in 1869, remaining until 1872, when on his return he was appointed Consul at Dresden by President Grant. Returning to Chicago in 1876, he was elected to the Forty-fifth Congress, but failed of a renomination two years later. His latter years were spent in retirement, much of the time in feeble health, though he continued to write for some of the leading German magazines. His death occurred in Chicago, September 17, 1891. Besides a widow, he left two daughters and a son the latter being Judge Theodore Brentano, of the Superior Court. Horace White, for some nine years editor- in-chief of the Chicago Tribune, was born in Colbrook, Coos county.. Horace White. TT . ~ -ino* H., August 10, 1834-/ His father, who was a prominent physician, made the journey in a one-horse sleigh, ii^ the win- ter of 1836-7, to Wisconsin Territory, where, having selected the site of the present city of Beloit as the location for a New England colony, he removed thither in the following summer. In 1849 (his father having died in 1843 and his mother re-married three years later), Horace entered Beloit College as a student graduating in 1853 with honors. The same year he commenced newspaper work as city editor of the Chicago Evening Journal, but in 1855, having been appointed agent of the Associated Press, lie retired. In 1856 he acted as assistant secretary of the Kansas National Committee, which had its headquarters in Chicago, retaining this posi- tion until 1857, when he became associated with the Tribune as an editorial writer. Between 1860 and 1864 he served as secretary of the Republican State Central Committee, and also acted, during a part of this time, as special correspondent of the Tribune in Washington, and as secretary of the House Committee on Ways and Means. In 1864 he purchased an interest in the Tribune, and a year or so later, assumed the position of editor-in-chief, remaining until October, 1874, when he gave place to Hon. Jos. Me- dill. The influence which he, in conjunc- tion with Whitelaw Reid of the New York Tribune and Murat Halstead of the Cincin- nati Commercial, exerted in current politics during the campaign of 1872, secured for them the title of "the triumvirate." In the interval between his editorial labors, he translated Bastiat's "Sophismes Economi- ques," and one or two other works on politi- cal economy, thus laying the foundation for the free-trade doctrines which he has so zeal- ously inculcated. After retiring from the Tribune, he made a protracted tour in Europe, and on his return united with Carl Schurz and Mr. Godkin of the Nation in 52 ITKTORT Of CHICAGO. Herman Raster. the purchase and re-organization of the New York Evening Post, with which he still re- mains associated. Herman Raster, for nearly a quarter of a century editor-in-chief of the Illinois Slants Zeitung, and universally recognized as one of the strongest writers on the German press in the West, was a native of Dessau, Germany, born about sixty-seven years ago. After receiving a technical education followed by a course in languages and journalism at Berlin and Leipsic, he became a reporter in the "Rump Parliament" at Ehrfurt, in 1848. Coming to America in 1851, one re- port says he found his first employment as a journalist on the Buffalo (N. Y.) Democrat, while another states that he earned his first money as a laborer in chopping wood near Buffalo. At all events, he seems to have enlisted early in the cause of free -labor, as in 1852, we find him editor of the New Yorker Abend Zeitung which, under his management, became one of the most in- fluential Republican organs in the East. He appears to have remained there until 1867, when Mr. Hesing having secured control of the Staats Zeitung, he was invited to take the place of editor-in-chief just vacated by Mr. Brentano, and this position he con- tinued to fill until June, 1890, when he went abroad for the benefit of his health. During the war, in addition to his editorial labors, he was the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and one or two other cities in Central Europe. He was also the writer of several articles for Appleton's Cyclopedia. He was a zealous supporter of Republican principles for many years, serving in both State and national conventions of that party, besides receiving the appointment of collector of internal revenue from President Grant, in 18G9. He was also appointed a member of the first Public Library Board of the city of Chicago during the administration of Mayor Medill. While the Staats Zeitung has more fre- A. C. Hesing. quently co-operated with the Democratic party than the Republican, of late years, especially on questions connected with " sumptuary " legislation and " personal rights" (so-called), Mr. Raster's editorials have generally been characterized by a degree of independence which absolved him from the charge of blind partisanship. His death occurred at Dresden, Germany, July 24, 1891, his remains arriving in Chicago for burial two weeks later. As a writer Mr. Raster was direct, vigorous and aggressive, and he was thoroughly devoted to what he believed to be the rights of his German fellow-citizens. Antone C. Hesing, for nearly thirty years identified with the Illinois Staats Zeitung, and for a considerable portion of that time sole proprietor, was born at Vechta, in the Grand Duchy of Old- enburg, Prussia, in 1823. At the age of fifteen he had lost both parents, and was compelled to fight the battle of life alone. He was apprenticed to the trade of a baker and brewer, but at the age of seventeen he obtained from a harsh guardian enough of a patrimony of 1,000 thalers, to which he was entitled, to pay his passage to America, arriving at Baltimore with $5.00 in his pocket. On reaching Cincinnati he was $5.00 in debt, but soon obtained employ- ment in a grocery store, where he remained two years. He then (1842) opened an estab- lishment of his own, in which he continued until 1848, when he sold out and erected a hotel at the corner of Rose and Court streets. In the meantime (1847), he visited his native country, and while there was married to Miss Louisa Lamping. Having sold his hotel in 1854, he came to Chicago and em- barked in the brick manufacturing business with Mr. Charles P. Dole, but failed during the crash of 1857. Jn 1860 he was elected sheriff of Cook county on the Republican ticket, serving two years. In 1862 he pur- chased Mr. Hoeffgen's interest in the Staats Zeitung, assuming the business man- THE PRESS. iigement, and in 1807 became sole proprietor by the purchase of the interest of Lorenz Brentano. Ketaining control until after the fire of 1871, his son, Washington Hesing, was admitted to joint proprietorship and general management of the affairs of the paper. Washington Hesing, present managing editor of the Staats Zeitung, is the son of A. C. and Louisa (Lam- ' sinf? ping) Hesing, born in the city of Cincinnati, May 14, 1849. His early boyhood was spent in the schools of that city and Chicago until 1861, when he made a visit to Europe. Returning he entered the University of St. Mary's of the Lako, remaining till July, 18C3. Then, having spent a year in the Chicago Univer- sity, he fitted for Yale College, was admitted in 1866, graduating, with the degree of A. B., in the class of 1870. He then went to Europe, and spent a year in the study of international law, political economy, German literature, etc., and attended lectures at Berlin and Heidelberg. The Chicago fire of 1871 having destroyed his father's office, he promptly returned home, and on the 21st of November commenced work upon the paper. Soon after his return from Europe he was appointed a member of the Board of Educa- tion for the city of Chicago, but declined a re-appointment at the close of his term. While a member of the Board he advocated grading the system of German instruction, which was adopted. In 1872, at the age of twenty-three, he entered actively into poli- tics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant for the presidency. He is a member of the Catholic church, and in 1873 was elected president of the United Catholic Library Association, and in 1880 was chosen a member of the Cook County Board of Education. He was mar- ried, a few years since, to Miss Henrietta C. Weir, of Boston, Mass. In December, 1893, Mr. Hesing was appointed, by President Cleveland, Postmaster of the city of Chi- cago. Wllhelm Rapp. Wilhelm Rapp, present editor-in-chief of the Illinois Staats Zeitung, was born at Lindau, Bavaria, July 14, 1828-. The son of a clergy man,/ he studied theology at Tubingen, but at the age of 20 took part in the revolutionary movement of 1848-9. After the downfall of the insurrection in Baden, having been captured while attempting to escape into Swit- zerland, he suffered one year's imprisonment at Coberg, when he went to Switzerland and engaged in teaching for a time. In 1851, he came to America and soon after entered the profession of journalism. From 1853 to 1856 he was editor of the Turn-Zeitung, and in 1857 he assumed the editorship of the Bal- timore Wfcker, a zealous Republican paper. His office having been destroyed by a pro- slavery mob at the beginning of the war of the rebelion, he was compelled to flee for his life. Coining to Chicago, he served for five years as editor of the Illinois Staats Zeitung, but in 1868 returned to the Wecker. In 1872, he resumed his place upon the staff of the Staats Zeitung, which he has since retained, after the death of Mr. Raster, becoming editor-in-chief. During the early part of his connection with the Staats Zeitung he took a prominent part in the building up of the Republican party among his German fellow-citizens. He has also been zealously devoted to upholding the German idea as to morals, personal liberty and government, and his vigorous editorials undoubtedly exercised a strong influence upon the Ger- mans of Illinois and Wisconsin in determin- ing their course upon the school question in 1890. Dr. William Wye (Dr. Wilhelm Wye von Wymetal) is the son of a high financial functionary of the Austrian William Wye. /~, u TT- Government, born in Vienna, Dec. 25, 1839 ; studied jurisprudence, his- tory, the liberal arts, aesthetics and litera- ture at the Vienna University, and was cus- todian of the Imperial Library at Vienna for several years. In 1861 he went to Venice ; in 1867 visited France, England, HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Belgium and Holland and, again in 1870, Paris, London and Berlin, with a view to the the study of art collections in those coun- tries. He then resided five years in Italy, finally adopting literature and correspond- ence for the press. In 1880 he went to Paris as the correspondent of the Berliner Tage- blatt, but in 1882 came to the United States, remaining until 1889, when he returned to Berlin filling the position for a time of art critic upon the TageUatt. Keturning to America in 1891 as correspondent of the Cologne Gazette, in the fall of the same year he accepted the position of editorial writer upon the Stoats Zietung. Aside from his editorial labors he has produced the follow- ing works : " My Diary in the Trial Son- zogna ; " " Promenades in Naples ; " " May- Days in Ober-Ammergau " (1880); "New Studies in Ober-Ammergau," etc. Emil Mannhardt, associate editor of the Staats Zeitung and manager of its Sunday Emii edition (Des Westens) is a native Mannhardt. o f Dantzic, Germany, born Feb. 22, 1841, son of Kev. Jacob Mannhardt, a Lutheran clergyman. Having received a liberal education, he came to America in 1865, and entered upon newspaper work as a reporter upon the Philadelphia Demokrat in 1869. The latter year he became city editor of the Baltimore Wecker, remaining until 1872, when he became connected with the Staats Zeitung, serving as city editor from 1876 to 1881. He then became editor of Des Westens and after Mr. Easter's departure for Europe, has been associated with the staff of the daily edition also. One of the most remarkable men ever con- nected with the Chicago press was Wilbur F. w F Storey, for over twenty years the principal proprietor and control- ling spirit of the Chicago Times. Storey was a native of Vermont, born at Salisbury in that State, December 19, 1819. His boy- hood was spent on a farm until he had reached the age of twelve years, when he entered the office of the Middlebury (Vt.) Press to learn the printer's trade. At the age of seventeen he went to New York, spending a year and a half working chiefly in the office of the old Journal of Commerce. He then migrated to La Porte, Ind., where, in conjunction with Edward Hannegan,after- wards a United States Senator from Indiana, he started a Democratic paper called the Herald. This proved a financial failure, and in the course of a year or so the partnership was dissolved. His next venture was the Tocsin, a Democratic paper at Mishawaka, Ind., with which he remained eighteen months, when he went to Jackson, Mich., where he had a brother-in-law, a Mr. Far- rand, living. Aided by the latter he started the Jackson Patriot, which proved a success. Here he was married in 1847 to Miss Maria P. Isham, who is described as " a lady of fine character and attainments." While editor of the Patriot, he was also appointed post- master by President Polk. Having been removed by Taylor, in 1849, he sold out his interest in the paper, and for a time carried on the business of a druggist and stationer. During his residence at Jackson he became a member of the Congregational church, but subsequently withdrew. In 1853, he removed to Detroit, and became half-owner of the Free Press, then a Democratic paper of small influence and circulation. He soon after became sole proprietor, and succeeded in giving to the paper an influence which en- abled him, in the course of eight years, to pay for the paper and accumulate a considerable capital. Selling the Free Press for $30,000, he came to Chicago and purchased the Chi- cago Times of Cyrus H. McCormick, who had united the two Democratic organs, the Times and the Herald, a few months previous, and had been running the consolidated paper at a loss. The sum paid for the paper is said to have been about $23,000. Storey's first issue was June 1, 1861. Ananias Worden, a brother of Com. Worden, of the " Merri- mac," was associated with him in the pur- chase of the Times, or secured a small in- terest soon after, filling the position of busi- ness manager until 1865, when he retired. THE PRESS. 55 It is claimed by Storey's friends that he was disposed at the outset, to support the gov- ernment in its efforts to suppress the rebel- lion, until the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, when he became its pronounced opponent. Indefatigable, un- compromising and unscrupulous to the last degree, he left no stone unturned to arouse opposition to the war policy of the govern- ment. As a consequence his paper came to be regarded as the champion of the anti-war Democracy in the Northwest, which secured for it a very active sympathy and a large financial support from the "border States," and possibly within the rebel lines. At all events, it was much sought after and en- thusiastically quoted among enemies of the government, while it became correspondingly unpopular with the supporters of the gov- ernment at home and the Union soldiers in the field. The violence of its utterances led to the order of Gen. Burnside for its sup- pression in June, 1863, referred to in the history of the Chicago Times, and which was revoked by President Lincoln. This act probably aided Storey more than it injured him; it singled him out as the leader of the anti-war party and secured for his paper an increased support from that faction. The Times was dominated in every department by the spirit of its proprietor, so that the history of the paper became more that of its editor, during the period of his greatest acti- vity, than can be said of any other paper that has ever existed in Chicago, not excepting " Long John" Wentworth's Democrat. This was true no less after the war, when the paper came to be as much feared for its assaults upon private character, as it had been during the stormy war period for its assaults upon the government. A former employe and writer upon the Times, referring to this later period, (Mr. Franc B. Wilkie, in his "Thirty- five Years of Journalism " ), says: " Insolent, audacious, defiant a8 he was in war matters, his paper became almost equally noted for another quality in its a'nte-flreexistence. Thisfeature was its glaring indecency in its selection of topicg and the manner of their handling. * * * Scandals in private life, revolting details from the evidence taken in police court trials, imaginary liaisons of a filthy character, Peeked, seethed like a hell's-broth in The Times' cauldrons and made a stench in the nostrils of decent people. All this was done with a purpose; it was to attract attention to the paper, to secure notoriety, advertising and cir- culation. * * * He was a Bacchus, a Satyr, a Minotaur, all in one." No wonder, when one of the brightest writers the Times ever had makes this charge against his former employer, that the paper should have been, as he declares, "rigidly tabooed from decent families," or that society should have "shut and doubly locked its doors" against its editor; nay, even that it should have been suspected that a considerable part of the paper's profit was due to blackmail. The fire of 1871 left Mr. Storey much discouraged and disposed to abandon the publication of the paper, as he was at a still later period when his health began to decline, but through the urgent solicitation of friends and the offer of some of his employes to waive a portion of their salaries, he was induced to revive its publi- cation. About this time he made the paper independent in politics, and in 1872 advo- cated the nomination of David Davis for president, but refused to support Horace Greeley. After 1876 his health began rap- idly to decline. lie spent some time at Hot Springs, Ark., in 1878, but returning without benefit, sailed for Europe, and while traver- ing in Switzerland, suffered a paralytic stroke . Returning to Paris, he was for a time under the care of Dr. Brown-Sequard, the cele- brated specialist. He finally reached home somewhat improved in health, but in August, 1884, he was declared of unsound mind and his estate placed in the hands of a conserva- tor. October 27 following he died. The paper which he had built up until it became a power to be feared, if not respected, soon fell into serious embarrassment, and, for a time, seemed destined to go down with him, as he is said to have been willing to have it do, Mr, Storey was divorced from his first 5 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. wife in 1867, and the next year married Mrs. Harriet Dodge, who died in 1873. In 1874 he was married to Mrs. Eureka C. Pearson, who survives. Franc B. Wilkie, a leading editorial writer on the Chicago Times during the most pros- Franc B perous period of its history, was wukie. ' born j n Saratoga county, N. Y., July 2, 1830. The early portion of his life was spent upon a farm, but before he reached his majority, he devoted a year and a half to learning the trade of a black-smith. If he had been successful, the world might have gained a good mechanic, but it would have lost one of the keenest writers that has ever been connected with the press of Chicago. Returning to the farm, with the aid of a vill- age clergyman, he fitted himself for college, entering Union College as a sophomore in the spring of 1855. The following year he was invited to take charge of the Scheuectady Star, which he did, furnishing copy and setting type, but soon after went to Daven- port, la, where he started the Daily News, a Democratic paper. This he sold out in about a year. While in Davenport he was married to Miss Ellen Morse, a daughter of John Morse, of Elgin, 111.; he also wrote his first book : "Davenport, Past, and Present." Removing to Elgin in 1858, he published a campaign paper there in the interest of Sena- tor Douglas, after which he became associat- ed with theDubuque^/eraWfor atime. After the beginning of the war he went to Mis- souri as the war correspondent of the last named paper. During his stay in Missouri, he was invited to become the correspondent of the New York Times, which he did, cor- responding with that paper over the signatu re of " Gal way." Happening to be in St. Louis at the time of the siege of Lexington, he hastened to the besieged city and securing admission into the besieging army, was per- mitted to write a report of the battle from a rebel point of view. This feat secured for him the appointment of chief correspondent of the Times for the West. He continued to report the campaigns in the West until the Andre Muttuson. surrender of Vicksburg, in July, 1863, when he was offered a position as editorial writer upon the Chicago Times. His connection with the latter as editorial writer continued until 1881, and was renewed in 1883, the year before Mr. Storey's death, continuing until 1888. In his capacity as correspondent, he visited a large portion of the United States and Europe. In addition to his labors as an editorial writer, he has been a somewhat prolific writer of stories and sketches. A series of this character, first published in the Times over the nom de plume of " Poliuto," has since been printed in book form. He also published in the latter part of 1891, an entertaining volume of remini- scences under the title," Thirty-five Years of Journalism," which is a valuable contribu- tion to the history of the Chicago newspaper press. Mr. Wilkie died in 1892. Andre Matteson, one of the veteran news- paper men of Chicago, is of New England ancestry, born in Chautau- qua county, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1827. After learning the printer's trade, he spent some time as a pupil in Westfield Academy, when, at the age of nineteen, he went to Buffalo, where he was employed as a compositor and writer upon the papers of that city. He then went to Milwaukee to take charge of the job office of the Wiscon- sin, remaining two or three years. About 1850 he removed to Chicago, and was employed for a time as a commercial reporter on the Evening Journal. Still later he was with Zebina Eastman upon his Western Citizen. In 1853 he visited Iowa and Minnesota, but having returned to Chicago, in 1854 became associated witli Cook, Cam- eron and Sheahan in the recently established Chicago Times, taking the position of city editor, remaining until the sale of the paper in the fall of 1860 to McCorrnick, He then joined J. W. Sheahan and Col. F. A. East- man in establishing the Morning Post, with which he remained until the sale of that paper to the founders of 'the Republican in May, 1865. The next two years were spent THE PRESS. 57 Carter H. Harrison. as an editorial writer on the Evening Post, when in 1867, he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the Times, in which he continued for eighteen years. While employed upon the Post he studied law and was admitted to the -bar. Mr. Matteson has been married three times, his present wife being the daughter of the late E. M. Haines, of Waukegan, 111. He is the present pub- lisher and editor of the Legal Adviser, of which Mr. Haines was the founder. Carter H. Harrison, late editor-in-chief and principal proprietor of the Chicago Times, is a native of Kentucky. born near Lexington in that State, February 15, 1825. His father dying when he was about eight years of age, he was early left to the care of his mother, a daugh- ter of Col. Wm. Russell of the United States army, who saw considerable service among the Indians in the Northwest. Mr. Har- rison's great-great-grandfather on his father's side was the ancestor of President Wm. Henry Harrison and the late Chief Mag- istrate, while his grandfather bore a similar relationship to another president Thomas Jefferson and he was himself a cousin of the late John C. Breckenridge, vice-president during the administration of James Bu- chanan and candidate for president on the ticket of the Southern Democracy in 1860. Mr. Harrison's early years were spent in a log cabin, and it is said his "first cradle was a sugar trough." He was educated for col- lege by Dr. Marshall, a brother of Chief Jus- tice John Marshall and father of the cele- brated Tom Marshall of Kentucky. Enter- ing the sophomore class in Yale college, he graduated from that institution in 1845. He then entered upon the study of law, but in- stead of engaging in the practice of that pro- fession, in 1851 he went abroad, visiting Europe, Asia and Egypt. In 1855 he came to Chicago on a prospecting 'tour of the North west, and having decided to locate there ) invested his means in real estate, thereby laying the foundation of his present ample fortune. In 1870 he was elected a member of the Board of county commissioners of Cook county, and in 1874, was elected for the first time member of Congress on the Democratic ticket from the second district of Illinois, and re-elected two years later. In 1879 he was he elected mayor of the city of Chicago, being re-elected in 1881, 1883 and 1885, respectively, serving a longer period than any other man who has ever held that office. In 1884 he was the Democratic can- didate for governor, and made an active per- sonal canvass, but was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom by a plurality of about 13,500 votes. In 1855, Mr. Harrison was married to Miss Sophie Preston, of a Sou them family, who died during a visit to Europe in 1876. In 1882, he was married a second time to Miss Marguerite E. Stearns, of Chicago, who also died a few years ago. After retiring from the office of mayor in the summer of 1887, accompanied by two young men (one of them his son), he started on a tour around the world, visiting in the course of his journey, British Columbia and the' Pa- cific coast States, Japan. China, Siam, Cey- lon, British India, Egypt, the Caspian Sea and the countries of Southeastern and North- ern Europe, returning in the autumn of 1888. During his tour he furnished a very full description of the places and countries visited in a series of graphic and vivacious letters to the Chicago press, which were af- terwards issued in a volume of over 550 pages under the title, "A Race With the Sun." A second edition of the letters has recently been published. In assuming the duties of an editor, Mr. Harrison entered upon a new field, for which his wide political exper- ience and his extensive information, gathered by travel and otherwise, have assisted to equip him in a most liberal manner. [Since the preceding pages were written, Mr. Harrison, at the city election of April, 1893, was for the fifth time elected mayor of the city of Chicago, by an overwhelming majority, serving during the period of the AVorld's Columbian Exposition, which was opened a few weeks later. On the evening 58 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Martin J. Kussell. of Saturday, October 28. after having spent the day at Jackson Park, in company with the mayors of a large number of other cities, in celebration of the approaching suc- cessful termination of the World's Fair, he was assassinated by a man named Prendergast, who had obtained access to the mayor's pri- vate room, where he had retired for a brief repose. The event produced the most in- tense excitement and was deeply deplored by all classes no less by political foes than by his most intimate friends. Like the assas- sination of Abraham Lincoln, no more dra- matic period could have been chosen for his taking off. His remains lay in state in the City Hall on the 31st of October and Novem- ber 1, and the funeral, which occurred on the latter date, was probably the most im- pressive incident of its character ever wit- nessed in the city of Chicago.] Martin J. Russell, the principal editorial writer of the Chicago Times, is a native of Chicago, born December 20, 1845. His father, Captain Martin Russell, lost his life in a storm on the lake before the subject of this sketch was born. At the breaking out of the war, young Martin, having attained the age of sixteen, accompanied his maternal uncle (the late Colonel James A. Mulligan) with his regiment to Missouri, and was present at the surrender of Lexington. Being a non- combatant, he was released and, on return- ing to Chicago, on the reorganization of the regiment (the Twenty-third Illinois) during the winter of 1861-2, he enlisted and was elected second-lieutenant of Company A. The regiment having been sent to Virginia, in December, 1862, Colonel Mulligan was assigned to the command of a brigade, when Russell assumed the duty of adjutant-gen- eral on his staff. Colonel Mulligan was killed in the battle of Winchester, July 26, 1864, and his regiment having been heavily depleted, it was consolidated into five com- panies and Lieutenant Russell was mustered oat of the service. In 1870 he became a city reporter on the Evening Post, where he J. Young Suammon. remained until December, 1873, serving a part of the time as city editor. He then joined the city department of the Times, and was shortly advanced to a place on the editorial staff. During a part of of 1876 he served as editor of the Evening Telegram, issued from the Times office, but on the decease of that paper, returned to his position on the Times. In 1883 he became editor of the Morning Herald, remaining some five years, when he returned to 'the Times. Mr. Russell has been member of the Board of Education of Hyde Park, and is one of the park commissioners for the south park sys- tem. He is an able and conservative writer, and now occupies the position of leading writer on the Times staff. Jonathan Young Scammon, though not a professional journalist, was probably more intimately identified with Chicago newspaper history than any other man who had not devoted his life exclusively to newspaper work. He was born at Whitfield, Lincoln county, Me., July27, 1812. His father, the Hon. Eliakim Scammon, was an early settler of Pittston, Kennebec county, in that State, while his grandfather on his mother's side represented Pittston in the Massachusetts* General Court before the separation of Maine from that State. Bred on a farm, an accident in youth, which deprived him of the use of one hand, led to his adoption of a profession. After acquiring an academic education, he entered Waterville (now Colby) University, where he graduated in the class of 1831, receiving the degree of LL. D. from the same institution in 1865. He then studied law with the Hon. John Otis, of Hallowell, and was admitted to the bar of Kennebec county, when he soon after started west, arriving in Chicago in September, 1835. Within a few weeks after his arrival he was appointed deputy circuit clerk by Col. R. J. Hamilton, in place of Henry Moore (to whom he had brought letters of introduc- tion), and opened a law office in the clerk's room, having been admitted to the bar Dec. THE PRESS. 59 7, 1835. A year later he entered into a law partnership with Buckner S. Morris, which lasted about eighteen months ; then, after practicing alone for a few months, in 1839 he formed a partnership with the late N. B. Judd, which continued until 1847. His next partner was E. B. McCagg, with whom he remained associated from 1849 to 1856, when the partnership was dissolved by the depart- ure of the latter for Europe. The late Sam- uel W. Fuller was his last law partner, this connection continuing until the fire of 1871. No man who resided in Chicago was more prominently identified witli public interests. In 137 he was appointed Attorney of the State Bank of Illinois at Chicago ; in 1839 became Reporter of the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until 1845, and issuing the first reports of Supreme Court decisions ever published. He was also a member of the school Board from 1839 to 1845, and during a part of the same time alderman of the First Ward. In 1851 he became president of the Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance Company, which under its franchise estab- lished the first bank (the " Marine Bank ") under the State banking law, afterwards re -organized as the Marine Company in 1863- He was also one of the most active project' ors of the Galena & Chicago Union railroad, the first railroad built in northern Illinois, and materially aided in securing its con- struction. In 1857, Mr. Scammon having retired temporarily from business, took his departure for Europe, where lie spent three years. Returning from Europe in 18CO, he found the affairs of his bank in great confusion, but resuming its management and re-organizing its affairs, it regained a large share of its former prestige. A large real estate owner, his losses by the fire of 1871 were very heavy, being estimated at not less than a half a million. Politically, Mr. Scammon was first a Whig and then a Republican, running as the Whig candidate for Congress from the Chicago District in 1848. In 1860 he was elected as a Republi- can to the State Legislature. He was a liberal supporter of his church (the Swcden- borgian) and other public enterprises, having contributed $30,000 to the erection of the Chicago Observatory, and being the first president of the "Chicago Astronomical Society." He was one of the founders of the Chicago Evening Journal, and also one of the incorporators of the Chicago Republi- can^ established in May, 1865. The latter having been burnt out in 1871, he purchased its subscription list a few months later, upon the basis of which he founded the Inter Ocean, remaining with it until its re-organ- ization in 1874. Mr. Scammon was married in 1837 to Miss Mary Ann Haven Dearborn, at Bath, Me., who died in Germany in 1858. December 5, 1867, he married Mrs. Maria Sheldon Wright. Mr. Scammon was a devo- ted friend of Abraham Lincoln, and the son of the latter (Robert T. Lincoln), late minis- ter to the Court of St. James, studied law in the office of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller. Mr. Scammon's death took place March 17, 1890. William Penn Nixon, present editor-in- chief of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is a native wuiiau. penn of Indiana, born in 183*. His Nixon. father (who was a Quaker) resid- ed in North Carolina, but having emancipated his slaves, removed to Indiana, settling near Richmond, a prosperous and thrifty Quaker settlement, about 1830. He continued to care for and support his former slaves to the close of his life. William Penn graduated at Farmer's College (Belmont) near Cincin- nati in 1853; afterwards entered the law de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, graduating in 1859. Enter- ing upon the practice of the law at Cincin- nati, he remained there until 1868, in. the meanwhile being elected three times to the State Legislature (1865-'66-'67). In 1868 he became associated with his brother in founding the Cincinnati Chronicle after- wards the Times-Chronicle. In 1872 he came to Chicago and assumed charge of the business department of the Inter Ocean, which had been established in March of that 60 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Oliver W. Nixon. year by the late J. Y. Scammon. In this connection he performed a laborious service, as the paper, in its earlier years, labored un- der many financial difficulties. In 1875 the paper passed into the hands of a new com- pany, when Mr. Nixon assumed entire charge of its business affairs. Its financial success (now assured) is largely due to his careful and judicious management. By the acces- sion of Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat to the Inter- Ocean Company, Mr.Nixon has gained a de- sired relief from the business affairs of the company and now devotes his attention to the duties of editor-in-chief. Mr. Nixon was married at Cincinnati in 1861 to Miss Mary Stites, who died the following year. In 1869 he contracted a second marriage with Miss Duffield, daughter of Mr. Charles Dtiffield, who still survives. Dr. Oliver W. Nixon, brother of the pre- ceding, now president of the Inter Ocean Company, was born in North Carolina, October 25, 1825, removing with his father in childhood to the vicinity of Richmond, Ind. After taking a course at Farmer's College, near Cincin- nati, he entered the Jefferson Medical School, at Philadelphia, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1853. He subsequently removed to Cincinnati, where he engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. In the early stages of the War of the Rebellion, he entered the army as Surgeon of the Thirty-Ninth Ohio Volunteers, accompanying his regiment to Missouri, where he became medical direc- tor on the staff of General John Pope. After the battle of Shiloh he resigned his position in the army, aud returning to Cin- cinnati, resumed practice. He also served for a time as medical examiner at Camp Chase, and in 1864 was elected county treas- urer of Hamilton county, on the Republi- can ticket, serving two years. Still later, his successor having died in office, he was re-elected to the vacancy. Having served out his term, in conjunction with his brother (\V. P.), he founded the Cincinnati Evening Chronicle. Two years later they purchased the Times, when the paper was issued under the name of the Times-Chronicle. In 1875, having sold out his interest in Cincinnati, Dr. Nixon came to Chicago, and united with his brother in the organization of the Inter Ocean Company, having by the purchase of mortgages and other indebtedness, secured control of the paper. In addition to his duties as president of the Inter Ocean Com- pany, he has for a number of years filled the position of literary editor and paragrapher of the paper. Dr. Nixon was married at Mt. Carmel, 0., in 1854, to Miss Louisa Elstun. His son, Charles E. Nixon, occu- pies the position of musical and art critic upon the columns of the Inter Ocean. Frank W. Palmer, for some years editor- in-chief of the Inter Ocean, was born Octo- Frank w ^ er H> 1827, at Manchester, Dearborn Palmer, county, Ind. His father having removed the next year to Chautauqua county, N. Y., his boyhood was spent in the latter State. At the age of fourteen he was appren- ticed to the printer's trade, in the office of the Jamestown Journal. Three years afte r he went to New York city, where he re- mained three or four years as a journeyman printer. Then returning to Jamestown he became joint editor and proprietor of the Journal ; was elected to the legislature in 1853, and again in 1854, but in 1858 removed to Dubuque, la., where he became editor and part proprietor of the Times of that city. In 1860, he was elected to Congress, and the following year purchased the Des Moines Register, with which he remained as proprietor until 1866, and editor for some time longer. Soon after his identification with the Register he was elected State Printer, serving until 1868. The latter year he was elected to Congress, and re- elected in 1870. After the completion of his last term in Congress he removed to Chicago, and in 1873, he became editor-in- chief of the Infer Ocean, remaining until the re-organization of that paper in 1875. Mr. Palmer was postmaster of the city of hicago between 1877 and 1885, and soon THE PRESS 61 G. A. Pierce. after the accession of President Harrison in 1889, was appointed Public Printer at the city of Washington, a position which he still holds. During his term as postmaster, he acted for a time in 1881 and 1882, as editor- in-chief of the Morning Herald, then a Eepublicau paper. Col. Gilbert Ashville Pierce, born at East Otto, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., emi- grated to Indiana in 1854 ; attended Chicago University, spending two years in .the law department ; enlisted in the Ninth Indiana Volunteers (first call), and was elected second lieuten- ant ; at the expiration of three months' ser- vice, was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster. During the first year he was on duty at Paducah, Ft. Donelsouand Shiloh, and still later at Grand Gulf and Vicksburg ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel in Novem- ber, 1863, and still later colonel and inspector and assigned to duty as special commissioner by the war department, serving in South Carolina and the Gulf department until October, 1865. After the war he was con- nected with a Republican paper at Valparaiso, Ind., and in 1868 was elected a member of the Indiana legislature ; served as financial clerk of the United States Senate from 1869 to 1871, when he resigned to accept an edi- torial position on the Inter Ocean, of which he was assistant or managing editor for a period of twelve years. In 1883 he became associated with the Chicago Daily News, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Arthur territorial governor of Dakota, serving until 1886, when he resigned. In 1889 he was elected by the Republicans United States Senator from North Dakota, serving until March 4, 1891. Col. Pierce is a thoroughgoing journalist, and is now identified with the Minneapolis Tribune. William H. Busbey, present managing editor of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is a na. live of Ohio, born at Vienna, Clarke county, Feb. 24, 1830. Having received a common school education he spent some time after attaining his Wm. H. Busbey. majority as a teacher. The war coming on, he enlisted as a private' in the First Ken- tucky Volunteers, serving three years and three months. While in the army he acted as war correspondent of two or three Ohio papers. After the war he became associate editor of the Ohio State Journal at Colum- bus, and still later (1870), accepted a similar position on the Toledo Blade. In 1873, he came to Chicago as Western manager of the American Agriculturist and Hearth and Home, and two years later, became editor of the weekly edition of the Chicago Tribune. In April, 1876, he joined the editorial staff of the Inter Ocean, first as exchange editor and editor of the weekly edition, afterwards as editorial writer, and finally, in 1884, assumed the position of managing editor which he continues to fill. Hon. Thomas C. MacMillan, editorial writer upon the Chicago Inter Ocean, is a native of Scotland, born at 1 IIOIDHS \Jt MacMiiian. Stranraer, October 4, 1850, but at seven years of age came with his parents to America, settling in Chicago. His early education was received in the Chicago pub- lic schools, and he spent some time as an apprentice to the business of a machinist. Having been prevented by a slender consti- tution from prosecuting this trade, he grad- uated from the high school and afterwards spent some time as a student at the Chicago University. In 1873 he became a reporter upon the litter Ocean, and in 1875 went as the correspondent of that paper on an exploring expedition to the Black Hills. A considerable portion of the next year was spent in the same capacity with General Crook's forces operating against Sitting Bull. In 1878 he made a somewhat extended tour to Europe, and in 1880 succeeded Robt. P. Porter (commissioner of the last census) as editor of the " Curiosity Shop " department of the litter Ocean. Two years later he was transferred to the chair of city editor, but after a service of two years, returned to his old place in the "Curiosity Shop," which he continues to fill, besides 62 HISTORY Of CHICAGO. Frank Gilbert. contributing liberally to the political columns of the paper. Mr. MacMillan has been a member of the Cook County Board of Education, a director of the Chicago public library, secretary and director of the free kindergarten, has served two terms as member of the house of representatives at Springfield, and one term as a member of the State Senate, to which he was elected in 1888. He is a trustee of Illinois College at Jacksonville. Prank Gilbert, political writer upon the editorial staff of the Chicago Inter Ocean, is the son of a farmer, having been born at Pittsford,Vt., Sep- tember 28, 1839. He is the youngest of seven sons, all of them professional men, and edu- cated at the University of Vermont. He began his journalistic experience at Peoria, 111., in 1865, and afterward edited the Dubuque Daily Times, but having sold out that paper in the fall of I860, came to Chicago to take the position of associate editor of the Chi- cago Evening Journal, succeeding Paul Selby. He remained with the Journal until 1877, when he was appointed assistant treasurer of the United States, in charge of the Chicago sub-treasury. At the expira- tion of his term he became an editorial writer upon the Inter-Ocean, where (with the exception of some time spent in a simi- lar capacity on the Tribune) he has since remained. Mr. Gilbert served as supervisor of the census for Chicago in 1890. Melville E. Stone, founder of the Chicago Daily News, was born at Hudson, 111., Aug. 18, 1848. His father, who was a Methodist minister, having come to Chicago in 1860, the son entered the public schools, graduating from the High School in 1867. In 1869 he purchased an interest in a foundry and machine shop, of which a year later he became sole proprie- tor. The fire of 1871 swept this out of existence, leaving him embarrassed with debt, when he turned his attention to journ- alism, becoming a reporter on the Republi- can, soon after merged into the Inter-Ocean. Melville E Stone. Within the next few years he occupied the positions of city editor of the Inter Ocean assistant editor of the Evening Mail and managing editor of the consolidated Post and Mail, when he went to Washington as the correspondent in that city of several Western papers; he also had charge for a time of the Washington Bureau of the New York Herald. Eeturning to Chicago in 1875, he resumed his place on the Post and Mail, but soon resigned, and on December 25, 1875, issued the first number of the Daily News, in conjunction with Percy E. Meggy and Win. E. Dougherty. The two latter having retired a few months later, Mr. Stone con- tinued the publication alone until in August, 1876, Victor F. Lawson became associated with the enterprise as business manager. Mr. Stone continued his connection with the News until 1888, having the satisfaction of seeing the paper over whose infancy he had watched with so much solicitude, one of the most prosperous and profitable newspaper enterprises in Chicago. He then sold his interest to his partner, Mr. Lawson, and after a year or more spent with his family in Europe, he returned finally to invest his well earned capital in banking and is now the vice-president of the Globe National Bank, and general manager of the Western Associated Press. Victor F. Lawson, present proprietor of the Chicago Daily News, is a native of the victor F c ^ v ^ Chicago, born September 9> Lawson. 1850. His father was a native of Norway, who, coming to Chicago prior to 1840, acquired considerable real estate, which has proved valuable. Having graduated in the Chicago High School in 1869, he spent some time at Phillip's Academy and Harvard University. Keturniug to Chicago, he gave his attention to the care of his father's estate, and the publication of the Skandinaven. In August, 1876, he purchased an interest in the Daily News, and in 1888 became sole proprietor by the purchase of the interest of his partner, Mr. Stone. He immediately took steps to reduce the price THK Z'RKNN, Eugene Field. of the paper to one cent, the result of which has beeu an immense increase in its circu- lation and profits, thus vindicating Mr. Lawson's business judgment. He is now the sole proprietor of what is probably the most profitable penny paper on the Western continent. No name is more widely known among the younger journalists of Chicago than that of Eugene Field. He was born in the city of St. Louis, Mo., September 2, 1850. Having lost his mother at an early age, he was reared by a relative at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Manson and Williams- town in the latter State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. Reaching his majority, he came into posses- sion of a considerable fortune, which his friends are accustomed to say " he spent like a gentleman." After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-3, he began his newspaper career as a reporter on the St. Louis Evening Journal. Later in the same year, he became city editor of the same paper, and in May, 1875, took the position of city editor of the St. Joseph, (Mo.,) Gazette. He remained there about a year and a half, when he returned to St. Louis, and resumed his connection with the Journal, which was continued after its consolidation with the Times, under the name of the Times-Journal. From 1880 to 1882, he was city editor of the Kansas City Times. He next became managing editor of the Denver Tribune, where he established a reputation as an exceedingly bright, but rather eccentric journalist. In August, 1883, he became attached as a special writer to the Chicago Neivs, his special department for some years being the pungent and witty column under the head of "Sharps and Flats." Hehasalso written much poetry and consiJerable prose fiction, his translation of some of Horace's Odes being among the most successful under the first class. Mr. Field was married Oc- tober 16, 1873, to Miss Julia S. Comstock, of St. Joseph, Mo. David Blakely, for several years principal proprietor and editor of the Chicago Even- ing Post, was born at East David Blakely. -. , , . ,-. , ,. Berkshire, -tranklm county, Vt., in 1834. At the age of thirteen lie be- came an apprentice in a printing office, and having served out his apprenticeship, entered the University, of Vermont, graduating in 1857. He was a member of a musical family, which, under the name of " The Blakely Family," made a number of successful con- cert tours throughout the West in the '50s. Emigrating to Minnesota, he engaged in jour- nalism, at Rochester, in that State, was elec- ted secretary of State and ex-officio superin- tendent of Public Schools in 1862, which position he resigned in 1865. Coming to Chicago, in conjunction with his brother C. H. Blakely, he purchased the Chicago Evening Post, which had been established a few months previous, continuing his connec- tion with it until some time after the fire, when, having sold out, he returned to Minne- sota. He was for some time one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. Mr. Blakely is now president of the Blakely Printing Company of Chicago, but a resident of the city of New York. Oliver A. Willard, for some time editor of the Chicago Evening Mail, and subsequently of the Post and Mail, was born at Churchville, N. Y., in 1835, took a literary course at Beloit, Wis., graduating from the Garrett Biblical Institute in connection with the Northwest- ern University at Evanston in 1861 ; was married the same year to Miss Mary H. Bannister, daughter of Dr. Henry Bannister, of that city, and entered the ministry. He spent some time in his profession at Denver, Col., but returning to Chicago in 1872 became connected with the editorial department of the Evening Mail. On consolidation of this paper with the Evening Post, he became managing editor of the Post and Mail and president of the Post Stock Company. He died at the Palmer House, Chicago, March Oliver A. Willard. r>4 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. James W. Scott. 17, 1878, after an illness of a few days by which he had been suddenly attacked. Mr. Willard was a brother of the well-known Miss Frances E. Willard, the famous lecturer and champion of temperance. James W. Scott, business manager of the Chicago Daily Herald, was born in Wiscon- sin in 1849. His father, who was a journalist, was associated for a time with Dr. Charles H. Kay, afterward of the Chicago Tribune and the Evening Post, in the publication of the Galena Jeffersonian. Young Scott was edu- cated at Galena, and made his first newspa- per venture on his own account at Hunting- ton, Wis., but a year or two later started the Industrial Press at Galena. In 1874 he came to Chicago and became connected with F. W. Rice in the purchase and publi- cation of the Daily Hotel Reporter. In 1881, on the establishment of the Chicago Morning Herald, he assumed the business management of that paper, a position which he has retained uninterruptedly ever since. He is also treasurer of the Herald Company, and occupies the same relation to the Evening Post, which was established by the proprietors of the Herald in 1890. The almost unprecedented success which has attended both of these papers demonstrates Mr. Scott's capacity as a newspaper manager. Frank Hatton, for some time editor-in- chief of the Chicago Evening Mail, was born at Cambridge, 0., April 28, 1846. His father, who was publisher of the Guernsey Times, removed to Cadiz, 0., where he purchased the Repub- lican, of that place. At the age of eleven Frank entered the office as an apprentice, and before he was fourteen, was foreman and local editor. In 1862, at the age of sixteen, he enlisted as a private in Company C Ninety- eighth Ohio Volunteers, but in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty- fourth Ohio and commissioned as second lieutenant, serving in the army of the Cum- berland and participating in Sherman's march to the sea. His father having re- Frank Hatton. moved to Mt. Pleasant, la., and purchased the Journal of that place during the war, Frank joined him on his discharge from the army, and the publication was continued in partnership until 1869, when the father died. Frank then continued the publication of the Journal alone until 1874, when he purchased a controlling interest in the Burlington (la.) Hawkeye and, in connection with Robert J. Burdette, the well-known humorist, gave to that paper a national reputation. He was postmaster of Burlington for several years by appointment of Gen. Grant, and in the latter part of 1881, was appointed by President Arthur first assistant postmaster- general, succeeding Judge Gresham as postmaster-general in October, 1884, and serving to the close of Arthur's admin- istration. In 1882, Mr. Hatton purchased a controlling interest in the National Republican at Washington, but withdrew in 1884. On his retirement from the post- master-generalship he came to Chicago, and in conjunction with Clifford Snowden, who had been associated with him on the National Republican, purchased the Evening Mail, changing it from a Democratic to an independent Republican paper. In 1887 he sold out his interest in the Mail and re- turned to Washington, purchased the plant of the National Republican, which had become a weekly paper, and on its ruins founded the Washington Post, now one of the most successful papers that has ever been published at the national capital. Joseph It. Dunlop, late editor and prin- cipal proprietor of the Chicago Evening Mail, now of the Chicago Evening Dispatch, is the son of a chaplain of the British army, born in Jamaica, W. I., July 24, 1847. His family having removed to Canada when he was 11 years of age, he was educated in the schools of that country and at the age of 18 began work on the Toronto Globe. Coming to Chicago a few months later, he entered the printing establishment of J. W. M. Jones, serving for a time as foreman; in 1871, he Joseph H. Dunlop. THK PRBSS. 65 became proof reader in the Times office, and a year later joined the Times' loca\ staff. Two years afterwards he resumed work in Jones' job printing establishment, but in Septem- ber, 1870, returned to reportorial work on the Times. While in the service of the Times, he did some very effective work in exposing the mismanagement in connection with the erection of the custom house, and also the abuses in the " Court House King" in the Board of county commissioners. He made a tour of New Mexico, in 1882, as special correspondent of the Times, and ,n his return became city editor of that paper. In 1883, he took a similar position upon the Inter Ocean, and on the re-organization of the Times, in 1888, he became managing editor, and, finally, editor-in-chief of the latter, remaining until the purchase of the Times by Carter H. Harrison on the 1st of November, 1891. He then devoted his attention solely to the management of the Mail until September, 1892. when he re- tired, and a few weeks later started the Evening Dispatch, of which he is editor and chief proprietor, and which has attained a large circulation and a high degree of prosperity. Elisha H. Talbott, founder and business manager of the Railway Age, was born at Eiisha H. McConnellsville, 0., August 9, 1839. Taibott. H e completed his education at the Iowa University, and began his newspaper career as legislative reporter for the Daven- port Gazette and other papers during the last session held at Iowa City. Two years later he became editor of the Madisonian at Win- terset, la., and in 1860, was appointed to a clerkship in the United States Senate. He was afterwards Examiner of Pensions, but resigned in 1865, and coming to Illinois established the Belvidere Northivestcrn. He was elected to the house of representatives in 1868, and soon after, having disposed of his paper at Belvidere, joined H. K. Hobart and others in establishing the Chicago Evening Mail, assuming the position of business man- ager,which he retained until the consolidation of that paper with the Post in 1873. In 1870, in conjunction with Mr. Talbott, he estab- lished the Railway Age, which has proved one of the most successful railway journals in the country. Mr. Talbott originated the National Exposition of Railway Appliances, held in Chicago, in 1883, which resulted most successfully. He also conducted a Mexican editorial excursion through this country, on the establishment of railroad connection with Mexico, in 1885-6. In 1884, he published a biographical directory of rail- way officials in America, which has proved a valuable repository of information. In Sep- tember, 1891, he transferred his interest in the Railway Age to Harry P. Robinson of the JVorfhwestern Railroader, St. Paul. Horace R. Hobart, editor of the Railway Age, was born in Wisconsin, in 1839 ; gradu- Horace K. Hobart. ate(1 fr m Beloit lle g e in 1860 ; entered upon news- paper work immediately, but in 1861 enlisted in the First Wisconsin Cavalry, and was assigned to duty as battalion quartermaster, until wounded at Helena, Ark., when he was forced to resign. He afterwards served as deputy Provost Marshal for the Second Wis- consin Congressional District. In 1866 he came to Chicago and entered upon duty as a reporter for the Tribune. Between 1867 and 1870, he was city editor of the Evening Post, but the latter year joined with others in establishing the Evening Mail, the first cheap (two-cent) daily to maintain an exist- ence in Chicago. In 1873 he sold his inter- est in the Mail and became city editor of the Evening Post. The following year he be- came half owner and editor of the Daily Journal, at Jacksonville, but selling his interest in that paper in 1875, assumed the editorship of the Chicago Morning Courier, remaining only a few months. In 1876 the Railway Age was established, when Mr. Ho- bart became its editor, a position which he has retained ever since. He was Western manager of the American Press Association for several years from 1869. Mr. Hobart was a trustee of Hyde Park for three years, fifi HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Edward Goodman. serving for two years as president of thu Board. In 1872 he was married to Miss Emma M. Hastings, daughter of Hon. Sam- uel D. Hastings, for many years State Treas- urer of Wisconsin. Edward Goodman, senior proprietor of the Standard, the Chicago organ of the Baptist denomination, is a ^.^ Qf CHpstonej North . amptonshire, England, born May 10, 1830. He was educated as a druggist, and in his youth attended the church of which the dis- tinguished Robert Hall was formerly pastor. He came to America in 1852, arriving in Chicago, July 11 of that year. In August, 1853, he accepted the agency of the Chris- tian Times (now the Standard) visiting churches in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. January 15, 1857, he became one of the pro- prietors of the paper in connection with Rev. LeRoy Church, and has been identified with it as business manager ever since. He became a member of the First Baptist church of Chicago in 1854, and was elected a deacon in 186b. He served as treasurer of the Bap- tist Theological Seminary from 1865. Rev. Justin A. Smith, D. D., editor of the Standard, was born December 29, 1819 ; Rev. justm at Ticonderoga, N. Y. After a A. smith. p er iod of study at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and North Granville Academy, he entered Union Col- lege at Schenectady, N. J., graduating in 1843, under the presidency of Dr. Alanson Potter, successor to Dr. Nott. Having spent a year as principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., he assumed pastoral charge of the Baptist church of that place, remaining five years. His next charge was the First Baptist church of Rochester, N.Y., where, after laboring five years more, in 1853 he resigned and removed to Chicago to take the position of editor of the Chris- tian Times (now Standard) where he has ever ; since remained a period of some forty years. Dr. Smith has assisted in the organization of three Baptist churches in Chicago, viz.: The North Baptist church Win. C. Gray. (1857), Indiana avenue church (1863), of which he was pastor five years, and the Uni- versity Place church, which he served as pastor a few months. In 1819 he made an extended European tour, attending the Vati- can Council held at Rome that year. He has devoted much attention to church edu- cational matters, having been a trustee of the University of Chicago and the Baptist Theological Seminary since their foundation, giving lectures in -the latter. He is author of the following works: "Memoir of Na- thaniel Colver," the "Shetland Apostle," the " Spirit in the Word," and "Patmos, or the Kingdom and Patience." Dr. William C. Gray, editor of the Inte- rior (Presbyterian) was born in Butler county, 0., in 1830 ; grew up on a farm, entered Farmers' College (now Belmont) in 1846, graduating in 1850 ; read law with Hon. Josiah Scott, and began editorial work in 1852. In 1853 he established the Tiffin (0.) Tribune, in 1861, was connected with the Cleveland Herald, and from 1862 to 1865 on the New- - ark American. He then spent several years in the general publishing business at Cincin- nati, coming to Chicago in November, 1871, immediately after the fire, to take the man- agement of the Interior. He has had charge of its editorial and publication departments ever since. Dr. Gray is not a minister, but a printer and journalist who has successfully imported into the religious press the style acquired in secular journalism. AVhile this has been deemed something of an innova- tion, the result has vindicated his judgment, as shown by the tendency of other religious papers to abandon the sermonic style and follow his example. The Interior, under his management, has been no straight-laced expounder of sectarian dogmas, but has exercised its right of free discussion in a way which, while it has been a little startling to some of the doctors of divinity, has com- manded respect and prompted imitation. Dr. Gray is half owner of the paper over which he has presided with success for the THE PRESS. Arthur Edwards. past twenty years. He is it good rifle-shot and mi enthusiastic sportsman, and has been accustomed for the past ten years to spend his summers in the northern woods. He received the honorary degree of Ph. D. in 1881 from \Vooster University. In spite of the freedom of his pen, he enjoys the cordial friendship of his brethren of the religious press in other denominations. Rev. Arthur Edwards, D. I)., editor of the Northwestern Christian Advorati', was born at Norwalk, 0., November '23, 1834. At the age of seven he became an inmate of the family of an uncle in Michigan whose namesake lie was and by whom he was educated. After a year of preparation in an academy at Albion, Mich., in 1851, he entered the Wesleyan Univer- sity of Ohio, graduating from the classical department in 1858. He united witli the Methodist church while in the University, and entered the Detroit conference the year of his graduation. In 1860 he was ordained and, in the following year, was appointed chaplain of the First Michigan Infantry. After the battle of Gettysburg he resigned this position to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864 he was elected assistant editor of the Northwestern Chris- tian Advocate, and on the retirement of Dr. Eddy, in 1872, was elected to the editorship of the paper, being re-elected every four years to the present time a period of over twenty years. He has been a member of each General Conference since 1872, and on two occasions, first delegate; was secretary of the Detroit Conference for ten years and a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London, in 1881, before which he read a paper that attracted wide attention. He was also a member of the Baltimore Central Conference in 1884. Dr. Edwards' abilities as a writer have been widely recognized, as shown by his repeated election to the position which he holds, and his influence is by no means confined to the pale of his own church. He received the degree of D. I), from the Northwestern University in 1873. x Simeon Gilbert. Rev. Simeon Gilbert, D. D., editor of the Advance (Congregationalist), was born at Pittsford, Vt., one of the most picturesquely beautiful regions in New England. The house in which he first saw the light was the birth place of his father, as well as the seven sons and three daughters of the latter, and although old as the century, is still standing in excellent re- pair. He entered the University of Ver- mont at sixteen, the youngest of five brothers in the institution at that time. Graduating at twenty, he taught Latin and Greek in Barre Academy for a year; then went to An- dover Theological Seminary, and in 1860, entered the ministry in St. Lawrence county, N. Y. In 1805 he declined a call toQuincy, 111., but came to Ames, Iowa, in 1868. In the spring of 1870 he became one of the ed- itors of the Advance, whose first editor was Dr. W. \\ . Patton, where he has remained con- tinuously to the present time, with the ex- ception of four years (188'J-8 ( >) when he was Western editor, at Chicago, of the Boston Congregationalist. In 1881 lie received the degree of D. D. on the same day from Beloit college and from his Alma Mater. He was a delegate the same year from the National Congregational Council to the Jubilee meet- ing of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. In 1891 he was delegate from the National Congregational Council to the International Council in London. In 1880. he published a " History of the Origin of the Uniform Sunday School Lesson Systems." Dr. Gilbert's father, Hon. Simeon Gilbert, Sr., while a member of the Vermont Legis- lature, secured the passage, through that body, of a concurrent resolution addressed to Congress, asking the adoption by treaty with England of the policy of arbitration for the settlement of disputes between the two countries. This was brought to the atten- tion of Congress by Senator Foote of Ver- mont, was favorably acted upon and became the basis of a treaty negotiated by Daniel Webster, and in accordance with which the Alabama claims were adjudicated. This in- C.8 HISTORY Of C&WAGO. teresting historical fact goes to show that Dr. Gilbert comes naturally by his aptitude for taking broad and progressive views in his editorial discussion of the larger questions of the day. One of the best known aiul most widely honored names, in connection with pioneer journalism in Illinois, is that of ' Hooper Warren. He was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790, but spent his early life in Vermont, learning the printer's trade on the Kutland Herald. In 1814 he went to Delaware, but some three years later removed to Kentucky, where for a time he worked with Amos Kendall, then con- nected with a paper at Frankfort, Ky., but afterwards Gen. Jackson's postmaster-gen- eral. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and, for a short time, was employed on the old Mis- souri Gazette, the predecessor of the St. Louis Republican, and also acted for a while as agent for a lumber company at Cairo, 111., when the whole population of that place consisted of one family, domiciled on a grounded flatboat. In March, 1819, he came to Edwardsville, 111., and established the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being the Illinois Intelligencer at Kaskaskia, and the Emigrant, of Shawneetown. Gov. Ninian Edwards, who had been territorial governor from 1809 to 1818, and was one of the first United States Senators, and still later Gov- ernor of the State, early became one of Warren's friends, and aided him financially for many years. In fact, he appears from Warren's letters to have been the owner of the printing press and material which War- ren afterwards used at Springfield and Galena. Warren also found other staunch friends in Gov. Coles, Daniel P. Cook, the latter a son-in-law of Gov. Edwards and Illinois' second representative in Congress; Judge William H. Brown, subsequently of Chicago; Geo. Churchill, for many terms a member of the Legislature from Madison county; Thos. Lippincott, afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor between 1869 and 1877; the late Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, then receiver of the land office at Edwardsville, and others. Churchill and Lippincott were frequent con- tributors to the Spectator, while the others aided materially by their purses as well as by their pens. In 1822 began an attempt to secure a revision ofjthe first State Constitu- tion, adopted in 1818, the object of the revis- ionists being to get a provision in the new Constitution establishing slavery in Illinois. This scheme was so far successful that they were able, by trickery, to get through the Legislature of 1823, a provision submitting the question of calling a convention to a vote of the people at the next general election. The real contest came in 1824, when the popular vote came to be taken on this prop- osition. In this struggle, Warren and his friends threw the whole weight of their per- sonal influence and that of the paper under their control against a convention, and after a campaign unprecedented in bitterness and excitement, the scheme was defeated by a majority of over 1,700 in a total vote of Il,(il2. For this beneficent result the high- est meed of praise has always been accord- ed to Warren. Some time during 1826 he became associated with the National Crisis, an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, 0., but six months later, removing his press to Springfieid, he established the Sangamon Spectator the first paper ever printed at the present State capital. This he sold out in the fall of 1829, and a few weeks later, in conjunction with Drs. Newhall and Philleo, he commenced the publication of the Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald, at Galena. The work of conducting this paper, in all the departments, devolved largely on Warren, and his letters to Gov. Edwards about this time (published in the "Edwards Papers," under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society), tell a pathetic story of hardship endured in lack of means for the payment of expenses, or even for the necessaries of life, and in the sickness of his family. Thoroughly discouraged, at the end THE PRESS. of about two and a half years, lie abandoned the Galena enterprise, removing, in 1832, to Hennepin, where, within the lust five years, he filled the offices of clerk of the circuit and county commissioners' courts, and ex- officio recorder of deeds. In 1836 he was induced to re-enter journalism, and coming to Chicago, in October of that year, estab- lished the Commercial Advertiser, a weekly " Liberty " paper, which lived about a year. The material was then taken to Lowell, La Salle county, and used by Benjamin Lundy and Zebina Eastman in the publication of the Genius of Universal Emancipation, an Abolition paper. Warren removed to Henry in 1839, where he engaged in farming, and, a year or two later, Lundy having died meanwhile, he was associated with Eastman in the publication of the Genius of Liberty, the successor to Lundy's paper. About 1850 or 1851 perhaps a part of both years he published the Bureau Advocate, at Princeton, under a lease, and during the next three years we find him again associated with Eastman in the publication of the Daily Times and Citizen, afterwards the Free West, consolidated with the Tribune in 1856. Mr. Warren now returned to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. During his later years he prepared a number of valuable papers on the early history of the State, some of which were contributions to the archives of the Chicago Historical Soci- ety, though unfortunately destroyed by the fire of 1871. One of his last was on the Black Laws of Illinois. While returning to his home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, Mr. Warren was taken ill, ar.cl on the 22d of that month, according to a sketch of him published in the Historical Magazine (or the 25th, according to the records of the Chi- cago Old Settlers' Association), he breathed his last at Mendota, at the age of 74 years. He lived in a stormy period of State history , and while it maybe true, as he has said, that "his editorial experience has been a succes- sion of failures," it is also true, as he added, that "most of the pioneer editors can say Zelmia Eastman. the same." In fact, some of the men whose whole experience has been a succession of business failures, have left the deepest im- press upon the history of their time. A\/ though he did not live to see the complete triumph of the cause for which he battled in the wiping out of slavery, his labors have borne abundant fruit in the history of the State and the Nation. Zebina Eastman, a most earnest co- laborer of Hooper Warren, and for many years the most prominent anti-slavery editor in the Northwest, was born of Puritan ancestry at North Amherst, Mass., September 8, 1815. Orphaned at the early age of six years by the death of both parents, and having had his mind attracted towards the printer's trade by reading the life of Benjamin Franklin, at the age of fourteen he became an apprentice in a print- ing office at Amherst. After the lapse of eighteen months, realizing the need of a more thorough education, he entered the academy at Hadley, Mass., with a view to preparation for a collegiate course. One of his fellow- students, while there, was the late General Joseph Hooker, of the United States army. His health having shown signs of giving way under a course of study, he was com- pelled to abandon his education scheme, and return to the printing business, being employed for a time in the office of the Hartford Pearl. At the age of eighteen, his guardian having been induced to advance him his inheritance, amounting to about $2,000, he invested it in the establishment of the Free Press at Fayetteville, Vt., the first issue appearing June 7, 1834. The enter- prise proved a financial failure, and before the close of the year it was abandoned, his possessions then consisting chiefly of expe- rience in lieu of the capital with which he had started out. Having imbibed anti- slave ly principles, he now decided to devote himself to the cause of human freedom. Coming West in 1837, he stopped a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for some 70 HtSTOttY OV CHICAGO. time on the Peoria Register, then under the management of Samuel H. Davis. It was probably some time during the year 183& that he became associated with Benjamin Lundy, a noted philanthropist and abolitionist of that time, in the publication of the Genius of Universal Emancipation at Lowell, La Salle county, the press used being that which had been employed by Hooper Warren in printing the Commercial Advertiser at Chicago, a year or so before. Lundy died soon after, and Eastman continued the publication several months alone. In June, 1840, he was mar. ried to Miss Mary Jane Corning, of Bur- lington, Vt. Returning to Illinois, he was joined by Warren in the establishment of the Genius of Liberty as the successor to Lundy's paper. In 1842 he was induced to accept the invitation of prominent abolitionists to remove his press to Chicago, where he began the publication of the Western Citizen, which soon came to be recognized as the leading anti-slavery paper of the Northwest. In 1850 he served as a delegate to the World's Peace Congress, which met at Frankfort, Germany, making the acquaintance, during this visit, of a large number of the leading reformers -of the time. That he was not disposed to waste his strength upon ab- stractions, is shown by the fact that it was largely through his influence that the anti- slavery men of northern Illinois were induced to support E. B. Washburne for Congress in 1852. During this year he commenced the publication of the Chicago Daily Times (not the Times of Wilbur F. Storey), which was continued about a year. In 1853 the name of the Western Citizen was changed to the Free West, and by the year 185G, the anti-slavery men of the Northwest having generally become identified with the Republican party, and there being no longer any reason for main- taining a separate organ, the subscription of the Free West was transferred to the Chicago Tribune, and the former ceased to exist. Soon after the suspension of the Free West he commenced the publication of a literary and historic monthly entitled the Chicago Magazine, but it reached only the fifth number, when it w discontinued on account of insufficientsupport. Early in 1861, Mr. Eastman was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, serving with acceptability to the Govern- ment for a term of eight years. On his return from England, he took up his resi- dence at Elgin, where he remained four years, when he removed to Maywood, then a suburb of Chicago. His later years were spent in historical researches and literary pursuits, and in correspondence with a large circle of friends in Europe and America. His death occurred at Maywood, June 14, 1883, in his sixty-eighth year. Of a family of five children, Mr. Eastman was survived by two a son and a daughter the former, S. C. Eastman, Esq., a well-known attorney of Chicago. His widow also survives in the enjoyment of the honorable fame bequeathed by him to his family. George Schneider, though for thirty years past identified with other interests than those of journalism, deserves to rank with the most prom- inent and influential of those who have assisted to develop the newspa- per press of Chicago. Mr. Schneider was born at Pinnasens, in Rhenish Bavaria, December 13, 1823. Educated in the schools of his native place, at the age of twenty-one he became a journalist, and four years later was one of the prominent actors with Schurz, Ilecker, Kapp and others in the revolution of 1848, becoming one of the commissioners of the Republican govern- ment of the Palatinate. The revolution having failed, the death penalty was pro- nounced against him, bui was revoked in 1866, by an act of the Bavarian Legislature. Escaping to New York in 1849, he went first to Cleveland 0. , and then to St. Louis, where, in conjunction with an older brother Franz Andreas Heinrich Schneider, who became a prominent member of the St. Louis bar and exercised great influence in the organization of German troops for the maintenance of the George Schneider. THE PRESS. 71 Union he established a daily paper called the Jfeue Zeit ("New Era"). It was due to the seeds of freedom and loyalty planted in the minds of the Germans of Missouri by Schneider and his compeers, that that "Bor- der State " stood true to the Union in 1861 and played so gallant a part in the next four years in suppressing the rebellion. The office of the Neue Zeit having been burned, Mr. Schneider came to Chicago, and in Au- gust, 1851, was employed as editor of the Illinois Staats Zeitung. Here he soon found congenial companionship in the society of such outspoken friends of human liberty as Zebina Eastman and others, and when, a few years later, the controversy over the extension of slavery into the territories sprang up in consequence of the introduction by Senator Douglas of the Kan- sas-Nebraska bill, Mr. Schneider was one of the first to range himself in determined op- position to that measure. In fact, it was through his agency that the first meeting in Chicago to protest against the Kansas-Ne- braska act in 1854, was convoked and held. The position of his paper at this time was so distasteful to its partisan opponents that it led to the gathering of a mob in front of the Zeitung office in 1855, for its destruction, but the coolness of Mr. Schneider, loyally supported by the firm front of his employes, behind barricaded doors and windows, induced the mob to retire without causing serious damage. A few years later, an overwhelm- ing majority of the Germans of Chicago and the Northwest were on the side of Mr. Schneider and the Staats Zeiiung, on the very questions which had led to this hostile demonstration. Inl85G, Mr. Schneider rep- resented bis paper as a member of the con- vention of Anti-Nebraska (Republican) ed- itors, which met at Decatur, on February 22 of that year, and took the initiatory steps in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. He was a member of the State convention for which provision was made at Decatur, and which met at Blooming- n in May following, and both there and at Decatur he contended manfully and success- fully for the adoption of a liberal resolution toward foreign-born citizens. He was also a member of the National Republican con- vention of 1856, at Philadelphia, and again in 1860, when he assisted to nominate Abra- ham Lincoln for the presidency. Soon after the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln in 1861, he was appointed by that great man Consul- General of the United States at Elsinore, Denmark, and in that capacity aided materi- ally in enlightening the governments and people of northern Europe as to the policy of our Government in the suppression of the Rebellion. Keturning to the United States in 18(i2, he sold his interest in the Staats Zei- tung and was appointed by Mr. Lincoln col- lector of internal revenue for the district of Chicago. During this period he was also a member of the Union Defense Committee, which played so important a part in uphold- ing the hands of the Government and en- couraging the soldiers in the field during the war. On his retirement from the reve- enue service he engaged in banking, and is now president of the National Bank of Illi- nois, one of the strongest and most success- ful financial institutions of Chicago. His standing among his brother bankers is shown in the fact that he served for two years as president of the Bankers' Club of Chicago. In 1877, Mr. Schneider received from Presi- dent Hayes a tender of appointment as min- ister to Switzerland, which was declined. In 1880 he was one of the Republican electors for the State-at-large. Though a successful business man, there is no part of his career upon which Mr. Schneider looks with more pride than that spent in connection with the liberal and patriotic press of his adopted coun- try. Col. J. K. C. Forrest, one of the oldest newspaper men in Chicago, who has been familiar with Mr. Schneider's whole career, in a recent publication, says of him: " I have always, and do now, insist that Mr. Carl Schurz and Mr. George Schneider did nioru to kill slavery and save the Union than any other two men of their, or indeed of any 72 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Henjamin F. Taylor. other nationality in these United States." Benjamin P. Taylor, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 19, 1819, and died at Cleveland, 0., February 24, 1887, in his sixty-eighth year. He was educated at Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y., of which his father, Stephen W. Taylor, was president, graduating in the class of 1839. His journalistic labors were performed chiefly as literary and dramatic critic and war correspondent of the Chicago Evening Journal during the war of the rebellion, though he was a frequent contribu- tor to the Gem of the Prairie and other pub- lications. He was also a popular lecturer and the author of several volumes of prose and poetry, a portion of them being collect- ions of contributions to the newspaper press. His style was ornate and vivid, and while his fancy was exuberant, he showed good taste in the choice of metaphors. His letters from the seat of war were very brilliant, his description of " The Battle Above the Clouds'' on Lookout Mountain, in Novem- ber, 1863, being widely quoted and admired. His employment upon the Evening Journal was at two different periods, the first begin- ning with the early history of that paper. lie has been awarded the credit of being the first musical and dramatic critic ever em- ployed on a Chicago newspaper. In his later years he traveled extensively in Califor- nia, Mexico and the Islands of the Pacific. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the University of California. His published volumes include: "Attractions of Language" (New York, 1845); "January and June" (Chicago, 1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pictures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yes- terday" (1877); "Summer Savory, Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" and "Pictures of California Life" (1881); "Dulce Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884). A collected edition of his works was published after his death in 1887; Charles A. Dana. also, "Theophilus Trent," his first and only novel, the manuscript of which was placed in the hands of his publishers shortly be- fore his decease. Among his most popular poems were: "The Isle of Long Ago," "Rhymes of the River;" "The Old Village Choir," etc. The London Times accorded to Mr. Taylor the title of "The Oliver Gold- smith of America." Charles Anderson Dana had only a brief connection with the Chicago press, but his prominence throughout the nation as a journalist enti- tles him to recognition in this place. He was born at Hinsdale, N. H., August 8, 1819, being a descendant of Richard Dana, who settled in Massachusetts about 1640, and became the progenitor of a family which has been distinguished in New England history. The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood in a store in Buffalo, N. Y., until he was of the v age of eighteen, when he prepared for college, entering Harvard in 1839. He was compelled to abandon his studies on account of the failure of his eyesight, bat subse- quently received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. In 1842 he became a member of the "Brook Farm Community," an agricultural and educational association, where he was brought into intimate relations with George Ripley, George AVilliam Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, William Henry Channing, Margaret Fuller, and others who have since been prominent in literature. It was this community that was commemorated by Hawthorne in the "Blithedale Romance." Mr. Dana's first newspaper experience was upon the Harbinger, devoted to social re- form and general literature. He then spent two years on Elizur Wright's Boston Chrono- type, an anti-slavery daily, and in 1847 became identified with the New York Trib- une, then just beginning to lay the founda- tion of its subsequent reputation, finally becoming one of its proprietors and man- aging editor. To its practical skill and organizing ability was due much of the success of that paper. Disagreement with THE PRESS. 73 Mr. Greeley as to the conduct of military affairs at the beginning of the war, resulted in liis retirement, when he was almost im- mediately employed by Secretary Stanton on special work in the war department. In 1863, he was appointed assistant secretary of war, thus being brought into close rela- tions with both Lincoln and Stanton. Dur- ing the next two years he visited the various military departments for the inspection of military operations, and did much to defeat the efforts to break down General Grant. In May, 1865, having resigned his position in the war department, he assumed the edi- torship of the Chicago Republican on the establishment of that paper. Kelinquishing this position at the close of the first year, he returned to New York, and in 1867 or- ganized a stock company to purchase the New York Sun, of which he became the editor. The paper, originally Democratic, has maintained under his administration a degree of independence, though with Demo- cratic leanings. In addition to his journal- istic work, Mr. Dana has issued a number of books, his principal labor in this direction being the " New American Encyclopedia," compiled in collaboration witli George Kip- ley (1855-1863), with a second edition (1873- 187G); a life of General Grant, in conjunc- tion with General J. H. Wilson, etc. John G. Nicolay, journalist, private sec- retary of President Lincoln and historian, was born at Essingen, Bavaria, February 26, 1832, and came to the United States with his father in 1838. After spending some years at Cincinnati, where he attended public school, he removed to Illinois. At the age of sixteen he entered the office of the Pike County Free Press, at Pittsfield, 111., as an apprentice, :ind before he was of age, was editor and proprietor of the paper. In January, 1857. he went to Springfield as assistant to the late 0. M. Hatch, who had just been elected secretary of State on the first successful Republican State ticket. On the nomination of Abra- ham Lincoln for the presidency in 1860, he John G. Nicolay. became the secretary of the latter, and on Mr. Lincoln's inauguration, he was appointed his private secretary, filling that position uutil the death of his chief. During a part of the campaign of 1860 he traveled ex- tensively through southern Illinois as the correspondent of the St. Louis Democrat, furnishing that paper with political informa- tion and campaign literature. After the death of Mr. Lincoln in 1865, he was ap- pointed United States consul at Paris, remaining until 1869. On his return he edited the Chicago Republican for some months, until the sale of that paper to J. B. McCullagh, John R. Walsh and Win. H. Schuyler. In 1872 he was appointed mar- shal of the Supreme Court of the United States at AVashington, continuing in that position until 1887. Mr. Nicolay is the author, in collaboration with Col. John Hay, of the life of Abraham Lincoln, first issued serially in the Century Magazine and after- wards printed in ten volumes; he also fur- nished "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in the series of "Campaigns of the Civil War." He lives in Washington, and is an occasional contributor to the periodical press on his- torical subjects. Hon. John F. Finerty is the son of a lead- ing Irish journalist, being born at Galway City, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His early education was re- ceived chiefly through private tutors. A zealous advocate of Irish " home rule," he found it advisable in 1864 to emigrate to the United States. Soon after he joined the Ninety-ninth regiment New York Militia, and subsequently volunteered with it in the Federal service. In 1868 he became con- nected as a reporter with the Chicago Repub- lican, and in 1871 was promoted to the posi- tion of city editor of that paper. After the fire he joined the staff of the Evening Post, but soon went over to the Tribune, remaining until the winter of 1875-6, when he became associated with the local staff of the Times. The next year he was detailed to accompany Crook's expedition against the Sioux, and in John F. Finerty. 74 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. 1877 served as the New Orleans correspond- ent of the Times during the Nichols-Packard troubles in Louisiana. He also reported for that paper the Pittsburg labor riots of the same year. In 1879 Mr. Finerty accompanied the Miles expedition against the Sioux, and was with General Merritt in the campaign of 1880, and with General Carr in the expedi- tion against the Apaches in 1881. Mean- while, he traveled extensively as a correspond- ent of the Times through the Southern States, Canada, etc., besides acting as the Times' Washington correspondent, in 1881. In the latter part of that year he withdrew from the Times and organized the first Irish National Land League, of which he has been an active member. In January, 1882, he issued the first number of the Citizen, which he has made a strong organ of the Irish National cause. In November following he was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, from the second district, and in 1884 was a candi- date for re-election on the Republican ticket, but was defeated. The latter year he sup- ported Blaine for president and proved him- self an able stump speaker. Mr. Finerty has traveled extensively, and possesses a vast fund of information on general affairs. CHAPTER II. EDUCATIONAL. BY PAUL SKLBY. r w ~> II K founders of the State laid broad and deep the foundations of that syste'm of public education which has become the pride of every intelligent citizen of Illinois. In fact, that work was ... , . begun by the framers of the \V ork of the J Founders. Ordinance of 1787, when in or- ganizing the "Territory of the Northwest," thirty years before the admission of Illinois as a State, with wise foresight and considera- tion they made the comprehensive declara- tion: "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." A more specific and practical meaning was given to this declaration in the provisions of the enabling act of 1818 under which Illinois came into the sister- hood of States. According to this, five per cent, of the proceeds of public lands within the State were secured to the common- wealth, of which two-fifths (2 per cent, of the whole) were to be disbursed by Congress in the construction of roads leading to the State, while the remainder (3 per cent.) was to be expended under the direction of the State legislature in the encouragement of education one-sixth of the latter being de- voted to the support of a college or univer- sity. This provision was inserted through the personal efforts of Nathaniel Pope, then the Territorial delegate in Congress from Illinois, who had been the first Territorial Secretary of State and who served as United States District Judge from the admission of Illinois as a State up to the time of his death in 1850. The acts empowering Ohio and Indiana to form State governments had pro- vided for a grant to those States of 5 pj cent, of the sums received from the sales of public lands within the same to be ex- pended in the construction of roads and canals. Mr. Pope secured a modification of this in the Illinois enabling act, by which three-fifths of the proposed grant went to the benefit of public schools (as already stated) and the remainder to internal im- provements. The same act also set apart one section of each township for the sup- port of public schools in that township, besides one entire township, to be designated by the president and set apart for the sup- port of a seminary of learning to be founded by the legislature. The latter constituted the basis of what has been popularly known as "the seminary fund," and with the dona- tions previously referred to, and supple- mented at a still later period by a property tax. laid the foundation of that system of free education which has become the pride of the State. At even a still earlier date, legislative steps had been taken which, while they did Territorial n0 *' ultimately affect the interests Legislation. o f t], e people of Illinois, yet indi- cated the importance attributed by the infant communities of the Northwest Terri- tory to the subject of popular education. On the 29th of November, 1806, the General Assembly of Indiana territory (of which Illinois then constituted a part) passed an act incorporating Vincennes University, to be located at the town of that name, then the capital of the Territory. It is worthy of note that this act bore the names of two men afterwards prominent in Illinois history, the one as Speaker of the Territorial House of Representatives, and the other as presi 75 76 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. dent of the Territorial Council. The first was Jesse B. Thomas, afterwards Territorial Judge of Illinois, a member of the first State Constitutional Convention in 1818, and for eleven years (from 1818 to 1829) one of the United States Senators from this State; while the second was Pierre Menard, who afterwards served as president of every Legislative Council of the Territory of Illinois, and became the first Lieutenant- Governor of the State. The act received the approval of Gen. William Henry Harri- son, then Territorial Governor. An organi- zation was effected a few weeks later, with Gen. Harrison as president of the Board of Trustees. A brick building was erected the following year, and a preparatory depart- ment put in operation. A curious incident in this connection is the fact that the act of incorporation authorized the raising of #20,000 of the proposed endowment of this institution through the medium of a lottery. These general facts have been mentioned as a part of the early educational history of Past and Present the State ' havin ^ SOI " e fli ' Contrasted. rec t or indirect relation to the educational system of the city of Chi- cago. That system, in its beginning, was as crude and unpretentious in its methods as it was unpromising in results. Its growth fur- nishes one of the most surprising chapters in the history of the metropolis of the Northwest. Beginning with a subscription- school of perhaps twenty-five pupils, taught in a log cabin by a single teacher, with his wife as assistant, it has grown in a little over sixty years to about two hundred and fifty public schools, some of them with several branches, employing over three thousand, three hundred teachers, and with an enroll- ment of over one hundred and fifty thousand pupils, to say nothing of kindergartens, church and parochial schools, business col- leges and other institutions of a private character. The expenditure for salaries alone for the year 1891-2 amounted to over $2,500,000, and the expenses of all sorts in sustaining the public school system for the same year to more than $4,000,000, while the city has over $10,000,000 permanently invested in school property, of which onf- fourth is in real estate and the remainder represents buildings, furniture, heating ap- paratus, etc. These figures are rather sug- gestive of a great commonwealth than of a mere municipality. According to the late William H. Wells who filled the office of superintendent of Earliest Chicago P ublic Schools for the cit y f schools Chicago from "1856 to 1864, and who prepared a most valuable history of the public schools of the city, which was pub- lished in his annual report for 1857 the first attempt at imparting instruction of the character ordinarily afforded in a common school, where the city of Chicago now stands, was made during the winter of 1810-11, by Robert A. Forsyth, afterwards a paymaster in the United States army. The teacher was a youth of the mature age of thirteen years, a nephew of Mr. John Kinzie, widely known throughout the Northwest in the early part of the century as a successful In- dian trader, while the pupil was the son of the latter, John II. Kinzie, then of the age of six years, and afterwards prominently identified with the history of Chicago. The text-book is said to have been a "spelling- book " brought from Detroit in a chest of tea, and the place where this "infant school " was taught, a cabin near the mouth of the Chicago river, erected in 1779, by a col- ored native of San Domingo, named Baptiste Pointe de Saible, who is reputed to have been the pioneer settler of Chicago. This house had become the property of a French trader named Le Mai about 179C, and was purchased by Mr. Kinzie when he came to the site of Chicago from his trading post on the St. Joseph river in Michigan, in 1804. The circumstances indicate that the tuition was in the nature of family instruction rather than a school. Fort Dearborn having remained unoccupied for four years after the massacre of 1812, Chicago was only known as an Indian trading post, consequently no EDUCATIONAL. 77 progress could have been made in establish- ing schools. Six years later, however (1816) Fort Dearborn having been reoccupied, a private school of a more formal character was taught by a discharged soldier, named Will- iam L. Cox, in a log building also belonging to Mr. Kinzie, which stood in the back part of his garden about the present intersection of Pine and Michigan streets. This school was made up of four children (two sons and two daughters) of Mr. Kinzie and three or four children belonging to families in the fort. Owing to the dissipated habits of the teacher it appears to have had a brief ex- istence. The next school of which either history or tradition furnishes a record was taught in the fort by a sergeant of the garrison during or about the year 1820. Mr. Henry H. Hurlbnt ("Chicago Antiquities") thinks Mr. Eussell E. Heacock " probably taught in Port Dearborn in 1827, or at least previous to May of the ensuing year, when he was living at or near where Bridgeport now is," though no mention is made of this fact in any of the school histories of Chicago. If this conjecture is correct, the school was probably only one of several attempts made at various periods to impart systematic in- struction to the few children about the fort and the agency, during these years when civilization was struggling to obtain a foot- hold about the mouth of Chicago river. There is a well authenticated statement that in 1829, Charles H. Beaubien, a son of James B. Beuubien, then agent of the American Fur Company at this point, was employed to teach the children gathered from the families which had settled about the fort, the school being composed chiefly of younger members of James B. Beaubien's family and of his brother Mark. A year later the infant settlement about Fort Dear- born, as it was still called, began to show evidences of growth into the proportions of :i village, and in June, 1830, Mr. Stephen Van R. Forbes (who afterwards became the second sheriff of Cook county), assisted by his wife, began a school near where Randolph street and Michigan avenue now cross each other. The house stood on the west bank of Chicago river which then flowed for some dis- tance in a southerly direction, nearly parallel with the lake shore, emptying into the lake near the foot of Madison street. Mr. Forbes was employed by Mr. J. B. Beaubien and Lieutenant (afterwards Major General) David Hunter, then an officer of the fort and connected by marriage with the Kinzie family, and the school consisted of about twenty-five pupils belonging to families in the fort with a few outside, including among others that of Mr. Beaubien. Mr. Wells says of this school, "it was taught in a large, low, gloomy log building which had five rooms," serving as a residence and a school-room. "The walls of the school- room were afterwards enlivened by a tapestry of white cotton sheeting. The house be- longed to Mr. Beaubien and had been pre- viously occupied by the sutler of the fort." This, no doubt, deserves to be recognized as the first school in Chicago above the rank of a family school. A year later Mr. Forbes gave place to a Mr. Foot, of whose term of service there is no definite information. About this time the village of Chicago began to manifest that spirit of progress which has been so prominent a Dnvolopment . ' begins. characteristic of its growth as a city a fact that has been apparent in the attention devoted to the subject of education in every stage of its history. Cook county having been organized in 1831, Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who had already acquired the reputation of an enterprising and public- spirited citizen, was made the first Commis- sioner of School lands, and in this capacity had charge of the school funds for the cor- poration until he was succeeded in 1840 by Hon. William H. Brown, who became school agent of the city. The State legislature had enacted a common school law as early as 1825, adopting a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, then a senator from Jackson county > afterwards a representative in Congress and 78 msionr OF CHICAGO. still later Governor of the State. While this law contained the elements of a system of common schools to be supported by taxation, owing to. the poverty of the people, there was scarcely an attempt made to carry it into effect. It is estimated that the two per cent, of the State revenue, which it provided should go into the school fund, would have produced, at that time, about $1,000. But even this feature as a compulsory measure gave place at the next session to an amend- ment making taxation voluntary, and was wholly repealed two years later. This left practically only the three per cent, from the proceeds of the sales of public lands and the fund derived from the sale or lease of school lands, as the basis of a free school system. As the former had been appropriated by the State to its own use under color of a loan, and the latter seldom proved productive on account of the impracticability of making sales, or the low prices at which they were made when effected at all, it will be seen how inadequate was the provision for anything like a system of free education. With the exception of perhaps a few districts and townships, which, having with exceptional good fortune come into possession of valuable school lands and managed the funds thereby acquired in a judicious manner, were thus able to support schools free to all the children within their boundaries, the State had noth- ing worthy of the name of a system of free schools certainly nothing of a uniform and general character, until over twenty years thereafter in the enactment of the law of 1855. The Chicago school section lies in the very heart of the city, and at the present time The School P rODa b'y comprehends within its Section. limits more wealth than can be found within an equal area in any city on the Western Continent, unless it be New York. Its boundaries are Madison street on the north, State street on the east. Twelfth street on the south, and Halsted street on the west. Could its future value have been foreseen, there would, no doubt, have been a strong sentiment among the early citizens of Chicago in favor of the retention of the whole, or a considerable part. But the spirit of speculation had taken hold of the people. The entire section was platted in 142 blocks, and the requisite number of citizens having joined in a petition request- ing its sale, it was offered at auction in Oc- tober, 1833. The whole tract was ulti- mately sold, except four blocks, which were reserved for school purposes. The reserved portions were : Block 1, at the northwest corner of the section and bounded by Madi- son, Halsted and Monroe streets, and by South Union street extended ; blocks 87 and 88, situated between Fifth avenue and the river, and Harrison street on the north and Polk street on the south ; and block 1-12, in the northeast corner, surrounded by Madison, State, Monroe and Dearborn streets. The latter is the block upon which the Tribune and Evening Journal offices, McVicker's Theatre, the Stock Exchange, two or three hotels and a number of the most valuable business houses in the city are located, and is one of the most valuable squares of land in the city. The proceedsof the sale amounted to $38,865. This, al- though no doubt regarded as a munificent sum at the time, would scarcely amount to one-tenth of one per cent, of the ground value of an area upon which such buildings as the Board of Trade, the Grand Pacific Hotel, the Post Office and Custom House, the Great Northern Hotel, the Monadnock, Phoenix, Rialto, Rookery, Home and Royal Insurance Buildings and AVoman's Temple : the Rock Island, Wabash and Santa Fe, and the Canal Street Union Depots ; Marshall Field & Go's., J. H. Walker & Co's., J. V. Farwell & Go's., wholesale establishments; The Fair, and an almost countless number of the heaviest business houses of the city are located. The mere ground rental of this area, at its present value, would, no doubt, be sufficient now to support every school BE OF fir EDUCATIONAL. 79 in the State of Illinois many times over. To return to the history of Chicago schools. In the spring of 1833, says Mr. First Public Wells, Mr. John Watkins began schools. t o teach a small school in the North Division near the old Indian Agency, then the residence of Colonel Hamilton. He was employed by Colonel Hamilton and Col. T. J. V. Owen, for many years Indian Agent at Chicago. Mr. Watkins himself, in a letter written to the Calumet Club, in 1879, says he came to Chicago in May, 1832, and commenced teaching in the following fall (1832) in a building belonging to Col. Hamilton, about half-way between the lake 'and the junction of the North and South Branch, known as Wolf Point. The build- ing he describes as a log-hut about twelve feet square, having been erected originally for a horse-stable and used as such. The furniture was constructed out of old store- boxe?. The school was started by private subscription, thirty scholars being subscribed for, though there were not thirty children in the town. Many of the subscribers had no children of their own, but subscribed in a spirit of public enterprise to assist those who had. Of the school itself Mr. Watkins says: "During my first quarter I had but twelve scholars, only four of them were white; the others were quarter,half and three- quarter Indians. After the first quarter I moved my school into a double log house on the West Side. It was owned by Rev. Jesse Walker, a Methodist minister, and was located near the bank of the river where the North and South branches meet. He re- sided in one end of the building and I taught in the other. On Sundays Father Walker preached in the room where I taught. In the winter of 1832-3, Billy Caldwell, a half-breed chief of the Pottawattomie In- dians, better known as ' Sauganash,' offered to pay the tuition and buy books for all the Indian children who would attend school, if they would dress like Americans, and he would also pay 1'or their clothes. But not a single one world accept the proposition con- ditioned upon the change of apparel." Mr. Watkins says he " always had thti rep- utation of being its (Chicago's) first school teacher." This was, no doubt, based upon the claim of the school which he taught to be regarded as a public school those which preceded it being more strictly in the nature of family schools. How long Mr. Watkins continued to teach is not definitely known, though he appears to have been teaching on the North Side as late as 1835. Mr. Wells says this school was taught, for a time, in a house built for Mr. Watkins on the north bank of the river near Clark street, and that this was the first house built for school purposes in this city, though erected by private individuals. Following closely upon Mr. Watkins came Miss Eliza Chappel (afterwards wife of the Rev. Jeremiah Porter).. Miss Chappel was from Rochester, N. Y., had spent some time teaching at MaekinacandSt. Ignace, Mich., and during the year 1833 joined the family of Major Wilcox, for some time in command at Fort Dearborn. In the autumn of the same year Miss Chappel opened an infant school, consisting of about twenty children belonging to families in the fort and vicin- ity. This school was at first taught in a log house on South W'ater street, and a short distance west of the fort. As the popula- tion of Chicago was increasing rapidly at this time, Miss Chappel's school appears to have prospered so that larger quarters became necessary, and it was moved into the First Presbyterian church on the west side of Clark street,between Lake and Randolph. She had for assistants about this period Miss Elizabeth Beach and Miss Mary Burrows. Still later another move appears to have been necessary, as her husband (Rev. Mr. Porter) in a communication printed in a San Francisco paper, some years since, says "she took a house and opened a boarding school and received children from the coun- try, who aided in housekeeping and, in part, paid for tuition and board by bringing pro- visions from their homes for the school fam- ily." Mr. Wells says that "one of the objects of the school was to train up teachers for the so IIISTORT OF CHICAGO. common schools in the new settlements." In the winter of 1834-5 Miss Ohappel with- drew from the school and returned East, being succeeded by Miss Kuth Leavenworth, afterwards Mrs. Joseph Hanson. In the following year (1835) Mr. John S. Wright, a public-spirited citizen and zealous friend of education, afterwards the founder of The Prairie Farmer, erected a building on Clark street just south of Lake, which Miss Leav- enworth occupied with her school. It has been claimed for this house that it was the first built in Chicago especially for school purposes, though the same claim has been set up for a house erected on the North side for the school ' taught by Mr. Watkins. These two houses (both erected by private enterprise) appear to have been built about the same time. Within a few months of the beginning of Miss Chappel's school, Mr. Granville T. Sproat arrived from Boston and established an English and classical school for boys, oc- cupying for that purpose the First Baptist church, a small frame building located on South Water street near Franklin. Miss Sarah L. Warren (afterwards Mrs. Abel E. Carpenter) became an assistant in Mr. Sproat's school in the spring of 1834. It has been claimed for both this school and Miss Chappel's, already referred to, that each was the first to receive aid from the school fund, and was therefore entitled to the distinction of being the first public school in Chicago. (Owing to the absence of official records for this period 1833 to 1837 it is impossible to fix dates with entire accuracv, or draw clear distinctions between public and private schools as they then ex- isted). At all events, Mr. Sproat's school appears to have been recognized as a public school some time in 1834, and the same was probably true of Miss Chappel's at a some- what earlier date in the same year. Some- time during this year the Sproat school passed into the hands of Dr. Henry Van der Bogart, who gave place a few months later to Thomas Wright the latter being suc- ceeded in 1835 by Mr. James McClellan, by whom it was continued as late as 1834. Mr. McClelhrn was afterwards associated with Zebina Eastman in the publication of the Western Citizen and other anti-slavery papers. In addition to the other schools already mentioned, during the winter of 1834-5, Mr. George Davis opened a school over a store on Lake street, between Dear- born and Clark, which was continued later in the Presbyterian church on Clark street. There is evidence that, in July, 1834, a Miss Bayne kept a boarding and day school on Randolph street near Clark, of which but little is known; also, that about the same time a Miss Wythe announced a school in which young ladies would receive instruc- tion in music and the common branches. In August, 1835, a Mr. Charles Hunt an- nounced his purpose to establish a high school for young ladies, but there appears to be no record of this school extant. In Sep- tember of this year the town was divided into four districts. At this time there appear to have been three public and four private schools. In the spring of 1836, Miss Leavenworth (the successor of Miss Chappel) having dis- Seiect School for continued her school, the same building was occupied by Miss Frances Langdon Willard (aunt of Dr. Samuel Willard, now of the West Division High School) as a select school for young ladies. Belonging to a family distinguished as educators, Miss Willard soon brought her school into high repute. Miss Louisa Gifford (afterwards Mrs. Dr. Dyer) was an assistant in this school, and many ladies whose names have been familiar in Chicago society were enrolled among her pupils. A primary department was added, and it ultimately became a public school under the management of Miss Gifford, whin Miss Willard opened another school according to her original plan, which was continued about a year. Miss Willaid came from Alton to Chicago, induced by EDUCATIONAL. A Case of Discipline. A "Lost Township.' promises of the erection of buildings which were never fulfilled. She was a successful teacher, securing a large number of pupils, but laboring under serious disadvantages for want of suitable buildings. She finally married the Rev. John Ingersoll. The annals of early Chicago schools make mention of a private school on the North Side, conducted for some months previous to March, 1837, by Mr. John Brown, who was finally driven out by unruly pupils. Brown was succeeded by Mr. Edward Murphy, who soon established such a reputation for firmness and efficiency that he was retained as a pub- lic school teacher for more than a year, at a salary of $800 per annum probably the most liberal compensation that, up to that time, had been allowed to any Chicago teacher. A fact of curious historical interest is mentioned in connection with the General Assembly of 1835. In Febru- ary of that year, the legisla- ture passed an act making provision for a spe- cial school system for "Township 39 North, Range 14 east of the Third Principal Merid- ian," which investigation proves to have referred to the township in which the vil- lage of Chicago was then situated a village apparently "without a name," if not "without a local habitation." This act authorized the election of a board of school inspectors for the township, with three trustees of schools in each district the latter being empowered to levy and collect taxes within certain specified limitations for the maintenance of a system of free schools. Thus it will be seen that special steps were taken at this early date for the establishment of a free school system in Chicago. While the repeal of this act by the incorporation of the city at the next session of the general assembly gave little opportunity to see its practical operation, it settled the principle of free schools for Chicago, and probably established its claim to the distinction of being the first community in the State to put this principle in operation. Mr. William L. Pillsbury, for many years assistant superintendent of public instruc- Fir 9t Free Schools. tion > at Springfield, in a paper on "Early Education in Illinois," published in connection with the report of Superintendent Raab, for 1885-6, discusses quite exhaustively the question, "Where were the first free schools established in Illinois?" After examining and dismissing as untenable the claim that such a system had been put in operation at Alton under a special act of the general assembly adopted in 1821, Mr. Pillsbury alludes to the act just above referred to, in connection with the school law of 1825, and the sale of the Chicago school section in 1833, and then adds: " The legal voters of each district (under the special act of 1835) were to employ qual- ified teachers (those holding certificates) and ' to see that the schools are free.' The direct- ors were given power to levy and collect a sufficient tax to defray all the expenses of fuel, rent of school room, furniture, and to levy such additional tax, not exceeding one- half of one per cent, per annum, upon all the taxable property of the district. An- dreas' History of Chicago (Vol. I, pp. 207- 208) shows that the schools were organized under this law, and though the law did not give power to levy a tax for paying teacher's salaries, I am of the opinion that the schools were free, as the law required. The population of the city then was but 3,235 in 1835. The report of schools in Cook county made to the auditor for the year ending December 31, 1837, shows inter- est on the 16th section fund for the year, $2,598.55, and amount expended for schools $2,117.25, of which $740.56 was for other expenses than salaries. Now Chicago was the only township in Cook county which had, up to that time, sold its 16th section, and consequently the township which had a 16th section fund; so this interest, must have belonged to that city alone. There were six schools in the county and 300 pupils, and these schools were doubtless all in Chicago. HISTORY OF CHICAGO. The pay-roll of the teachers in 1841, when the schools were unquestionably free, was but about $1,800, and it would seem that 1,600 would pay the teachers in 1837. Be- sides, the income of the fund in 1835 the lands having been sold in 1833 was prob- ably as large as in 1837. So I think it is a fair inference that the schools established in 1835, under the laws cited above, were free. The law of 1835 was repealed in 1837, and the city charter of that year did not put school matters on a good footing, and, possi- bly there was an interruption of the free schools, but it seems more probable that, with the interest and share of funds distrib- uted by the State, such schools as were maintained were free. In 1839, March 1, ' An act relating to common schools in the city of Chicago, and for other purposes,' prepared by J. Young Scarnmon, was passed. This law gave ample power, and under it the schools were organized and have been free from that date. " Alton in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840, were given power to establish and maintain free schools; but it does not appear that either city exercised this power until a much later date. To Chicago, then, the honor of having the first free schools in the Stale must be conceded, and I think the dale must be put as early as 1884." In a footnote to the above Mr. Pillsbury says: ' I have received a letter from Mr. Granville T. Sproat, of Canaan Four Cor- ners, N. Y., who says that he was teaching a private school in Chicago in 1833, and that his school became a public free school that vear in May. 1 think it was more likely May, 1834. He states that his wages and all the expenses of the school were paid from the public funds that the pupils were not charged any tuition fee." Mr. Pillsbury is also of the opinion that Chicago was the first city in the State to adopt a system of graded schools, though it was preceded by Peoria, by some months in Four Kras. the appointment of a superintendent of city schools. The history of Chicago public schools naturally divides itself into four principal eras or periods. The first was the pioneer, or formative period, in which the system of education, not only in Chicago but throughout the State, was taking shape. This extended from the earliest settlement of the place to the organ- ization of the city government, and the placing of the school system on a new foot- ing in 1837. The second era covered the period between 1837 and the appointment of a superintendent of schools, and the adoption of a graded system in 1854 seven- teen years. The third era began with the events last mentioned, and extended to 1871, another period of seventeen years. The fourth and last era, beginning with the Great Fire, when many of the school houses of the city were destroyed, has been emphati- cally a period of reconstruction and develop- ment unparalleled in the history of any other city on this continent or any other. With the adoption of the act incorporating the city of Chicago, approved March 4, 1837, The city as nas already been said, M*e Incorporated. c jty schools were placed Oil a new footing, though, owing to the business depression which immediately followed and continued for many years, there was not that progress which might otherwise have been expected. The new city charter made the common council ex officio commissioners of common schools; empowered them to divide the city into school districts,to appoint annu- ally a number of inspectors of schools, not exceeding twelve nor less than five, whose duty it should be to visit the schools, exam- ine teachers, apportion to the districts the money collected for school purposes, and report upon the condition of the schools to the council, with suggestions and recommen- dations for their improvement. The charter also authorized the election of three trustees for each school district, whose duty it should i:i>rc.\rro\AL. be to employ teachers, fix salaries and have general supervision of the business affairs of their districts, such as the collection of taxes and payment of salaries, purchase or renting of school sites, building of school houses and furnishing the same, etc., and they were re- quired to make quarterly written reports to the inspectors. In fine, the law made gen- eral provisions for maintaining a system of free schools at the discretion of the legal voters. That larger results were not immedi- ately obtained was due to the causes already referred to, viz.: The business revulsion which followed the panic of 1837. The first board of inspectors appointed under the new city charter consisted of First Board Thomas Wright, N. H. Bolles, of inspectors. j o ] ln Gage, T. B. Hubbard, I. T. Hinton, Francis Peyton, G. W. Chad wick, B. Huntoon, R. J. Hamilton and William H. Brown. At this time the city appears to have been divided into seven districts, and this arrangement was continued with- out material change up to 1840. The fourth district appears to have been attached to the fifth for school purposes, and there was a sim ilar union of the sixth and seventh. Reports for the quarter ending November 1, 1837, from the first, second, third, fifth and seventh districts,show a total enrollment of 400 pupils. The teachers of these schools, respectively, were George C. Collins, James McClellan, Hiram Baker, Otis King and Edward Murphy. Other teachers, during a portion of this year and the next, were Miss Sarah Kellogg, A. Steel Hopkins, C. S. Bailey and Samuel C. Bennett. During the winter of 1838, the school in district No. 5 was taught by C. S. Bailey. He was succeeded during the same year by Mr. Calvin DeWolf, familiarly known as Justice DeWolf, and the latter, at a still later date, by Thomas Hoyne. Districts Nos. one, two, and possi- bly three, appear to have been in the South Division; Nos. four and five in the West Division and Nos. six and seven in the North Division. March 1, 1839, the State legislature passed an act (already referred to in the The Council's quotation from the paper of Enlarged Powers. Mr. Pillsbury) which ma- terially enlarged the powers of the city council over school matters, giving them authority to sell or lease school lands; to raise funds by taxation when necessary for building school houses, or to establish and maintain public schools; to fix the compen- sation of teachers, prescribe the text-books to be used and the studies to be pursued, and to pass ordinances and by-laws for the con- trol of the city schools. During 1839 the school fund was unpro- ductive and the schools appear to have been in a depressed condition. Some meager records are furnished of sev- eral private schools in the city during at least a part of the year 1839. One of these was a select school for young ladies, estab- lished by Rev. I. T. Ilinton, in the Baptist church. The course included English branches, Latin, French, history, moral and physical science, etc. A Miss Dodge taught a private school during some portion of this year. Miss R. R. Carr, from Lima, N. Y., had an advanced school for young ladies on Clark street, adjoining the Presbyterian church. A Miss Pray ton is also said to have taught a similar school in the fort, in the summer and fall of 1840. The first record of an attempt to lease the school lands belonging to the city, is of June 24, 1839, when the board of inspectors recommended to the city council to lease block 1 (at West Madison and Halsted streets) and blocks 87 and 88 (between Fifth avenue and the river and north of Twelfth street) for agricultural purposes, and block 14- 8 t an (; anc j ur g eri t demand for additional seating capacity in the public schools. So pressing has been this demand, that, with the utmost liberality in the erection of new buildings, it has been found necessary to rent a considerable number of buildings for school purposes, and yet their combined capacity has always fallen short of the needs of the city, so that a very consider- able percentage of the children have been practically excluded from the schools. At- tempts have been made from time to time especially after the great fire to remedy this evil by allowing one portion of the children to attend certain schools in the morning, and another portion to attend the same school in the afternoon. The energy and liberality of the school board has no doubt relatively reduced the percentage of children excluded from the schools, though the need of more space is ever present. Between the year 1845, the date of open- ing the first school building erected by the School Buildlni, dt y> and the S reat fire of Previous to the Fire. October, 1871, some forty schools were established, for the most part in buildings erected by the city, but in a few cases in rented quarters. Between the years 1867 and 1870 (inclusive), bonds to the amount of $1,200,000 were issued on account 8fi Off CHICAGO. of loans made for the purpose of purchasing sites for school houses, and erecting build- ings thereon and furnishing the same, under authority of acts of the legislature passed at the sessions of 1867 and 1869.. The fol- lowing is a list of the principal buildings erected previous to the fire: Dearborn School (1845); Kinzie, Scammon and Jones Schools (1846), one in each of the three divisions of the city, the latter in rented building; Washington (afterwards removed, and building became the Sangamon street) School, and the Franklin School (1852); Brown and Foster Schools (1855); Ogden, Moseley and Central High Schools (1856); Newberry School (1858); Skinner School (1859); Haven School (1862); South Chicago (afterwards Douglas), Bridgeport and Holstein Schools were acquired by ex- tension of the city limits (1863); Wells and Cottage Grove (1866); Dore School and four primaries (1867); Holden, Hayes, Carpenter and two Primary Schools (L3G8); Clarke and West Fourteenth street Schools, and three primaries (1869) ; Lincoln and Douglas Schools, and one primary (1870). Some idea may be formed of the sums which the city was investing in public schools at this time, by the fact that some of these build- ings cost from $30,000 to $75,000 each. New buildings, additions and branches of the established schools were being erected or rented each year to accommodate the rapidly increasing school population. The great fire of October 8th and 9th, 1871, was a severe blow to Chicago city schools as The Fire of 1871- wel1 as to other interests. Buildings Destroyed. The population of the city according to the census of the previous year, was 306,605; the population under twenty- one years of age, 136,333, and the enrollment in the schools for the year of the fire, 40,832. The amount paid for tuition the same year was $444,634.53, and tile total current ex- penses of the schools $547,461.74. Although the school census of the next year (1872) showed an increase in population and the number of children of school age, there was a reduction in the average membership in the schools of over 3,500 and of expenses of about $70,000, which fell chiefly upon the cost of tuition. Ten school buildings one in the South Division and nine in the North Division valued at over a quarter of a million dollars, were destroyed by the fire, reaving only two buildings the Lincoln and the Newberry hi the North Division still standing. The schools, however were closed only two weeks, most of them reopen- ing on the 23d, those especially in the burned district being crowded to excess in consequence of diminished seating capacity. An attempt was made to meet this emer- gency in the burned district by dividing the children in some of the schools into two classes of which one class occupied the school rooms in the forenoon and the other class in the afternoon. The teachers were divided into four classes, preference being given in assignment to duty in the order named, as follows: (1) Those who had been burned out and left homeless; (2) those having parents or younger members of a family dependent upon them for support; (3) those dependent upon their own earn- ings for a livelihood, and (4) those having friends or relatives able to provide for their support. The Central High School building was taken possession of by the city immed- iately after the fire for the use of the courts, and retained until January following. The legislature at the special session held in the winter of 1872, passed an act reorgan- izing the board of education and materially enlarging its powers (which had been restricted by action of the city council under the old constitu- tion), and making it virtually independent of the council. The number of members of the board, which at this time was twenty (one for each ward), by this act was reduced to fifteen, appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the council, and di- vided into three classes of five members each, of which one class went out of office each year. The new board entered upon the Reconstruction. TEE OF IKE 8F IttiRQIS EDUCATIONAL. task of restoring the public schools, and dur- ing the next few years its work was largely one of reconstruction. The Pearson Street school was the first new building to be occupied and, by the close of the school year in June, 1873, the new Jones, Kinzie, Frank- lin and Ogden Schools were added to the list though the Jones School was again des- troyed by fire during the next year. The rapidity of the work of reconstruction is shown by the fact that, in 1885 fourteen years after the fire there were 80 school buildings in the city, of which 56 had been erected after the fire. In 1890 there were within the old city limits 112 school build- ings, valued, with their furniture, heating apparatus, etc., (exclusive of real estate) at $5,183,950. Of this number only 15 had been erected previous to the fire. In the early part of the year 1873, under authority of an act of Congress, the city Exchange or transferred to the United school Property, states a tract of land on the corner of Polk street and Fifth avenue, extending 380 feet on the former by 198 on the latter, for a tract 190 by 90 feet at the northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe streets. The land transferred by the city was a. part of that retained for tlm benefit of the school fund at the sale of the school section in 1833, and that received by it was the site of the old post office, pre- vious to the fire, with the ruins of the walls still remaining upon it. The latter was in- tended to be used for the public library, but it being found impracticable to build on this site, it was rented and is now occupied by the First National Bank of the city of Chicago. It is still retained by the city and rented for the benefit of the school fund, producing nearly $30,000 per annum. The first public lease of lots in block 142 of the "School Section" between Madison, State, Monroe and Dearborn streets was made in May, 1843, the property being offered for a term of seven years. There does not seem to have been much alacrity in taking this now School Fund. A First Lease. immensely valuable property, as the com- mittee on schools reported that sixteen lots out of thirty-eight had not been taken at the first offering. These were subsequently leased. The report of Wm. H. Brown, the school agent, for January, 1844, shows that the school fund at that time amounted nominally to $46,- 848.64. Of this amount over $18,000 was in judgments and suspended debts. Of the latter sum he pronounced $16,324.16 as "decidedly bad" or of "doubtful" value, leaving a balance of $30,524.48, which he described as "effective." During the year 1847, an event of consid- erable importance in its bearing upon the school fund was consummated, which may be properly mentioned in this connection. This was the settlement, under authority of an act of the State legislature, of a contro- versy between the city and the claimants of certain "wharfing privileges," as they were called. By the terms of this settlement each owner of what was known as a "wharfing lot" became responsible to the city for "a certain stipulated amount for his lot, with interest at six per cent., payable quarterly until the principal was paid." One of the conditions provided that $30,000 of the principal should go to the city to be used in the discharge of its obligations, or in such manner as the council might direct, while the remainder was to be paid over to the school agent and become a part of the School fund under the name of the "Wharfing Lot Fund." The sum ultimately realized for the school fund under this arrangement amounted to $68,061.94. According to the report of the school agent, the city began the year 1848 with a nominal school fund of $50,994.19, of which he regarded $35,765.52 as "effective." [Further details of Mr. Brown's manage- ment of the city's school fund will be found under the head of "School Agents."] Ac- cording to the report of the finance com- mittee of the common council, the total 8S HISTORY OF CHIC AOO. Special Funds- school fund principal represented by securi- ties, in the hands of the school agent, June 30, 1892, was $960,439.25, and the income account from rentals on school property for the previous year, $255,634.22. The above does not include sundry special funds amounting in the aggregate to $53,- 100 which have been donated from time to time by individ- uals, to be held by the school agent in trust, under the condition that the income derived therefrom shall be applied to certain spe- cific purposes in connection with the schools in general, or certain specified schools in particular. These funds are designated as follows, with the sums which they severally represent : Anil, of Name of Fund. Principal. Moseley Book Fund $11,000 Foster Medal Fund 1,000 Jones Fund.. 1,000 Newberry Fund 1,000 Carpenter Fund 1,000 Holden Fund (por annum) 101) Michael Reese Fund 2,000 W. K. Sullivan Fund 300 Calhoun Fund 500 SheldonFund 2,500 Jonathan Burr Fund 32,700 Total principal $53,100 The Moseley fund dates from 1856, when Mr. Flavel Moseley donated $1,000, the in- come of which was to be devoted to the pur- chase of text books for indigent children. On his death, in 1867, he added by bequest $10,000 (less the internal revenue tax of *600) to this sum. The Foster Medal Fund is the result of a donation of $1,000 made by Dr. John H. Foster, in 1857, the avails to be expended in purchasing medals and other rewards of merit for deserving pupils in the grammar department of the public schools. The Jones Fund originated in a donation of $1,000 by Win. Jones, in 1858, the inter- est of which is to be applied to the purchase of text-books for indigent pupils in the Jones School, or for reference books, maps, globes, etc. The Xewberry Fund began in 1862, in a contribution of $1,000, the income of which goes to the purchase of text-books for indi- gent children in the school bearing the name of the donor, or for school apparatus, refer- ence books, etc. The Carpenter Fund grows out of a like donation in 1868, by Philo Carpenter, for the benefit of the Carpenter School. The Holden Fund originated in an annual contribution of $100 by Charles N. Holden, to be applied to the purchase of text-books for needy and destitute children in the Hol- deu school, and for books for prizes. The Burr Fund of $32,700 is the result of a bequest, left by Jonathan Burr at his death in 1868. The revenue, by the terms of his will, is expended in the purchase of books of reference, apparatus, text-books, works of art, etc., for the public schools. The income from these funds for the year amounted to $2,652.70. The memory of these benefactions has gen- erally been perpetuated by naming schools Benefactors of in llOUOr f their authors. Ill the schools. addition to these, the following persons, most of whom have been identified with the schools as members of the board of education or teachers, have been similarly honored: Luther Haven, AVm. H. Brown, S. S. Hayes, Mark Skinner, W. B. Ogdeu, Isaac N. Arnold, J. Y. Scammon, Grant Goodrich, S. B. Raymond. Geo. C. Clark, J. R. Doolittle, John McLaren, J. C. Dore, AVm. H. Wells, J. L. Pickard, D. S. Went- worth, Ellen Mitchell, Carter H. Harrison, E. B. Keith, Thomas Hoyne, besides the perpetuation of such names as Lincoln, Grant, Logan, Sheridan, Hancock, Geo. II. Thomas, E. B. Washburne and others of national reputation. The first attempt to secure uniformity of text-books in the Chicago city schools was made in December. 1840, in the adoption by the inspectors of a series of books chiefly for pupils in the ele- mentary classes. This was extended to a higher class of studies in March, 1841, and a series of regulations adopted in April fol- lowing declared that" no books, except those Text Books. EDUCATIONAL. prescribed by the inspectors, will be permitted to be used in the schools after the books pre- scribed can be obtained." The course of study has, of course, been materially modi- fied since, but this was the beginning of really effective steps toward the grading of the public schools. In December, 1853, it was decided by the city council to create the office of super- superintendent* of intendent of city schools, City schoo a. an d the place was offered to John D. Philbrick, of New Britain, Conn., but declined. In March, 1854, a tender was made of the position to John C. Dore, prin- cipal of the Boylston Grammar School, Bos- ton, Mass., and by him accepted at a salary of $1.500. Mr. Dore entered upon the office in June following, and immediately set about the work of a more thorough classification of the city schools. In March, 1856, he resigned, being succeeded in June following by William H. Wells, principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass , who still farther prosecuted the grading of the schools, arranged a thorough systematization of the work of the teachers, and introduced many improvements and reforms. Mr. Wells' ad- ministration was eminently successful, but in the early part of 1864, he tendered his resignation, to the general regret of teachers and school officers. He was succeeded in June of that year by Josiah L. Pickard, who had been superintendent of public instruc- tion for the State of Wisconsin. Mr. Pick- ard filled the position thirteen years, resign- ing in June, 1877, when he was succeeded by Dunne Doty, of Detroit, Mich., who in turn resigned in the summer of 1880. Prof. George Howland, who had been for twenty years principal of the Chicago High School, was appointed to the vacancy, retiring August 26, 1891, on account of ill health. Prof. Albert G. Lane, the present incum- bent, was then appointed. Long experience as a teacher and as superintendent of schools for Cook county have qualified the latter for the successful discharge of the duties of the office. Number of Teachers. The growth of the schools from year to year will be indicated by the number of teachers employed since 1840, when the written rec- ords of the school board begin: In 1841 there were 5 teachers employed; 184'i-7; 1843-7; 1844-8; 1845-9; 1846-13; 1847 to 1849-18; 1850-21; 1851-25; 1852-29; 1853 -34; 1854-35; 1855-42; 1856 and 1857 (no report); 1858-81; 1859-101; 1860-123; 1861 -139; 1861 (ten months)-160; 1862-187; 1863-212; 1865 (18 months to end of school year)-240; 1866-265; 1867-319; 1868-401; 1869-481; 1870-537; 1871-572; 1872-476; 1873-564; 1874-640; 1875-700; 1876-762; 1877-730; 1878-797; 1879-850; 1880-898; 1881-958; 1882-1,019; 1883-1,107; 1884- 1,195; 1885-1,296; 1886-1,440; 1887-1,574; 1888-1,663; 1889-1,801; 1890-2,711; 1891- 3,001; 1892-3,300. The presidents of the school board (known as "Inspectors" previous to 1857, and "Board of Education" since), Oflicers of the school Board, from the organization of the first board to the present time, have been as follows : 1840-43, William Jones; 1843-45, J. Young Scammon; 1845-48, William Jones; 1848, Dr. E. S. Kimberly; 1849, (record lost); 1850-51, Henry Smith; 1851-52, Wil- liam Jones; 1852-53, Flavel Moseley; 1853- 54, William H. Brown; 1854-58, Flavel Moseley; 1858-60, Luther Haven; 1860-61, J. C. Dore and J. W. Foster; 1861-62, - ; 1863, W. L. Newberry; 1864-66, Charles N. Holden; 1866-67, George C. Clarke; 1867-68, L. Brentano; 1868-69, S. A. Briggs; 1869-70, Wm. H. King; 1870-72, Ebeu F. Runyan; 1872-74, William H. King; 1874-76, John H. Eichberg; 1876-78, W. K. Sullivan; 1878-80, Wm. H. Wells; 1880-82, Martin Delany; 1882-83, Norman Bridge; 1883-84, Adolph Kraus; 1884-85, J. R. Doolittle; 1885-86, Adolph Kraus; 1886-88, Allan C. Story; 1888-89, Graeme Stewart; 1889-90, Wm. G. Beale; 1890-91, Louis Nettlehorst; 1891-92, John McLaren. The following persons have held the office 90 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. of secretary of the board : Isaac N. Ar- nold, J. Y. Scatnmon, George W. Meeker, Edw. C. Larned, J. C. Dore, W. H. Wells, J. L. Pickard, Duane Doty and George Howland the last five being ex-officio secre- taries of the board, while serving as super- intendents of public schools. On the retire- ment of Mr. Howland, Mr. Shepherd Johns- ton, who had been clerk of the superintend- ent of schools, became secretary of the Board. The school board, which had since 1872 consisted of fifteen members, was in 1892 increased to twenty-one members, divided into three classes, of seven members each each class remaining in office three years. Mr. James Hall was the first clerk em- ployed in the office of the superintendent of the city schools, being appointed in 1859 and serving till 1863, when he gave place to Shepherd Johnston, already mentioned. In September, 1877, on the accession of Mr. Doty to the superintendency of schools, Assistant ^ r - Edward C. Delano was superintendents, appointed the first assistant superintendent, a position which he has continued to fill up to the present time. Since then the force of assistants has been increased from time to time, as the schools and the responsibility of their management have multiplied, until they now number eight six gentlemen and two ladies. From the organization of Cook county in 1831 to 1840 nearly three years after the organization of the Chicago city government the Chicago school fund was in the "custody of Colonel Richard J. Hamilton, the first commis- sioner of school lands for Cook county. During the first three years, his services as the custodian of the fund were no doubt merely nominal, but the sale of the Chicago "school section" in October, 1833, (described elsewhere in this chapter) produced the sum of $38,895, which remained in his hands until February, 1840, when, the State legis- lature having passed an amendment of the city charter at its session of the previous year, creating the office of school agent, lion. \Villiam H. Brown was appointed to School Agents. that position by the city council. The amount of the fund realized from the sale of school lands appears to have been somewhat reduced (probably on account of expenses of the sale or from losses upon loans), as the sum turned over by Col. Hamilton to Mr. Brown is reported to have been $38,625.47, of which $24,001.96 was in the form of loans on personal or real estate security, $6,545 of notes in suit, $7,366.30 in judgments and $648.15 in cash. Mr. Brown continued to serve the city in the capacity of school agent for thirteen years, during nine of which he declined to receive any compensation for his services, for the remainder of the period accepting a nominal salary for a clerk. He retired by resignation in February, 1853, at that time turning over to his successor the sum of $41,123.20, of which over $5,000 was in cash, the remainder being loans secured for the most part by real estate mortgages. During his administration he succeeded in materially improving the condition of the fund, and it is said to his credit that not a single dollar was lost by a bad loan. His retirement was made the occasion of the adoption by the city council of a series of strong resolutions of thanks. Mr. Brown was succeeded by Mr. James Long, who held the office some three years. Elias Greenebaum was then (April, 1856), elected, serving about a year, when he gave place in March, 1857, to Eugene C. Long. Mr. Long was succeeded by H. N. Heald in May, 1859, but in the following year, the custody of the fund passed into the hands of the city comptroller as ex-officio school agent. In May, 1865, the office of school agent was revived, and Mr. Charles C. Chase, chief clerk of the comptroller, was elected by the board of education to the place, which he has continued to fill ever since. The need of a High School for the instruc- tion of the more advanced pupils in the public schools seems to have High Schools. attracted the attention of the Board of Inspectors as early at least as 1843, and one of the uses to which it was proposed to put the new Dearborn school building SCHOOL BUILDINGS. OF Ih'f VUVEBSin OF ILLINUIS EDUCATIONAL. 91 when projected in 1844, was the accommoda- tion of such a department. The discussion of the subject was renewed from time to time, and though extended reports of com- mittees in favor of the measure were made, no steps of a positive character were taken, until January, 1855, when the city council adopted an ordinance authorizing the estab- lishment of such a school, and prescribing the clas.s of studies to be pursued, and vari- ous other details of its organization. A few weeks later, orders were passed directing the committee on schools to prepare plans and specifications for the building, and the city clerk to advertise for proposals for its erec- tion, the cost being limited to $22,000. One of the first duties of Mr. Wells, after his assumption of the office of superintendent, in 1856, was to arrange for the opening of this school, which was done wider the princi- palship of Prof. C. A. Dupee. Provision was made for classical, English and normal courses the first two of three years each and the last of two years. The normal school was made independent in 1871, again attached to the high school in 1876, but finally suspended in 1877. In 1860, the classical and English courses were extended to four years, and all pupils were required to take at least one language during the course. In the early part of 1 858, Mr. George Howland was made assistant principal, and in 1860 he became principal, retaining the position for twenty years, when he was elected superintendent of the city schools. In 1869, in view of the crowded condition of the High School, it was decided to establish classes in the first year's studies of the High School course in some one or more of the grammar schools in each division of the city. The schools selected for this purpose were the Franklin School in the North Division, the Haven School in the South Division, and the Foster and Hayes schools in the West Division. This policy has since been aban- doned, and in 1875 independent high schools wore organized in each of the divisions of the city, making, with the Central High School, on the West Side, four in all. In 1880 the Central and West Division schools were con- solidated into one, reducing the number to three, and in 1887, the present building at Congress street and Ogden avenuehavingbeen erected, the West Division High School was removed thither from thelocation which it had occupied at Morgan and Monroe streets. By the extension of the city limits in 1889, five additional high schools were brought into the city, viz: Englewood, Hyde Park, Jeffer- son, Lake and Lake View, besides the English high and training schools, which became inde- pendent, making nine in all. In 1892 they were increased to twelve, as follows: English High and Manual Training School. North Division High School. South Division High School. West Division High School. Northwest Division High School. Englewood High School. Hyde Park High School. Jefferson High School. Lake High School. Lake View High School. South Chicago High School. Calumet High School. These had a total enrollment during the year ending June, 1892, of 5,643. Among the early principals and assistants in the high schools appear the names of C. A- Dupee, Geo. Howland, Hon. Geo. E. Adams, Edward C. Delano, J. C. Pickard, A. R. Sabin, Dr. Samuel Willard, Francis Hanford, Alfred Kirk, Wm. M. Payne, Selim H. Pea- body, A. Henry Vanzwoll, and others. On the roll of graduates may be found such names as Luther Lafiin Mills, Charles S. Hutchinson, Telford Burnham, Arthur Burnham, John F. Ballantyne, Wm. Morton Payne, George C. Howland, and many others whose names are familiar in professional and business circles in Chicago. EVENING SCHOOLS. There is no more beneficent feature of the Chicago free school Free Evenin K system than the free even- schoois. j n g gohools conducted, dur- ing the winter months, for the benefit, of adults and other pupils of both sexes, 92 HISTORY OP CHICAGO. who are unable, on account of their age or being compelled to labor during the day- time, to avail themselves of the day-schools. The first experiment in organizing a school of this character was made in the winter of 1856, resulting in the establishment of a school whose sessions were held three even- ings of each week in West Market Hall, on West Randolph street between Desplainesand Union streets. D. S. Wentworth, principal of the Scammon school, had supervision of this school, assisted chiefly by teachers of the day-schools, their services being rendered gratuitously. Mr. Lane, the present superin- of city schools, and Mr. Delano, his first assistant, were members of this little band of teachers. The school opened with about 60 pupils, but before the close of the term it had an enrollment of 208, with an average atten- dance of 150. While these schools appear to have been revived from year to year, there does not seem to have been much progress until the winter of 1863, when a school was opened in the old Dearborn school building, on Madison street between State and Dearborn, the ses- sion beginning on the 8th of January and continuing twelve weeks. The sessions for male and female pupils were held on alternate evenings, and the total enrollment was 483 294 males and 189 females. The city council made an appropriation of $5,000 for the benefit of these schools for the fiscal year 1564-5, being the first appropriation of the kind made by the city. This enabled the Board to enlarge the system, and four schools were conducted that year. The statistics show a regular increase in the number of schools and of pupils until 1871, when the fire of that year caused their suspension for two years. In the fall of 1873, and with the exception of 1876, they have been kept in operation from ten to fourteen weeks each winter. During the school year, 1890-91, forty-five evening schools were in session from four to twenty-four weeks thirty-two of them for the longer period. The whole number of pupils enrolled was 12,060 9,671 males and 2,389 females an increase of nearly fifty per cent.over the previous year with an average attendance of 5,414. Besides the princi- pals, 256 teachers were employed. In the fall of 1868, an evening high school class was organized under the direc- 'tion of S. H. Peabody, a teacher in the High School, in which instruction was given in the higher mathematics, book-keeping, me- chanical philosophy and mechanical drawing. The sessions of this school were interrupted by the great fire, but were resumed in 1874. The whole number of pupils enrolled in this department for 1890-91, was 711, and the average attendance nearly 400. For several years past, these schools have been under the direction of a supervisor of evening schools, A. Henry Vanzwoll being the present incumbent, with James H. Bray- ton, assistant. a The aggregate cost of maintaining the evening schools for the school year ended June, 1891, was $85,851.98, of which $72,- 610.50 was for salaries of teachers. A considerable number of the pupils ex- ceeded 30 years of age. A Normal School, as a branch of the city school system, was established in the fall of 1 856, as an "annex" to the High ''School established that year the object being to prepare young ladies for positions as teachers in the public schools. In 1871 it was made an independent school, so continuing until 1876, when it resumed its relation to the High School. One year later it was discontinued. In the earlier years of its existence, candidates for admission were required to pass an examination similar to that required for admission to the academic department; but after the organization of the Division High Schools, all graduates of these schools were admitted without further examination. A School of Practice was or- ganized as a part of the Normal School sys- tem in 1866, being conducted in the Scam- mon school building. The number in the first graduating class (1858) was one; in the class of 1877 when the school ceased to exist it was 91. Normal (cho i EDUCATIONAL. 93 Deaf Mute Schools. The place of this school has been supplied, though somewhat imperfectly, by a system of "cadetships " by which graduates of the High Schools, who are candidates for posi- tions as teachers, secure a sort of practical training in the profession. The superinten- dents of city schools have, however, from time to time, in their reports, strongly urged the importance of a*" Training School " for young teachers. The first step in the establishment of a school for the instruction of deaf mute children was taken in September, 1870, when Mr. D. Greenberger organized a class in the LaSalle Street Primary School building near Lincoln Park, giving instruction in the use cf the vocal organs. Later, this class was taught in the new Franklin School building, and finally in one of the rooms of the board of education, where it remained up to the time of the great fire. It was carried on without expense to the city except for the use of rooms, Mr. Greenberger receiving a tuition fee from the parents of the children. The fire caused a suspension until January, 1875, when a class was organized in a building occupied by the Jones School, on East Van Buren street, Prof. Philip A. Emery, a teacher of experi- ence, having been employed to take charge of it, at a salary of $1,000 a year. On the completion of the new Jones School, the class was removed to this building, and in 1877 the services of an additional teacher were found necessary. In 1878 it was re- moved to the Third Avenue School building, and in January, 1879, found temporary quarters in the Newsboy's Home, on Qnincy street. The legislature of 1879 having made an appropriation of 815,000 for the education of the deaf and dumb children of the city, to be expended under direction of the board of education, a standing committee on Deaf Mute Schools was appointed, and Prof. Emery was elected principal. Branch schools were opened in each division of the city and four assistant, teachers employed. During the past twelve years the schools have been taught in different localities, usually in some of the public school buildings, chosen with reference to accessibility for the largest number of deaf and dumb children and the room to be spared from other uses. The number of pupils during this period has not varied materially, ranging between forty-five and sixty. These have been taught in four different schools (besides an advanced class), by a board of teachers, consisting, during the past year, of a principal and five assis- tants. Prof. Emery, who was appointed principal in 1875, still retains that position. The question of the introduction of vocal music as a special study into the schools vocal Music. be S an to be il g itate(J at an ear l v day, but the first action on the subject was taken by the council in Decem- ber, 1841, in accordance with a report of a committee of the board of inspectors. As a result of this action, Mr. N. Gilbert was employed as a teacher in this department at 116 a month. In September, 1842, the Board voted to continue Mr. Gilbert's servi- ces six months longer at the rate of $400 per annum, but at the end of this period, they were discontinued by order of the council. Unsuccessful attempts were made to revive the study in 1845 and again in April, 1846; but in September following, permission was given to a teacher to give instruction in music in the schools for a small remunera- tion to be paid by the scholars, and a Mr- Whitman gave lessons in several districts for some months. In March, 1847, the school committee of the Common Council reported adversely upon a recommendation of the board of inspectors in favor of rein- troducing music as a permanent study, but in November of the same year, permission was granted to the Board to engage a teacher at $250 a year, and Mr. Frank Lombard was employed. In 1850, Mr. Lombard's salary was advanced to $400, and. in 1852, to $500. Mr. Lombard continued to serve in this capacity until 1853, when he was succeeded by Christopher Plagge; in March, 1854, Mr. Plagge resigned, giving place to J. L. Slayton, who retired at the 94 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. close of the school year in 1856. With the opening of the next school year, William Tillinghast became the teacher at a salary of 11,000 per annum, remaining until October, I860. There was then a suspension of this branch of instruction on account of the con- dition of the school fund, until 1863, when the Board voted to pay $500 towards the sal- ary of a teacher, the remainder to be made up by private subscription. Within a few months two teachers were employed under these terms. lu 1864, Mr. Orlando Black- man, who had been appointed teacher of music for the Grammar and Primary Schools during the previous year, began a course of instruction to the primary teachers. Mr. E. E. Whittemore was employed as an assistant teacher in 1865, and two years later took entire charsre of music in the Grammar O department, retiring in 1875. A graded course of instruction went into effect in 1868, and with various changes in salaries and the number of teachers employed, this system has been continued in force since. The class instruction, which occupies a few min- utes each day, is given entirely by the regular teachers, under the supervision of a special teacher of music. In 1891, there were three supervisors of singing (one each for the High School, the Grammar and the Primary departments), with fourteen assistants, em- ployed at an aggregate for salaries of $16,- 050. Prof. William L. Tomlins (appointed in 1885) has charge of the instruction in the High School department, Prof. Blackman supervises the Grammar schools and Agnes ('ox, the Primary grades. Mr. Blackman has been identified with this branch of instruction since 1863. The presence of a large German popula- tion in the city of Chicago early led to a Herman stron g pressure for the introduction of the German language as a special study in the public schools. The initial step in this direction, with reference to schools below the rank of high school, was taken in May, 1865, as the result of a resolu- tion introduced in the school board by the late Lorenz Brentano. A committee ap- pointed at this time reported in favor of such introduction in one of the schools as an experiment, and the Washington School, in the West Division, was selected for that pur- pose. In October of the same year, Mrs. Pauline M. Reed commenced giving instruc- tions to pupils in this school in all except the two lower grades. In April of the fol- lowing year, Mrs. Heed having been trans- ferred to the High School as instructor in French and German, Mrs. Caroline McFee took charge of the German classes in the Washington School. The experiment having proved successful, it was voted by the board of education, in July, 1866, to introduce the study in four additional schools, and the Franklin and the Newberry in the North Division; the Wells, in the West Division, and the Moseley, in the South Division, were selected. In 1868 two new schools were added (the Cottage Grove and the Kinzie schools); in 1869, one (the Carpenter); and in 1870, two (the LaSalle Street Primary and the Haven school). The number of pupils, which had been 115 the first year, was increased to 2,597 the year last mentioned. Four more schools (the Skinner, Scammon, Lincoln and Ogden) were added previous to the fire of October, 1871, when that event caused a suspension of the study till January following. During the year 1874, Miss llegina W. Shauer was elected superinten- dent of instruction in German, and a system of grading and examinations was adopted. The number of pupils had been reduced considerably, as compared with the year 1871, which was probably due to the changes caused by the fire. In 1875, instruction in German, which had been allowed in the primary grades, was restricted to the grammar grades, but has since been restored to the primary school classes, except the first and second grades.* Between 1874 ami 1879 this branch of instruction was in- A change was made by the School Board in the matter ot Instruction in German in 1893, which is explained in a subsequent section under the head of 'The Fads." See page 99. THE LIBBfiSY OF TF UNIVERSITY OF ILLINUIS troduced into four additional schools, making eighteen in all, of which six were in the North Division, four in the South and eight in the West. In 1878, Mr. Gustav A. Zim- merman was elected special teacher of Ger- man in place of Miss Shauer, a position which he still retains. There has since been a steady increase in the number of schools in which this branch is taught, as well as the number of pupils. In his report for 1890-91 Mr. Zimmerman states the number of schools in which German was taught during the year to be 121, with 207 teachers and 36,133 pupils, of whom about one-half were of Ger- man parentage and over 10,000 of Anglo- American descent. In answer to the claim that the study of German has a tendency to retard the progress in other studies of pupils pursuing it, Mr. Zimmerman shows that the standing of pupils pursuing English and German studies jointly is much higher than that of pupils pursuing English studies alone. While some attention appears to have been given to drawing as a branch of study in the public schools previous to 186C, it seems to have been unsystematic in character and chiefly voluntary on the part of the teachers. The report of the superin- tendent of schools for that year refers to the use of a series of drawing books by the teachers in the Brown school, and recom- mends the employment of a teacher in draw- ing for the grammar grades. In his report for the next year, the superintendent again recurs to the subject, and makes mention of the good results attained through the in- struction of Miss A. E. Trimmingham, teacher of drawing in the High School, to teachers in the institute. In May, 1869, the board adopted Bartholomew's drawing book as a text-book for use in the public schools, but in the following year an order was adopted discontinuing the study as then taught. A few weeks later there seems to have been a reaction on the subject, for in December of the same year we find the board adopting an order for the employment of Drawing. two teachers to give two lessons per week to each of the first six grades in the public schools. Misses Clara F. Currier and Mary Starr were employed under this order at sal- aries of 81,000 each. Having resigned during the summer vacation of 1872, their places were filled by Misses Carrie E. Powers and Julia II. Arms. After two years' service, Miss Arms was succeeded by Miss Roemheld, who filled the position until the close of the winter term of 1875. The Bartholomew series of drawing books was displaced in 1874 by the adoption of the " Walter Smith System of Free Hand Drawing," the publishers of the latter furnishing a teacher free of cost to the city to give instruction to the regular teachers. Mr. O. J. Pierce acted in this capacity for one year, meanwhile giving in- struction in drawing in the Normal School, and in July, 1875, he was employed as superintendent of instruction in drawing at a salary of $2,000 per year. At the end of the next year, for economic reasons, his services were dispensed with, but in order to prevent a suspension of this branch of study, the publishers of the Smith series of text- books employed Mrs. Elizabeth F. Dimock to give instruction gratuitously. A year later Mrs. Dimock was elected special teacher of drawing at a salary of $1,500 per annum. Mr. Hermann Hanstein has charge of this department in the high schools. The aggregate amount of salaries paid in this department for the year ending June, 1891, was $10,889.75. The number of pupils for the same year was 98,904, showing that two- thirds of the pupils in the public schools received instruction in this branch. "Prang's Complete Course in Form and Drawing" is the text-book in use, having been adopted in September, 1890.* Closely related to physical culture and the art of drawing as branches of instruction, is manual training, or instruct- ion in the mechanic arts. After some years of discussion, and in the face of considerable hostile criticism, a See " The Fads, " page 99. Manual Training. Of CHICAGO, .school of this character was opened in the early part of the school year of 18S6-7, on Monroe street, near Halsted, for the benefit of pupils of the first year classes in the high schools. During the first year it was atten- ded by about seventy-five pupils, receiving instruction in mechanical drawing and var- ious forms of bench work in the afternoons of five days in the week. While the experi- ment appears to have been reasonably satis- factory in individual cases, it has not proved entirely so as a part of a system of education, probably because it created a divided respon- sibility, interfering, to some extent, with the regular studies of the course, while bet- ter opportunities were given for instruction in the manual arts in the Chicago Manual Training School, established under the aus- pices of the Chicago Commercial Club in 1883. At the close of the school year, in 1889, the plan was changed by the establish- meiit of an independent English High and Manual Training School with a three year's course, at the same place. In his report of 1891 Superintendent Howland speaks of the original plan as "a failure," while, of the re- vised scheme, he says: " The establishment of the English High and Manual Training School, as an independent school, under the charge of James F. Claflin, was a new depart- ure in our system and has fully justified the thought of those who were most interested in the measure. The number of pupils has been greatly increased, the work thoroughly systematized and carried on with earnestness and most commendable interest and success, and the prospect is that, with larger accom- modations and better appliances which have been provided by the board, the number of pupils will be more than doubled for the coming year." The whole number of pupils for the year ended June, 1891, was 147. During the year 1885-6, a teacher of physical culture was employed, as an experi- Ph sicai men ^ to give instruction to the culture, grammar grade pupils in four of the most important schools. The experiment was found so satisfactory that it was decided to employ eight teachers to give instructioi to the pupils in the grammar grades in al the schools. The system has since been ex tended to all the schools. In the priman schools the exercises consist of a light calls thenics, advancing in the grammar anc high school departments to exercises of t more vigorous character, calculated to in crease the vigor and strength of the pupil and promote his physical health. Thii department is under the direction of i supervisor of physical culture, assisted b\ twenty assistant teachers, with salaries aggre- gating $24,300.* The present school board (1893) consisti of twenty one members, appointed by th< school Board Mavor and confirmed by th< Organization. c ity council, divided into thre< classes of seven members each, each clasi remaining in office three years. Albert S. Trade, Esq., is president; Daniel E. Came ron, vice-president, and Shepherd Johnston secretary of the board. The following is '< list of the members, arranged in classes according to the time of their retiremenl from office: Class 0/1894. John J. Badenoch, William Boldenweck, George W. Stanford, Lucy L Flower, Alex. H. Revell, James Rosenthal George L. Warner. Class of 1895. William H. Beebe, Theo dore J. Bluthardt, Thomas Cusack, Patrick H. Duggan, James P. Mallette, Albert S Trude, William D. Preston. Class of 1896. Thomas Brenan, M. J. Keane, Daniel 11. Cameron, Charles S, Thornton, Robert Lindblom, Edward G, Halle, Mrs. C. K. Sherman. As stated under the head of "School Su perintendents," Prof. Albert G. Lane, sue cessor of the late Georgi (Superintendents Department. Howland, is the present su- perintendent of the Chicago public schools. He is assisted in the discharge of the duties of his department by a force of eight assist ant superintendents, each of whom is as See " The Fads, " page 99. SatistifS for 1893. igued to some special department of common 3hool work. The assistants are as follows: ]dward C. Delano, Alfred Kirk (in place of lev. John C. Burroughs, deceased), Albert 1. Sabin, Ella F. Young, Elizabeth L. Hart- ey, Leslie Lewis. James Kantian, and Liigustus F. Nightingale. These are still ided by the following list of supervisors: L. Henry Vanzwoll, supervisor, and James [. Brayton, assistant supervisor of evening ihools: Wm. L. Tomlins, supervisor of inging in high schools; Orlando Blackmail, upervisor of singing in grammar grades; ignes Cox, supervisor of singing in primary rades; Gustav A. Zimmerman, supervisor f German; Herman Hanstein, supervisor of rawing in high schools; Josephine C. Lock, iperintendent of drawing in grammar and rimary schools, and Henry Suder,supervisor f physical culture. According to the report of the superin- endent of schools for the school year ended June 30, 1892, there were 180 schools in the city at the lose of the year, of which 134 were grammar nd primary combined and 46 primary alone, 'here were also 12 high schools. These jhools were taught in 314 buildings, of r hich 230 were the property of the city and 4 were leased. The number of teachers '&s 3,300, of whom 219 were males and ,081 females. All the principals of the igh schools were males, but of the 180 ther schools 82 were males, 8G females. In several cases principals have charge of lore than one school, which accounts for he discrepancy between the number of rincipals and the number of separate 3hools.] The total enrollment of pupils for he year 1891-2 was 157,743. In spite of the rapid increase in school uildings and the use of rented rooms since he fire, their number has hardly kept pace rith the increase in population. There has onsequentlybeen some complaint of lack of ccommodations in the schools, though the chool board claims that this has been exag- erated somewhat. According to the school census of 1892 the number of children in the city between the ages of 6 and 14 years of an age to be in school was 191,367. At the same time the whole number of sittings (in buildings belonging to the city and rented) was 141,238. There was a sur- plus of sittings beyond the actual require- ment in nine wards, while there was a deficiency in the other 25. If, therefore, all the children of school age were to present themselves at the doors of the public schools, there would be an excess of some 50,000, to say nothing of 138,616 between 14 and 21 years, some of wjiom are undoubt- edly to be found in both the grammar and the high schools. An effort has been niade to afford relief in the crowded districts by establishing a system of half day divisions, by which the capacity of the schools is temporarily enlarged to an extent of nearly 18,000, by reducing the time to which twice this number of pupils are receiving instruc- tion to one-half day each. The census of 1892, however, shows that over 72,000 were receiving instruction in the kindergartens, private and parochial or church schools and business colleges, 60,000 or more of whom are between 6 and 21 years. This would still leave a very large excess of those who h ive a right to claim admission to the public schools unprovided for, though the employ- ment of large numbers of boys and girls between 14 and 21 in stores, factories and other branches of industry, diminishes the pressure that otherwise might be expected. The total enrollment of all the public schools for the first month of the year 1892- 3 was 142,787, of which 5,684 were in the twelve high schools. The grammar and primary schools had been increased by six, making 186 in all many of the schools hav- ing one or more branches with a total seat- ing capacity of 144,505. The total number of teachers at the same time was 3,363, of whom nineteen were in the kindergarten department added during the year 1892 and sixty-one "special teachers." That the school board is making an earnest effort ttTSTORY OF CBWAOft. to meet the wants of the city is shown by the fact that they now have under way, or are preparing to erect, some thirty additional buildings, which are expected to be completed and opened before the close of the present school year, furnish- ing approximately 20,000 additional seats. The value of school buildings, furniture', etc., according to the report of 1890-1 the latest accessible was $7,608,- 950, and of real estate $2,531,- 936, making a total of $10,140,880. In School Property. addition to this the city owns certain real estate which, during the same year, produced an income of $255,854.34 from rentals. The following statement of the condition of the school fund in June, 1891, is worthy of r.otice : The real estate within the city limits belong- ing to the school fund, is appraised at 14,235,380 00 The r^al estate outside the city limits belong- ing to the school fund, is appraised at 78,485 00 The principal of the school funds amounts to. 961,428 67 The wharflng lot fund amounts to 68,061 94 Total 85,343,35561 TABULAR STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL POPULATION, POPULATION UNDER 21 YEARS, TOTAL ENROLLMENT IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, WITH AMOUNT PAID FOR TUITION, AND TOTAL CURRENT EXPENSES OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO FOR EACH HALF-DECADE FROM 1840: YEAH. TOTAL POPULATION. POPULA'N UNDER 21 YEARS. ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. BUILD- INGS OWNED BY CITY. BUILD- INGS RENTED. No. OF TEACHERS AMOUNT PAID FOR TUITION. TOTAL CUR- RENT EXPENSES. 1840 .. 4 479 2 109 317 4 *1841 4,479 2 109 41J 5 J 1 88982 $ 2 676 75 1845 12088 1 051 9 227753 3 413 45 1850 29,963 1 919 21 603? 97 1855 80000 31 235 6 8''6 42 15 626 73 1654613 1860 109,206 52861 14 199 123 49 612 43 69,63058 H865... 178,492 82' 996 29080 240 131 034 91 176,003 73 1870 306.605 136 333 38939 537 414 655 70 527,741 60 1875 395408 174549 49 121 700 552,3<>7 37 66209347 1880 491,516 OVER 6 AND UNDER 21. 137 035 59 56'* 59 898 1 254 069 44 1 000 003 03 1885 6^9 985 1(59 384 1 296 1 884 570 58 1890 1 205 669 289 433 203 35 3 C01 2 298 732 20 3 583 481 95 1892 1,438 010 329799 157 743 "10 84 3300 2*555'821 22 4 015'414 64 * First year for which a complete record Is furnished. t Owing to a change in the time of closing the fiscal year from December to the termination of the school year, the report for 1865 covers eighteen months. A noteworthy feature of the Chicago pub- lic school system is the prominence given Ladies and the to lad ies, not only in the selec- Pubiic schools, tion of teachers but in the man- agement of the schools. Of the twenty-one members of the school board, three are ladies. Two ladies fill positions as assistant superin- tendent; one is supervisor of singing in the primary grades; one is supervisor of draw- ing in the grammar and primary school department, and 3,081 occupied places in the school rooms for the school year of 1891-2 of whom eighty-six were principals in grammar and primary schools against a total of 219 male teachers of all grades. So marked has been the predominance of the "gentler sex" in the ranks of the teachers that it has called out a mild protest from some of the members of the board of education. Mr. Nettlehorst, president of the board, in his report for 1891, after referring to the ar- gument that " at least one-half of the pupils in the schools are girls," says: "If this argu- ment has any value whatever, if there is any good reason to have women on our board because there are female teachers and girls in our schools, the argument will also hold good that we should have a sufficient number of male teachers, because about one-half of our pupils are boys." EDUCATIONAL. 'he "Fads." MISCELLANEOUS. During the school year 893-4, a spirited discussion was maintained in the press and the school board in reference to continuing in- truction in the special branches. These ncluded German, Physical Culture, Clay Modeling, Drawing, "Color Work/' " Past- ng," and Vocal Music popularly denomi- lated " the fads." On the one hand it was irgued that, while some of these branches vere practically useless, being rather of the iharacter of child's play, the benefits from ithers accrued only to a favored few the emainder receiving no benefit or being ,bsolutely retarded in their more useful tudies by the consumption of time. On the ither hand, it was maintained that the pur- uit of the "special branches" trained the land, the eye and voice, besides educating he brain and improving the taste, while .ffording a means of needed relief from the nonotony of study. After a contest which it times assumed a heated character, it was lecided to eliminate several of these branches rom the course entirely, while the method if giving instruction in others was materially nodified. Clay modeling was discontinued ixcept in the deaf-mute schools and kinder- gartens. Drawing was taken from the first ;rade, and pasting from all grades; color rork was eliminated from all above the burth grade. Physical culture was retained n the primary and grammar schools, so far ts it might afford relaxation to the pupils nstruction in this branch to be given by the jrade teachers, under the direction of the general superintendent of schools and the .ssistant superintendent of the school dis- rict. The employment of a supervisor of )hysical culture is continued, with a special eacher for each district for the instruction i grade teachers. German was abolished n the primary grades, but continued in the ligher grades. Singing was made a graded ourse from the first to the twelfth grades, nstruction in this branch in the high schools o extend no farther than the preparation of eachers for the public schools. Sewing as it had been previously taught was entirely discarded. A patriotic organization having preferred a request, during the fall of 1888, to be per- Fiass on school mi t ted to place the American Buildings. fl a g upon each of the prin- cipal school buildings in the city, it was voted by the board of education, in Feb- ruary following, that each public school building be furnished with a flag at the ex- pense of the city. At a meeting held in May following, the committee on buildings and grounds was instructed to have all the new buildings provided with flag-staffs 30 feet in height. August 7,1876, a deplorable affair occurred which produced intense excitement at the Killing of Principal time > and ' 1O d ubt ha(i an Hanford. influence upon the future of the schools. This was the killing of Francis Hanford, the first principal of the North Division High School, who had also been assistant superintendent. In a com- munication to the city council, a few days previous to the killing, he had used terms in reference to certain appointees of the board of education, which were construed as de- rogatory to Mrs. Sullivan, wife of Alexander Sullivan, then secretary of the board of public works. Sullivan, accompanied by his wife and a brother, went in a carriage to Han- ford's house, but found him absent. After waiting some time Mr. Hanford came in, when Sullivan demanded a retraction of the charges complained of. This was refused, and in a melee which followed, Sullivan claimed that Hanford struck Mr. S., though this was denied. Sullivan then drew a re- volver and shot Hanford, inflicting a wound from which he died in half an hour. Sulli- van was tried on the charge of murder, but the jury failed to agree. On a second trial he was acquitted. On the first trial the prosecution was conducted by States Attor- ney Charles H. Eeed and the defense by Leonard Swett,W.W. O'Brien and Thomas Moran. On the second trial the prosecution was conducted by Luther Laflin Mills and 100 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Col. Van Annan and the defense by Messrs. Swett, Moran, Storrs and Hynes. The frequency of State conventions in Illinois within the two decades following Educational the year 1833, to discuss plans of conventions. popu]ar education, indicate the interest felt by the people in this formative period of our State history on this subject. At first these conventions were usually held at the State Capital during the sessions of the general assembly, for the double purpose, no doubt, of securing a more general representa- tion from distant parts of the State, and en- listing the interest of members in the subject under consideration. As soon as Chicago began to be known as a place of any import- ance which it did about the year 1833 its representatives were sure to be found in these conventions, taking an influential part in the deliberations. The first State conven- tion of this character of which we have any record, was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) in February, 1833. Prof. James Hall, a popular writer of his day, delivered an address and a State Educational Society was organized. Sidney Breese (afterwards United States Senator and a justice of the Illinois Supreme Court) presided, and the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, one of the most efficient friends the cause of religious and popular education the West ever had, was a leading spirit in the proceedings. The late Dr. L. D. Boone, of Chicago, was made recording secretary, and James M. Strode (then senator for nearly the whole of the region northwest of the Illinois river, under the name of Peoria, Putnam, Cook, LaSalle and JoDaviess counties, and after- wards Register of the Land Office here) was one of the vice-presidents. Other members of this convention were Cyrus Edwards, a nephew of Gov. Ninian Edwards; Samuel D. Lockwood, then a justice of the Supreme Court; Archibald Williams and 0. H. Brown- ing, of Quincy; Wm. H. Brown, afterwards a leading citizen of Chicago; Benj. Mills, of Jo. Daviess county; Prof. John Russell, author of the little temperance classic, " The Worm of the Still," and otheVs. Most of these were members of the legislature or in some other way connected with the State government. As a result of this convention a movement was started in the Legislature at this session (1832-3) for the incorporation of an institution to be called the " Illinois University," and Gov. Duncan urged the measure upon the legislature in his message to that body at the next session. This association met again in convention at Vandalia simultaneously with the meeting of the general assembly, December 5, 1834. Cyrus Edwards presided and Stephen A. Douglas (then a citizen of Morgan county) acted as secretary. Other dele- gates present were Col. E. D. Taylor, (then of Sangamon, afterwards of Chicago) Abraham Lincoln, Judge Lockwood, Col. John J. Hardin (killed at Buena Vista) and Dr. J. M. Peck. These details are dwelt upon in view of the subsequent prominence of many of these men in State and National affairs, and as indicating the class of men who were interested at that time in the cause of common schools. A series of annual conventions of teachers was held at Jacksonville from 183G to 1839, inclusive, meeting at the time of the com- mencements of Illinois College (then occur- ing in September), which exerted a wide influence. At the first meeting a State Teachers' Association was formed the first ever organized in the State and the dis- tinguished Dr. Edward Beecher, then presi- dent of Illinois College, was its first presi- dent. Other active members were Prof, (afterwards president) J. M. Sturtevant, Prof. T. M. Post, Prof. J. B. Turner (the latter still living) and Dr. R. W. Patterson, afterwards intimately identified with the history of Chicago. December 16, 1840, a convention met at Springfield, which held an adjourned session December 28 and organized "The Illi- nois State Education Society." A com- mittee appointed at this meeting prepared a memorial, which was presented to the gen- EDUCATIONAL. 101 eral assembly then in session, asking among other things the appointment of a "superin- tendent of common schools/' which was probably the earliest movement in this direc- tion made in the State. About this time, Mr. John S. Wright, an enterprising and public spirited citizen of Chicago, was editor and publisher of the Prairie Farmer, which he used as a medium for the vigorous advocacy of radical amend- ments of the common school law. Two of the measures which he advocated with especial earnestness were the appointment of a superintendent of public instruction and the establishment of a teachers' seminary, both of which were ultimately carried into effect. At his suggestion a State conven- tion was held at Peoria, October 9, 1844, in which Mr. Wright and J. P. Nichols appear as delegates from Cook county. The former was appointed at the head of a committee to draft a bill for a general school, law to be sub- mitted to the legislature at its next session. This was done and, although the bill pro- posed was shorn of some of its most impor- tant provisions (including the creation of the office of State superintendent), it resulted in manV improvements and its most important recommendations were finally carried out. A meeting of the State Educational Society, held at Springfield in January, 1845, (dur- ing the session of the legislature), to pro- mote the legislation recommended at Peoria, was attended by Mr. Wright and Rev. J. Ambrose Wight, of Chicago. In June fol- lowing, in accordance with the recommend- ation of the Peoria convention, a meeting of teachers and friends of education was held at Jacksonville, which was attended by many of the prominent educators whose names have already been mentioned. Mr. Wright bore a conspicuous part in this con- vention also. A similar convention was held at Winchester, Scott county, in Sept- ember of the same year, which appointed another to be held at Jacksonville in Jan- uary, 1846. October 8, 1846, the Western Educational Convention met in the city of Chicago. This event excited much local interest and the members were met with a generous hos- pitality. Among the local committee ap- pointed to arrange for their entertainment appear such names as J. Y. Scammon, R. J. Hamilton, B. W. Raymond, W. B. Ogden, Mark Skinner, Grant Goodrich, R. L. Wil- son, Walter L. Dewberry, Azel Peck, Z. Eastman, F. 0. Sherman, N. B. Judd, Jesse B. Thomas and others of Chicago's most prominent citizens. Prof. Henry Bar- nard, superintendent of schools for Con- necticut and Rhode Island, delivered an ad- dress, and essays were furnished by promi- nent educators. " The Northwestern Edu- cational Society" was organized at this meet- ing with W. B. Ogden, president; G. W. Meeker, recording secretary, and John S. Wright corresponding secretary, and The Northwestern Educator, a monthly maga- zine, was established under its auspices at Chicago, with James L. Enos as editor. At its close a teacher's institute was organized, which continued in session one week, and the institute method of training teachers was strongly commended. This Chicago meeting recommended the holding of a con- vention at Springfield, December 16, 1846, which was done. John Dougherty (senator from Union county, afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) presided, in the latter and Cook county was represented. The State Educa- tional Society again held its sessionin Spring- field, January 14-16, 1849, Judge Jesse B. Thomas acting as president and William Bross secretary, and it again urged upon the legislature the measures which had been favored by its predecessors. In 1851, an educational movement was be- gun which was debated with much zeal for several years, and which ultimately bore im- portant results. This was the scheme of "industrial education," proposed by Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, first developed at a " Farmers' Convention," held at Granville, Putnam county, in November of that year. This movement, more than any other single influence, finally led to the donation, by Congress, of lands to 102 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. the several States for the support of schools for instruction in agriculture and the practi- cal arts, and to the establishment in this State of the University of Illinois at Cham- paign. [The Normal School, which was a part of Prof. Turner's plan, was established at a still earlier date (1857) at Normal.] Five conventions were held in the interest of the " Industrial League " as the organiza- tion effected at Granville was called; the second at Springfield, June 8, 1852 ; a third at Chicago, November 24, 1852, and a fourth and fifth at Springfield, January 4, 1853, and January 1, 1855, respectively. It is not intended to pursue the history of these conventions in detail. It is sufficient to say that, at the convention held at Chi- cago, Prof. Turner still further elaborated and enforced his scheme of " industrial ed- ucation," and while it was not immediately successful, so far as State legislation was concerned, it was indirectly and ultimately successful through the legislation by Con- gress already adverted to. In fact, it was in accordance with a memorial of the Spring- field convention of January, 1853, addressed to the legislature then in session, that the latter body adopted a joint resolution of in- struction to the senators and representatives in Congress from this State, outlining the measure finally adopted by Congress on this subject.* BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Richard Jones Hamilton, one of the earliest school officers of Cook county, was a na- ^ of Kentuckyj bom near Danville, in that State, August 21, 1799. His father, James I. Hamilton, was a native of England, whose parents *[NOTE.-In the preparation of this chapter, especially the portion relating to the early schools of Chicago, lib- eral use has been made of Superintendent Wm. H. Wells' History of the Chicago Public Schools in his report for 1857; " Historical Sketches of the Public School Sys- tem of the City of Chicago," by Mr. Shepherd Johnston (1879); "A Brief Histoi-y of Early Education in Illinois," by Dr. Samuel Willard, printed in the Keuort of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction (1884); a paper on the same subject, by W. L. Pillsbury, printed in the State Superintendent's Heport (1886), and Andreas' "History ot Chicago."! Col. K. J.Hamilton. emigrated to South Carolina, whence he to came Kentucky at the age of twenty years, where he married. When Richard was about four years of age the family moved to Shelby county, where he spent his childhood and early youth. After sometime spent in an academy at Shelbyville, at the age of seventeen, he secured employment as clerk in a store at Shelbyville, and still later, at Jefferson, but in the year 1818 went to Louisville. There he engaged in the study of law, but two years later removed .to Jonesboro, Union county, 111., in company with Abner Field, who served as State treasurer from 1823 to 1827. The journey was made with one horse, the two travelers riding and walking alternately. At Jones- boro Mr. Hamilton continued his law stud- ies with Charles Dunn, who afterwards became chief justice of Wisconsin territory. The second general assembly (1820-21) hav- ing established a state bank, Mr. Hamilton, was, the year after his arrival at Jonesboro, appointed cashier of a branch at Browns- ville, Jackson county, retaining the position until the bank was discontinued, which appears to have been about 1829. The position does not appear to have been a lucrative one. Early in 1826 he was appointed' a justice of the peace for Jackson county, and in 1827 was ad- mitted to the bar. The legislature having passed an act in January, 1831, organizing Cook county, 1 he was offered by Gov. Rey- nolds the appointment of probate judge of the new county, and was also made a notary public. Arriving on the ground in March, 18S1, he took part in the organization of the new county government. During the same year he was appointed clerk of the circuit court, clerk of the county commissioners, court, recorder of deeds and commissioner of school lands receiving the latter ap- pointment in October as successor to Col. T. J. V. Owen, who had resigned. Besides the position of notary public, he held five offices at the same time. In 1835 he was elected to the office of recorder, to BE OF V OlIVERSITV (' ' EDUCATIONAL. 103 which he had been appointed in 1831. In a statement made by him before this election, he said that all his various offices had not netted him more than $1,500 in the four years during which he held them. He retired from the office of judge of probate in 1835, from the clerkship of the county court in 1837 and from the post, recorder of deeds in 1839. He appears to have held the office of school commissioner as late as 1841, though the custody of the Chicago school fund passed out of his hands, on the appointment of Hon. Wm. H. Brown school agent, in 1'ebruary, 1840, under an act passed by the legislature in the previous year. In October, 1833, the Chicago school section was sold under the administration of Mr. Hamilton, in compliance with a petition of three-fourths of the legal voters of the township (as explained elsewhere in this chapter), realizing $38,895. On the breaking out of the Black Hawk war in 1832, Col. Hamilton (who was con- nected with the State militia) took an active part in raising troops for defense and in aiding refugees. Previous to this time he had resided in the fort, but this having become crowded with refugees, he removed his family to the old agency house. [Col. Hamilton was also active in organizing troops for the Mexican war under the second call lor volunteers in April, 1847, and was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Reg- iment, but was defeated by Col. Edward AV. B. Newberry.] In 1833, in conjunction with Col. T. J. V. Owen, he employed Mr. John Watkins, who has the reputation of having taught the first general school in Chicago. During the year, he removed from the agency house to a residence which he had erected on Michigan street, between Cass and Rush streets, where he continued to reside for 19 years. His name appears as one of the subscribing witnesses to the treaty concluded with the Indians at Chicago in September, 1833. In 1834 he was associated with Hiram Pearson in laying out the town of Canal- port, near that portion of Chicago known as Bridgeport, which was expected to be the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Col. Hamilton was a heavy sufferer by the financial revulsion of 1837, but escaped without bankruptcy. Among other official positions held by him during his residence in Chicago, was that of president of the hoard of school trustees in 1834 ; director of the Chicago branch of the State Bank, to which he was appointed in 1835 ; member of the first board of school inspectors appointed on the organization of the city government in 1837 ; member of the city council, and presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852. He was also Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor in 1856, but was de- feated by John Wood, of Quincy, the Repub- lican nominee. In 1845 he formed a co- partnership with J. S. Chamberlane, and in the following year was associated with Francis C. Moore, but his time was largely given to financial and real estate trans- actions. He proved himself the influential friend of nearly every young lawyer who came to Chicago in the early history of the city. Col. Hamilton was married three times the first time in 1822, while living in Jack- son county, to Miss Diana W. Buckner, of the famous Buckner family of Ky., though she then resided in Cape Girardeau county, Missouri. She having died in 1835, he was married in the following year to Miss Harriette L. Hubbard, who died in Febru- ary, 1842. The next year he married Mrs. Priscilla P. Tuley, of Louisville, Ky., mother of Judge Murray F. Tuley, of Chi- cago. His own death occurred from paraly- sis, December 26, 1860, in his 62d year. His later years were spent in a "suburban" home on West Madison street, near Hoyne avenue, to which he removed in 1852. Besides his wife he left five surviving children, one of them (his third child by his first wife) being Mrs. Ellen (Hamilton) Keenon, who was bprn in Fort Dearborn in 1832; said to be th,e 104 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Wm. H. Brown. first child of purely American parents born in Chicago, though this has been questioned. William H. Brown, an influential friend of the Chicago public schools, and the first custodian of the school fund appointed by the city, was born in Connecticut about the year 1795. His father, who was a lawyer, emigrated to Auburn, N. Y., about the beginning of the century, practicing there some twenty-five years, when he removed to New York city, where he spent the later years of his life. The subject of this sketch studied law and practiced for a short time with his father, but in the latter part of 1818, in company with the late Judge Samuel D. Lockwood and six or seven others, he took passage on a flat-boat at Olean Point, as it was then called, on the Allegheny river, for the West. Descending the Ohio river, they reached Shawneetown, 111., about De- cember 20, where they debarked. After a short delay, Lockwood and Brown started for Kaskaskia,then the capital of the State, where they arrived December 26. On Christmas day they fell in with two other young men who afterwards became prominent in the history of the State, and the journey was completed in their company. These were Thomas Mather, afterwards a prominent business man of Kaskaskia, and later of Springfield; and Sidney Breese, afterwards United States Senator and a Justice of the Supreme Court. A few weeks later Mr. Brown was appointed clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, who had just been appointed by Presi- dent Monroe to the position, which he held until his death in 1850. In the following year (1820), the capital having been removed to Vandalia, his official duties required Mr. Brown's removal to that place, where he re- mained until 1835. At Vandalia he became a half -owner and editor of the Illinois Intel- ligencer, the oldest paper of the State, origin- ally started at Kaskaskia. In December, 1822, he was married to Harriet C. Seward, daughter of Col. John Seward, of Montgom- ery county, 111. During the year 1823, the controversy over the attempt to revise the State constitu- tion in the interest of slavery having arisen, Mr. Brown, who had taken a strong position against the measure, disagreed with his partner, Mr. AVilliam Berry (a pro-slavery member of the legislature), with the result that he sold his interest to the latter. 'An incident in connection with this controversy showed the character of the young journalist. Members of the majority in the house having taken offense at his vigorous criticism of their high-handed acts, he was cited to appear before that body to answer for his course ; but he refused to do so, justly main- taining his rights on the ground of freedom of the press. In the latter part of the year 1835, he was appointed cashier of the branch of the State bank to be established at Chicago, and in October removed to that city, taking part in the organization of the bank, December following. -The next year (1836) he built probably the finest residence at that time in Chicago, located on the northwest corner of Pine and Illinois streets. In the month of February, 1840, Mr. Brown was elected by the city council to the posi- tion of school agent for the city of Chicago, and received from Col. E. J. Hamilton, Commissioner of school lands for Cook county, the sum of $38,625.47, which had accrued from the sale of the Chicago school section in October, 1833. The fund contin- ued in his hands for thirteen years for nine of them giving his services without com- pensation and so successful was his man- agement that not a dollar was lost from bad loans, and in February, 1853, having ten- dered his resignation, he was enabled to turn over to his successor the sum of $41,- 123.20 in cash and secured loans. He was also a member of the board of school in- spectors a part of this time, and on his re- tirement was cordially thanked in a series of resolutions adopted by the city council. In 1845, Mr. Brown formed a law partner- ship with Alfred Cowles, and in 1840 was one of a syndicate who bought the charter of \ EDUCATIONAL. 105 the Galena & Chicago Union railroad from the estate of E. K. Hubbard. In 1857 he built a costly residence on Michigan avenue, being one of the finest on that popular thor- oughfare. He was an ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an earnest Republican, and in 18GO was elected a rep- resentative from Cook county to the State legislature, serving as the colleague of the late J. Y. Scammon, while W. B. Ogden and Hon. Henry W. Blodgett (now of the United States District Court) were members of the senate the latter from Lake county- Mr. Brown served as president of the Chi- cago Historical Society from 1856 to 1863, and enriched the archives of that society with several addresses, the most valuable being one upon " The Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," be- ing a history of the attempt to secure a revision of the constitution, and to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-4. He also deliv- ered an instructive lecture before the Chicago Lyceum, December 8, 1840, on "The Early History of Illinois," and another, January 20, 1842, on " The Social and Legal Eights of Women." During the war, Mr. Brown was' active in measures to sustain the government and support the troops in the field. At the close of the war he retired from active business, and in 1866, accompanied by Mrs. Brown, made a visit to Europe. While at Amster- dam the following summer, he was attacked by small-pox, but had passed through the crisis of the disease when he was stricken with paralysis, dying June 17, 1867, at the age of 72 years. Firm to stubbornness in matters of principle and business, he com- manded respect as a discriminating philan- throphist, a liberal friend of education, and an earnest patriot. John Clark Dore, first superintendent of schools for the city of Chicago, is a native ( of New Hampshire, born at Os- sipee, Carroll county, March 22, 1822. He early showed an aptitude for study, and at, the age of 17, entered upon a course of teaching with a view to educating himself. At the age of 21 he entered Dartmouth college, graduating with honors in 1847. About the same time he received an appointment as assistant teacher in a public school in Boston, and was soon promoted to the position of princi- pal of the Boylston grammar school. In March, 1854, he was offered the position of superintendent of schools for the city of Chicago, and accepted, entering upon his duties in June following. Among his earliest acts was the adoption of a system of classifi- cation after the plan of the Boston schools. To him, therefore, belongs the credit of inaugurating the system which has since been carried out so successfully in the Chi- cago schools. After a service of two years, on March 15, 1856, Mr. Dore tendered his resignation, and his place was filled by Wil- liam H. Wells, of the Massachusetts State Normal School at Westfield. Released from his responsibilities as an educator, Mr. Dore engaged in mercantile pursuits which he has prosecuted successfully, as shown by the fact that he has served as vice-president and president of the Board of Trade ; as presi- dent of the Commercial Insurance Company for several years, as well as president of the local board of underwriters; as president of the State Savings Institution, leaving that concern in a solvent and prosperous condition in 1873. In 1868, he was elected a State senator, serving four years, during which he was instrumental in framing and securing the enactment of some of the most beneficent laws on the statute books, includ- ing the charter of the Illinois Humane Society, which he assisted to organize, acting for a number of years as one of its directors and its president. He also served as a mem- ber of the board of education for some years after his retirement from the position of superintendent, and for a time officiated as its president, and has been a liberal patron and officer of the Newsboys' and Bootblacks Homo. Politically, Mr. Dore is a Republi- can, and enjoys in the evening of his life the 106 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Win. H. Wells. well-deserved fruits of prosperity in business and the confidence of his fellow-citizens. William Harvey Wells, the second super- intendent of Chicago city schools, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812. The son of a farmer in moderate circumstances, his boyhood was spent in such duties as usually de- volved upon farmers' boys of that period, working on the farm in summer and attend- ing the district school in the winter, until he was the age of seventeen years. The fall and winter of 1829-30 was spent at an acad- emy at Vernon, Conn., under the charge of Theodore L. Wright, A. M., (afterwards the distinguished principal of the Hartford gram- mar school), where he was first introduced to the mysteries of English grammar, develop- ing those qualities which afterward made him an authority in this department. After two terms in an academy (the last year in his native town), he began teaching a district school at Vernon, at a salary of $10 a month, "boarding around." About this time, at the suggestion of Mr. Wright, he commenced preparation for college, for a part of the time assisting Mr. Wright, who had taken charge of an English and classical school at East Hartford. Here he defrayed his expenses teaching during the day, and studying even- ings; but his health broke down, and after continuing the effort two years, he was com- pelled to abandon his scheme of a college course. He, however, determined to make teaching in which he had shown marked ability his profession, and under the advice of Mr. Wright he went to the Teachers' Seminary, at Andover, Mass. After eight months spent there in the study of English literature, grammar and composition, during which he developed a marked taste for geology and mineralogy, he returned to the school at East Hartford, and on the departure, sometime after, of Mr. Wright for Europe, he was retained as principal of the school. In less than two years he was invited to return to the seminary at Andover as an assistant teacher. Here he found a congenial field, remaining for eleven years from 1836 to 1847. In 1845 Dartmouth college conferred on him the honorary degree of A. M. While connected with this school (1846) he pub- lished his "School Grammar," which had an immense sale. In April, 1848, he entered upon the duties of principal of the Putnam Free School (founded by Oliver Putnam), at Newburyport, Mass., remaining six years. During this period he assisted in founding the Massachusetts State Teachers' Associa- tion, serving as its president; was also presi- dent of the Essex County Teachers' Associa- tion for two years, and was one of the pro- jectors and early editors of the Massachusetts Teacher. In 1854 he was elected by the Mas- sachusetts Board of Education principal of the State Normal School, at Westfield, the last position held by him in the East, where he re- mained two years. It was at his suggestion while here that a convention of teachers of normal schools met in New York, August 30, 1856, out of which grew the "American Normal School Association." These events attracted wide attention to Mr. Wells as a progressive teacher, and in May, 1856, he resigned his position at West- field to accept that of superintendent of the city schools at x Chicago, which had been tendered him on the resignation of Mr. Dore in March previous, and upon which he entered on the 1st of June. He at once entered with enthusiasm upon the task of developing his system of graded schools. The Chicago High School, for the establish- ment of which steps had already been taken, was opened in October following, under plans devised by him, with its three distinct departments English High, Classical and Normal. For the next eight years, the history of Mr. Wells was the history of the Chicago School System. He introduced many reforms and devised many improve- ments, imparting to the ieachers and pupils an enthusiasm and zeal which greatly beue- fitted each. During this period he introduced many appliances of great value to the schools, delivered lectures and addresses; served as a EDUCATIONAL. 107 member of the first State board of educa- tion for a period of six years, rendering valuable aid in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal School ; conducted teachers' institutes and associations, serving as president of the State teachers' associa- tion for one year (1863), etc. In later years he assisted in the organization of the Chicago Astronomical Society, being its vice-presi- dent and member of its executive committee from 1867 to the time of his death; served on the city school board, rendering valuable aid in reorganizing the schools after the fire ; was a member of the Chicago Historical Society and a director of the Public Library, and filled various positions of influence and trust in connection with business, scientific and benevolent associations. On July G, 1804, he retired by resignation from the position of superintendent, to the regret of the board, the teachers and citizens. The event was made the occasion of a meeting of the board of education and teachers, at which resolutions of regret were adopted by each, and Mr. Wells was made the recipient of a splendid gold watch (valued at $400) presented in the name of the teachers, by the late George Howland, who served as his successor from 1880 to 1891. In a speech which he delivered at this time, he stated that the number of teachers in the Chicago public schools when he entered upon his duties in 1856 was 47, and the pupils 2,785; when he retired in 1864, the number of the former was 223 and the latter 12,653. Mr. Wells immediately became the State Agent of the Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, serving it to the best of his ability until its failure in 1876, and subsequently in winding up its affairs. At no time did any suggestion of dishonor in connection with this unfortunate affair attach to his name. In 1880 he became associated with the Provident Life of New York in a similar capacity, and in 1883, with the .3itna Life, with which he remained until his death, which occurred in Chicago, January 21, 1885. The honors paid to his memory by the various boards J. L.Pickard. and associations with which he had been con- nected, by the teachers,the press and individ- uals of prominence and distinction through- out the country, were, in keeping with the life which he had lived. Josiah L. Pickard, third superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools, was a native of Massachusetts, but spent a part of his boyhood in the State of Maine, being educated at Bowdoin College in the latter State. In 1846 he accepted the principalship ef the Platte- ville (Wisconsin) Academy, where he re- mained thirteen years, resigning in 1859 to accept the position of superintendent of public instruction for the State of Wisconsin, upon which he entered about the beginning of 1860. During a part of the time he was connected with the Academy at Platteville, he was one of the Regents of the State University at Madison. A local history, speaking of his labors at Platteville, says: "He was a zealous and efficient educator, and accomplished much in building up a reputa- tion for the school far and near, until it attracted students from many of the Western and Southwestern States." He remained in the office of State superintendent until October, 1863, when he tendered his resigna- tion three months before the expiration of his term. A few months later he was tendered the position of superintendent of schools at Chicago, as successor of William H. Wells, and entered upon the duties of the office at the beginning of the school year in September, 1864. He continued in this position until the close of the school year of 1877, when he tendered his resignation and it was accepted, and in September following Duane Doty was appointed to fill the vacancy. Not long after retiring from his connection with the Chicago schools, Mr. Pickard was offered and accepted a Profes- sorship in the Iowa State University, at Iowa City, and still later was promoted to the presidency of that institution, which he occupied for some years. After retiring from the presidency he continued to discharge 108 HISTORY OF CHICAGO Geo. Howland the duties of a professor for some time, but ultimately withdrew from all connection with the University, and is now, we believe, living in retirement at Iowa City. Mr. Doty, Prof. Pickard's successor, had been superintendent of schools for the city of Detroit before coming to Chicago. He retired at the close of the school year, in June, 1880. Professor George Howland, fifth school superintendent for the city of Chicago, was a native of Couway, Mass., born of Puritan (or Pilgrim) ancestry, July 30, 1824. His boyhood was spent on a small New England farm, laboring during the summer, and attend- ing the district school in the winter. He also attended a select school in his youth, after which he spent some time at Williston Academy at East Hampton, and finally at the age of twenty-two entered the Freshman class of Amherst College, graduating in 1850. His rank as a student is indicated by the fact that he was awarded the salutatory address of his class at the commencement. After two years spent in teaching in the public schools of Massachusetts, he returned to Amherst to accept a position as tutor, and three years later was elected instructor in Latin, German and French, serving in that capacity for two years. He then spent some months in the study of law in the office of Beach & Bond, Springfield, Mass., but in December follow- ing (1857), he came to Chicago, and was immediately elected assistant principal of the Chicago High School, entering upon his duties, January, 1858. Two years later (January, 1860), he was elected principal of the same school, succeeding Mr. Charles A. Dupee, who had filled that position from the establishment of the High School in 1856. He continued to discharge the duties of principal until August 25, 1880, when with- out solicitation on his part, he was elected superintendent, to succeed Mr. Duane Doty, who had resigned. The public schools were never more prosperous or progressive than under Mr. Howland's administration. On the 26th of August, 1891, having filled out a period of eleven years as superintendent, and nearly thirty-five from his first connec- tion with the Chicago schools, he tendered his resignation, to the great disappointment of members of the school board and teachers. A large proportion of the latter had been pupils in the High School during his con- nection with that department, and were devotedly attached to him. The effort was made to induce him to withdraw his resig- nation, coupled with offers of an extended vacation, but the step having been taken on account of ill-health (and, as the result showed, with good reason), they were un- availing. After his retirement he spent some months in Europe and at his old home at Conway, Mass., but continued to make his home in this city. On the day of the Columbian parade (October 20), he reached his home in an exhausted condition from being compelled to force his way through the crowded streets on foot. On Sunday morning following he was found dead in his room, his death having taken place the night previous, Saturday, October 22, 1892, as he was preparing to retire, presumably, from rheumatism of the heart, from which he was at times a sufferer. In addition to his work in connection with the Chicago city schools, Professor Howlaud was elected a trustee of his Alma Mater, Am- herst College, in 1879, and re-elected in 1884, He was also appointed a member of the State board of education in 1881, and was chosen president of the board in 1883. He had also done considerable literary work, chiefly con- nected with education, including a transla- tion of the ./Eneid of Virgii in two volumes, the preparation of an English Grammar, a translation of the Odes of Horace, and par- tial translations of the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, besides a number of papers on edu- cational subjects. Albert G. Lane, present superintendent of Schools for the city of Chicago, is a native of Cook countv, born in Jef- on Towng j li p > of New Eng . land and Puritan parentage, May 15, 1841. His father, Elisha B. Lane, settled Alhert G. T,ane EDUCATIONAL. 109 in the county as early as 1836, but re- moved to the city soon after the birth of the son, where he was connected with the department of public buildings for seven- teen years. The subject of this sketch re- ceived his primary education in the old Scammon School, and later in the High school, graduating with the first class from the latter in 1858. Educationally, therefore, he may be said to be a product of the Chi- cago school system. Immediately after graduating he was elected principal of the Franklin School in the North Division,enter- ing upon the duties of this position before he was 18 years of age, and being the young- est school principal Chicago ever had. His success, however, is demonstrated by the fact that he retained the position until 1869, when having been elected county superintendent of schools as successor to J. F. Eberhart, he retired from his connection with the citv schools. In 1873, having failed of a re-elec- tion, he entered into the banking and broker- age business in a West Side bank, but four years later was renominated and re-elected county superintendent of schools on the Republican ticket. Since that time he has been re-elected three times, each time by increased majorities, making five terms in the same office. At the time of the great Chicago fire, Prof. Lane had a considerable sum of county school funds deposited in the old Franklin bank, which proved a loss on account of the failure of the bank. Although he might have made an adequate defence, he made the amount good, being compelled, however, to assume a considerable pecuniary burden in doing so. September 15, 1891, while serving his fifth term as county super- intendent, Mr. Lane was elected superin- tendent of public schools for the city of Chicago, as successor to the late George Howland, who had resigned in August, pre- vious. That his election was independent of political considerations is shown by the fact that he received 15 votes out of a total of 21 in the school board. Mr. Lane has been recognized as a -leader in the ranks of educators of the State for years, and has been prominent in the deliberations and dis- cussions at the annual meetings of the State teachers' association. Rev. John C. Burroughs, D.D., for nearly twenty-five years intimately identified with Rev John c * ne e( lucational interests of Burroughs, D.D. the city of Chicago, was a native of Stanford, Delaware county, N. Y., born December 7, 1818. On his father's side at least, he was descended from Puritan stock, one of his paternal an- cestors (Rev. Joseph Burroughs) being one of the founders of Dartmouth college. When he was about two years of age, his father re- moved to Western New York, where he re- ceived such education as was afforded in a log school house of that period. He made good progress, however, and soon after reach- ing the age of twelve years, desiring to enter upon the study of natural philosophy, he earned the means of purchasing a copy of " Blake's Natural Philosophy " by cutting cord-wood at twenty-five cents a cord. At sixteen he was recommended by the inspec- tors for a position as teacher, engaging for four months at $12 per month. In this way he spent one-third of each of the next four years, filling up the intervals with manual labor on the farm. Then, resolving to study law, he entered the office of an attorney at Medina, Orleans county, N. Y., but soon realizing the deficiencies of his education, he began an academic course in Brockport Collegiate Institute, which was continued at Middlebury (now Wyoming) Academy, N.Y. Having spent three years in preparation, he entered Yale college as a sophomore in 1839, graduating in the class of 1842. While a student at Yale he determined to study for the ministry, and after a period of 18 months in the position of principal of Hamilton Academy, he entered Madison Theological Seminary, graduating in 1846. He then spent one year as pastor of the Baptist church at Waterford, N. Y., after which he accept- ed a call to West Troy where he remained five years. Then (1852) coming to Chicago HISTORY OF CHICAGO. he was soon after installed pastor of the First Baptist church. He had preached here about a year, when the church was destroyed by fire. A new $30,000 edifice was erected in its place some two years later. During his pastorate, he participated with other prominent Baptists of the city in the estab- lishment of the Christian Times as the suc- cessor of the Watchman of the Prairies (and predecessor of The Standard"), which he edited for some time. In 1855 he was offered the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111., which he declined. In the meantime, Senator Stephen A. Douglas having been induced to make a liberal donation of land for the founding of a University at Chicago, Mr. Burroughs be- came a member of the first board of trustees and its first president in 1857, and still later chancellor of the institution. He threw himself, from the start, with great zeal into this ill-fated enterprise whose history is a part of the history of education in Chicago, and took its final failure greatly to heart. In 1881 he was appointed a member of the board of education for the city of Chicago, and before the expiration of his term was elected the second assistant superintendent of schools, serving from 1884 until his death, which occurred April 21, 1892. After his removal to the West, Dr. Burroughs was honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL. D. by Rochester and Madison Universities. His devotion to the cause of education in Chicago made him many warm friends and was fittingly recognized by the board of education after his death. John F. Eberhart, though not directly identified with Chicago city schools, yet from his connection with the history of education in Cook county, deserves mention in this place. He was born at Mercer, Pa., January 21, 1829. At the age of eight years his father's family removed to Big Bend, Pa., where he labored on a farm during the summer and attended school in winter until he had reached the age of sixteen years. He then went to Oil J. F. Eberhart. Creek (now Oil City), where he taught one winter; still later spent two terms at College Hill Academy, Ellsworth, 0.; taught an- other year at his old home, Big Bend, after which he went to Allegheny College, Mead- ville, Pa., graduating from that institution in 1853. He next took charge of the Berlin Academy, but his health having been impaired by two years' of overwork, he came West in 1856, settling at Dixon, 111., where he bought the Dixon Transcript, which he edited for six months, after which he engaged in holding teachers' institutes. In the fall of 1857, he came to Chicago, and at the election of the following year was chosen county school commissioner a position which was afterwards changed to county school superintendent. He held the office ten years, being repeatedly re-elected, during which he devoted his attention most faith- fully to the duties of his office, holding teachers' institutes, delivering addresses and otherwise laboring to arouse the interest of the people in the public schools. The first Cook county teachers's institute was held under his direction at Oak Park in 1860, and through his efforts the Cook county Normal School was established on the basis of an act providing for county Normal Schools, which he had framed and been instrumental in getting passed. For a short time previous to his election to the position of school com- missioner he hud owned and edited the Northwestern Home and School Journal, which was afterwards merged into the Illinois Teacher, the organ of the State teachers' as- sociation. Since retiring from office, Mr. Eberhart has been engaged in real estate business in this city, and is now associated with his son in that business. He was married, December 25, 1864, to Miss Matilda C. Miller. UNIVERSITIES. Extraordinary as has been the growth of the common school system of Chicago, as well as its commerce and manu- factures, the progress made in the establish- ment here of higher institutions of learning has been no less remarkable, so that at no EDUCATIONAL. Ill distant day it promises to become the great- est educational center of the country, as it already is the commercial center. There are no less than three universities established on broad bases, both as to endowment and plans and scope of instruction one of them in the city proper and the other two in its Immediate vicinity which owe their exist- ence to the generosity and enterprise of citi- zens of Chicago, and all of which, in some of their departments, are identified with the city. These are the Northwestern Uni- versity, with its principal buildings and literary and scientific departments at Evans- ton; Lake Forest University, similarly located at Lake Forest but each with law and medical departments in the city of Chicago and the new Chicago University, just laying the foundation of its vast system of schools in the old Hyde Park district. It is a noteworthy fact that all of these institu- tions are open to women on the same terms as to men. Besides these, the numerous theological and other professional schools are worthy of mention. The Northwestern University, by virtue of the date of its establishment, is deserving of Northwestern Precedence in this history. The University. history of its origin cannot be better given than in the following quota- tion from Miss Frances E. Willard's little volume, entitled "A Classic Town:" " On the 31st of May, 1850, half a dozen earnest Christian men met by appointment in the law office of the Hon. Grant Goodrich, in the city of Chicago. Their object, often talked and prayed about before, was the founding of a university that should be a fountain of Christian scholarship for the North west. The Rev. Zadoc Hall, pastor of the Indiana Street M. E. Church, led in prayer, and, if others did not pray audibly, I know that Richard Haney, pastor of Clark Street M. E. Church, and the Rev. R. H. Blanchard, pastor of Canal Street M. E. Church, were lifting up their hearts 1o God as they knelt there together; and I am equally sure that this was true of Judge Goodrich, Orrington Lunt, John Evans, J. K Botsford, Henry W. Clarke and An- drew J. Brown, the chief laymen with whom Chi- cago was then blessed in the M E. Church. So, as I said before, our town began in a prayer meeting, and that fact prophesied its beautiful career." Out of this beginning grew a movement to secure a site for a preparatory school in the city of Chicago, which resulted in the pur- chase from P. F. W. Peck of the southwest corner of the block on which the Grand Pa- cific Hotel now stands. Dr. John Evans (now of Denver, Col.) and Orrington Lunt (both of whom are present members of the board of trustees) were appointed a committee to se- cure a location; the ground was purchased at a cost of $8,000, of which $1,000, to be paid in cash, was furnished by Mr. Lunt, Dr. Evans, J. K. Botsford, A. S. Sherman, Grant Goodrich, Geo. F. Foster, A. J. Brown and Dr. N. S. Davis, and the title was taken in Dr. Evans' name, a mortgage being given for the remainder of the purchase money. Although the ground was never used for the purpose originally intended, the transaction proved a most profitable one. The property, now estimated to be worth over $1,000,000, has been retained by the university, and has become a source of large revenue. In 1853 the college was established under the auspices of the Methodist conferences of several Northwestern States, and the work of instruction was begun in the city of Chi- cago, but the following year (1854) the in- stitution was removed to Evanston. The first president was the Rev. Clark W. Hin- man, of the Michigan conference, appointed June 22, 1853. He was succeeded by Bishop Foster, and he, by Prof. Henry S. Noyes, who was acting president from 186'Oto 18o9. The successors of these have been: Charles H. Fowler (now Bishop Fowler) 1869-1876; Oliver Marcy, 1876-1881; Dr. Joseph Cum- mings, from 1881 to his death, May 7, 1890. In November, 1890, Henry Wade Rogers, LL. D., a graduate of Michigan University and successor to Judge Cooley as dean of the law department of that institution, was elected president, being the first layman to occupy the position. President Rogers is a comparatively young man, less than 40 years of age, earnest, progressive and fruit- ful in methods. The board of trustees consists of 44 members, with the following 112 SlSTOtlY OF CHICAGO. officers: Joliu Evans, M.D., of Denver, Col., president; Orrington Lunt, first vice-presi- dent; William Deering, second vice-presi- dent; Frank P. Craudon, secretary; James G.Hamilton, assistant-secretary, and Thomas C. Hoag, treasurer. One of the generous benefactors of the institution was the late Daniel B. Payer weather, of New York, who left it a liberal bequest at his death, a some two years ago. As enlarged in its scope to a university, the institution now includes the seven fol- lowing departments, each having separate and distinct faculties with authority to con- fer degrees: (1) College of Liberal Arts; (2) Medical School; (3) Law School; (4) School of Pharmacy; (5) Dental School; (6) Women's Medical School, and (7) School of Theology. "The college of liberal arts represents the collegiate side of university work, as distin- guished from the work of the professional schools of medicine, law, pharmacy, den- tistry, theology and technology. Its courses of instruction are arranged to meet the wants of students who, having completed the work of an academy or high school, are prepared to take up a systematic or advanced course of study in the classics, or in science, or in in the modern languages. It is designed to afford such a disciplinary and general edu- cation as constitutes a most desirable foun- dation for future professional work. It is also intended to provide that liberal culture which is commended as an end in itself to men and women, whatever course of life they expect to pursue. It offers undergrad- uate and postgraduate courses of instruc- tion." Within the last twenty years, the faculty in the first department has increased from fifteen to thirty-two regularly employed professors, instructors and lecturers. The old depart- ment of natural history developed into three distinct professorships natural history, physics and biology. The chair of English literature has had added assistant instructors in history and political economy. New de- partments in the German and Romance lan- guages have been organized and equipped. The following is a list of the faculty in the liberal arts division as now organized: Henry Wade Rogers, LL.D., president; Daniel Bon- bright, LL.D., professor of Latin; Oliver Marcy, LL.D., professorof geology; Julius P. Kellogg, A.M., professor of mathematics; Herbert F. Pisk, D.D., professor of pedagog- ics; Robert L. Cumnock, A.M., professor of rhetoric and elocution; Robert Baird, A.M., professorof Greek; Charles W. Pearson, A.M., professor of English literature; Robert D. Sheppard, D.D., professor of English and American history; Abram V. E. Young, Ph. B., professor of chemistry; George W. Hough, LL.D., professor of astronomy; James Taft Hatfield, Ph.D., professor of German; Charles B. Atwell, Ph. M., professor of zoology and botany; George A. Coe, Ph. D., acting professor of philosophy; Emily F. Wheeler, A.M., acting professorof Romance languages; Henry S. White, Ph. D., asso- ciate professorof mathematics; Henry Crew, Ph. D., professor of physics; J. Scott Clark, A.M., professor of the English language; John H. Gray, Ph. D., professor of political and social science; Henry Clay Stanclift, Ph. D., acting professor of the history of continental Europe; Peter C. Lutkin, pro- fessor of music; Charles Horswell, Ph. D., professor of Hebrew; George H. Horswell, Ph. D., assistant-professor of Latin; George W. Schmidt, Ph. M., instructor in German and French; John A. Scott, A. B., instructor in Greek; Albert Ericson, A.M., instructor in Swedish; Nels E. Simonson, A.M., B.D., instructor in Norwegian and Danish; Samuel Weir, Ph. D., instructor in mathematics; Milton S. Terry, D.D., lecturer on the Eng- lish Bible; George E. Hale, B.S., lecturer on astronomy and physics; William A. Phillips, Ph. M., M.D., lecturer on comparative anatomy. "Garrett Biblical Institute, the Norwegian- Danish Theological Seminary, and the Swed- ish Theological Seminary, while under dis- tinct corporate government, constitute the theological schools of the university, and are EDUCATIONAL. 113 situated on its grounds in Evanston. Gar- rett Biblical Institute has been in operation since 1856. It is open to all young men from any evangelical church who are proper persons to study in preparation for the Christian ministry. It was established espe- cially as a seminary where young men of this class from the Methodist Episcopal church may be educated. It is supported by income from property in the city of Chi- cago, bequeathed as a perpetual foundation, by the late Mrs. Eliza Garrett." The Norwegian-Danish and the Swedish Theological Seminj-.ries, as their names indi- cate, are intended to prepare young men of these several nationalities for the ministry, affording them opportunities for study in .the English as well as their own languages. They are all located at Evanston. The latter (established in 1872) is the only school of its kind under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church. At the head of the three theological schools stand respectively: Henry B. Eidgaway, D.D., LL.D.; Nels E. Simon- son, A.M., B.D., and the Rev. Albert Eric- son, A.M. The first law school in Chicago was founded in 1859 as the law department of the old University of Chicago. In October, 1873, it passed under the joint management of the University of Chicago and Northwest- ern University, under the name of Union College of Law. On the suspension of the former the connection with the Northwest- ern was continued, and in 1891 it took the name of Northwestern University Law School. Its present location is at No. 40 Dearborn street, Chicago. Hon. Henry W. Blodgett, LL.D., late judge of the United States District Court, is dean of the faculty, which includes among its members such names as Justices John M. Harlan and David J. Brewer of the Supreme Court of the United States, Solicitor General Aldrich and a number of leading members of the Chicago bar. The Chicago Medical School, originally established at Prairie avenue and Twenty- sixth street, in 1859, as the medical depart- ment of Lind University, ten years later became connected with the Northwestern University, but has recently been transferred to Evanston and has assumed the name of Northwestern University Medical School. The Woman's Medical School, founded in 1870, by the late D. Wm. H. Byford, under the name of the " Woman's Hospital Medical College," afterwards known as the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago," during the last year became a part of the University and will hereafter be known as the "Northwestern University Woman's Medical School." As indicated by its name, it is conducted as a medical school for the education of women alone. It has two large buildings at Nos. 333 and 339 S. Lincoln street, Chicago, opposite the Cook County Hospital. The School of Pharmacy is at No. 40 Dearborn street, and, with one exception, is the largest school of pharmacy in the United States. The dental department of the University was opened in September, 1887, with Prof. John S. Marshall, M.D., as dean. The present location of the school is at the northwest corner of Indiana avenue and Twenty-second street. While the University has been adding to its endowment, it has been multiplying its buildings and increasing its facilities for imparting a university education. To the two buildings which it possessed in 1870, five have been added, including Dearborn Observatory, erected through the liberality of James B. Hobbs ; Science Hall, a gift of the late Daniel B. Fayerweather, besides a dormitory, gymnasium and the Woman's Col- lege. It now has five thoroughly equipped laboratories physical, biological and chem- ical ; an observatory well supplied with the most improved instruments, and the library, numbering 25,000 volumes, besides many thousand pamphlets, is shortly to be accom- modated in a new building to be erected by Mr. Orriugton Lunt at a cost of $100,000. 114 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. The 120 pupils of 1870 were increased in Oc- tober, 1892, to 486, besides 25 resident or post- graduates, with a total registration in all the departments of 2,400. The interests of the University are faithfully represented by The Northwestern University Pecord, a quarterly publication edited and published by the students. The preliminary steps for the establish- ment of Lake Forest University were taken Lake Forest aS 6arl y aS 1856 > when a move - Univertaty. ment was inaugurated looking to the founding of an institution of learning in the interest of the New School Presbyte- rian church in the vicinity of Chicago. Among its earliest projectors were Dr. E. W. Patterson, formerly of the Second Presbyte- rian church of Chicago, and Dr. Charles H. Quinlan, both now of Evanston. This led to the organization of the Lake Forest Land Association, which purchased 1,300 acres of land on the shore of Lake Michigan, 28 miles north of Chicago, and donated 650 acres of the tract to the proposed institution. A charter was obtained at the next session of the legislature (1857), and in the following year an academy for boys was opened. Eleven years later Ferry Hall, a seminary for young ladies, was started. It was not until 1876, however, that the college proper, with Dr. Patterson as president, was thrown open to students. Its beginnings were modest, but its foundations were firmly laid. In 1878 Dr. Patterson was succeeded in the presidency by Dr. D. S. Gregory. Under his administration a fund of $100,000 was raised, of which $86,000 was invested in the erec- tion of buildings and the remaining $14,000 in scholarships. In 1886 Dr. Gregory retired? being succeeded by Dr. William C. Roberts. One of the conditions of Dr. Roberts' ac- ceptance was that the trustees should raise an endowment of $1,000,000 for the insti- tution within five years of his installation. Although this point has not been reached, it is claimed that $700,000 of the amount was secured before 1890. Whether or not the failure to raise the stipulated amount was the cause, Dr. Roberts tendered his resigna- tion as president to accept the secretaryship of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions in New York, and the institution remained for some months without a head. The first steps towards making the institution a uni- versity were taken in 1886 when Dr. Roberts assumed the presidency. As finally organ- ized it consists of four departments under- graduate, philosophical, medical and law the first two located at Lake Forest, and the last two, as in the case of the Northwestern University, being located in Chicago. The undergraduate department includes Lake Forest College (open to collegiate stu- dents of both sexes), Ferry Hall Seminary (a preparatory school for young ladies), and Lake Forest Academy (for boys), all located at Lake Forest. The philosophical department offers an advanced course to post-graduates up to the degree of doctor of philosophy contemplat- ing a course of two years. The medical department includes Rush Medical College and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery both located in Chicago. In each of these a course of three years is contemplated. Rush Medical College is lo- cated at the corner of Wood and West Har- rison streets, is the oldest medical school in Chicago, having been incorporated in 1837, though it did not commence practical opera- tions until 1844. Among its original founders appear such well-known names as those of Dr. J. C. Good hue, Dr. John T. Temple, Drs. Brainerd, Blaney, Herrick, etc. It now occupies a commodious three-story building, with two large lecture rooms, in close proximity to the Presbyterian hospital, Cook County hospital and the Illinois Chari- table Eye and Ear Infirmary, offering favor- able opportunities for clinical practice, besides the Central Free Dispensary in the college building, with many thousands of patients annually The College of Dental Surgery is at the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, where it has commodi- ous lecture and faculty rooms, operating EDUCATIONAL. nr. room with a capacity for 60 chairs, well appointed chemical, mechanical and histolo- gical laboratories, and other accommodations. The Chicago College of Law, with lecture rooms in the Athenaeum building on Van Buren street, Chicago, is the law department of Lake Forest University. It offers to students whose literary acquirements are deemed satisfactory, without distinction as to sex or color, opportunities for a course of study and instruction sufficient to fit them for admission to the bar. Lectures are given on special topics, with the usual exercises in debate and pleadings under the superin- ence of the faculty. Chief Justice J. M. Bailey, LL.D., of the supreme court of Illinois, is president of the board of trustees and head of the faculty, while Judge Moran, late of the Appellate Court, is one of its members. The whole number of students in nil departments of the University, at the begin- ning of the year 1892, was something over 1,600, being an increase upon that of the previous year, when it was as follows: Academic and collegiate department 339 Philosophical department 8 Matriculates n medicine 581 Matriculates in dental surgery 275 Law department 359 Total 1,562 The board of trustees, as now organized, consists of twenty-two members, with Ex- Senator Charles B. Farwellin the position of president, Rev. S. J. McPherson, vice-presi. dent, and such well-known names as C. M. Henderson, Dr. Herrick Johnson, Cyrus II. McCormick,Geo. M. Bogue,Marvin Hughitt and others in the membership. The following constitute the faculty : James G. K. McClure, D. D., acting presi- dent and professor of ethics; John J. Halsey, i M. A., D.K.Pearsons professor of political and social science; Arthur C. Davvson, B. L., professor of French and German languages and literatures; William A. Locy, M. S., professor of biology; Malcolm McNeill, M. A., Ph. D., professor of mathematics and astronomy; M. Bross Thomas, M. A., Will- iam Bross professor of biblical instruction; Walter Smith, M. A., Ph. D., professor of psychology, logic and metaphysics; Eobert A. Harper, M.A., professor of botany and geology; Walter Ray Bridgrnan, M. A., pro- fessor of Greek language and literature; Frederick W. Stephens, B. S., Jacob Beidler professor of the physical sciences; Edgar Coit Morris, B. A., professor of rhetoric and English; Levi Seeley, M. A., Ph. D., professor of pedagogics; Hiram M. Stanley, M. A., instructor in philosophy and art, University librarian; Edward M. Booth, M. A., instructor in elocution. The university now owns and has in use, for school purposes, twelve buildings at Lake Forest, whose aggregate value is estimated at $310,000. These buildings are situated on sixty five acres of inalienable lands, worth at least $85,000, besides a large tract of town lots, all of its property being exempt from taxation. The interest bearing endowment fund amounts to $600,000. This includes the endowment of three chairs of $50,000 each, namely: D. K. Pearsons professorship of political and social science; the William Bross professorship of biblical instruction, and the Jacob Beidler professorship of phy- sical sciences. In addition to these there are fifteen scholarships amounting to $15,000, and the Pearsons scholarship endowment of $50,000. The trustees have recently decided to erect new buildings for the academic (or preparatory) department, towards which two Chicago men have already contributed $60,- 000 of the $125,000 needed. New buildings for the scientific schools are also projected, to be constructed of granite and brown stone at a cost of $100,000. The institution possesses a valuable library, to which an important addition has recently been made in the purchase of the Reiffer- scheid library of 4,000 volumes, the property of the late Dr. Reifferscheid (formerly of the University of Breslau, later of Strasburg), containing many rare and valuable works. The various laboratories are well supplied with modern apparatus and other appliances. lie, BlKTORT OF CHICAGO. There are three literary societies two com- posed of young men and one of young ladies each having its society hall. No educational history of the city of Chi- cago would be complete which fails to make oidcwcaeo men ' ; i OT1 f the first "University university. O f Chicago," for some time known as "Douglas University." As early as 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas is said to have offered to donate a tract of land in the south part of the city first indirectly to the Presbyterian church for the purpose of founding an institution of learning, but it was not accepted. Still later, the offer was made to the Baptist Church through the late .Dr. J. C. Burroughs, and accepted. A dona- tion of ten acres between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, near the lake shore, was made on the condition that buildings costing $100,000 be erected on the premises within a stipulated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid July 4, 1857, but the financial reverses of that year im- peded the work and the conditions were not complied with. Mr. Douglas, however, extended the time, and finally made a deed for the land to the board of trustees. A preparatory department was organized in 1858, Dr. Burroughs having resigned the pastorate of the First Baptist Church to accept the presidency. About the same time it was found necessary to effect a loan to prosecute the building, and an incumbrance of $25,000 was placed upon the property. Mr. Douglas was a member of the board of trustees and continued to be its president until his death in 1861, when he was suc- ceeded by the late W. B. Ogden, who served until his death occurring in 1877. Dr. Bur- roughs resigned the presidency in 1873 to accept the position of chancellor, with a view to making an effort to raise funds and save the property, but his efforts were futile. The main building was completed in 1865, but financial difficulties continued to increase until 1885, vhen mortgages having accumu- lated to the amount of $320,000, the trustees abandoned the enterprise and allowed the property to be sold to liquidate the indebtedness. Dr. Burroughs was suc- ceeded in the presidency by Dr. Lemuel Moss and he, at the expiration of a year, by the Hon. Alonzo Abernethy, who in turn gave place, two years later, to Dr. Galusha Anderson. The plan of the University in- cluded preparatory and general collegiate departments and the Union College of Law. The Baptist Theological Seminary was also, fora time, connected with the university. First discussed in 1858, a charter was obtained in 1865, and a class organized soon after in the Second Baptist Church, Dwight L. Moody being one of the earliest pupils. In the fall of 1866 the school was opened at the university, with Dr. Colver, Professor of Biblical Theology. The next year, Dr. G. W. Northrup, of Rochester Theological Seminary, accepted the presidency. The first class was graduated in 1809. In the next few years donations of land and money fco the value of $100,000 were received, and buildings costing $30,000 were erected. Among the leading contributors to the institution were Mr. E. Nelson Blake, Dr. Henry Sheldon, Rev. T. G. Goodspeed, C. N. Holden and James E. Tyler, while the late Dr. "W. W. Everts was one of its most active and influential friends. The seminary, however, becoming involved in the financial difficulties which affected the university, its property was sold and it was removed to Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago, where ample buildings have been erected for it. The Ide and Hengstenbergh libraries, which had been purchased for it, were saved chiefly through the liberality of Mr. Blake and others, and are now the property of the new University of Chicago. The new University of Chicago is the out- growth of an attempt, under the auspices of the American Education So- ciety, to supply the place which the older institution under the same name was intended to fill. The subject began to be agitated at the time of the organization of this society in Washington New Chicago University- EDUCATIONAL. 117 in May, 1888. One year later Mr. John D. Rockefeller, the Standard Oil capitalist, of Cleveland, made a tender of a contribution of $600,000 to the enterprise as an endowment fund, provided $400,000 more was pledged by responsible parties within ninety days. A committee was immediately appointed in Chicago, with E. Nelson Blake as its chair- man and Rev. T. W. Goodspeed, secretary. The sum was furnished, besides a $125.000 site and several thousand dollars in books, apparatus, etc. Two and a half blocks were added by purchase for $282,500, to one and a half donated by Marshall Field; the streets running through the tract were vacated by ordinance of the city council, and the university was provided with a site of four compact blocks (about twenty-five acres) lying between Washington and Jackson Parks, east of Ellis avenue, and fronting on Midway Plaisance on the south. Applica- tion was made for a charter in the name of John D. Rockefeller, E. Nelson Blake, Mar- shall Field, Fred T. Gates, Francis E. Hincktey and T. W. Goodspeed as incorpo- rators, and on September 10, 1890, an organization was effected with the following board of trustees : E. Nelson Blake, Ferd. W. Peck, Judge Joseph M. Bailey, H. II. Kohlsaat, F. E. Hinckley, C.L. Hutchinson, Prof. Wm. R. Harper, E. B. Felsenthal, Geo. A. Pillsbury, Martin A. Ryerson, Edward Goodman, D. L. Shorey, Alonzo K. Parker, D. U., Geo. C. Walker, J. W. Midgley, C. C. Bowen, Andrew McLeish, Elmer "L. Corthell, Fred A. Smith, Henry A. Rust and Chas. W. Needham. Following these events, Prof. Harper, who had been in consultation with friends of the enterprise at nearly every stage of its pro- gress, accepted the presidency, and Mr. Rockefeller added $1,000,000 to his original contribution, of which $800,000 was designa- ted as an endowment for non-professional graduate instruction. A few months later the executors of the W. B. Ogden estate gave about $500,000 for a Scientific School in connection with the university. Before July 10, 1891, an additional fund of $1,000,- 000 was raised, chiefly in donations of $50,000 to $182,000 each, based on a proposition of Mr. Marshall Field to contribute $100,000, provided $900,000 more was raised by the time indicated. Some of the largest donors to this fund were S. A. Kent, Silas B. Cobb. Martin A. Ryerson, Geo. C. Walker, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Kelley, Mrs. N. S. Foster, Mrs. Mary Beecher, Mrs. Henrietta Snell, Maj. H. A. Rust, and Mrs. Martin Ryerson their "donations being made with reference to the erection of certain specified buildings. In this way the institution secures a chemical laboratory to cost $182,000 ; a lecture hall costing $150,000 ; a physical laboratory, $150,000 ; $100,000 for a museum ; $30,000 for an academy dormitory ; $150,000 for three dormitories for women ; $100,000 for two dormitories for men, etc. Besides these there were a number of donations of $1,000 and less, to which no specific conditions were attached. Within the next two years the institution will be in possession of one of the most complete and thoroughly appointed observatories in this country, if not in the world the gift of Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, of the North and West Chicago Street Rail- way Company. As an evidence of the strength of the new institution in teaching power, it is suffi- cient to say that, of the faculty of some seventy-five to eighty professors and in- structors selected with reference to their ability as teachers, not only from various parts of this country, but from Europe also, there are, besides President Harper, at least seven members of the faculty who are ex- presiderTts of well-known institutions of learning. These include Rev. E. G. Robin- son, D.D., LL.D., professor of ethics and apologetics, president of Brown University from 1860 to 1872; Rev. Galusha Anderson, A.M., S.T.D., LL.D., professor of homil- etics, who was president of the old Chicago University from 1879 to its suspension in 1885; Rev. Geo. W. Northrup, D.D., LL.D., professor of systematic theology, president 118 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary from 1867 to 1892; Rev. Eli B. Hurlbert, D.D., professor of Church history, and dean of the Divinity School, former acting presi- dent of the Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary : Thomas C. Chamberlin, Ph.D., LL.D., head professor of geology, and dean of the College of Science, president of Wis- consin University, 1887-92; Albion W. Small, Ph.D., head professor of social science, and dean of the College of Liberal Arts, late president of Colby University; Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, who has been made famous by her service as president of Wellesley Col- lege from 1881 to 1887. In addition to these it would be unjust not to mention Professor von Hoist, the well-known author of the " Constitutional History of the United States," who has gained distinction by his work in connection with various German universities, while President Harper himself has won a national reputation as professor of Semitic languages and biblical literature in Yale College, and by his labors at the head of the Chautauqua movement for "univer- sity extension." It should have been stated earlier that the Chicago University is organized on the most liberal lines as to the admission of women to the advantages of its course of instruction on equal terms with men, as shown by con- nection of Mrs. Palmer and several other notable lady teachers with the faculty. Neither has the physical well-being of the students been neglected, as indicated by the employment of competent teachers of phys- ical culture, while the range of sciences covered by the various department^, from gymnastics to theology, proves the broad basis on which the institution has been founded. The character of the buildings already erected, and the plans of those to be erected during the coming year, indicate that taste, utility and permanence are to be taken into account. The work of practical instruction in the various departments commenced in October 1891. In December there were 589 registered students in all departments, which are confidently expected to be increased to 1,000 before the close of the year. Of these about 250 are graduates of other institutions, including some of the oldest institutions in the land and several in foreign countries, and coming from nearly every northern State. With its princely endowment and building funds, aggregating something like $5,000,000, and its strong force of practical and experienced teacher?, the new university appears already to have passed the crisis of its fate, and is evidently destined soon to take a place beside the older universities, prepared to dispense the benefits of a liberal education to the young men and young women not only of the Mississippi Valley, but of the whole country, assisting to make Chicago as pre-eminent in educational mat- ters as it is in commercial affairs.* A college paper, the University of Chi- cago Weekly, has already been established, followed by the Journal of Political Econ- omy, a quarterly publication issued under the auspices of the university as a medium for the discussion of economic questions by the best writers of Europe and America. To these are expected shortly to be added The University Extension World, devoted to the work of university extension, the Biblical World and a Journal of Biology, and possi- bly others. These movements show that the literary and scientific departments of the university will have ample avenues of com- munication with the public. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. Chicago (or its immediate vicinity) is the seat of seven theological seminaries, of which the Oarrett Biblical Institute, the Norwegian -Danish and Swedish Seminaries and the Baptist Union Theological Seminary have already received attention in connection with the universities of which they were or still are a part. The others will be noticed in the following pages: * Since these pages were prepared, Mr. Rockefeller and others have made additional contributions to ihe funds of the University, increasing- its resources over $1.0UU,UOO, and placing: it in the rank of the most liberally endowed institutions in the country. EDUCATIONAL. 119 [Communicated by Eev. G. S. F. Savage, secretary of the board of directors.] "Of Chicago Theoiogi- the seven tlieolpgical semi- cai seminary. narjeg established ill Chi- cago, and its immediate vicinity, the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) was the first. It was organized September 26, 1854, by a convention of Congregational ministers and delegates of Congregational churches, from the States of Illinois, Michi- gan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri. February 15, 1855, it re- ceived from the legislature of Illinois a special and very liberal charter, exempting from taxation all its property. It is gov- erned by a board of twenty-four directors, elected by triennial conventions, made up of Congregational ministers and delegates of Congregational churches in the States and territories west of the Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The directors are elected for six years, one half being elected at each triennial convention. The Seminary has thus from the first been under the responsible supervision and direction of Congregational- ists, but its privileges are open to students of all denominations of Christians. The pres- ent officers of the board of directors are E. W. Rlatchford, president; H. N. Holdenand David Fales, vice presidents ; Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D. D., secretary; Henry W. Chester, treasurer: Auditors Lyman Baird, 0. Davidson and 0. B. Taft. The executive committee are H. N. Holden, chairman; Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D. D., secretary; I. N. Camp, E. W. Blatchford, Rev. J. C. Arm- strong, David Fales, Charles H. Morse and J. H. Pearson. ''The Seminary was formally opened for students October 6, 1858, with two profess- ors Rev. Joseph Haven, D. D. and Rev. S. C. Bartlett, D. D. with twenty-nine students the first year. Over one thousand students have been enrolled in the institu- tion, embracing graduates from over forty colleges, and of almost every nationality, and its graduates are serving churches in every State of the Union, and in missionary fields in every quarter of the world. In addition to the regular course of study, which is equal to that in the best and oldest semina- ries of the country, a special course of study is provided for those who, though not able to acquire a liberal education, may yet possess both the talents and the piety requi- site for the Christian ministry. A German, a Scandinavian and a Dano-Norwegian de- partment has also been established, giving such instruction and training, additional to the regular studies of the Seminary, as will best qualify students of those nationalities to preach the .gospel in their mother tongue as well as in English, thus meeting the great needs of the multitude of our foreign-born citizens. " The present faculty consists of eight pro- fessors and nine instructors, viz.: Rev. F. W. Fisk, D. D., Wisconsin, professor of sacred rhetoric; Rev.G. N. Boardman, D.D., Illinois, professor of systematic theology; Rev. S. Ives Curtiss, D. D., New England, professor of Old Testament literature and interpretation ; Rev. G. B. Willcox, D. D., Stone professor of pastoral theology and special studies; Rev. H. M. Scott, D. D., S weetser, Michigan, professor of ecclesiastical history; Rev. G. H. Gilbert, Ph. D., Iowa, professor of New Testament literature and interpretation ; Rev. E. T. Harper, Ph. D., professor of Semitic biblical literature; Rev. Graham Taylor, D. D., professor of christ- ian sociology and the English Bible; J. R. J. Anthony, instructor in elocution on the J. W. Scoville* endowment; Rev. J. K. Herman, Ph. D., instructor in the German department ; Rev. R. A. Jernberg, B. D., instructor in the Dano-Nonvegian depart- ment; Rev. 0. C. Graves, instructor in Dano-Norwegian department ; Rev. Fridolf Risberg, S. M. C., instructor in the Swedish department ; Rev. M. E. Peterson, instruc- tor in the Swedish department; Rev. M. W. Montgomery, B. D., instructor in English in the Scandinavian department; Rev. M. E. Eversz, D. D., instructor in German de- *Recently deceased. 120 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. partment ; Rev. C. T. Wyckoff, B. D., in- structor in sacred music. "Forty-two scholarships are endowed, the income of which is devoted to the aid of students in the seminary who need it ; aid being given to the extent of $150 or $200 each year, conditioned upon a given amount of labor in connection with the City Mis- sionary Society. "The library numbers about 12,000 vol- umes, besides a valuable collection of manu- scripts, pamphlets, etc. Several alcoves in the library are endowed one of $10,000; three of $5,000 each; one of $2,000, and two of $1,000 each, the income of which is devoted annually to the purchase of books. There is also a reading-room, supplied with the lead- ing reviews, magazines and newspapers. In addition to the Hammond Library Building, there are three buildings upon the Campus, with rooms for offices, reception-rooms, pro- fessors' studies, lecture rooms, and study and sleeping rooms for nearly 200 students. These are Keyes Hall, erected in 1865, from the proceeds of a donation by the late Willard Keyes, of Quincy, 111.; Carpenter Hall, erected in 18G9, named in honor of Philo Carpenter, of Chicago, one of the earliest and most liberal patrons of the institution, and Fisk Hall, erected in 1890. The rooms in these buildings are furnished by indivi- duals and churches, and are rent-free to the students. No tuition is charged to any. " The productive assets of the seminary, in addition to its grounds, buildings, library, etc., amount to $515,491. The estimated value of all its property is $950,000. Fifty thousand dollars has been given for the erec- tion of a chapel, and Dr. D. K. Pearson has pledged $100,000 on condition that $350,000 more is contributed by May 1, 1894. An earnest effort is being made to secure this sum, with confidence that it will be accom- plished.* " The Chicago Theological Seminary is an institution of which Chicago may be proud. * Since the above was prepared, the sum called for by the conditions of the Pearson donation has been raised, so that the amount contemplated will be available. In the thirty-eight years of its existence it has attained a growth equal to the oldest and largest seminaries of the country, and furnishes to theological students ample privi- leges and instruction. With its able faculty, its central position, and the large and con- tinually-increasing number of churches em- braced in its constituency, its future growth, prosperity and usefulness are assured. "REV. G. S. F. SAVAGE, " 628 Washington Bid., " Chicago, 111." The McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church is the outgrowth of McCormick Theo- an institution originally es- logicai seminary, tablished in connection with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. Ten years later it was removed to New Albany, Ind., and in 1859, it was again removed to Chicago, the late Cyrus H. McCormick having offered a permanent endowment fund of $100,000. It was opened in September, 1859, with a class of fifteen students. In 1863, a brick and stone building costing $16,000 was erected on the seminary grounds on North Halsted street, between Fullerton and Belden avenues, the site of twenty acres being the contribution of the late W. B. Ogden and his partner, Mr. Sheffield, of New Haven, together with Mr. William Lill and Michael Diversey. In 1875, additional buildings were erected by the contributions chiefly of Mr. McCormick, with a few others. The seminary buildings now consist of (1) Ewing Hall, erected 1863, containing thirty-five rooms for students, a reading room and a gymnasium ; (2) the chapel, erected 1875, containing chapel, library, and two lecture rooms; (3) the Mc- Cormick Hall, erected 1884, containing fifty- one suites of rooms for students, the office and the parlor; (4) the Fowler Hall, erected 1887, containing sixty-one suites of rooms for students, and two lecture rooms; (5) five houses for professors. The buildings de- scribed, including professors' houses, repre- sent an outlay of $315,000, of which $285,000 were contributed by the late Hon. C. H. McCormick and his heirs. *ireu** v\ifc=-;^?- "*^r< v *T i K -i-d?,. -.,././ ^?- ltU TE t CF 5' ; IMMERSE 6* EDUCATIONAL. 121 The course of study includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theol- ogy, church government and the sacrament, new testament literature and exegesis, bibli- cal philology, old testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missfons the entire course embracing three years. The number of students in all departments, shown by the catalogue for 1891-92, was 198. Of these eleven were resident gradu- ates, and forty-seven of the senior class. A large majority of the students were from the Central Western States, but there were stu- dents from many of the other States, with representatives from Bulgaria, England, Germany, Persia, Nova Scotia, Scotland and Syria. The seminary term covers a period seven months of each year. The faculty for 1S91-2 was constituted as follows, with Prof. Herrick Johnson as Chairman: Rev. Le Roy Jones Ilalsey, D.D., LL.D., professor emeritus of church gov- ernment and the Sacraments ; the Rev. Thomas Harvey Skinner, D.D., LL.D., pro- fessor of divinity, (deceased); the Rev. Willis Green Craig, D.D., LL.D., Cyrus II. McCormick professor of didactic and polem- ic theology ; the Rev. David Calhoun Mar- quis, D.D., LL.D., professor of New Testa- ment literature and exegesis ; the Rev. Herrick Johnson, D.D., LL.D., professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology ; the Rev. John DeWitt, D.D., LL.Di, professor of apologetics and 'missions ; the Rev. An- dreas Constantinicles Zenos, D.D., professor of biblical and ecclesiastical history ; the Rev. Augustus Stiles Carrier, A. M., ad- junct professor of biblical philology and librarian ; Edward Munson Booth, A. M., instructor in elocution and voice culture. The Western Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church is located 011 the north side TI. western Theo- of Washington boulevard, logical seminary. nea r California Avenue. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings of a superior order of architecture one in- cluding the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnas- ium are attached to the dormitory, and a school for boys on the first floor of the school building. The main building is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the supervision of Bishop McLaren, of the diocese of Chicago. The German Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church is situated at the corner German Theological of Ashland Avenue and seminary. Augusta street. Its field is indicated by its name. It was established in 1885. PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Chicago is well supplied with medical and technical schools of a high grade, which attract pupils from distant States. Rush Medical College, the Chicago Medical Col- lege, the Woman's Medical College, the Illinois College of Pharmacy and the Col- leges of Dental Surgery and Oral and Dental Surgery have already been mentioned in connection with the Northwestern and Lake Forest Universities, to which they are severally attached. Among the other insti- tutions of this character worthy of mention are the following: Hahnemann Medical College, at present located in a new and handsome four-story Hahnemann stone f ront building at 2809-13 Medical college. Cottage Grove avenue, erected during the past year, is the oldest homeo- pathic institution of the kind in the West, having been incorporated in 1855 under a charter, drafted by Abraham Lincoln. Dr. DavidShephard Smith, who was a leader in the enterprise, had established a homeopathic pharmacy here as early as 1844, and in 1854 a homeopathic hospital was got under way. The first board of trustees included such well-known names as Dr.D.S.Smith, Thomas Hoy lie, Orrington Lunt, Geo. E. Shipman, M. D., John M. Wilson, Win. H. Brown, N. B. Judd and J. H. Dunham. A faculty was 128 11ISTOKY OH CHICAGO. organized with Dr. Smith as president, and instruction commenced in rooms at 168 Clark street, in 1859. A college building was erected on Cottage Grove avenue, on the site of the new structure, in 1870. Hospital practice is afforded by the hospital situated on the rear of the block. The Chicago Homeopathic College, at the corner of Wood and York streets (opposite Chicago Homeo- tne Cook County Hospital), was incorporated June, 1876, and opened for the reception of students in October following. It has a large three-story building, with commodious lecture and clinic rooms, chemical and microscopical laborator- ies, anatomical museum, well-stocked refer- ence library, with first-class appointments for the accommodation of several hundred students and the treatment of patients. Bennett Medical College of Eclectic Med- icine was opened on Kinzie street between Bennett Medi- ^a Salle and Fifth avenue in cal College. 186g) an( j regu ] arly c h arte red the following year. Burnt out in 187L, it has moved several times, but finally found a home at its present location on the North- west corner of Ada and Fulton streets. As indicated by its name, its course of instruc- tion is "eclectic." It is open to students of both sexes. The College of Physicians and Surgeons is one of the youngest medical schools of Chi- coiieife of Physicians ca g having been organ- ized in 1881, beginning its first regular session September, 1882. It has a fine modern four-story building, containing spacious lecture and operating rooms, library, chemical laboratory, etc., with hospital at- tached. The West Side Free Dispensary is located in its building. The students have opportunity of practice and witnessing oper- ations in the Cook County Hospital and Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary. The Chicago College of Pharmacy, at 465 Chicago college State street, has the same geu- of Pharmacy. era l p ur p 08e an( J p] an s as the Illinois College of Pharmacy already noted. The Illinois Training School for Nurses, located on Honore street in close proximity Illinois Train- * the Cook County Hospital, ing school. wag f oun( 3ed in 1881, and is fill- ing a worthy and beneficent place among th institutions of Chicago. Pupils are admitted between'the ages of twenty-five and thirty- five years, those who pass one month's pro- bation receiving the most thorough training in the care of the sick, including cooking, dressing wounds, ventilation and heating of the sick chamber, observing the temperature and other conditions of the patient, the effect of medicine, etc. At the end of two years the pupil receives $100 and a diploma, which is renewable or may be revoked, at the discre- tion of the authorities, in case of negligence or other disqualification. The result of this mode of instruction is to furnish an accom- plished and efficient class of nurses who take pride in their profession, many of whom have made their mark in the higher departments of medicine. The Kent (formerly Union) Law School of Chicago, is the successor of the old Uniou Law School, which is a part of the Northwestern University and took the name of the parent institution two years ago. The new school is located on the fifth floor of the building occupied by the Bryant & Stratton's Business College, at the northeast corner of Wabash avenue and Washington street, and was opened Sep- tember 15, 1892, with a faculty of eight pro- fessors and lecturers, of which Marshall D. Ewell, LL.D., M. D., is president. A circu- lar issued a few months after its opening, shows a total of about 100 students. Probably no more beneficent system of ed- ucation for the masses could be devised than Manual Training that which educates the hand schools. as we ll as the intellect. In this respect no educational enterprise in the city is more worthy of commendation and encouragement than the " Chicago Manual Training School," which, although not a part of the public school system, is closely The Kent Law School. EDUCATIONAL. 123 related to it. It is the direct outcome of a movement inaugurated at a meeting of the Chicago Commercial Club, held March 25, 1883, in which Mr Charles M. Ham was the prime mover. It contemplated furnish- ing the boys of Chicago with opportunity for practical instruction in the mechanic arts, while receiving instruction in mathe- matics, drawing and the ordinary English branches taught in the high schools. The sum of 857,000 was raised on the spot by the subscriptions of business men present, to which pledges amounting to $100,000 were subsequently added and a committee, con- sisting of J. W. Doane, Marshall Field, E.T. Crane, John Crerar, N. K. Fairbank, E. W. Blatchford and 0. W. Potter, was appointed to prepare a plan of organization. A report was made Dec. 30 following, and a board of trustees was appointed, which organized in January, 1883, with E. W. Blatchford, president, Marshall Field, treasurer, and Win. A. Fuller, secretary. Other members of the board were J. W. Doane, John Cre- rar, N. K. Fairbauk, Edsou Keith and Geo. M.Pullman. The present site of the insti- tution, at the northwest corner of Michigan avenue and Twelfth street, was selected, a building erected during the next fall, and on the 4th of February, 1884, the school was opened with a class of seventy-two members. H. II. Belfleld, who had been principal of the North Division High School, was ap- pointed director, with two assistants, one in charge of woodwork and the other instructor in drawing. The course embraces three terms of twenty weeks each, for which a tuition fee of $40, $50 and $60, respectively, is exacted, though free tuition is granted to a limited number of indigent and deserving boys. One hour each day is devoted to in- struction in drawing, two hours to work in the shops and the remainder of the time to ordinary study. The work-rooms are fur- nished with cabinet-makers' benches, forges and appropriate tools, the power being sup- plied by a 52-horse power Corliss engine. The first class was graduated in September, 1886. In 1892 the teachers numbered thir- teen, of whom two were women, while the pupils had increased to 339. The success of the enterprise has been very satisfactory to its projectors. An enterprise of similar character, but established on a broader and more munificent The Armour basis > P r <> m ' ses to be inaugurated institute. before the close of the World's Fair. During the closing months of 1892 a large six-story building has been in course of erection on Thirty-third street, near Armour avenue. This was supposed to have some connection with the Armour flats in the immediate vicinity, as they all belonged to Mr. P. D. Armour, the millionaire beef and pork packer. The building is con- structed in the most perfect manner, being practically fire-proof as well as highly orna- mental. After the departure of Mr. Armour for Europe, about the middle of December, the authoritative announcement was made that the building was intended for a manual training school, which, under the name of the "Armour Institute," will prove to Chi- cago "all that the Drexel Institute is to Philadelphia, and the Pratt Institute is to Brooklyn." This gift valued at $200,000 is to be supplemented by a further dona- tion from Mr. Armour of $1,400,000 as an endowment fund, which, with the completed building, will be turned over to directors in time for the opening of the school by Sep- tember 1, 1893. The following newspaper description of the building is worthy of quotation : Absolutely no expense has been spared in its erection. There is a beautiful and lavish use of marble, the wainscoting being of that material on every floor, and marble columns and arches appear- ing in profusion. In the basement will be placed the electric plant, and here will be located the students in forging and iron work. On the first floor is a superbly lighted library, sixty feet square. Wood- working rooms and the rooms for reception and for the president of the institute are also located here. On the second floor are the chemical laboratory, the 124 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. chemical lecture room, the physical laboratory, the physical apparatus room, the physical lecture room and electrical rooms. The third floor will be used by students in free-hand draw- ing, mechanical and architectural drawing, and in commerce and business. The fourth floor is devoted to the domestic sciences there being de- partments of cooking, dressmaking, millinery and kindred studies. On this floor are also recitation, lecture and class rooms. At one end of the fifth floor is the gymnasium sixty by fifty-three feet. At the other end is the technical museum. Con- necting the two are dressing-rooms for the gymna- sium and elaborate bath-rooms fitted up in white marble. . . . The idea is to establish an institu- tion for the education of head, hand and heart. Mr. Armour's idea in manual training is that all shall be taught and done so that the muscles shall not be more thoroughly trained than the moral character and the perception of truth and beauty. The student in Chicago's great manual training school will be given the comprehensive basis of a liberal culture. The institution will have a close relation to the public schools, and the university, and will be open to both boys and girls, whom it is proposed to instruct in those branches which will be most valuable to them in their appropriate spheres in life. There will be a model kitchen and gymnasium, where practical physiology and hygiene will be taught, physical and chemical laboratories furnished with every appliance needed for their most successful use. The conception is worthy of a prince, and Mr. Armour evi- dently intends to carry it out in the most princely manner. The Jewish Manual Training School in the southwestern part of the city has the JewishManuai same general purpose as the Training school. Chicago Manual Training School the training of its pupils in handi- craft, while giving them an opportunity of studying the branches taught in the schools. It is designed, however, to meet the wants of a less advanced class of pupils. It has a fine four-story building on Judd between Clinton and Jefferson streets,~erected by the Jewish Manual Training School Society, and is supported by voluntary contributions. A total of eight hundred pupils are reported as in attendance on its various departments in 1892. Both the Catholics and the Lutherans have been active in establishing church and Church parochial schools of various grades. Schools. Among the former, St. Xavier's Academy for girls, founded in 1846, now located at Twenty-ninth and Wabash avenue; St. Ignatius College; St. Mary's Training School for Boys, at Feehanville, and St. Aloysius' School on Maxwell street and St. James' School, for boys and girls, at 2924 AV abash avenue, are the largest and most important. In some of these the number of pupils exceed 1,000. The Cook County Normal and Training School, though belonging to the county, is County Normal witllin the cit y limits > situated School. a t Stewart avenue and Sixty- seventh street. It was established in 1807, being first located at Blue Island. Buildings were erected on the present site in 1874. Tuition is free to residents of the county, while non-residents are charged $30 a year. The Illinois Military Academy at Morgan Park is a boarding and day school for boys, MI tr ' wnere students are prepared for Academy, college, or for commercial business. A strict military discipline is maintained as a means of improving the physical health of the pupils, and imparting a military bearing. Chicago has a large number of schools de- voted to the training of students in book- keeping, shorthand, reporting, Kusmess coiiuKes, etc. e t C- Prominent among the for- mer are Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Wabash avenue and Washington street; the Chicago Business College, at 45 Randolph street; the Metropolitan Business College; at the northwest corner of Michigan avenue and Monroe; Jones's Commercial College, at 582 West^Madison and 249 Blue Island; West Side Business College, at 27C-80 West Madi- son street. The leading schools of short- EDUCATIONAL. 125 hand are Munson's, the Ben Pittman, the Electric and one or two others. In the department of languages and class- ical training the following stand prominent: scientific and Berlitz School of Languages, Art Schools. Auditorium building; School of Language, Central Music Hall; Harvard School, Dearborn Seminary, Loring School and Schutt's German-English School, at 621 Wells street. In the department of art and music, the following are in the van: Art Institute, Chicago Conservatory of Music in the Audi- torium, the Chicago Musical College in Central Music Hall, etc. The presence of the World's Fair in Chicago has given an impulse to both the mechanic and fine arts that will show important results in the future. Several of the most successful artists connected with the decorative work on the World's Fair buildings conspicu- ously, Mr. Lorado Taft, sculptor of the Horticultural building are identified with Chicago art. Mr. Taft is a leading teacher in the Art Institute. Under the head of "Miscellaneous" may be classed a school of telegraphy, a school of journalism and literature, a school of design for newspaper illustrators, etc. The Art Institute building, now in course of erection on the Laie Front, opposite Van Buren street, at a cost of over $200,000, will eventually furnish a permanent home, not only for the Art School, but for the Museum of which Chicago may well be proud. Within the past few months Mr. Matthew Laflin, an early and wealthy citizen of Chi- cago, has made a donation of $75,000 for the academy of science, which has been located in Lincoln Park. Though not immediately identified with the public school system, these several enterprises, together with the magnificent Public Library, Newberry Li- brary, John Crerar Library (shortly to be established), besides law and medical libra- ries, will make Chicago a most attractive centre for students and scholars of all classes. The following is a classification of kinder- garten, private and parochial schools and . . . business colleges of all classes Private Schools of all Grades. no ); connected with the pub- lic school system in the city of Chicago, according to the school census of 1892, with the number of pupils in each class: SCHOOLS. TEACH'HS PUPILS. Kindergarten. . . 100 58 286 373 4,968 6,575 Church or Parochial... 188 39 1,036 371 51.442 9,271 TOTAL 385 2,046 72,256 These figures indicate some noteworthy changes as compared with the previous year. The number of teachers engaged in kinder- garten work is increased 45 and the number of pupils 1,027. Both the teachers and the pupils in the private schools are reduced in number the former by 29 and the latter by 79-4. The teachers in the parochial schools are diminished by 53 while the pupils are 1,070 more than the preceding year. The teachers engaged in the business colleges are increased by 227 over 150 per cent while the pupils in the same schools are increased by 5,737 more than 160 per cent. The whole number of teachers is reduced by 192, while the whole number of pupils of all classes is increased by 7,240. Summing the figures given in the preced- ing pages, the following results as to the public and private schools Aggregate Results. of the cUy of Chicago not including the universities and profess- ional schools are deduced: NCMBEIi TEACHERS 1-BPILS ENROLLED 186 33"3 i4?.787 Private and Parochial 385 2,046 72,256 Total 571 5,409 2,4,043 The 186 public schools are taught in 314 buildings. The whole number of persons of school age in the city (between six and twenty-one 126 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. years), according to the census of 1892, was 329,797, of whom 191,181 were between six and fourteen. From the figures jnst given, it will be seen that the total enrollment in the schools of all classes, is more than ten per cent, in excess of the number of children between six and fourteen years of age, while it is less than two-thirds of those between six and twenty-one. The number of teach- ers employed in private and parochial schools is nearly two-thirds of the number employed in the public schools, while the number of pupils in the former is a little more than half the number in the latter. The Art Institute of Chicago* was incor- porated May 24, 1879, for the purpose of maintaining a museum and a Art Institute. school of art. Chicago was not without earlier art movements, which were sustained by old citizens with a public spirit which ought not to be forgotten, and which were perhaps only prevented from permanent success by the catastrophe of the great fire. To these movements the Art Institute is in some sense a successor. The first president of the Art Institute was George Armour, elected May 30, 1879. He was succeeded first by L. Z. Leiter, elected May 27, 1880, and second, by Charles L. Hutchinson, the present president, elected April 27, 1882. For the first three years the Art Institute occupied rented rooms at the southwest cor- ner of State and Monroe streets. From the beginning a good art school was maintained, and the school is therefore now in its fif- teenth year. In the spring of 1882, measures were entered upon which resulted in the pur- chase of the property at the southwest cor- ner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street, at a cost of $45,000. The size of the lot was 54x172 feet, to which 26 feet were afterwards added upon the south. The con- siderations which led the trustees to the selection of a site upon Michigan avenue have been fully justified by experience. The situation is of itself beautiful, and Michigan *For this sketch the editor is indebted to Director W. M. R. French. avenue will no doubt continue to be regu- lated as a boulevard, and property will re- tain its select character. The proximity to the heart of the city is an overwhelming recommendation in the eyes of the trustees, for no object is more distinctly entertained by them than the benefit of the great masses of the people to whom convenience of access is essential. During 1882 a brick building containing exhibition galleries and school rooms, and fronting upon Van Buren street was built upon the rear of this propertv. Up to this time the Art Institute had come into possession by purchase or gift of a few good pictures, marbles and casts. During 1884 a collection of casts costing about $1,800 was imported and placed on permanent exhibi- tion. In the summer of 1885 the trustees determined upon the erection of a perma- nent, fire-proof building. During 1886 and 1887 a new building, Romanesque in design, and planned by John W. Eoot, architect, 80x100 ft. and four stories high was erected upon the southwest corner of Michigan ave- nue and Van Buren street. This building was opened November 19, 1887. During the next five years the building was outgrown, and in 1892 it was sold to the Chicago Club, which now occupies it. Advantage was taken of the opportunity offered by the Columbian Exposition to obtain a footing upon the Lake Front. By a city ordinance passed in March, 1891, permission was given to the Art Institute to build upon the Lake Front opposite Adams street; and between Febru- ary, 1892, and May, 1893, a museum build- ing, after plans furnished by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, architects, of Boston, was com- pleted. The cost of this building has been about $600,000, of which the Columbian Exposition paid 8200,000, upon condition of using it during the Exposition for World's Congresses. The ownership of this is vested in the city of Chicago, while the right to the use and occupation of the building is vested in the Art Institute, so long as it shall ful- fill the purposes of an art museum, and shall open the museum free AVednesdays, Satur- EDUCATIONAL. 121- day s, Sundays and legal holidays. The mayor and comptroller of the city are ex- officio members of the board of trustees. The new building is built of Bedford lime- stone, thoroughly fire-proof, and may be de- scribed as in style, Italian Renaissance, the details classic, and of the Ionic and Corinth- ian orders. The front is 80 feet back from .Michigan avenue, the building 320 feet long, the main depth 175 feet, with projections making 208 feet depth in all. It was plan- ned with great care for exhibition purposes, and with respect to lighting, ease of access, and convenient classification will compare favorably with any museum building in the world. It was opened as a permanent museum by a public reception, December 9, 1893. During the last five years the Art Insti- tute has accumulated valuable collections of various kinds, of which the most important are: The Elbridge G. Hall collection of casts of antique and modern sculpture, pre- sented by Mrs. A. M. H. Ellis, which is now the second in extent in the United States. A collection of Greek vases, and Greek and Egyptian antiquities, presented by Philip Armour, H. H. Getty and Charles L. Hutch- inson. A collection of reproductions of antique bronzes from Herculaneum and Pompeii, the originals of which are in the Naples museum, presented by H. N. Higinbotharn. A collection of metal work, presented by M. A Eyerson and Charles L. Hutchinson. A collection of old Dutch masters, from the collection of Prince Demidoff, held by certain of the trustees for the Art Institute. The Henry Field Memorial, a collection of forty-one pictures by Millet, Breton, and other artists of the Barbizon school, pre- sented by Mrs. Henry Field as a memorial of her husband. A collection of large permanent photo- graphs of works of art, known as the Mrs. D. K. Pearsons collection, nearly 20,000 in number, presented by D. K. Pearsons. A collection of embroideries, textile fabrics, and ornamental objects, presented by the Chicago Society of Decorative Art, an asso- ciation of ladies, and many individual pic- tures, marbles, metals, drawings, engravings, musical instruments, etc., belonging or loaned to the museum. The Art Institute is not a stock company, but an association purely for the public good, and all its receipts are applied to the promo- tion of art interests. It has no endowment, nor any assistance from State or city, but derives its income wholly from admission fees, membership dues and tuition fees, to- gether with occasional gifts. It has members of three classes, 1st, honorary members, persons distinguished as artists or benefactors of the Art Institute; 2d, governing members, who pay $100 admission fee, and are eligible as trustees; 3d, annual members, any person who may pay $10 a year. All members are entitled, with their families and visiting friends, to admission to exhibitions, recep- tions, public lectures, and entertainments of the Art Institute, and to the use of the Deference art library. The control of the Art Institute is vested in a board of trustees. The names of trustees and officers are as follows: Trustees of the Art Institute of Chicago, 1892-93: Charles L. Hutchinson, David W. Irwin, Edward E. Ayer, Eliphalet W. Blatch- ford, James II. Dole, John C. Black, John J. Glessner, Edson Keith Allison V. Armour, Marshall Field, Samuel, M. Nickerson, Mar- tin A. Ryerson, William T. Baker, Nathaniel K. Fairbank, Albert A. Sprague, Adolphus C. Bartlett, Charles D. Hamill, Turlington W. Harvey, Homer N. Hibbard, George N. Culver, Philander C. Hanford. Officers, Charles L. Hutchinson, president; James H. Dole, vice-president; Lyman J. Gage, treas- urer; N. II. Carpenter, secretary; W. M. R. French, director; Alfred Emerson, curator of classical antiquities. Executive committee, Charles L. Hutchinson, James H. Dole, Albert A. Sprague, Charles D. Hamill, John C. Black, Martin, A. Ryerson, Turlington W. Harvey. CHAPTER III. LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. BY PAUL SKI.BY. THE pioneer settlers of Chicago early gave evidence of their literary tastes by beginning the collection of a library as a means of popular entertain- ment and improvement. The first step in the direction of an organization for this purpose, of which any record is furnished, was taken by a number of citizens on the second of De- cember, 1834, when the Chicago Lyceum was formed. Its existence appears to have been merely nominal, however, for nearly a year, as it was not until December 22, 1835, that a con- stitution and by-laws were adopted. The first board of officers included A. Cowles, George Manierre, William Jones and 0. M. Donuan, vice-presidents, (no president named); George 0. Haddock, recording secretary ; E. I. Tinkham, treasurer, and H. K. W. Boardman. The late Thomas Hoyne was an early member, being secre- tary in 1840. Other early members were J. C. Butterfield, E. G. Ryan, (afterwards chief justice of Wisconsin), Buckner S. Morris, Dr. W. B. Egan, S. Lisle Smith, J. II. Foster, J. Young Scam- mon, Dr. Levi D. Boone, Dr. C. V. Dyer, Dr. John T. Temple, Mark Skinner, and Rev. I. T. Hinton, pastor of the Baptist church. Mr. Hoyne, in some reminiscences, published shortly before his death in 1883, says of it: "It was the foremost institution in the city when I came here in 1837. At the time I became a member, not a man of any note, not a man of any trade or profes- sion who had any taste for intellectual and social enjoyment, who loved books, conversa- tion and debate, but who belonged to the Lyceum.'' This indicates its democratic and popular character, and the class of men who took part in its meetings, which seem to have supplied the place of the theatre, and the music and lecture halls of the present day, as a means of popular entertainment. During a part of its existence, weekly meet- ings were held, at which questions of popular interest were discussed. Though there is no evidence that it had a " local habitation" of its own, according to Mr. Hoyne, it " had, for those days, an excellent library, consist- ing," as he remembers, of "over 300 volumes. Its meetings were generally in the old court room, corner of Randolph and Clark streets." It maintained an active existence until about 1843-4, when, in consequence of the division of interests in a rapidly-growing city, its meetings were discontinued, arid in the following year (1845), its library passed into the hands of the Young Men's Association (which see). A second and more successful attempt to collect a library was made in the organization Mechanics' ^ l ^ e Mechanics' Institute early institute. j n ig37. A preliminary meeting was held at the Eagle Coffee House on the evening of January 3 of that year, when a committee was appointed to draft a consti- tution. A report was made, January 21, officers elected and arrangements made for establishing a library and museum. In 1843i a re-organization was had and the Institute was formally incorporated, the corporators being Charles M. Gray, A. S. Sherman, Elijah Smith and Ira Miltimore. The first officers were Ira Miltimore, president; J. M. Adsit and G. F. Foster, first and second 128 LIRRARIKH AND AUTHORS. vice-presidents; J. B. Weir, recording secre- tary; John Gage, corresponding secretary, with a treasurer, librarian and assistant librarian. Others prominently identified with the Institute during its history were John M. Van Osdel, Dr. Jonathan A. Kennicott, W. W. Boyington, John Went- worth, N. S. Bonton, Amos Grannis, Isaac Speer, William Bross, Thomas Bryan and George C. Trussing. The objects of the organization, as set forth in the constitution, were: "To diffuse knowledge and informa- tion throughout the mechanical classes; to found lectures on natural, mechanical and chemical philosophy and other scientific subjects; to create a library and museum for the benefit of mechanics and others, and to establish schools for the benefit of their youth and to establish fairs." The Prairie Farmer, then a popular paper and widely read, especially among the industrial classes, was made the official organ . By the close of the first year a library of nearly 1,000 vol- umes and pamphlets had been gathered, chiefly by donations, and arrangements had been made for a series of lectures from home speakers and others. Successful agricultural and mechanical fairs were held under the auspices of the Institute in 1855 and 1856. Its meetings were held monthly until the latter year, when they became weekly. Its library was divided into circulating and reference departments. As a result of the business revulsion of 1857, the Institute was seriously crippled financially and the Young Men's Association, to a great extent, occu- pied its field. Having been made the bene- ficiary of a liberal bequest by the will of Azel Peck (who was its president in 1848), the organization of the Mechanics' Institute was maintained, though its books and other property were swept out of exist- ence by the great fire of 1871. It eventually (in 1875) found a home with the Chicago Athenaeum, where the educational features were carried out under the Peck bequest until the beginning of the present year (1893). It was then removed to 139 Madison street, where an arrangement has been effected with the "Columbian Trade and Business School" for carrying out its plans for imparting gratuitous instruction to a limited number of pupils. Its income has increased within the last few years to about $4,500 per annum, by the appreciation of real estate acquired through the Peck be- quest, and a still further advance is expected from still more advantageous leases to be made at an early day. Since the complete destruction of its property by the fire of 1871, the Institute has not carried out that part of its plan which contemplated the maintenance of a library, but a beginning has recently been made in that direction from which, as its revenues increase, valuable results are expected. The present officers of the Institute are Geo. C. Prussing, presi- dent ; John Wilkinson, first vice president; J. W. Hosmer, second vice president; Amos Grannis, treasurer and Joseph Silvers, libra- rian and secretary. Some of the well-known names of early members of the Mechanics' Institute are, John M. Van Osdel, Dr. Jonathan A. Kennicott, W. W. Boyington, John Wentworth and William Bross. The Young Men's Association, to which ' reference has already been made, grew out young Men's of a meeting held in the city Association. councll room on the evening of January 30, 1841, to establish a library asso- ciation. February 6, a constitution was adopted, and the following officers elected: President, Walter L. Newberry; vice-presi- dent, Mark Skinner; corresponding secretary, Hugh T. Dickey; recording secretary, Leroy M. Boyce; treasurer, Walter Vail. Others associated with the movement were Peter Page, Walter S.Gurnee and Norman B. Judd. A reading-room was opened at the northwest corner of Lake and Clark streets and the nucleus^of a library furnished by Mr. New- berry, to which additions were made by dona- tions from prominent professional gentlemen of the city. It was incorporated in 1851 as a subscription library open to paying subscrib- ers. Beginning with about 100 volumes, in 130 HISTORY OF UU1CAOO. 1851 it had over 2,500, and in 1866 there were nearly 9,000 volumes on its shelves, composed chiefly of standard publications in the departments of fiction, travel, art, science history and biography. In its earlier years, the library was supported chiefly by dues of annual and life members, voluntary dona- tions and the proceeds of lecture-courses. Among those connected with the latter appear the names of all the most distinguished lecturers of the period, including Henry Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, E. H. Chapin, Thomas Starr King. Bayard Taylor, James Eussell Lowell, AVtn. Lloyd Garrison, George William Curtis, George D. Prentice, John B. Gough, and many others whose names have passed into history. In 1868 the Young Men's Association was reorganized under a charter granted in the Chicago Library name of the Chicago Library Association. Association, to distinguish it from the Young Men's Christian Association, with which an unsuccessful attempt was made to unite it a few months before the fire of 1871. Owing to decline in its revenues from the loss of membership during the war and other causes, it fell into financial embarrass- ment, and the loss of its property by the fire led to its extinction. During the last year or two of its existence, a zealous effort had been made by its leading members to enlarge its scope by making it a free public library, sup- ported by the public revenues,and this scheme was finally realized in the establishment of the "Chicago Public Library" a few months after the fire, to which that event no doubt indirectly contributed. So that the Young Men's Association and its successor, the "Chicago Library Association." maybe re- garded as the legitimate ancestor of the great Public Library which is the pride of every citizen of Chicago to-day. The Young Men's Lyceum was organized September 25, 1843, but it appears to have Tountr Men's been little more than a debating Lyceum. society, and to have been short- lived. Little can be learned of its history. Its first president was Daniel D. Griswold. While, with the exception of the last, the organizations so far named, seem to have been attempts to found libraries of a more or less popular and comprehensive character, they have all either ceased to exist, or been merged into other organizations and so lost their distinctive features as library enter- prises. The subsequent portion of this chapter will deal with organizations still in existence. Next in chronological order of organiza- tion, and next to the Mechanics' Institute, Chicago His- the oldest of the existing or- toricai society, ganizations in Chicago estab- lished for the purpose of maintaining a library, is The Chicago Historical Society, organized April 24, 1856, with the following objects, as announced in its constitution: 1. The establishment of a library and cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. 2. The collection and preservation of his- torical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts. 3. To encourage the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, especially within the State. 4. The collection of material illustrating the settlement and growth of Chicago. Its first board of officers consisted of William H. Brown, president; W. B. Ogdeu and J. Young Scammon, vice-presidents; Samuel D. Ward, treasurer; Kev. William Barry, recording secretary and librarian, and Charles H. Eay, corresponding secretary. Mr. Barry was especially active in the effort to secure the organization, and devoted him- self with great earnestness to the promotion of the objects of the society. The list at the time of its organization includes the follow- ing early citizens: Mark Skinner, Mason Bray man, George Manierre, John H. Kinzie, Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, Isaac N. Arnold, E. I. Tinkham, Gen. J. D. Webster, Van H. Higgins, Dr. N. S. Davis, Mahlon D. Ogden, while Ezra B. McCagg and Luther Haven became members within the year. About 3,300 volumes, including 335 newspaper files, were collected during the first year. LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 131 The society was formally incorporated in February, 1857, most of the gentlemen named above being in the list of incorpor- ators, while the number of resident members was limited to sixty. During the year it received a number of important accessions to its membership, including Geo. F. Rumsey, Thomas Hoyne, John High, jr., H. A. Johnson, Walter S. Gurnee, Walter L. New- berry, B. F. Carver, John H. Foster, Rev. Dr. R. W. Patterson, B. W. Raymond and others, besides several life members. The effect of the organization was evident almost immediately in the zeal manifested in the collection of historical records and publica- tions, and in the preparation of original historical matter by the members. Early in 1858, its collection amounted to 13,000 vol- umes, when in March, of that year, Mr. Newberry offered it the use of a large room in a building belonging to him at the corner of North Wells and Kinzie streets. It con- tinued to prosper this year, so that, before its close, the number of volumes on its shelves amounted to over 18,600. In May, 1859, was held an exhibition of fine arts, under the auspices of the society, which proved very successful. The Historical Society has been the recip- ient of some liberal gifts as well as sustained some heavy losses. Among the former was the bequest from the estate of Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia, in 1860, for found- ing "The Gilpin Library of the Historical Society of Chicago," which, with a further bequest of $6,000, available on the death of Mrs. Gilpin in November, 1892, with interest, amounted to $115,030. The accrued in- terest, amounting to over $60,000, has been appropriated towards the construction of the new building of the society now being erected (Nov. 1893). Other bequests were those of Mr. Jonathan Burr, a liberal and public-spirited citizen of Chicago, amount- ing to $2,000; the donation of the Atwater collection in 1878 from Mrs. Elizabeth E. At- water, of Buffalo, and the gift of valuable real estate (the proceeds from which amount to $13,500) ; a collection of books, maps and paintings by Mrs. Lucretia Pond, of Petersham, Mass.; the Philo Carpenter legacy of $1,000, besides donations from a number of individual members of the so- ciety. November 19, 1868, the society took possession of a building of its own, erected on the northwest corner of Dearborn avenue and Ontario street, at a cost of $60,000, Hon. J. Young Scammon and Isaac N. Arnold delivering dedication addresses. The death of Mr. Walter L. Newberry, who had been one of the most liberal patrons of the so- ciety in its infancy, was a severe blow to it this year. Its building, with its library of over 60,000 bound and unbound volumes and pamphlets, 1,738 files of newspapers and many thousand valuable manuscripts, in- cluding among the latter the original draft of President Lincoln's emancipation proc- lamation, was totally swept away by the fire of October, 1871. Left with a considerable debt on its hands, the society was in a con- dition of virtual paralysis until July, 1874, when it was subjected to a new disaster by the destruction by fire of all its property including several cases of books which had been gathered after the fire of 1871 saving only a catalogue of the books, a few por- traits and some records. It was not until January, 1877, the Hon. Isa|c N. Arnold having been elected president, that a suc- cessful effort was made to again put the society on its feet. At this time, some fifteen members in response to an appeal contributed funds for the erection of a tem- porary building, which continued in use from October, 1877, to August, 1892, when it was demolished to make room for the edifice now in course of erection, on its old site at the northwest corner of Dearborn avenue and Ontario street. A contract having been made for the erec- tion of this building, ground was broken for the foundation, August 11, and the corner- stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies on November 12, 1892. Addresses were delivered by President Mason and Rev. Frank 132 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. M. Bristol, and an air-tight lead box, 12x8x8 inches, which contained copies of the Chicago daily papers, the constitution and 'by-laws of the society, the Fergus series of historical pamphlets, and various other papers, was placed by Secretary John Moses in the stone at the southeast corner of the building. A large number of the members and friends of the society signified their interest in the pro- ceedings by their presence. The new building is constructed of Wis- consin granite, and is in what is termed the Romanesque style. It is 110 feet on Dear- born avenue, by 100 on Ontario street, two stories and basement in height, with roof of red tile. The library room is 73 by 37 feet, and the auditorium 57 by 46 feet. The reading and reception rooms are on the first floor, and the museum on the second. The building is to be strictly fire-proof, and is to cost $150,000, complete. It was contracted to be finished by May 1, 1893, but owing to delays and hindrances it will hardly be ready for occupation before May 1, 1894. In the meantime its collections of twenty thousand bound volumes and forty-five thousand un- bound volumes and pamphlets, and relics and works of art remain boxed up in store. A later bequest, which greatly facilitated the erection of the new building, was that of John Crerar, one of its members, of $25,000. The following have been the officers of the Historical Society: Presidents. Wm. H. Brown, 1856-63; Walter L. Newberry, 1864-68; J. Y. Scam- mon, 1869-70; E. H. Sheldon, 1871-75; Isaac N. Arnold, 1876-83; E. B. Washburne, 1884-86; Edward G. Mason since 1886. Treasurers. S. D. Ward, 1856-59; E. J. Tinkham, 1860-63 ; Franklin Scammon, 1864-70; E. I. Tinkham, 1871-74; Solomon A. Smith, 1875-78; Byron L. Smith, 1879; Henry H. Nash, 1880-87; Gilbert B. Shaw since. Recording Secretary and Librarian. Rev. Wm. Barry, 1856-66; Thomas H. Armstrong, 1866-70; J. W. Hoyt, 1870; Benj. F. Culver, 1874-76; Albert D. Hager, 1877-87; John Moses, since that time. Among those who have held the office of vice-presidents are the following : W. B. Ogden, J. Y. Scammon, W. L. Newberry, George Manierre, Thomas Hoyne, E.B. Mc- Cagg, Geo. F. Rumsey, Robt. T. Lincoln, John Wentworth, A. C. McClurg, Geo. W. Smith. The society has done a most important work in the collection and preservation of valuable historical' records, both printed and in manuscript form, and has contributed to the wealth of the historical libraries of the country, by securing the publication of sev- eral volumes of original papers bearing upon the early history of the State. In this work it has been most efficiently aided by gener- ous contributions from several public-spirit- ed capitalists, especially Messrs. L. Z. Leiter and Marshall Field. Others who have ma- terially aided it by liberal contributions have been Judge Mark Skinner, E. H. Sheldon, Henry J. Willing, Dr. Daniel K. Pearsons, Samuel K. Nickerson, A. A. Munger, Byron L. Smith, Thomas Hoyne and John Went- worth. The society was singularly fortunate in the selection of its first secretary, the Rev. William Barry, to whose untiring industry, scholarship and intelligent appreciation and encouragement of historical research, the Society is almost alone indebted for its early growth and influence. Mr. Albert D. Hager also served the so- ciety as secretary and librarian with great faithfulness for ten years, and was the prin- cipal agent, after the fire of 1874, in securing those accumulations which are valuable to adorn and illuminate the shelves of the new building. The present secretary was installed in 1887 and found the shelves already full. A new room was partitioned in the 'basement, where shelves were erected sufficient to con- tain a large number of books, to which were consigned those not so commonly in use. During his administration, while donations were not solicited, the Society was constantly in receipt of valuable books and manuscripts and works of art, and for the first time a LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 133 catalogue of the library was nearly com- pleted. The fondness of Judge Moses for historical studies has found expression in an exhaust- ive History of the State of Illinois, in two volumes, which was nearly completed when he entered upon the discharge of his duties. He is the joint author and editor with Maj. Joseph Kirkland of this work, and is also the author of " Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," papers which were read before the society, and also of many other historical pamphlets and addresses. At the last annual meeting of the society (November 21, 1893) the evolution of its management and control was fully accom- plished in the adoption of anew constitution and by-laws, by which the society provides that the executive committee "shall alone hold, manage, administer and control all the money, property, effects and affairs of the society." The power even of electing a seQretary, librarian and treasurer, is surren- dered to this committee, as is also that of the admission of new members. As this is not a corporation for the pur- pose of money-making, but purely of a literary character, for the promotion of historical research, the preservation and use of historical monuments, and is supported from the dues of members and voluntary contributions, the reason for this change, which was not demanded by any members outside of the committee, is difficult to perceive. The society has attained its present prom- inence, growth and usefulness under its old constitution and by-laws, and it remains to be seen whether the change by which the members surrender the rights given to them in their charter, and provide for an internal administration through a committee, how- ever capable, whose presence it may be diffi- cult to obtain, instead of through a responsi- ble officer, who by his daily presence is in touch with the public and the needs of the society a change which is an entire depart- ure from the management of all other similar societies in this country will better serve the great objects to be attained. The next notable movement connected with the growth of libraries in Chicago, was Chicago Academy the organization of theChi- of sciences. C ago Academy of Sciences, in 1857, the original founders being Drs. J. V. Z. Blaney, Nathan S. Davis, J. W. Freer, C. Helmuth, Hosmer A. Johnson, Edmund Andrews, Henry Parker and Franklin Scam- mon, and Messrs. R. K. Swift, J. D. Webster, E. W. Blatchford and H. W. Zimmerman. Most of these gentlemen had been connected with nearly every previous movement of a similar character in Chicago, though but few of them still survive. "The Academy" found its first abiding place in the old Saloon Building on the corner of Clark and Lake streets, which was the home of so many newspapers and other literary ventures in the early history of Chicago. It was seriously crippled, however, by the financial crisis of that year, but was re-organized and incor- porated in 1859, when it entered upon a new and more vigorous life, which was continued for several years. It again underwent a re- organization under a new charter in 1862, when it received some important accessions to its active membership, including, in addi- tion to those previously named, Messrs. J. Young Scammon, George C. Walker, H. G. Loomis, E. B. McCagg, Wm. E. Doggett, Oliver F. Fuller, Benj. F. Culver, William Bross, Robert Keunicott and others. The latter, who was an ardent and enthusiastic young naturalist, was one of the leading spirits of the enterprise, and having, between the years 1859 and 186J, made an extensive tour of arctic exploration, extending from Hudson's Bay to Behring's Strait, he enriched the collections of the academy by some valu- able donations. In the winter of 1863-4, much interest was awakened in the affairs of the academy among the citizens of Chicago, by a visit from the distinguished Prof. Louis Agassiz, of Cambridge, during which he de- livered a lecture in its behalf. In a second 134 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. expedition undertaken by Mr. Kennicott in 1855, under the auspices of the Western Union Telegraph Company, he died on the banks of the Ytikon Eiver in Alaska. On the de- parture of Mr. Kennicott, the museum was placed in charge of Dr. William Stimpson, who had been, for many years, attached to a department of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. In June, 1866, the society met with a serious loss in the destruction by fire of the building in which its museum was located. A considerable portion of its collections was badly damaged or wholly destroyed. A "fire-proof" building was then erected for it on Wabash avenue, near Van Buren street, which was opened in Jan- uary, 1868. This, however, with all its contents, consisting of specimens, manu- scripts, library and apparatus of great value, was totally destroyed by the great fire of October 9, 1871. Besides many valuable private collections here deposited for safe keeping, the museum represented the results of many years of patient labor by Dr. Stimpson. Its loss was a great shock to him, and he died in May following. Later, a new building was erected, but this it was compelled to surrender to satisfy the heavy debts which its misfortunes had entailed upon it. Of late years the fact has been made known that previous to the fire three friends Messrs. E. W. Blatchford, George C. Walker and Daniel Thompson had con- templated the erection of a building at a cost of $100,000 and its presentation as a permanent home for the academy, but this munificent design was defeated by personal losses sustained in the general calamity. For several years the academy was allowed space for its valuable collections in the old Inter-State Exposition Building on Lake Front Park,until the demolition of that struct- ure to make room for the new Art Institute. During this period of doubt and uncertainty Dr. J. W. Velie continued to be the secre- tary and curator of the academy, and to him a large share of credit is due for keep- ing its museum intact and maintaining it in a condition to profit by the benefactions in store for it in the future. A most important result was achieved during the past year, when Mr. Matthew Laflin, a wealthy pioneer resident of Chi- cago, decided to make a donation of $75,000 to the academy for the erection of a building for its use. To this sum the North Park Commissioners of the city of Chicago, be- sides granting a site, have added a donation of $25,000, with a view to securing office room for the commission in the building. The edifice was finally located in Lincoln Park, opposite the foot of Center street, and after some delay growing out of differences of opinion between the officers of the academy and the Park Commissioners in reference to some minor details connected with the plans, the work of construction was commenced. The corner-stone was laid on the 10th of October, 1893 one day after the anniversary of the destruction of the home of the academy twenty-two years previous Dr. J. W. Peabody, the curator, delivering an address recounting the history and strug- gles of the association. At the date of this writing (November, 1893,) the work of con- struction is in full progress, with every pros- pect that some portions of the building will be in condition for occupancy early in 1894. The membership of the academy now num- bers over four hundred, while its working members are organized into nine groups for practical investigation, including the de- partments of microscopy, chemistry, astron- omy, ethnology, pathology, photography, biology, geology and physics, which may be still further enlarged. At no period in its history has the society shown greater evi- dences of a vigorous life than during the last year. The Young Men's Christian Association, though organized with a view to influencing young men in social and relig- Youn$ Men's f Christian ious lines, as well as dispensing Association. . . benevolence in meritorious cases, has long maintained a reading room and library open to the uses of its members and LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 135 visitors. It dates its origin from June 20, 1858, was incorporated by act of the legisla- ture in February, 1861, and re-organized un- der an amended charter six year later. Dur- ing the war it proved an efficient co-laborer of the Christian and sanitary commissions in the distribution of bibles and other religious publications, and in hospital work among the soldiers in the field, and about the close of the war established an employment bu- reau, which has been of great benefit to many thousands of deserving persons. Though backed by many of the leading business men of Chicago, its financial history has been a checkered one, owing to a succession of re- markable disasters. On the 7th of January, 1868, Farwell Hall, which had been com- pleted only a few months before, at a cost of $300,000 for the use of the association, was destroyed by fire. Having been rebuilt through the liberality of the business men of Chicago and others, and dedicated in Jan- uary, 1869, it was again destroyed by the fire of October, 1871. In November, 1874, the association took possession of a building erected on the site of the old one at 148 Madison street, which it has since occupied. During the past year a thirteen-story build- ing, of ornate and imposing style of architec- ture, has been in process of erection at the corner of La Salle street and Arcade court, in which the association will have its various halls, offices, library and reading rooms, the remainder of the building being devoted to business purposes. The library, which now amounts to several thousand volumes, will receive large accessions after the association enters its new quarters. Cyrus Bentley was the first president of the association, and among its officers and most active and lib- eral supporters have been such business men as J. V. Farwell, C. M. Henderson, Cyrus H. McCormick, E. W. Blatchford, George Armour, E. B. McCagg, T. W. Harvey, N. 8. Bouton, E. G. Keith, J. L. Houghteling, Lyman J. Gage, B. F. Jacobs, Orrington Lunt and others, while it has received effi- cient aid during the period of its greatest necessity from D. L. Moody, the celebrated evangelist, who served as its president from 1868 to 1871. The Union Catholic Library Association dates its origin from 1868, its object being the union catholic establishment of a Catholic Library Association. pu bii c library and reading room, to provide for courses of lectures on topics of general interest to persons of the Catholic faith and generally to promote the literary and intellectual interests of this class. Its first location was in the Oriental building on La Salle street, with Roger J. Brass as its first president and Wm. H. Naulty, secretary. Among the early members of the organization were Albert H. Van Buren, Wm. J. Onahan, Thomas A. Moran, Edward E. Ryan, Wm. A. Amberg and Thomas Brennan, while among its later members and officers appear the names of William Condon, Washington Hesing, Hugh J. Maguire and others. The officers at the beginning of the year 1893 were Hon. Marcus Kavanaugh, president; E. E. S. Eagle, first vice president ; Hon. James O'Connor, second vice president; James Conlan, Jr., financial secretary; Frank A. O'Donnell, corresponding secretary; James F. O'Connor, recording secretary; Walter M. Plautz, treasurer, and Miss Alice Coffey, librarian. The present location of the Association is at 94 Dearborn street, where it has library, assembly and reading rooms open to members and visitors. The library contains about 3,000 volumes to which additions are being constantly made, while the reading room is supplied with lead- ing European and American periodicals. The Chicago Atheiifeurn is the earliest of those organizations which, originating in an Ciiica o effort to furnish aid to the snffer- Athenseum. j n g citizens of Chicago immedi- ately after the great fire of October, 1871, afterwards developed into an educational enterprise, with a library as an incidental feature. It was organized October 17, 1871, under the name of the YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- TIAN UNION OF CHICAGO, among its chief promoters being Rev. C. W. AVendte, Robert 136 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Collyer and Robert Laird Collier, aided by Wm. H. Baldwin, president of the Young Men's Christian Union of Boston. Its first officers were David A. Gage, president ; Charles Hall, vice-president; Rev. C. W. Wendte, corresponding secretary; John H. Roberts, recording secretary, and W. F. Coolbangh, treasurer, with Geo. M. Pullman, Rev. L. F. Chamberlain, L. L. Coburn, Samuel Collier, Geo. W. Montgomery and Wm. Stanton constituting the first board of directors. Within the next six months it distributed to needy citizens of Chicago a large amount of merchandise contributed by residents of eastern cities and of England. In May, 1874, it took its present name, and assumed the more distinctive features of an educational association. At different periods since its organization it has occupied quarters at 758 Michigan avenue, 114 Madison street, 63 and 65 Washington street and 48 to 54 Dearborn street. Its present location is at 18 to 26 Van Buren street, of which it took possession in March, 1891. Rev. Edward I. Galvin has been the superintendent since 1881. Its officers have embraced some of the most public-spirited business men of Chicago, including Henry Booth, Franklin H. Head, Lyman J. Gage, Edward B. Butler, Hugh A. White, Joseph Sears, Ferd. W. Peck, Charles J. Singer, Wm. R. Page, A. C. Bartlett, J. J. P. Odell, Alex. H. Revell, John Wilkinson, H. G. Selfridge, H. H. Kohlsaat and G.B.Shaw. Its library condsts of about 3,000 volumes, including valuable works of reference on the arts and sciences, with a circulating department subject to the uses of the pupils. A reading-room is attached for the convenience of students. There is probably no institution in the city of Chicago in which the mass of its Chicago Public citizens take a greater pride Library. than the Chicago Public Li- brary. It is essentially a people's institu- tion, open to all who comply with the pre- scribed conditions, and directly patronized by a large percentage of the whole popula- tion, including all classes the poor as well as the rich, the artisan, the student, the man of leisure, of letters and of business, the youth in the public schools as well as their parents and teachers. In its present condi- tion it is the direct outgrowth of the city's greatest calamity the fire of 1871 and may properly be classed as a most enduring mon- ument of that event. While the establishment of such an institution had been actively agitated before the fire by members of the then existing Chicago Library Association, and would undoubtedly have been eventually accomplished, the sympathy excited for the stricken city in the minds of prominent lit- erary men of England led to a much earlier realization of the enterprise than could oth- erwise have been expected. The most con- spicuous leader of the movement was the distinguished Thomas Hughes, M. P., author of "Tom Brown's School Days" and of other popular works. An appeal, headed by the queen, and addressed to authors, publishers and booksellers, received the signatures of Thomas Carlyle, Disraeli, Gladstone, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir John Lubbock, Herbert Spencer, Prof. Tyndall, the poet Tennyson, and other authors of world-wide distinction, and the Longmans, Macmillans and others among publishers. The response it evoked was most generous, about seven thousand volumes being contributed. Among the most noteworthy was a copy of "The Early Years of the Prince Consort," with an auto- graph inscription by the queen. Generous donations were also received from the rela- tives of deceased authors, including the his- torian Macaulay and Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, besides the distinguished publishing houses of Chambers, of Edinburg, and Trubner & Co., of London, while documentary and official publications were contributed by various departments of the government, so- cieties, universities, etc., including the cele- brated "Domesday Book," the "Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain," and "Cal- endar of State Papers" from the Master of Rolls, the publications of the British Museum, etc. There was considerable con- LinTlAIilES AND AfTTHOnS. 137 troversy for a time as to who was entitled to the credit of the enterprise in Chicago, but there is no doubt as to the value of what was accomplished for the city. A meeting to discuss the library scheme was held at the old Plymouth church, on Wabash avenue, on the evening of January 8, 1872, in response to a call signed by some thirty prominent citizens, including Philip Wadsworth, Henry M. Shepard, Wirt Dexter, N. K. Fairbank, E. C. Lamed, Marshall Field, L. Z. Leiter, F. A. Eastman, C. M. Henderson, C.C. P. Holden, Rev. Dr. Ryder, Isaac N. Arnold, C. H. Mc- Cormick, T. D. Lowther and others. Mayor Medill presided, and a committee consisting of twenty members, with Thomas Hoyne as its chairman, was appointed to prepare a free library bill and secure its presentation to the legislature then in session. Among the members of this committee, in addition to some of those already named, were S. S. Hayes, D. L. Shorey, W. B. Ogden, Henry Greenebaum, George Schneider, J. V. Far- well, J. Y. Scammon and Carter H. Harri- son. A bill based upon one which had been previously introduced by Mr. Caldwell, of Peoria,* was submitted to the legislature early in February, was passed and became a law March 7, 1873. And thus the free library act, which has resulted in establish- ing libraries supported by taxation in the leading cities of the State, came into exist- ence. The act was accepted by the Chicago city council one month later, and the following board of nine members, nominated by the mayor, was confirmed, viz. : Thomas Hoyne (who was elected president), Willard Wood- ard, Hermann Raster, Robert F. Queal, S. S. Hayes, Elliott Anthony, D. L. Shorey, James W. Sheahan, and Julius Rosenthal. The first location was in the second story of a building occupied as a temporary city hall, * It has also been claimed that Mr. D. L. Shorey, who had been an active supporter of the library enterprise, drafted the first free library bill which was introduced in the House of Reoresentatives as early as February, 1871, by Hon. VVm. H. Kin?, then a representative from Cook county. on the southeast corner of La Salle and Ad- ams streets, where the formal opening of a free reading room took place January 1, 1873, Mr. Hoyne and Mayor Medill delivering ad- dresses. In October following, Dr. Wm. F. Poole then in charge of the public library at Cincinnati, but still earlier of the Boston Athenfeum was appointed librarian, enter- ing upon his duties January 1, 1874. Four months later (May 1, 1874), the library was opened to the public, containing at that time 17,355 volumes, of which about 13,000 were adapted to general circulation. Pre- vious to this date (March 16, 1874), a re- moval was had to the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, where the library remained for several years, when it re- moved to the " Dickey building " on the corner of Lake and Dearborn streets, whence it was finally taken to its present location in the fourth story of the city hall, in 1837. Dr. Poole retired August 1, 1887, to assume a similar position in connection with the new Newberry library, having seen the num- ber of volumes in the public library increased more than seven-fold during his administra- tion of between thirteen and fourteen years. He was succeeded in the office of librarian by Mr. Frederick H. Hild, who had had many years experience as assistant librarian, and who still occupies the first mentioned position. The library proper consists of (1) a circu- lating department, open, to all residents pre- senting applications properly endorsed by some tax-paying citizen ; (2) a reference room ; (3) a reading room, where the lead- ing periodicals are issued, on personal appli- cation for immediate use : (4) a patent de- partment, and (5) a card catalogue depart- ment. Besides these there are twenty-nine delivery stations an increase of one in the past year through which patrons may ob- tain books without visiting the main library. There are also six branch reading rooms (one having been added during the year), con- veniently located, for the accommodation of people in parts of the city at a 138 OP CHICAGO. distance from the central library. The whole number of volumes in the library at the date of the last report (June, 1893) was 189,350 a net increase over the previ- ous year of 12,172. Additions are being con- stantly made by purchase or donation, and these are announced at periods of every three months b'y the issue of supplements to the main catalogue, as well as by the posting of "bulletins" for the convenience of patrons. During the year 1893 a library for the blind was opened in connection with one of the branch reading-rooms. The total number of books and periodicals issued during the year was 2,094,094, of which 988,601 volumes were from the circulating department for home use being a decline of about 2 per cent, as compared with the issues of the previous year a fact due, no doubt, to the diversion caused by the World's Columbian Exposition. As usual with libraries of this character, the largest drafts are in the de- partment of English prose fiction, the de- mand for juvenile books coming next, with history and biography third. There is a handsome list of books in various foreign languages, the German being most liberally represented, with the French, Scandinavian and Bohemian languages following in the order named . Even the Japanese and Chinese languages are not omitted, the ac- cessions of the former for the past year be- ing contributions from a prominent pub- lisher of Tokio. The whole number of volumes in eleven foreign languages is over 40,000. The employes in the various departments of the library in the past year numbered ninety-five persons sixty-one in the day service, eleven in the evening service, the remainder being janitors, expressmen, etc. The aggregate of salaries for the year amounted to $61,672.76. William B. Wick- ersham still fills the place of secretary, to which he was elected July 20, 1872, as suc- cessor to the late James W. Sheahan, who served as acting secretary during the first few months after the organization of the first board. The following gentlemen con- stitute the board of directors for the year 1893: Emil G. Hirsch (president), Azel F. Hatch, Bernhard Moos, R. J. Smith, Pliny B. Smith, E. S. Dreyer, W. Kaspar, John M. Smyth and John G. Shortall. Since the establishment of the library there have been twelve presidents of the board of directors, holding office as follows: Thomas Hoyne, 1872-1875; Daniel L. Shorey, 1875-1880; B. Loewenthal, 1880; W. J. Onahan, 1880-1881; J. B. Walker, 1881-1882; Harry Rubens, 1882-1885; B. Callaghan, 1885-1886; George J. Brine, 1886-1887; J. W. Enright, 1887- 1888; W. H. Beebe, 1888-1889; J. G. Short- all, 1889-1892; Emil G. Hirsch, 1892-1893. The fund for the support of the public library is derived from the taxation of prop- erty within the limits of the city of Chicago At first the rate was one-fifth of a mill per $100, but it was subsequently increased to one-half mill. By act of the legislature of 1891 authority was granted to increase the rate of taxation to two mills on the $100 for a period of five years, the excess over the proceeds from the half-mill, devoted to the support of the library, being for the purpose of erecting a library building. This building is now in process of con- struction on the east half of the square sur- rounded by Randolph street, Michigan and Wabash avenues and Randolph and Washington streets, occupying a part of the old Fort Dearborn reservation known as "Dearborn Park." The building is described as of the "Romanesque" style of architecture, combining massiveness with utility. The dimensions embrace 355 feet on Michigan avenue and 150 feet each on Randolph and Washington streets. The height will be 100 feet, divided into five stories on the Wash- ington street end and three stories on Ran- dolph street, besides basements for storage and packing purposes. A large court on the west of the building along Garland Place (which extends from Washington to Randolph street) LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 139 will admit of an increase of capacity at some future time, but it is not expected that this will be required for many years to come. The plans were adopted after the most careful and thorough study and comparison of all the great library buildings of this country and Europe, and are believed to combine all that is excellent in each. The building will be strictly fire-proof in every part, and special care has been taken to secure abundance of light in all the rooms. A space 150 by 100 feet has been set apart for a " Soldiers' Memorial Hall " on the second floor of the Randolph street front, for a period of fifty years, when it reverts to the library. The corner-stone of this part of the building was laid with appropriate ceremonies on Decoration Day of 1893, Hon. Kirk Hawes delivering the address. With this excepticn, the whole structure will be devoted to library purposes, rendering all the offices, reading-rooms and other depart- ments conveniently accessible from the street. With a view to greater security, the main library room will be capable of separation into four apartments, by means of fire- proof iron screens or partitions, which can be placed in position in a short space of time. Work upon the foundation of the building was begun July 27, 1892, by Messrs. Moss & Arnold, under a contract requiring the completion of this part by February 1, 1893. Owing to difficulties encountered in reaching solid ground, there has been some delay in this part of the work, but these have been overcome, and in October, 1893, work upon the superstructure is in progress. The foundation rests upon blue clay at the depth of 84 feet below street-level, and is believed to be one of the most solid of the many heavy buildings erected in Chicago. The contract cost of this part of the building is $159,000, and of the superstructure $617,602, making a total of $776,602. The inside finishing and furnishing, it is estimated, will raise the entire cost to $2,000,000, which it is believed will be amply met by the tax already provided for. It is expected that the building will be ready for occupancy by September 1, 1895. The work of construc- tion is proceeding under the direction of Nicolas B. Weydert, superintendent, and the committee on Buildings and Grounds, consisting of Messrs. Bernhard Moos (chair- man), E. S. Dreyer, R. J. Smith, Azel F, Hatch and John G. Shortall. The University of Chicago, as is well known, does everything with a liberal hand, Library of Un-versity alld n Ilothill g haS ik of Chicago. been more lavish than in its efforts for the collection of a library in keeping with its broad and liberal founda- tion. In this it has been aided by the work done for the old University of Chicago, over thirty years ago. Though restricted in use to those connected with the University, its extent, the wide range of topics covered and the large number who will draw upon its stores of knowledge, justify some notice of it here. As now organized, it consists of a reference library, divided into more than twenty departments, besides the general library, including the cataloguing and cir- culating departments. At present it is tem- porarily housed in a modest one-story struc- ture on the northeast corner of the campus, while its permanent home is in course of preparation. One is surprised at the vast array of imposing tomes some of them of almost priceless value deposited in these humble quarters. It is peculiarly rich in rare volumes gathered from some of the choicest collections in Europe. Among these the most important are what have been known as the Hengstenberg, the Ide and the Conant collections, which con- stituted a part of the library of the Baptist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, now the Theological Department of the Univer- sity. To these have been added the remains of the old Chicago University library, to- gether with several private collections, in- cluding among the latter the libraries of Prof. Edward Olsen and of Robert Cotten of England, and finally the large and val- 140 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. uable collection of the Calvare brothers of Berlin. The number of volumes was estimated in the early part of the year 1893 at not less than 280,000, to which important additions have since been made. Some of these collec- tions include some exceedingly rare and valu- able manuscripts. While abundantly supplied with practical aids for the student in his every day work, some of its choicest treas- ures are to be found in the departments of the Hebrew and Greek classics, and in early German and English Bibles. In these re- spects, and in its store of illuminated edi- tions, there is probably nothing of superior value to be found in this country outside of the older universities, such as Yale and Harvard . The library is under the personal super- vision of Mrs. Zella Allen Dixson, assisted by Jean Elizabeth Colville and Wm. Howard Herrick in the cataloguing department, Minnie Jones in the loan department, and Julia Morehouse Angell in the accession department. The permanent library build- ing will be erected in the center of the quadrangle of university buildings, and in style of architecture will be in harmony with them. Chicago has been fortunate in being made the recipient of private benefactions within the past few vears destined to The Newberry ... ,., " Library. give it a literary prominence unsurpassed by any other city in the country. The first of these gifts came from the late Walter L. Newberry, who died November 6, 1868, leaving, by a conditional bequest, one- half of his estate for the purpose of founding a "free public library," to be "located in that part of Chicago known as the North Divis- ion." By the conditions of his will this became available on the death of the last of his two daughters without issue in February, 1874, though this was resisted by other heirs, leading to protracted litigation, which was finally settled by the judgment of the Su- preme Court of the State in favor of the trustees appointed by his will to carry out his purposes, rendered in February, 1880. Mrs. Newberry (his widow) having died De- cember 9, 1885, the trustees took steps to carry out the conditions of the will. The value of the entire estate at that time was estimated at $4,298,403.20, giving to the library enterprise $2,149,201.60. The larger part of that being in real estate, has since materially increased in value. On the first of July, 1887, practical steps were taken by the trustees with a view to founding the library in accordance with the provisions of the will, and as an appropriate tribute to the memory of the founder, it received the name of the Newberry Library, and being entrusted with the duty of fixing conditions, they decided that it should be a library of reference, open to the use of the public on the premises. About the same time, Dr. Wm. F. Poole, who had been in charge of the Chicago Public Library forever thirteen years, was appointed librarian, entering upon his duties August 1, 1887. In their first report, under date of January 5, 1888, the trustees estimate the net income of the library fund up to that time at $67,778.12, while nearly 6,500 volumes and 5,000 pam- phlets had been collected the larger part of the former (about 4,500 volumes) being in the department of American history, genealogy and biography. The first temporary home of the library was at No. 90 La Salle street, but in April, 1888, it was removed to No. 338 Ontario street, where it remained two years, being then removed to temporary quarters in a building erected for it at the northwest cor- ner of North State and Oak streets. Steps were taken as early as 1888 looking to the erec. tionof a permanent building, and the square bounded by Ontario, Pine, Erie and Hush streets, which had formerly been Mr. New- berry's home, was selected for this purpose. This choice was changed, however, in 1889 to what was known as the " Ogden block," surrounded by Dearborn avenue, Walton Place, Clark and Oak streets, where the erection of a permanent library building was begun in the fall of 1890, in accordance with LI BE ARIES AND AUTHORS. 141 plans prepared by Mr. Henry Ives Cobb, and so far finished as to be ready for partial occupancy in the fall of 1893. The building fronts on Walton Place, directly opposite Washington Park, is constructed of New England gray granite, in an appropriately ornamental style of architecture, and will be finished in a most attractive manner. The dimensions of the part now in process of con- struction are 300 feet in length by 60 feet in depth and four stories in height, with a capacity for the storage of 1,000,000 volumes. The plan of the building contemplates the erection of three other fronts east, north and west when the demands of the library require it. It will then have an estimated capacity for 4,000,000 volumes. The interior of the building is richly and substantially finished, with wainscoting of Tennessee marble, marble stairways and iron railings in ornamental designs. The main floor is of white, marble and those of the upper stories of red tile, thus securing com- plete security from fire as far as practicable in a building of this character. The main offices are on the first floor, together with a periodi- cal, a reading room and an auditorium for lecture purposes, capable of seating nearly 500 persons. The main reading rooms are on the upper floors, which are reached both by stairways and elevators. Books are classi- fied by subjects, each section being conven- iently accessible from the rooms set apart for it. One of the largest of these reading rooms is that devoted to encyclopedias, dictionaries and bound sets of periodicals, on the second floor, being 50x161 feet. The historical room on the same floor has a space of 30x50, with a capacity for nearly 30,000 volumes. Heat is furnished by steam and light by an Edison electrical plant, while artificial ventilation is maintained by revolv- ing fans and blowers located in the basement. The number of volumes in the library in January, 1892, according to the report for that year (the last published), was 78,179 and 27,807. The accessions to these during the year 1892, amounted to 28,987 books and 11,694 pamphlets, making the total for the beginning of 1893 (with a trifling change for the correction of previous figures) 107,157 volumes and 39,501 pamphlets. Considering that these had been gathered within a period of five and a half years, the growth of the library may be regarded as phenomenal. The same ratio of growth (about 19,500 per year) will give to the library at the beginning of the year 1894, over 120,000 volumes, and 45,000 pamphlets.* In the selection of books for the Newberry library, preference seems to have been given to works of a solid character. There has consequently been an accumulation of many rare and choice volumes on a great variety of subjects. Not only history, biography and archaeology are liberally represented, but the sciences and the choicest cyclopedias have a prominent place on its shelves. For a year or two previous to the World's Columbian Exposition, a vast mass of literature bearing upon the life of Columbus and the discovery of America was collected . A few years ago, the Chicago Public Library turned over to the Newberry its collection of medical works, amounting to some 6,500 volumes, which has since been largely increased by purchase and donations, making a total of some 17,000 volumes. Some of the valuable accessions have been acquired from private libraries, especially those of Henry Probasco of Cincin- nati, and the late Gen. S. L. M. Barlow of New York. The celebrated Chicago artist, Mr.G.P.A.Healy.-a few years ago donated to the library his collection of pictures, includ- ing portraits of a large number of distin- guished people, which will furnish a magnifi- cent gallery of portraits in the new library building. The library is open to the public on week days between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p. m.,and from 7 to 10 in the evening. Nearly 350 current periodicals, in which English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Dutch languages are represented, are on * The removal of the Newberry library into its new quarters was beprun about the middle of November, 1893. The number of bound volumes at that time was estimated at 117,000, and of pamphlets at 4P,000. 142 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. file in the reading-room nearly one half being American. An event of painful interest in the history of the library was the death, on March 1, 1892, of William H. Bradley, who had been appointed one of the testamentary trustees of the will of Mr. Newberry on the resigna- tion of the late Mark Skinner in 1871, and had served from that date. This left Mr. E. W. Blatchford as sole surviving trustee. In April, 1892, the Newberry Library was therefore incorporated under an act adopted by the general assembly of 1891, when the following board of trustees was elected, viz.: Eliphalet W. Blatchford, president; Edward S. Isham, first vice-president; Lambert Tree, second vice-president, and the follow- ing additional members: Hon. Geo. E. Adams, Edward E. Ayer, Wm. H. Bradley, Daniel Goodwin, Franklin H. Head, Gen. Alex. C. McClurg, Franklin MacVeagh, Gen. Walter C. Newberry, Henry J. Willing and John P. Wilson. Another munificent bequest, similar to that upon which the Newberry Library is based, was made in the will of the late John Crerar, a public- spirited and philanthropic business man of Chicago, who died October 19, 1889. After making a number of other bequests, chiefly for religious and benevolent purposes, amounting in the aggregate to about $1,- 600,000, Mr. Crerar bequeathed the residue of his estate (estimated as aggregating $4,000,000) for the purpose of founding a public library for the city of Chicago. Huntington W. Jackson and Norman J. Williams were named as executors and charged with the duty of carrying out this provision of his will. The usual attempt has been made (in this case by relatives of the deceased living in Canada) to break the will, but unsuccessfully, as after a period of litigation extending over some two years, the Supreme Court has sustained an unbroken line of decisions in the lower courts affirming the validity of the will. The usual notice of a motion for a re-hearing of the case was Crerar Library. filed, but as the time for commencing pro- ceedings has been permitted to expire with- out action, the John Crerar Library may be regarded as one of the established facts of the near future. Although Mr. Crerar did not restrict his executors as to the location of the library to bear his name, he expressed a preference that, in view of the establishment of the Newberry library on the North Side, it should be located on the South Side, and his wish in that respect will undoubtedly be carried out. It is also expected that the Crerar library will be, like the Newberry library, for reference purposes solely, and will therefore not come in competition with the public library, which has been popular- ized by the establishment of reading rooms and branch stations in different parts of the city. The following extract from the Crerar will, indicates the character of books which the donor desired selected: "I desire that books and periodicals be selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian sentiment. * * * 1 want its atmosphere that of Christian refinement and its aim and object the building up of char- acter." The value of that portion of the estate devoted to library purposes was esti- mated, at the date of the final decision of the supreme court, at $2,500,000. The first board of trustees will probably include the following names, as proposed by Mr. Cre- rar's will : Norman Williams, Huntington W. Jackson, Marshall Field, E. W. Blatch- ford, T. B. Blackstone, Robert T. Lincoln, Henry W. Bishop, Edward G. Mason, Al- bert Keep, Edson Keith, Simon J. McPher- son, John M. Clark, and Geo. B. Armour. Among professional libraries in Chicago, the most conspicuous is that of the Chicago Chicago Law Law Institute, located on the institute. fourth floor of the county build- ing. According to the official report of the institute for January, 1893, it had a total of 26,0(i3 volumes, being an increase of 1,201 during the preceding year. This showing ena- bles it to rank as third among the law libra- |ii i-!i' OF It LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 143 ries of the United States, coming next to the law library of congress and the New York law library. It is sustained by a matriculation fee of $100 each, on new members, and an annual assessment of $10 to $12 on old ones. The volumes on its shelves embrace the statutes of all the States of the Union, be- sides English, Scotch and Irish reports, ele- mentary works, treatises and digests. While intended specifically for the use of members of the institute, its books may be freely con- sulted by the public at the library room. Over .lOO periodicals are taken. The follow- ing constituted the board of officers for 1893: President, John S. Miller ; first vice-presi- dent, Edward J. Whitehead; second vice- president, Frederick A. Smith ; librarian, Julius Rosen thai; treasurer, Wm. H.Holden; secretary, Horace S. Oakley, with a board of nine managers. MISCELLANEOUS. Several other libraries demand recognition in these pages. Promi- nent among these are the HAMMOND LI- BRARY.* belonging to the "Chicago Theo- logical Seminary" and the McCoRMiCK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY identi- fied with the institution of that name, with 10,000 to 12,000 volumes each; the WEST- ERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY at 1113 Washington boulevard, with some 6,000 bound volumes and -several thousand pamphlets; the ARMOUR INSTITUTE and ARMOUR MISSION LIBRARIES, though still in their infancy, are destined to grow with in- stitutions founded by the princely benefi- cence of a Chicago business man; the libraries of the Catholic institutions, St. Xavier's Academy and St. Ignatius College the lat- ter comprising (as estimated) 15,000 to 16,000 volumes; the PULLMAN PUBLIC LIBRARY, at Pullman, containing 5,000 volumes ; South Chicago and Ravenswood Public Libraries all in former suburbs of Chicago, now a part of the city besides newspaper, social club and Sunday school and day school libraries, representing in the aggregate many thou- *The Hammond Library i noticed more fully in con- nection with the history of the Chicago Theological Seminary under the head of "Education." sands of volumes. A noteworthy and most commendable enterprise is the WORKING- MEN'S FREE LIBRARY, established by the Building Trades Council in the early part of the year 1893, and open to both sexes. With such centres of light and knowledge open to them and receiving constant accessions, the citizens of Chicago who choose to avail them- selves of the facilities thus afforded them, ought not to suffer for the means of either instruction or intellectual entertainment. AUTHORS. The pre-eminent position which Chicago has steadily maintained as a manufactur- ing and commercial center, for more than a generation, has had the effect to divert attention, to a great extent, from any claims which it might possess to prominence in other fields of effort. This has been espe- cially true of it as a literary center, for while an enterprising and progressive daily press has made its influence felt and recog- nized over a wide extent of country, the more unobtrusive and secluded literary workers who have devoted their days and nights of toil to less ephemeral productions in the writing of books, have not always commanded the attention to which either their numbers or the value of their labors entitled them. And yet a somewhat careful survey of the field shows that a considerable army of this class of patient toilers have been at work, and not a few of them, with^ more or less success, laying the foundation of honorable distinction for themselves and reputation for their city. Probably no line of business in Chicago has grown more rapidly in the past few years than the pub- lishing business, of which the extensive publishing houses of A. C. McClurg & Co., Rand, McNally & Co., S. C. Griggs & Co., Laird & Lee, Charles H. Sergei & Co., F. J. Schulte & Co., Fleming H. Revell & Co., Charles H. Kerr & Co., Donohue & Henne- berry, the W. B. Conkey Company, and others afford abundant evidence, and it is already beginning to be a mooted question whether New York, which claims to have 144 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. wrested the banner as the "literary center" of the Western Continent from Boston, may not itself, at no distant day, be compelled to surrender the palm to Chicago, as it has in some other lines of business. As the subject of this section is "Chicago Authors," the object will be not so much to enumerate the books which have been pro- duced by Chicago writers, as to give some recognition of those who have had a hand in this part of Chicago history, and indicate the class of authorship with which they were as- sociated. And as authorship does not neces- sarily consist in publication alone, but rather in the writing of books which may never be published, it is worthy of note that there is a tradition that Chicago's first permanent citizen, Col. John Kinzie, while in the em- ployment of the American Fur Company at Prairie du Chien, prepared a grammar of the Winnebago tongue, and still later performed a like task for the Wyandots or Ilurons of Ohio, though there is no evidence that either was ever put in print. It may be regarded as a fact of some sig- nificance that the first book printed in Chi- cago was a law book being a copy of "The Public and General Laws of the State of Illi- nois," printed by Stephen F. Gale in 1839. Previous to this (1837) a copy of the act of incorporation of the new city was printed in pamphlet form at the office of the Chicago . Democrat, and various other pamphlets, in- cluding the " Laws and Ordinances" of the city and sundry Fourth of July orations in similar form, in 1839; also a eulogy on the life and character of President William Henry Harrison at the American office in 1841. But these belong rather to the history of printing than to that of Chicago authorship. The first book by a Chicago author was a religious one a "History of Baptism" by the Eev. Isaac Taylor Hinton, though it was printed elsewhere. It was advertised in the American of May 1, 1840, and for sale in September following. The first work com- piled and printed in Chicago was a copy of the decisions of the supreme court of the State from 1832 to 1839, prepared in two volumes by the late Jonathan Young Scarumon, who died in 1890. This was in the hands of the binders at the establishment of Holcomb & Co., when it was destroyed by fire in December, 1840, and thus never reached the point of publica- tion. A second edition was printed by Thomas G. Wells, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1841, a copy of which may be seen in the Chicago Law Library. These had been pre- ceded by the reports prepared by Sidney Breese, the first reporter of the supreme court, embracing the decisions from 1819 to 1831, in two volumes. The first of these was printed by Eobert K. Fleming at Kaskaskia, in 1831, and the second by Wm. Walters at Vandalia, in 1839. The third and fourth volumes of Scammon's Reports, bringing the decisions down to 1843, were printed in 1844 at the establishment of the pioneer job printers, Ellis & Fergus the second member of the firm being the veteran printer, Mr. Robert Fergus, who still lives and this was the first work of the kind completed and issued from the press in Chicago. The same year Messrs. Ellis and Fergus printed and published a pamphlet of thirty-four pages, giving an account of "The Massacre of Chi- cago (Fort Dearborn) of August 15, 1812." This was the first historical work from a Chicago press. In 1845 appeared a volume entitled "Mis- cellaneous Poems," to which were added some prose writings on various subjects, by " Wm. Asbury Kenyon," with the imprint, "Chicago: Printed by James Campbell & Co., 1845.'' There is no positive evidence that the author lived in Chicago, though the preface bears date in the city. It is conjec- jtured from some allusions in the verses that he may have been a resident of Du Page county. One of the earliest historians of Illinois was Judge Henry Brown, a Chicago lawyer, who, in 1844, wrote and published what was justly regarded at the time as the most com- plete and trustworthy history of Chicago and LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 145 the Northwest. In January, 1846, he de- livered an address before the Chicago Ly- ceum, on the "Present and Future Pros- pects of Chicago," which is a valuable con- tribution to local history. Others who have furnished valuable material for the local or general historian in addresses delivered be- fore the Lyceum, the Chicago Historical Society or other Associations, and whose pro- ductions have been preserved in the "Fergus Series," are Joseph N. Balestier, Judge J. D. Caton, Hon. Wm. H. Brown, Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, Hon. John Wentworth, Hon. J. Young Scammou, James A. Mar- shall, the late Gov. William Bross, Kevs. R. W. Patterson and Jeremiah Porter, Thomas A. Hoyne, E. B. Washburne and Edward Gay Mason, president of the Chicago His- torical Society, besides the more extended productions of Henry H. Hurlbut, in his " Chicago Antiquities; " Charles Cleaver, in " Reminiscences of Early Chicago " (1833); John S. Wright, in "Early History of Chi- cago" and its " Present, Past and Future ;"A. N. Marquis, in his "Handbook," and Messrs. James W. Sheahan and George B. Upton, Elias Colbert, Franc B.Wilkie,Everett Chamberlin, and Alfred B. Sewell, in their several histor- ies of the fire of 1871. The contributions of Messrs. Caton, Arnold, Brown (W. H.), Wentworth and Bross, to the stores of local and State history and biography, have been numerous and especially valuable, while the material facts embraced in all these have been gathered together by Cap- tain A. T. Andreas in his compre- hensive history of the city, in three vol- umes, the last of which was published in 1885, bringing the record up to that date. L. W. Volk, the well-known sculptor, has told the story of " The Douglas Monument " in an entertaining manner, and Captain Mi. chael Schaack lias given the tragic history of the " Haymarket Massacre " in "Anarchy and Anarchism in America." Several of these deserve more extended notice, did space permit especially Arnold, the author of " Lincoln and Slavery," " Life of Abraham Lincoln" and "Life of Benedict Arnold," besides various lectures and addresses on his- torical and biographical topics; Washburne, author of the " Life of Governor Coles" and of " Recollections of a Minister to France," and editor of various historical records; Caton, for his " Sketch of the Pottawato- mies" and "Reminiscences of the Chicago Bar;" Brown, for the light he has thrown on the struggle to make Illinois a slave State; and Messrs. Sheahan, Upton, Wilkie and Colbert, who in addition to their labors as journalists, found time to enrich the shelves of local libraries with volumes of interest and merit on biograpical, historical and other topics Sheahan, with the -best "Life of Stephen A. Douglas " that has been writ- ten and "An Atlas of American History;" Upton, in conjunction with J. J. Lalor, with translations of the lives of the German com- posers, several volumes of " Handbooks " of standard operas, oratorios, etc., besides his sprightly "Gunnybag Papers" and "Pere- grine Pickle;" Wilkie, with his " Poliuto," "Sketches Beyond the Sea," "Sketches of the Bench and Bar," and his last book, pub- lished shortly before his death, " Thirtyfive Years of Journalism;" Colbert, in his "His- tory of Chicago," written in collaboration with Everett Chamberlin, in his several works on astronomy and his latest on the evolution theory of man, under the title of "Humanity in Its Origin and Early Growth." In fact nearly all the authors of books in the early history of the city were in some way con- nected with the daily or periodical press. The earlie&t of these was Richard L. Wilson, the founder of the Evening Journal, who wrote the record of "A Trip to Santa Fe" as early as 1842, and still later, "Short Ravel- ings of a Long Yarn," a book of travel also. Other early journalists who were also the writers of books were William H. Bushnell, who wrote "Sketches of Early Settlers of Chicago;" a novel, "The Prairie Fire," besides a number of short stories and some graceful poems; and T. Herbert Whipple, the author of many short sketches, stories, and 146 BISTOnY OF CHICAGO. biographies, and a novelette entitled "Eth- zelda, or Sunbeams and Shadows," based on the history of a band of robbers who lived in a cave on the banks of the Mississippi river. The most prolific and gifted writer of which Chicago had to boast a generation ago (also a newspaper man) was Benjamin P. Taylor, who began to use his pen as early as 1843, and who, in the course of forty years, pro- duced some nine or ten volumes inverse and prose, the most important of the former being "January and June" and "Old Time Pictures and Sheaves of Rhyme," and of the latter, "Pictures in Camp and Field," " Sum- mer Savory" Pictures of California Life" and his one prose novel, "Theophilus Trent." His musical rhymes, "The Isle of The Long Ago," "Rhymes of the River" and "The Old Village Choir," which won for him the title of the "Oliver Goldsmith of America," still find an echo in the popular heart. Charles Dudley Warner, one of the most eminent American authors, also made Chicago his home for a time while practicing his profes- sion as a lawyer as partner of the late Wirt Dexter, previous to entering upon his career of authorship. In the department of archaeology, history and science, the scholarly Dr. J. W. Foster, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and lecturer ou physical geography and cognate sciences, twenty-five years ago, in the old Chicago University, rendered valuable service in his "Pre-historic Races of the United States" and his "Mississippi Valley, Its Physical Geogra- graphy," etc., published simultaneously by S. C. Griggs & Co., in Chicago and Trub- ner & Co., in London. Others who have labored successfully in historic fields, in gen- eral or special lines, are Rufus Blanchard, author of the "Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest and History of Chicago;" Gen. J. B. Turchin, in his " History of the Battle of Chicamauga ; " Rev. T. M. Eddy, in his "Patriotism of Illinois;" Maj. Joseph Kirkland in "The Story of Chicago," giving an account of the massacre at Fort Dear- born in 1812; Hon. Wm. Henry Smith, in the "St. Clair Papers" and sundry briefer papers of a historical and biographical char- acter; W. K. Ackerman in his valuable "History of Illinois Railroads;" Dr. W. F. Poole in The Ordinance of 1787," "Anti- Slavery Opinions before the Year 1800" and "Salem Witchcraft;" Judge John Moses in his "History of Illinois," to whom reference has been made elsewhere under the head of "Libraries;" to say nothing of many others on similar lines which the late AVorld's Colum- bian Exposition has evoked. Miss Kirkland has rendered valuable service to the rising generation by her "Short Histories" of Eng- land and Fiance and of "English Literature for Young People," as also has Mrs. Bishop Cheney in her "History for Juveniles." Reference has already been made in the early part of this chapter to the first law book published in Chicago. This was fol- lowed at a somewhat later date by a compi- lation of decisions of the supreme court, covering the period of the Breese and Scam- mon Reports (1819-41), which was prepared by Robert S. Blackwell, an eminent member of the Chicago bar. Other volumes in the department of law have since been issued by Ebenezer Peck (Reports); C. C. Bonney on "Railway Carriers;" Henry Bin more in sev- eral volumes on municipal and State law ; J. C. Fithian and Edward J. Hill ou "Practice;" James L. High and James P. Root, respectively, in volumes on the "Law of Corporations;" J. R. Faber on the " Law of Assignments;" Robert H. Vickers on the "Powers of Police Officers and Coroners;" Elliot Anthony's " Digest of Illinois;" Frank Gilbert on " Railway Law" and Marshall M. Kirkman on " Railway Rates and Govern- ment Control." In the department of medicine, surgery, dental science and chemistry, the number of Chicago authors has been very considerable. Some of the more prominent have been : Drs. Joseph H. Buff urn, Nathan S. Davis, Edwin M. Hale, Reuben Ludlam, Wm. H. Byford, Lemuel C. Grosvenor, Joseph Mit- LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 147 chell, Chas. W. Earle, D. A. K. Steele, A. F. Cooke, Alex. R. Crawford, F. B. Eisen- Bockins and Ransom Dexter. A historical sketch of the first practitioners of medicine iu Chicago, under the title " Early Medical Chicago," by Dr. James N. Hyde, is a valu- able contribution to city history. Paul Christian Jensen has written on medical chemistry, Nicholas Senne, on general surgery, and L. P. Haskell, E. L. Clifford, B. J. Cigrand and Eugene S. Talbot, on various branches of dental surgery. Dr. Mary Hackett Stevenson has also written well on biology and physiology, and has done creditable work in general literature. Returning to the domain of fiction, which has been only briefly touched upon, the num- ber of Chicago writers in this class who have won recognition from the reading public is very large. Among the earlier, belonging to the period of Bushnell, Whipple and Taylor, already mentioned, were William Rounseville and Thomas R. Dawley (both early newspaper men), and Henry A. Clark, a Chicago lawyer with a penchant for literary work, who wrote for a large audience in the early '50's, or still earlier. Rounseville was a poet, having won some reputation in this line as early as 1845. Clark was the author of a novel, "The Ban- ditti of the Prairies," which had a popular run for some time. Dawley was an artist, and illustrated his own work. By common consent Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie stands in the front rank as writer in this department by virtue of her novel, "Waubun, or Early Days in the Northwest," which is valued on account of its accurate description of the massacre at Fort Dearborn. She wrote a second novel under the title, "Mark Logan, the Bourgeois." Mrs. Mary Hartwell Cath- erwood, author of "Tonty," "Old Kaskas- kia," and other stories based on incidents connected with Illinois history, though not a resident of Chicago, is regarded as belong- ing to this city, and is accorded the position of successor to Mrs. Kinzie. Other namejs properly coming into this category are those of George S. Phillips ("January Searle"); Andrew Shuman, late editor of the Evening Journal, author of "Loves of a Lawyer;" Maj. Joseph Kirkland, author of "Zury," "Captain of Company K," "The McVeys," and several other novels; Eugene Field, poet and wit as well as novelist; Opie P. Reed ("Arkansaw Traveler"), Stanley Water- loo, Henry B. Fuller, John McGovern, Rev. F. W. Gunsaulus, Henry F. Keenan, Hobart C. Chatfield-Taylor, Richard Michaelis (in "Looking Further Forward," an answer to Bellamy), the late Col. Edward Reynolds Roe, Jonathan Periam, Robert C. Givins, Charles L. Marsh, Weldon Cobb, Col. G. A. Pierce, Howard L. Conard, Dr. L. II. Wat- son ("Louis Harrison"), James Lane Allen, John Ritchie, Austyn Granville, Leroy Arm- strong, William Armstrong, Anson Uriel Hancock, Eugene J. Hall, Alva Milton Kerr, J. Percival Pollard (poet as well), Robert H. Cowdrey, S. F. Norton, Mrs. Mary Ab- bott, Mrs. Celia Parke Woolley, M. French- Sheldon, Miss Elizabeth S. Kirkland, Miss Clara Louise Burnham, Lilian Spencer, Mrs. Caroline F. Corbin, Mrs. Marah Ellen Ryan, Mrs. Lindon W. Bates, Miss Lilian Som- mers, Mrs. Maude Howe Elliott, Mrs. Kate Donelson, Miss Mary Healy ("Mme. Charles Bigot"), Mrs. Mary Aplin Sprague, and Miss Eve H. Brodlique. In the field of poetry the list would he scarcely so long as that in fiction, but it contains some noteworthy names. By virtue of his genial humor, his versatility, and, when the occasion calls for it, his deep feel- ing, a position in the front rank of Chicago's living poets must be conceded to Eugene Field, whose "Little Book of Western Verse" and translations of Horation odes show his skill as a versifier to great advant- age. The "Poems of the Farm and Fire- side by Eugene A. Hall and three volumes of verse by Dr. Horatio Nelson Powers take a high rank; in fact, the admirers of the latter claim for him a place at the very head of Chicago songwriters. Miss Harriet Mon- roe, author of " Valeria," and the " Colum- 148 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. bian Ode,'' read at the dedication of the World's Fair in October, 1892, belongs to the list of Chicago authors. Others whose names have been conceded a conspicuous place are: Miss Blanche Fearing, Miss Eliza Allen Starr, Miss Amanda T. Jones, Mrs. Hattie Tyng Griswold, Ernest McGaffey, Kichard L. Gary, Mrs. Anna Oldfield Wiggs, Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Mrs. A. AV. Arring- ton, Miss Lilian Bell, Benjamin Hathaway, Rev. James Vila Blake, Eev. F. W. Gunsau- lus, Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, Camp- bell B. Waite, Louis J. Block, Capt. E. L. Huggins, Samuel T. Clover, George Horton, Charles Eugene Banks, "Ben," King (a dialect poet), George F. Root and Henry Clay Work, whose (Messrs. Root and Work's) patriotic and stirring war lyrics, "Battle Cry of Freedom," " Marching Through Geor- gia," etc., were heard all over the South dur- ing the war of the rebellion, and still retain much of their popularity. Mr. Francis F. Browne, editor of the Dial, though himself a poet of recognized merit, has performed his chief service in collecting and putting in form for convenient preservation the produc- tion of others in his edition of "Golden "Poems by British and American Authors," "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose," and " Bugle Echoes ; a Collection of Poems of the Civil War." He has also done duty in the field of biography in the compil- ation and authorship of a volume of rare interest on " The Every Day Life of Abra- ham Lincoln." Three colored young men, Albeny Whitman, William II. A. Moore and Paul Dunbar, have attracted attention to themselves during the past year by the mel- ody of their verse. Nearly related to the poets are dramatic writers, of whom Chicago has had several who have produced successful plays. Among those worthy of mention are Elwyn A. Bar- ron (dramatic critic of the Inter Ocean and author of the "Viking"), Will D. Eaton, Harry B. Smith, Slason Thompson (editor of the Evening Journal), Thomas Stewart Denison (also a novelist), and Con. T. Mur- phy. The popular comic operas, "Robin Hood," "The Begum," "Crystal Slipper," "Tar and Tartar," are productions of Mr. Smith's pen, while Mr. Thompson, working in connection with Clay M. Greene, pro- duced the well-known comedies, the "Freaks of Fortune," " M'liss," and " Sharps and Flats." Mr. Thompson has also edited a volume entitled, "The Humbler Poets." In educational lines Chicago authors have not been wholly idle. Among those who have used their pens in this department are William H. Wells and George Howland, both of whom served in the capacity of superin- tendent of city schools, and each of whom produced a "School Grammar," as well as a volume of practical hints for teachers. Pro- fessor Howland also furnished a translation of the "Jineid" of Virgil, and translations of parts of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Homer. Prof. J. R. Boise, of the Chicago University, is also the author of a translation of the "Iliad," a book of "Greek Lessons" and a Greek grammar; Prof. E. S. Bastin is author of a volume on botany; Dr. Levi Seeley, of Lake Forest University, has written on math- ematics; Charles M.Ham on his favorite topic of "Manual Training;" W. S. B. Mathews on "The History of Music" and "How to Understand Music;" Col. F. W. Parker, superintendent of the Cook County Normal School, has undertaken to instruct teachers "How to Teach Geography," while Prof. Robert McL. Cumnock, of the Northwest- ern University, has written and compiled one or two volumes for instruction in elocu- tion. In fact, the large number of practical educators gathered about the three universi- ties grouped about the city of Chicago, will tend greatly to stimulate this and other classes of authorship. Several of the mem- bers of the faculty of the University of Chi- cago, as President Harper, Professor von Hoist, and others, are already recognized as leading authors whose literary labors and reputations will hereafter be identified with Chicago. The faculty of the Northwestern University, a Chicago institution in its origin LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 149 and associations, includes several men who have made their mark in authorship. Among these are Eevs. M. S. Terry, Miner Ray- mond, H. F. Fisk, Henry Bannister, F. D. Hemenway, Adam Miller, M. D., and Profs. Charles F. Bradley, Charles J. Little, Charles \V. Pearson, J. Scott Clark and J. Taft Hatfield. Several of these have written on theological topics and others on educational and literary lines. Rev. Henry Bascom Ridgaway, D. D., has written of biography and travel, and Rev. F. M. Bristol, for many years identified with the Trinity Methodist church of Chicago, now of Evanstou, has written on the line of literary criticism and church history. Other authors who have dealt in religious themes, church history or biography are Revs. George N. Boardman, P. S. Henson, Lee M. Heilman, S. G. Lathrop, Willis Lord, D. L. Moody, T. W. Powell, Mrs. J. H. Worcester, Mrs. Mary E. Far well, C. E. Simmons, Rev. R. A. Torrey, Maj. D. W. Whittle, Rev. Moses Smith, Rabbi Liebman Adler, Robert Collyer, formally of Unity Church, Chicago, now of New York; the late Rev. William A. Hammond, Rev. Justin A. Smith, editor of the (Baptist) Standard; Rev. Simeon Gilbert, D. D., of the Advance; William M. Salter, Rev. J. H. Barrows, Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, Rev. Minot J. Savage, Dr. Gustave A. Zimmer- mann and Austin Bierbower, while Dr. Paul Cams has treated Religious questions on philosophical lines. Charles B. Waite has written a somewhat voluminous "History of the Christian religion to the year 200" (pub- lished in 1881), in which he vigorously controverts the claims of authority set up for the early Christian teachers. Chicago authors have produced a number of valuable works of reference, some of which are indispensable to students. First among these is the "Index to Periodical Literature," originated by Dr. Wm. F. Poole, Librarian of the Newberry Library, in 1853, and con- tinued by him in quarterly numbers until 1882, when it passed into other hands. Another work of great merit belonging to this list is "Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science," compiled and edited by John J. Lalor in three volumes. Bishop Samuel Fallows has produced " A Complete Diction- ary of Synonyms and Antonyms," which is of great use to the writer. The "Dickens Dictionary" of E. A. Pierce and W. A. Wheeler, and the "American Slang Diction- ary " of Mr. James Maitland have an interest and value for a certain class of readers. Among travelers, the late Carter H. Harri- son has written entertainingly in his volume entitled "A Race with the Sun;" others belonging to this class are Canon Knowles, Minerva Brace Norton, Charles Humphrey Roberts, John F. Finerty, Samuel T. Clover, Mrs. Julia Newell Jackson, C. Vickerstaff Hine, and G. 0. Shields. The latter is a prolific and popular author who, over the nom de plume. "Coquina," has mingled accounts of hunting with his reports of travel, and has occasionally stepped aside to write history,as he does in his account of Gen. Gibbons' battle with the Nez Perces at the "Big Hole." Herbert L. Aldrich has also written in an interesting manner of Arctic Alaska and Siberia in "Eight Months with the Arctic Whalemen." Dr. William C. Gray, editor of the Interior, who is an enthusiastic disciple of Isaac Walton, has written entertainingly of his" experiences under the title, " Camp Fire Musings," while William Bruce Leffingwell has treated of the sports of the chase and shooting. Among writers on political and economic questions, Van Buren Denslow, long con- nected with the Chicago press, deserves to stand in the front rank. He has written several volumes on the tariff and kindred topics which have a place in the shelves of the public library. David H. Mason, also a Chicago journalist, has written several vol- umes or treatises bearing on the same ques- tions. A. B. Mason and J. J. Lalor are authors of a "Primer of Political Economy" that has been highly commended. Other writers in this class are Gen. M. M. Trurn- 150 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. bull, Charles T. Palmer and B. S. Heath Gov. John P. Altgeld has written a book entitled "Live Questions," which is, to a great extent, a criticism upon the adminis- tration of the laws, and at times upon the laws themselves. la the domain of pure literature several Chicago authors have achieved notable suc- cess. One of the most conspicuous of these is William Mathews, LL. D., several of whose nine or ten volumes were produced while he was a resident of Chicago between 1856 and 1880. His "Getting on in the World " has been translated into every lead- ing European language, while his other works, such as "Words, Their Use and Abuse, " " Hours with Men and Books," "Literary Style," "Oratory and Orators," "Wit and Humor," etc., have a charm for all students of the English language. Another series of rare merit is connected through their author, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Heed, with Chicago. Those are " Hindu Lit- erature; or The Ancient Books of India." and "Persian Literature; Ancient and Modern," printed by S. C. Griggs & Co. A Chicago lawyer, Eobert H. Vickers, has produced a work of great interest and re- search in " The Martyrdoms of Literature." Among essayists and sketch writers, the char- acter of whose works has not admitted of their classification with those already noticed, are Mrs. Olive Thome Miller, Rev. James Vila Blake, Dr. David Swing, Mrs. Amelia Gere Mason, Miss Mary E. Burt, Ellen Mitchell, Henry D. Lloyd and Mrs. Helen Ekin Starrett. The "Letters to a Daugh- ter" and Letters to Elder Daughters," by the latter, are excellent in their way, and deserve to be in the hands of every young woman. Chicago translators have done some good work. Prominent in this class stands Mrs. Kate N. Doggett, translator of Charles Blanc's ''Grammar of Painting and Engrav- ing." The English translation of Prof, von Hoist's "Constitutional History of the United States of America " is the work of three Chi- cago men Mr. John J. Lalor, Alfred B. Mason and Dr. Paul Shorey. George B. Upton's service in the translation of the biographies of eminent German musicians has already been noticed. Mrs. Fanny Hale Gardiner has rendered a service to both his- tory and literature by her translation of Bazau's "Russia: Its People and its Litera- ture." Other translations by Chicago wri- ters, worthy of note here, are: T. A. Hoi- comb's translation of Tegner's "Fridhiofs Saga;" A. D. Hall and G. B. Heckel's "Journal of Marie Bashkirtseft ; " "The Surgeon's Stories " from the Swedish of Tope- lius, translated by T. A. Schovelin and T. A. Holcomb; Bjornson's "Sigurd Slembe" and Jaeger's "Henrik Ibsen," translated by Wm. Morton Payne; Pierre Loti's "Ice- landic Fisherman," by Mrs. Anna (Fowler) de Koven; Baroness von Suttner's "Ground Arms," by Mrs. Alice Asbury Abbot, and "Marianela; A Story of Spanish Love," from the Spanish of B. Perez Galdos, by Miss Helen W. Lester. A considerable list of unclassified books by Chicago authors is deserving of reference. Among these are a volume on "Solar Heat, Gravitation and Sun Spots," presenting a theory of the universe, by J. H. Kedzie; "A Guide for the Student of English Litera- ture," by Mrs. Anna Benneson McMahun, who is also the editor of the " Best Letters of Horace Walpole "'and of " William Cowper," comprised in A. C. McClurg & Co.'s series of "Laurel-Crowned Letters; " Amy Fay's "Music Study in Germany;" A "Life of Horace Greeley,"by L. D. Ingersoll, a former Chicago journalist; Miss Frances E. Willard "Glimpsesof Fifty Years" (an autobiography) and others. H. G. Cutler has been an indus- trious writer for years on historical and geographical topics. While, of course, a large majority of Chi- cago authors have employed the English vernacular as their medium for addressing the reading public, few persons are aware of the large number of authors of foreign birth especially Germans and Scandinavians LIBRARIES AND AUTHORS. 151 who have produced original works in their native tongue for American readers, or have done duty as translators of German or Scan- dinavian books into English, or vice versa. No list of Chicago authors would approach completeness which does not make mention of these. Prominent among German auth- ors have been Caspar Butz, Emil Dietzsch, Dr. Gustav A. Zknmermann, and Eugene Seeger, in the department of history; Johann W. Dietz, TJdo Brachvogel, Paul Carus and Hermann Euhland, in poetry, and Mrs. Marie Werkrneister, Dorothea Boettcher, William Vocke and Arnold Boecklin, in fiction. Mr. Vocke, the eminent German lawyer, has been an industrious literary worker as well, and has translated many German poems into English, besides publishing a very valuable book in German on the "Rechtsverhaeltnisse (Legal Rights or Conditions) in America." Dr. Zimmermann, who is also supervisor of the department of German in the public schools of Chicago, is a profound scholar and voluminous author, chiefly of works of a historical character in the German language. Two of 'his most important works are the "Deutsch in America," being a history of German-American literature, the first volume of which was published in 1892, and "Four Hundred years of American History." also published in 1892. Besides these, he has published a volume entitled "Ephesus in the First Christian Century," being in the line of archaeological investigation, and a "Classical German Reader." All these are in the Ger- man, while he has also prepared a transla- tion from the German into English of Prof. Theodore Schmid's book on the "Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Religion, Philosophy and Morality," pub- lished a few years ago by McClurg & Co., with an introduction by the Duke of Argyle Probably the most voluminous writer among the Scandinavian authors of Chicago is 0. M. Peterson, who has prepared several books in educational lines, besides transla- tions of biographies of Lincoln and Grant, also a volume on Henry M. Stanley's explora- tions in Central Africa. Other Scandinavian authors are Prof. N. B. Andersen, Johan A. Enander, C. F. Peterson and P. G. Dietrich- son who have labored in historical fields, while Magnus Elmblad (deceased) and Ernst Lindblom have cultivated poesy, and Alexan- der Erbe and Harald Schmidt have done some creditable work in the line of fiction. Prof. Peter Ilendrickson has also produced some works on agriculture. Kimd. Langeland has done something in the way of biography and Algot E. Strand and David Monrad Schoyen have turned out some translations. Had it been practicable to include the writers for the periodical press, this chapter would have been almost indefinitely extended. As it is, it presents evidence of an intellec- tual activity among the thinkers and writers of Chicago in keeping with that which ex- ists among its business men. It would have been an agreeable task to present the com- plete bibliography of each writer mentioned in the preceding pages, but that would have been impracticable on account of the in- creased space it would have required. It has been no part of the plan of this chapter to deal in criticism of individual authors, and while some names deserving of mention may have been omitted, it has been the pur- pose to show the progress which Chicago has been making in the field of authorship. While an approximately chronological policy has been pursued in treating of early Chicago writers, a 'system of classification has been adopted with a view to greater condensation of matter. CHAPTER IV. THE BENCH AND BAR. BY. JOSEPH KIRKLAND. SOME of the earliest jurists of Chicago rank among the best and greatest Unlike the pioneer adventures in mercantile, manufacturing, banking and journalistic business, each of which, during The Bench its infantile years had only puny ani Bar. an( j ghjidjgh significance, the bench and bar were always able and reputable, the same at one time as at another. The learned professions seem to come at once to maturity as Minerva sprang, fully armed, from the brain of Jove. The decisions of the supreme court, rendered in its first years, stand to-day unimpeached as law and legal literature in- deed they receive the unqualified approval of leading lawyers of the present day who are far from giving the same indorsement to some of that court's later work. True, the earlier court had a " clean page" on which to write, and being the setter of precedents for others to follow, was not called on to follow those which others had set. True, also, it was not burdened with busi- ness and could take its time with every case, discussing it in full bench instead of divid- ing up its work among its members, as has to be done now-a-days. Nevertheless, if it had been unlearned, unlettered, untrained in the principles and practice of the common law, it easily might have fallen into gross and palpable errors Dogberry-like have written itself down an ass and placed in the Eeports a mass of decisions so opposed to law, justice and equity as to have been re- versible and reversed at every opportunity. On the contrary, the earliest decisions of the court are, as a general rule, those most rarely set aside. In 1821 Chicago was included in Pike county, in somewhat the same sense as the Island of Nova Zembla is included in Kussia that is, the southern county of Pike (situated between the Mississippi and Illi- nois rivers below Quincy) stretched away northward and northeastward to the State line and Lake Michigan. On June 5, 1821, the commissioners' court of Pike county recommended John Kinzie as a suitable per- son to be appointed justice of the peace. . It is not known that he was ever so appointed' In 1823, Chicago being then set off into Fulton county (fifty miles further up the Illinois), John Kinzie was again recommend- ed for the office of justice of the peace. In 1825, Chicago being then set off with Peoria county (still further up the river), " Kinsey," doubtless John Kinzie was commissioned justice of the peace. In the same year Alexander Wolcott (Kiuzie's son-in-law) and Jean Baptiste Beaubien were also made justices of the peace. John S. C. Hogan and Stephen Forbes became justices in 1830, John Kinzie having died in 1828. Up to this time it is not known that any court was held by either of the justices, or even a docket kept to record their acts and doings; though five marriages in 1828 and two in 1830, all performed by Justice Beau- bien, are mentioned by Andreas (I. Hist. Chic. p. 420) who goes on to say: By an act of February 16, 1831, it was provided that " The counties of Cook, LaSalle, Putnam, Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Knox, Warren, Jo Daviess, Mercer, Rock Island and Henry shall constitute the Fifth Judicial Circuit. . . . Richard M. Young shall perform circuit duties in the Fifth Judicial Circuit. 152 OF UNIVERSITY fit ttUHOIS THE BENCH AND BAR. 153 There shall be two terms of the circuit court held annually in each of the counties ... in the county of Cook on the fourth Mondays in April and the second Mondays in September." Turning to William Bross's pamphlet of 1858, we are told that a term was held in September, 1831, "At Fort Dearborn in the brick house, and in the lower room of the said house." Also that the court of county commissioners ordered the sheriff to secure one or more rooms for the circuit court at the house of James Kinzie, (then on the West Side near the river fork) " provided it can be done at a cost of not more than ten dollars." Governor Bross wrote this history before the great fire destroyed all the early county records, and it is fair to presume that he got his knowledge from the records them- selves. Yet there is direct and living testi- mony that, wo term of court was held until 1834, and the first term was held, not in the brick house in the fort (it is also denied that there was any brick house there) but in an unfinished loft in the " Mansion House," directly north of the present Tremout House; and that the first case in that first term bore the name of John Dean Caton as attorney. This is the clear recollection of ex-Chief Jus- tice Caton himself, and if the testimony needs any corroboration it is at hand; for a gentle- man still living, who has been consulted by the writer, remembers going with the Judge, some time before the fire, and taking down the tin box containing the earliest files (the upper box, left-hand corner in the circuit court vault) and finding there the dusty bundles marked "one" and "two" and noting thereon the name of J. D. Caton as attorney. The discrepancy can best be explained by assuming that Governor Bross did 7iot go to the files, but to the record-book of the county commissioners, and finding there that a court was ordered in 1831 and again in 1832, naturally concluded that a court was held; whereas the fact is that there being no cases the Judge was so advised and spared himself the long and hard journey over from Galena to the barren little hamlet clustered about Fort Dearborn. The one thing which is incontestible is that John Dean Caton, who arrived in 1833, brought the first suit begun in any court of record in Cook county, and that it was tried in the spring of 1834. For a detailed memoir of the Hon. John Dean Caton, see another part of this volume. Giles Spring, Judge Caton's first associate and competitor, was born (1807) in Massa- chusetts, whence he emigrated to Giles spring. the Weatern Res erve," in Ohio. He studied law at Ashtabula with Benjamin F. Wade and Joshua R. Giddiugs. He came to Chicago in June, 1833, and advertised as a lawyer in the Chicago Democrat of December 17, 1833, as follows: "G. Spring, Attorney and Counsellor at Law and Solicitor in Chancery. Office, second door west from the corner of Franklin and South Water Streets, Chicago, Dec. 17.. 1333." [There seems to be a misprint in the year. ] In February, 183G, Mr. Spring formed a partnership with Grant Goodrich and July 24th in the same year, they married sisters, the Misses Budlong, at Westfield,Chatauqua County, N. Y. Mr. Spring was a life-long whig, and therefore, though often a candi- date, always defeated in early Chicago, until in 1848 he was elected City Attorney, and in 1849, Judge of Cook County Court of Com- mon Pleas; nearly the equivalent of our Circuit and Superior Courts. He died in 1851. U. F. Linder in his interesting and amus- ing "Reminiscences" says of him: Notwithstanding his limited education, he seem- ed to be a sort of a natural lawyer, possessing an intuitive insight into its principles and maxims. 1 have had it from the lips of ve'y eminent counsel, who are still living, that Giles Spring had no super- ior at the bar in his power of analysis. He siemed to pos?ess the faculty of looking through n case at almost a single glance. ... He was a man of child-like simplicity of manners, as tendtr-hearttd 154 HISTORY OF VHWAGO. a? a woman, and would have stepped aside to keep from treading on a worm. His one fault is that to which bright spirits are so often subject; the failing which seems to include all others in itself. It is as characteristic of the rudeness of an early day that I quote from the Chicago Democrat of February 9, 1850: "Court is adjourned from day to day by a spree of Judge Spring." Here, for the first and almost the last time, does Chicago's record of bench and bar Richard sones touch tlie century which Hamilton (1799-1860). ended before even old Fort Dearborn was dreamed of. Except Justin Butterfield, not a single lawyer of all those who have shown upon her volum- inous roll, was born earlier than was Judge Hamilton, and yet he was less than thirty- two years old when he became probate judge of Cook county; only thirty-four when the township of Chicago was organized; only thirty-eight when the city was incorporated, and only sixty-one when, in the year of Lin- coln's election, he died, "full of years and of honors." This illustrates the youthfulness of the individuals who shaped the destinies of our city. Not a man of those who sat on the bench or pleaded before it during the city's youth had come to the stage of life called " middle age." Men came by scores and hundreds, but they were all young men and their unquestionable greatness accrued during their Chicago experience. It was not matured elsewhere and brought here ready- made. The place has always been the para- dise of the young, the hopeful, the eager, the strong and untiring. Mr. Hamilton held more public offices witli less private gain than any other citizen has ever done. In 1835 being candidate for county recorder and finding himself charged with grasping too many places, he said: In 1831, I received the appointment of clerk of circuit court, judge of probate and notary public. I then moved to Chicago and found that no one wanted these offices. Soon after, the gentleman holding the position of clerk of the county commis- sioners' court resigned, and I was appointed. The office of school commissioner was then held by Col. T. J. V. Owen, who resigned. Up to September 1834, that office has yielded me, in all, about $200; notary fees have not exceeded $50; probate fees have not amounted to more than $50. I have not realized from all offices, including that of recorder, during four years, more than $1,500. He was triumphantly elected recorder, which goes to show that at that timo $375 a year was not considered exorbitant pay for a hardworking public servant holding positions of toil and responsibility. His subsequent public services included such offices as bank commissioner (1835), school inspector (1837), delegate to the state democratic convention (1840), alderman (1849), presidential elector on the democratic ticket (1852), and in 1856 candidate for lieutenant-governor, the only office, apparently, for which he was ever de- feated. These constant marks of public con- fidence, in a community always watchful and critical of its servants, indicate un- questionable trustworthiness; for as Mr. Lincoln said in those very days, "You may fool all men sometimes, and some men all the time; but you cannot fool all men all the time." Judge Hamilton was born in Kentucky, of English parents, was educated in the Shelbyville academy, and studied law in Louisville. In 1820 he migrated to Jones- boro, Illinois, alternately walking and riding a horse which he owned jointly with his friend and companion. He was thrice mar- ried, his first wife being Miss Buckner, of Kentucky, who came with him to Chicago in 1831. He used to tell, to illustrate the isolation of those early days, that when the rare and scanty mail arrived, they always took care to read the newspapers in theorderof their dates, so as to get the events of the out- side world in their proper sequence. In 1832 he enlisted for the "Blackhawk war," being the first of thirty-seven names in the roll of Captain Gholson Kercheval and Lieutenants George W. Dole and John S. C. Hogan. In company with Captains Jesse B. Brown and Joseph Naper, and twenty-five other mounted men, he carried help to the inhabitants of the Fox River valley; arriving at Indian creek on May 22, 1832, and finding there thirteen Tile CF W ^ THE BENCH AND BAR. 155 dead bodies of the families of Davis, Hall and Pettigrew, all terribly mangled. He lived first in the fort, and, when that grew too crowded with the refugees, he moved to the Agency House; and in 1833, with Col. Owen, hired John Watkins to teach the little school in the old stable near by. At about this time lie built his house on what is now Mich- igan street between Cass and Rush, where he lived for nineteen years. In 1834 his first wife died, and the next year he married Miss Harriette L. Hubbard, who became the mother of Henry E. Ham- ilton, who still survives (1894). In 1842 he became again a widower, and in 1843 he married Mrs. Priscilla (Buckner) Tuley, presumably the sister of his first wife. Her son, Murray F.Tuley,became thus stepson of Mr. Hamilton, and later studied law in his office, as we shall see further on. Judge Hamilton was largely interested in the land speculation of 1836, and by the collapse of 1837 found himself impoverished; but he was never bankrupt. He was one of the very rare exceptions to the general rule of insolvency, and paid every debt he ever con- tracted. He died of paralysis on December 26, 1860. Judge Morris said on that occasion : " There is scarcely a lawyer here now but owes much in his early life to Colonel Ham- ilton. He took every young practitioner who came here by the hand and helped him to business and practice." To this Judge Man- ierre added words testifying to his social and genial qualities, his usefulness, his private virtues and public services. Ex-Chief Justice Caton, even at this late day, (1894), volunteers his testimony to add to these friendly tributes. He says, " He took me by the hand, invited me to use his office and his librar}', and to call on him for any help that lay in his power. He was a good man that expresses it." Richard M. Young, like so many early Illinois worthies, was a native of Kentucky. He was admitted to the Illi- nois bar in 1817, and repre- sented Union county in the legislature in Richard M. Young. 1820-22. In 1825 he was made judge of the third circuit, and in 1829, on the formation of the fifth circuit, which took in all the State north of the Illinois river, he became its judge. In 1832 he urged upon Governor Reynolds the necessity of providing protec- tion against the Indians for the inhabitants of his circuit. In 1836-7 he was elected to the United States Senate, where he spoke but rarely but was attentive to his duties and especially watchful of the interests of his State, at the same time urgent that its financial credit should never be stained. Failing of re-election to the senate he was chosen an associate justice of the supreme court (1843) and held the office until his resignation in 1847. Thus he was called again (as associate justice) to hold court in Chicago, and he did so with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public. Of him we read in Andreas' History (vol. I, p. 423). Physically Judge Young was a tall, fine-looking man, of dignified and attractive bearing. His intel- lectual ability was equal to filling an}' office respectably, though not with eclat, and, coupled with his industrious and methodical habits, made his political attainments above the average of his day and opportunities. His manners were gentle, courteous and entertaining; his feelings, generous and sympathetic; his disposition, amiable and unag- gressive; and altogether he was eminently fitted to win and retain popular favor. Isaac Newton Arnold was born November 30, 1813, at Hartwich, near Cooperstown, Hon. I. N.Arnold. NeW Y rk > a beautiful country to which his heart clung all through his life, and which he recalled during his last illness. His family traces its descent to the associates of Roger Williams, "the wonderful men who first pro- claimed civil and religious liberty on this continent and in Rhode Island established the first real republic ever vouchsafed to man." (Memoir by William F. DeWolf). He was largely a self-made man, and between the ages of seventeen and twenty years pre- pared himself for the law by teaching school half the year to enable him to pursue his studies the other half. This strikes the key- note of his success; for, (to quote the admir- 156 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. able words of Judge Drummond uttered on the occasion of the memorial services in Mr. Arnold's honor), " It is not those who have, but those who gain a competence, who achieve great distinction at the bar." Young Arnold entered the office of Kich- ard Cooper, Esq., of Cooperstown, New York, and Judge E. B. Moorehouse of the same place, being admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1836 he came to Chicago and entered upon his distinguished career as a lawyer, citizen and patriot. Upon Mr. Arnold's arrival in Chicago he entered upon the pursuit of his profes- sion and in 1837 became the law partner of Mahlon D. Ogden, making a firm which built up a very large practice. In state courts and federal, in cases civil and crimi- nal, he proved himself a powerful advocate and a man truly learned in the law. Few practitioners in Illinois or any other State have been engaged in a larger number of cases than was he, or in causes embracing a wider range. In the dark days following the collapse of 1837, he stood up against repudiation of public debts. In 1842-3 he helped carry through the legislature the bill by which the Illinois and Michigan canal was made suc- cessful. The early case of Bronson vs. Kinzie, (I Howard, 311) was a test of the constitu- tionality of the "stay laws" of the State, which he always opposed as being a step toward repudiation. The law of foreclosure provided that the encumbered property should be appraised, and at forced sale, un- less two-thirds of its appraised value should be bid, it should not be sold. In 1841 he filed in behalf of Mr. Bronson a bill for strict foreclosure of a mortgage given by Mr. Kin- zie, praying a sale to the highest bidder regardless of the redemption, appraisement and stay-laws. The Supreme Court of the United States (in 1843; Chief Justice Taney delivering the opinion) sustained the bill; sweeping aside all the assumptions which had been urged in favor of such laws, and deciding that they came within the consti- tutional provision that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of con- tracts.* Another notable point in Arnold's early practice came upon him as counsel for the canal commissioners. Original settlers on "canal lands" set up pre-emption claims covering the entire tract that they had set- tled on, measured by the government sur- veys, sections, half-sections, etc. The canal commissioners had sub-divided the most valuable tracts into city blocks and lots, and Arnold succeeded in defeating the claims to the larger tracts, limiting them to the ground actually occupied by the "pre-emp- tioners."f Mr. Arnold was by nature a Democrat and "strict constructionist," but from the mo- ment the party began to be divided on the question of slavery he took the "Free Soil" side. In 1856 he was. elected to congress as an "anti-Nebraska Democrat," and in 1860, at the momentous election which made his friend, Abraham Lincoln, President, Mr. Arnold was again chosen to represent his constituents, and thenceforward for four years he was Chicago's great "war represen- tative," one of the ablest, most useful and most conscientious members of that grand, strong, wise body of patriots. He was always at his post in committee and on the floor of the house, and his demeanor was amiable, courteous, polished a gentleman. By nature, birth, education and conviction an anti-slavery man, he found here a splendid field for all his powers. He it was, who, (Feb- ruary 15, 1864), introduced the bill for the constitutional amendment abolishingslavery. Said he, "Let us now in the name of liberty, of justice, anJ of God, consummate this grand revolution. Let us now make our country the home of the free." *In McCracken vs. Hayward, II Howard 608, a similar point was raised by Mr. Arnold on a sale under an execu- tion upon a judgment at law, and the decision in Bronson vs. Kinzie was extended to cover that class of cases. tBrainard vs. Canal Trustees. XII HI.. 488. The case was argued at Ottawa, in June, 1851', before Judges Treat, Trumbull and Caton, the two first named joining in the opinion; Caton dissenting. THE BENCH AND BAR. 157 In 1867 he completed and published his "History of Abraham Lincoln and the over- throw of Slavery", a work of surpassing interest and historic value. The great fire was a terrible almost fatal blow to him. He suffered intensely in person and greatly hi property; losing treas- ures and relics of incalculable value a heart- rending loss. He took up law-practice anew in 1872; but failing health compelled him to abandon it two or three years later; after which he passed his closing years in con- genial performance of historical and literary labor, and the dispensing of simple hospital- ity in his beloved family circle. In 1880 he brought out his most noted contribution to literature, a "Life of Benedict Arnold his Patriotism and his Treason," a work of abso- lutely unique value, inasmuch as it does justice to the good deeds of the traitor while not in the least extenuating his unpardon- able crime. Mr. Arnold's last work, his "Life of Abra- ham Lincoln" was his own favorite achieve- ment, and is in truth one of the most valu- able of the many memoirs of our martyr- patriot. The only drawback to its usefulness is that it is one of many, while in treating the less hackneyed theme he had the ground to himself. To quote his grand old friend and eulogist, Hon. Elihu B. Washburn: Never shall I forget the last interview I had with him, only a few days before he died, as he lay pallid and emaciated on his bed of death. Knowing all the interest I had felt in his book, be began to speak of it in feeble and even plaintive tones and closed by saying: "It was only when I had completed the last chapter that I collapsed." And so it was. Strength- ened and buoyed up in his purpose to complete the great work of his life, when the task was finished he lay down to die His work was done, and peacefully and calmly and in Christian resignation, he yielded up his soul to the God who gave it Husband, father, friend, neighbor, citizen his ashes repose on the shores of the lake where he had passed a long and honored life and its waves shall forever sing his requiem. As well as one of the ablest, he was at heart one of the kindest of men. To some he seemed reserved and distant, but to all he was considerate and attentive, according always to others the respect he expected from them, while from his intimates he gained the utmost personal affection. His early associates at the bar were J. D. Caton, Justin Butterfield, Giles Spring, Grant Goodrich, Hugh T. Dickey, Patrick Bal- lingall, J. Young Scammon, Norman B. Judd, James H. Collins, Buckner S. Morris, etc. He was an early and constant friend of the Historical Society and at the time of his death (April 24, 1884) be was its presi- dent. Its beautiful and complete pamphlet embodying the addresses and memoirs elicit- ed by his death is the source whence these remarks are condensed. In strict chronological order this would be the place for inserting the biographical sketch of Grant Goodrich, but for conven- ience it has been transferred to another part of this volume. James H. Collins has already been men- tioned as the Utica acquaintance of ex-Chief Justice Caton. He came James H. Collins, T11 . . . _ , to Illinois in 1833 and set- tled on a "claim" (pre-emption) at Holder- man's grove, some sixty or seventy miles southwest of Chicago. In 1834 his former student, Caton, found him in great distress, and arranged with him that as soon as he should recover the use of his feet, then badly frozen, he should come to Chicago and join Caton in the practice of law. The partner- ship lasted but about a year and Collins then formed another with Justin Butterfield. The firm of Butterfield and Collins was counsel for the Government in the celebrated case where- in J.B.Beaubien attempted to establish a pre- emption claim on the Fort Dearborn military reservation, alleging that he had settled on it during the interval when it was abandoned as a military post, between the massacre of 1812 and the rebuilding of the fort in 1816. Beaubien failed in his law-suit and, later, when the lots were sold, the citizens gener- ally sympathizing with Beaubien, refrained from bidding on those occupied by Beaubien (the southwest corner of Michigan avenue 158 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. and South Water street), whereupon Collins (thinking, as he said, that the gain would go to somebody other than Beaubien) bid them in himself, to the great anger of the public. In fact an indignation meeting was held next day (June 21, 1839), whereof William H. Brown was president, and JohnH. Kinzie and James Wadsworth secretaries, at which strong censure was expressed. Collins was, as Mr. Arnold puts it, "a man of perseverance, pluck and resolution, and as combative as an English bull-dog," and he kept the lots doubtless a profitless purchase ; as we can see, even after all these years that he never held the place in the common heart to which his talents and character seemed to entitle him ; and at the present writing (1894) there are old citizens who remember with bitterness his ousting of poor old Beaubien from his homestead. There are scores still living who say, " Well, it was a shame." Collins was one of the little band of "original abolitionists," and was (as is elsewhere observed) associated with Owen Lovejoy in the triumphant defense of the latter from the charge of harboring a runaway slave. The opponents of slavery were numerous in early days ; and Linder (an undisguised adherent of the other side) says in his "reminiscences" (referring to another matter.) We members of the Wabash country elected him [John Pearsons] judge of the circuit court, of which Chicago was a part. This gave great offence to the lawyers of Chicago Butterfield, Scammon and others. . . . But I remember that we of the Wabash at that time had no great love for these Yankee abolition lawyers. . . . Old Jonathan Mills, who had very little love for Pearsons, voted for him. He said he had two objects to accomplish one was to get him out of our circuit, and the other was to annoy the d d Yankee abolition lawyers of Chicago. But Pearsons had better never have accepted the office, for they made his seat so hot for him that he was forced to resign before his time expired. It is needless to inquire toward which side of this quarrel the enlightened intelligence of this generation is sure to incline. One banner has gone down in blood and dark- ness, while the other shines in the sunlight of freedom. Mr. Collins died in 1854, by cholera. This disease we have almost forgotten as a possi- ble "scourge of God." The circumstances of the visitation of 1832, 1838, 1849, 1854 and 1866, are all somewhat alike, and all typified, in their main features, by an account which Ex-chief Justice Caton has given of the death of his old instructor, partner and friend: Judge Caton was holding court in Ottawa on a certain afternoon. James H. Collins, his intimate friend and former partner, argued a case up to ad- journment of court, apparently in good health and spirits. He went to his room in the Fox River House, and Judge Caton went to his own home. About, day-break some one came to the Judge's door and called him, saying that Mr. Collins had died of cholera. Judge Caton went at once to the hotel, where he found the report to be true; thence he went to the telegraph office (he was an officer of the company, carried an office-key and was himself a pretty good operator), and as he entered he heard Chicago calling Ottawa, the message bi'ingaddressed to Mr. Collins, telling him that a servant had just died of cholera at his house. The Judge took the message, and replied, in telegraphic custom, " O. K," and wired back the news that Mr. Collins him- self was dead. (Story of Chicago: 235.) Justin Butterfield, partner of Mr. Collins, comes naturally in close neighborhood with . . him in history. He was Justin Butterfield (1790-1855.) born in Keene, N. H., in ] 7yO, and was therefore a man grown at the time of the massacre. He attended Williams College at seventeen, and at about twenty began to study law in the office of Egbert Ten Eyck, at Watertowu, N. Y. In 1814, while practising in Sacketts Harbor, N. Y., he married Elizabeth Pierce, of Scoharie, N. Y., and shortly afterward moved to New Orleans, where he soon had an excellent standing and practice. It is almost unques- tionable that it was at this time of his career that he got the bias of thought which led him later in life to such hatred of slavery. In 1835, he settled in Chicago, and formed the partnership of Butterfield and Collins, which lasted until 1843. He soon became a leader at the bar and in society, and the firm took rank at the head of the profession GF It ;t IWIVEBSITY Bf ILU8UJS THE BENCH AND BAR. 159 in Chicago, and even outside of it. He took the leading part in the contest which led to the resignation of Judge Pearson, the dramatic incidents whereof will be set forth when we come to sketch Judge Pearson's career. In 1841 Mr. Butterfield was made, by the Whig administration, attorney for the United States District of Illinois. In 1842, in con- nection with I. N. Arnold, William B. Ogden and Arthur Bronson, he drew up the bill under which the bondholders were induced to advance $1,600,000 additional for use in continuing the work on the canal, a measure which effected the completion of that invaluable improvement. In 1847 he took in partnership Erastus S. Williams, long and favorably known in later years as judge of the circuit court of Cook county. A noticeable feature of his career is his successful rivalry of Abraham Lincoln for the office of commissioner of the general land office in June 1849, under the Whig administration of Taylor and Fillmore. Mr. Lincoln had been a member of Congress from Illinois, and had the support of the Illinois congressmen for the appointment, but Mr. Butterfield had on his side the friendship of Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, and this naturally carried the day. Doubtless Lincoln was bitterly disappointed and angered, but all was for the best: If he had once come under the deadening influence of Washington office-holding, it is hard to imagine him a few years later carrying on the joint debate with Douglas, the campaign for the presidency, the war administration all that has made his name immortal in love, reverence and gratitude. Mr. Butterfield, as land commissioner, could and did do vast service to the State in the help he gave Senators Douglas and Breese and the Illinois delegation in the House in getting the canal land grant of which the State has made such splendid and profitable use its prairies opened up for settlement, and its coffers filled with tolls. Mr. Butterfield died of paralysis on Octo- ber 25, 1855. Mr. Arnold said of him: H. W. Blodgett. Justin Butterfiekl was one of the ablest, if not the very ablest lawyer we have ever had at the Chi- cago bar. He was strong, logical, full of vigor and resources. In his style of argument, and his per- sonal appearance, he was not unlike Daniel Webster, of whom he was a great admirer and who was his model. . . . Great as he was before the Supreme Court, and everywhere on questions of law, he lacked the tact and skill to be equally successful before a jury. Henry Williams Blodgett, born in Am- herst, Mass., in 1821, presents perhaps the most striking personality of the Chicago bench and bar during its whole history. He was earlier here than any other, and at this present writing, when he is just quitting the local field of labor to take up with one not merely national, but international, he has held his place as a Chicago jurist and citizen longer than has any other man. His early history is strikingly typical of the possibilities the West has held in store for genius and ability, and his present and future greatness rounds out and completes the structure. Israel P. Blodgett came from Amherst, Mass., in September 1830, to select land fora colony of sturdy, God-fearing New England - ers; and his family, including Henry, followed with the main body, traveling overland as far as Albany, thence by canal to Buffalo, and by steamboat to Detroit. Being too late for the Qrst and too early for the second of the two yearly schooners, they bought teams and wagons and drove through Michigan the re- maining 300 miles; the whole journey having taken forty-four days. David McKee, blacksmith for the Indians, whose house and shop were near the present crossing of Kinzie and Franklin streets, had been engaged to meet the new comers and care for the Blodgetts (Israel being thirty miles out, on the DuPage, where he had concluded to settle); and he met the caravan a mile or so south of Fort Dearborn. Mrs. McKee entertained the Blodgetts and got up a tea party for Mrs. Blodgett, inviting to meet her, Mrs. Graves, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Owen and Mrs. Miller, they being all the 100 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. white women in the place. Israel, when he had put tip his-log house on the farm, came for his family, and they began life in the new home. Henry's next visit to "the fort" was in 1832, when he had great fun paddling in a canoe up and down the river from the lakes to the forks, and wandering on its lonely banks and in the mysterious woods that cov- ered the whole "North Side."* His father was corporal in Captain Naper's company of mounted volunteers enlisted for the "Black Hawk war," but saw no active service. The building of the canal was be- gun and everything a farmer could raise was salable at good prices, so the old man grew rich as folks then counted wealth and his sons received a solid education. Henry worked and studied, as farmers boys are wont to do; and in 1838 enjoyed the precious boon of a year's schooling at Amherst, his birthplace. Then he returned and taught school a year and served on the engineering force on the canal. His memories of those primitive days are full of curious interest, and it is to be hoped that he will find time, during his busy life, to record and publish them for the bene- fit of the millions living and to live hereafter on the changed scene of his early days. At twenty-three he began studying law in the office of J.Y. Scammon and N. B. Judd, and was admitted to practice in 1845, when he opened an office at Waukegan, which has been his place of abode ever since. He was one of the "original abolitionists," voted for James G. Birney iu 1844, joined the republi- can party at its formation and has always remained faithful to its principles. In 1852 he was elected to the general assembly of Illinois, and was, it is said, "the first avowed anti-slavery man" sent to the state legislature. He was a great worker, there as elsewhere, and followed the liberal course in treating such subjects as internal improve- ment and the development of the natural "Judge Blodgett remembers to have seen at that time, lying on the bottom of the river and covered by its clear waters, remains of the arms, etc., thrown in there at the destruction of the old fort in 1812. resources of the state, being the early friend and advocate of railroads and the other cor- porate enterprises which have helped so greatly in its progress. He was one of the pioneers of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad, and a chief promoter of the Chicago & Milwaukee, where- of he became president. Both of these roads were afterward consolidated with the Galena and others, in the gigantic Chicago & North- western railway system, in which he became head of the law department in 1855. Still later he and F. H. Winston, his partner, De- came local counsel of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana, the Chicago & Kock Island, the Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne and the Northwestern, managing the law business of them all by their immeasurable energy. In 1870, doubtless somewhat tired of the infinite labor and detail of his practice, he accepted from President Grant the distin- guished (though poorly paid) office of Judge of the District Court of the United States, which post he filled with a degree of power and judicial eminence which is rare even in the federal judiciary, brilliant and blameless as is its record. Judge Blodgett's memory is phenomenal; his clearness and penetration, both in the view of law and in the sifting of evidence, unexcelled; his mechanical insight, as called forth in the intricacies of patent cases, unparalleled; his command of English, as exemplified in his jury charges and his judicial opinions, beyond praise. Most rarely have his decisions been reversed, and the whole system of federal practice bears the impress of his work as that of a master mind. The crown of approval of his long public service is set upon it by his appointment as one of the counsel of the United States before the Board of Arbitrators for the set- tlement of the international questions in- volved in the seal fishery dispute between England and the United States. All who know him feel perfect confidence that in this great matter justice has been done, c CF V WWEBSffY Of THE BENCH AND BAR. 161 national interests been unfailingly cared for, and a settlement arrived at which will serve as a precedent for the unraveling of maritime tangles in the future with the blessed re- sult of making wars between the nations less likely to occur for all time. [For Judge Blodgett's part in a certain " leading case," see the next biography.] Judge Blodgett married, in 1850, Alathea Crocker, daughter of the Hon. Amos Crocker, of Hamilton, Madison county, N.Y. Thomas Drummond was born October 16, 1809. at Bristol Mills, Lincoln county, Me.; Thomas Drum- son of James Drummond, a far- mond (1809-1890). me r, of Scottish descent and noted for solid sense and judgment. Thomas received such education as the simple neigh- borhood could give, and entered Bowdoin College at fifteen, getting his degree five years later. He studied law in Philadelphia in the office of William T. Dwight, son of President Dwight, of Yale, and was admitted to practice in 1833, and two years later moved to Galena, where he "hung out his shingle." He soon took rank as one of the best lawyers in Jo Daviess county, then containing some of the ablest practitioners in Illinois. His characteristics were then, as always, intense application to the solid work of his profession ; investigation of facts and of precedents; cautious and thorough analysis of the principles of law in- volved in the case at bar; and, above all, absolute integrity, sincerity and candor. His fame for these qualities spread through the State and beyond, and in 1850 President Taylor, during his short term of office, selected him for the office of district judge of the United States for Illinois. Five years later the State was divided, and he became judge of the Northern district. The business was immense, both in the district and circuit courts, and most of the causes in both courts fell necessarily to him (the attendance of a supreme court justice in the circuit being comparatively rare); and the admiralty and patent cases, added to the ordinary civil and criminal litigation, entailed a degree of labor and devotion which would have been impossible to a man less able, methodical and untiring than was Judge Drummond. In 1869 he was appointed to the federal circuit bench, his circuit embracing Indiana (three courts), Illinois (two courts), and Wisconsin (four courts); by far the larger part of the business being concentrated in Chicago, whereof the growth of litigation was unprecedented. Of bankrupt railways aloue, probably twenty have been settled in these nine courts and by receivers appointed in them, representing bonded indebtedness of perhaps a hundred million dollars. All this business came directly or indirectly under Judge Drummond's care, and his name passed through the long ordeal unassailed by a breath of suspicion, not only of corruption but of unfairness. Among the important matters first settled in Judge Drummond's court was the question of the relative priority of the claim of the holder of a railway bond and that of the holder of a certificate issued by the receiver appointed by a court to administer the railway under foreclosure. The question had never been crystalized into a judicial decision. The first view, and that held by eminent lawyers, had been in favor of priority for the bonds; and it was Judge Drummond's high privilege to establish the contrary principle, which has been the rule of law to this day. The question arose in the business of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railway. A deed of trust had been foreclosed and sale made by the trustees. The property was bid in by a committee of the bond- holders, a new company organized and the property conveyed to it; and the thing to be settled was the status of old creditors claim- ing arrears of operating expenses. Mr. Tilden advised the new company that it took the road free and clear of all liabilities of the old company. This advice did not accord with William B. Ogden's sense of justice, and he, being president of both the old and the new companies, submitted it to Henry 164 H1810RY OF CHICAGO. jects in voting for him; one was to get rid of him out of that circuit and the other to annoy the d d abolition lawyers of Chi- cago. The sequel shows that if he did annoy them the annoyance was at least mutual. In 1839 Mr. Scammon, wishing to appeal to the supreme court a case from Judge Pearson's court, presented the judge a "bill of exceptions " for his signature in usual course. The judge withheld his signature and Mr. Scammon got from the supreme court a writ of mandamus commanding Judge Pearson to sign the bill or show cause why he should not. He did neither, and on November 11, 1839, Justin Butterfield got up in court holding in his hand two papers, and (to quote the account given by Thomas Hoyne, then clerk of the court, as given in his " The Lawyer as Pioneer"): With marked politeness of manner he [Mr. But- terfield] handed one paper to the judge, saying it was a bill of exceptions in the case of Phillips vs. Bristol, tried at a former term. The judge said, " I did not sign that bill of exceptions," to which Mr. Butterfield graciously replied, " I am aware of that, sir, but here" (presenting the other paper) " is a writ of mandamus from the supreme court command, ing you to sign it." The judge held the paper toward Mr. Butterfield, saying, " Take it away sir," to which he replied, " It is directed to you, sir, and I will leave it with you. I have discharged my duty in serving it and I will leave it with you." It was at this point that the court turned to me as clerk and said, " Mr. Clerk, enter a fine of twenty dollars against Mr. Butterfield," and then threw the papers the bill of exceptions and writ of manda- mus on the floor in front of the desk. He contin- ued, looking at Butterfield: "What do you mean, sir? " It was now that Butterfield, raising his voice, hitherto restrained, fired the first gun of what was to be a campaign. " I mean, sir, to proceed against you by attachment if you do not obey that writ." The judge, replying, cried out, " Sit down, sir! sit down, sir! " and to me, " proceed with the record." The record was read and the fine of twenty dollars entered up against Mr. Butterfield, and the court adjourned. The judge was descending from the bench and proceeding to pass through the bar, when all the lawyers jumped to their feet, while Butterfield promptly marched up to Pearson, saying, " Sir, you have now disgraced that bench long enough. Sit down, sir, and let me beg of you to attend immediately a meeting of this bar, to be held instanter, in which we are about to try your case and rid ourselves and the people, once for all, of your incompetency and ignorance." The judge left, but the bar prepared an impeachment, and that winter a long trial followed before the house of representatives at Springfield. . . But the house, which was largely composed of his political friends, refused to give the impeachers a hearing. Mr. Hoyne was also of the Democratic faith, therefore his graphic picture can not be accused of adverse bias, and he expressly characterizes the conflict as having been be- tween ignorance and incompetence on the bench and independence and intelligence at the bar. The impeachment failed, but the judge resigned. Some kind of political "bargain" was made, and his party, parading him as a martyr, elected him to the legislature. The supreme court, as in duty bound, issued its writ of attachment against the obstinate jurist and had him arrested as he was trying to leave the State, brought him back and fined him $100 for contempt, which sum he paid and which was refunded to him by a subsequent legislature on motion of his friendly defender, Mr. Linder. Judge Pearson died at his home at Dan- ville in 1875. One of the great and good men of the early day was Hon. Mark Skinner, of whom a sketch will be found in the portion of the work reserved for the more extended biographies. This substantially exhausts the list of legal practitioners who came to the rough bench and splintery bar of Chicago before L840. It was a strong, shrewd, hardy pioneer band, worthy fore-runners and long-time leaders of the great host of good men who followed them. Caton, Spring, Young, Arnold, Hoyne, Collins, Butterfield, Blodgett, Drum- mond, Goodrich, Skinner, Morris, Scam- mon, Huntington,Judd, Manierre,DeWolf what faithful citizen of Chicago can read the list without a swelling of the heart eager to honor the memory of the many who are dead, and to greet with warmth the few who are yet with us? * OF THE DIVERSITY OF ILLIHOIS 'fSE BENC& AND BAR. 165 From this point onward, the task of sketch- ing the bench and bar becomes more difficult. Good men must be dismissed with words few and inadequate, and good men must be passed by without a word: for there are at the present writing three thousand practic- ing lawyers at the Chicago bar and more than thirty judges on the bench ; upright, able and intensely devoted to the overwhelm- ing mass of litigation which presses itself ceaselessly upon the overcrowded dockets. Murray Floyd Tuley belongs, in a cer- tain way, to the period we have just passed, Murray F. Tuley. S6ein g that ll6 WaS Step-SOll f one of the best-known law- yers of that period, Richard J. Hamilton. He was born (1827) at Louisville, Ky. , and lost his father in 1832, from which time he attended public schools, and at the age of thir- teen became clerk in a store, still, however, spending his leisure in study; so that he is eminently a self-made man. When he was six- teen his mother (of the well-known Buckner family) married Mr. Hamilton, and in due time young Tuley entered his step-father's office and began to read law. In 1846 he went to the Louisville Law Institute, and after a year there, returned and was admitted to the bar in Chicago. This was the opening year of the Mexican war, and Mr. Tuley enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry and went with the regiment to New Mexico. That terri- tory became part of our own country, and after the war ended he remained in Santa Fe, practicing law, until 1854; serving meanwhile as Attorney General of the Ter- ritory and member of the legislature. Experience so large and varied is never lost on a man like Judge Tuley, and on his return to Chicago he at once became a successful lawyer, being the partner at one time of Joseph E. Gary (now his associate on the bench), and later head of the distinguished firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. He was elected a judge of the circuit court in 1879 and has long held his place on the equity side -of that court; justifying a prophecy made by one of his earliest instructors in the Louisville Academy; that he would come to the chancery bench if he lived. Erastus Smith Williams was born in Sa- lem, N. Y., and came to the West with his E. s. Williams. parents in 1836. He studied d82i-i884.) i aw i n the office of Butter- field & Collins, who were at the head of the profession. He was admitted in 1844, and became a partner of the great Butterfield; later of the Other member of the old firm, Mr. Collins. The latter dying in 1854, Mr. Williams was appointed master in chancery by Judge Manierre, and on the death of the latter was elected to the bench in his place. In those days it was more customary than now, to make the mastership a stepping-stone to the bench; the master's duties being justly held to furnish experience sure to be of use to the judge. Judge Williams held his place as sole judge on the Circuit bench until its re-organization in 1870, when he became chancellor and chief justice. He continued chancellor until his retirement in 1879. Andreas (II Hist. Chic. 455) gives an in- stance of Judge Williams's impartiality. Judge Van H. Higgins (1865) sued the Times for libel in having charged him with malfeasance in bringing his influence to bear to bias the court in a suit wherein he was complainant. (In fact the case was a foreclosure suit, of a character in which no defence was possible.) In the trial for libel the case chanced to turn on the admission of certain evidence offered by the Times in its defence. After full deliberation Judge Will- iams admitted the evidence, and the prose- cution, taken by surprise, dismissed its suit. And at this very time the Times was, always had been, and always continued to be bitterly hostile to Judge Williams. He simply ruled against his sympathies, in deference to his conviction as to what he believed the law to be. Judge Bradwell, in the Legal Netvs, said of Judge Williams : As a lawyer, Judge Williams is not only learned, 166 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. W. W. Farwell. but wise; never forgetting the spirit in the letter. His patience is truly admirable. He can endure even n tedious and pointless argument, and such is his uniform courtesy that the youngest lawyer ap- proaches the bench without fear. . . . He does not descend to unseemly disputes with counsel. He presides with dignity and decides without fear. He is singularly impartial. Neither friendship nor en- mity can sway his judgment. No man can cast a blot on his unsullied reputation. William Washington Farwell was born (1817) in Madison county, New York, the descendant of old New Eng- land Puritan stock. He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1837, and admitted to the bar in Rochester four years later. He came to Chicago in 1848, but did not settle here permanently until 1854. Thereafter, for sixteen years, he re- mained in active practice, in partnership with Grant Goodrich, Sidney Smith and others, and in 1870, on the re-organization of the circuit court (under Section 23, Article VI., of the Constitution of 1870), he was elected one of the five judges and served for nine years, sitting mainly on the Chancery side of the court. The elections of 1879 were fatal to all Republican candidates, Judge Farwell among the rest, and in 1880 he was chosen professor of jurisprudence, pleadings and practice in the Union College of Law. In the new and noteworthy "Northwestern Law School" into which the old "Union" later (1892) developed, Judge Farwell holds his own high place. Henry Booth was born in Roxbury, Conn., in 1818, graduated at Yale in 1840, and studied law in New Haven, where he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1859 he came to Chicago to institute the law department of the Univer- sity of Chicago. He then became and has always continued a mainstay of that excel- lent law school, both in its original form and in that which it assumed in 1873, when the Northwestern University took a joint interest in it, under the name of the Union College of Law. J. E. Gary. In 1870 Mr. Booth became Judge Booth, being elected to the circuit bench, a place he held and honored for nine years. Then the "land-slide " in politics carried him out with the rest, and he returned to the practice of the law, in conjunction with the care of the college, in the faculty whereof he is now dean. Judge Booth has been a devoted public servant. Among the objects of his care are the Athenaeum, the Washingtonian Home, the Philosophical Society and the Society for Ethical Culture. Joseph Easton Gary was born in Potsdam, N.Y.,in 1821. Heenjoyed agood, though not a collegiate, education, and was admitted to the bar in 1844, at St. Louis, Mo. He came to Chicago in 1856, becoming the partner first of Mr. Tuley, and later of E. and A. Van Buren. In 1863 he was elected to the superior court bench and had the unprecedented honor of being re-elected five times, being now (1894) in his thirty-second year of consecutive service and the seventy-fourth of his life. Judge Gary has a mind at once judicial and business-like. He judges nothing in advance, but when fully heard he decides each question at once, off-hand, with a rapid- ity which would be dangerous for most men, but which for him seems to have almost the infallibility of instinct. To quote Captain Andreas (II Hist. Chic. 457): Judge Gary is noted for the rapidity of his decis- ions and for his great dispatch of business, evidently holding, with Emerson, that it is more important to the public that cases should be decided than that they should always be decided correctly. A nii priua judge who delays the great column of suitors while he is trying to decide every case exactly right and beyond cavil, is not a good judge nor well fitted for his position, and is apt to do more harm than good. Manifestly, this has its limits; for he who decides against law and practice will only load the appellate courts with needless work, and leave his own cases to be tried over again upon reversals. But he who most quickly strikes at the true conclusion is the pattern TC2 LISSA-5Y 8f TPf WNEBSITY Of ILUMOIS THE BENCH AND BAR. 167 judge; and Judge Gary comes close to that mark. * The cause which will most surely carry Judge Gary's name down to remote posterity is the celebrated "Anarchist case "of 1886, when eight men were tried for complicity in the throwing of a dynamite bomb into the midst of a battalion of police, whereby sixty-seven men were injured, of whom seven died. The prosecution bristled with difficulties. There was no certainty of ability to iden- tify the bomb-thrower, therefore reliance must be placed on the statute which makes the accessory guilty of the crime of the principal. The indictment was one of the most voluminous ever returned in a murder case. It was drawn (under Mr. Grinnell's instructions) in the old, wordy, common law form, each accused being charged directly and also as accomplice with each of the others. The evidence was directed to prove conspiracy whereof the killing was the overt act. The defence fought with courage, power and desperation. No effort was left untried; no stone unturned. The bomb explosion was on May 4, 1886, and the trial began June 7. Twenty-one days were spent in impaneling the jury and 982 men were examined before the twelve were selected, the defence being allowed every possible privilege of questioning and challenge. The trial lasted sixty-two days; the prosecution examining 143 witnesses and the defence 79. All this examination necess- arily gave rise to objections and exceptions beyond count; each requiring prompt decis- ion by the court, and each decision being made with the consciousness that it was sub- ject to revision by the supreme court, and re- versal in case it should be found erroneous and injurious to the accused, for the prose- cution could not have a new trial in any case. * Quite apropos of this is a saying now (1893) going the rounds wherein Judge Gary (now on the appellate bench I figures. Some one asked him what he round to do to occupy his time, to which he quickly replied: "Well, I spend most of my time reversing Judge X." Seven of the accused being found guilty, the case was at once carried to the supreme court, which (by Justice Magruder) pro- nounced the entire trial free from fatal or material errors, and the verdict, judgment and sentence were carried out, execution following in due course, as all the world knows. This judicial exploit must give Judge Gary a lasting place in the history of American judicature. Judge Gary's address to the convicted prisoners on pronouncing sentence was in keeping with his kind heart, his firm and upright mind, and his sterling, clear-sighted view of common law and common sense. The clause wherein he speaks of the lawless- ness sometimes displayed by "organized la- bor," deserves to be written in letters of gold, framed and displayed wherever the noble and heroic hosts of wage workers most do congregate. They place the richest and strongest of that host under the control of the law and the poorest and weakest under its protection. He said : What I shall say, will be said in the faint hope that a few words from a place where the people of the State of Illinois have delegated the authority to declare the penalty for a violation of their laws, and spoken upon an occasion so solemn and awful as this, may come to the knowledge of and be heeded by the igno- rant, deluded and misguided men who have lis- tened to your counsel and followed your advice. I say in the faint hope, for if men are persuaded that because of business differences, whether about labor or anything else, tbey may destroy property and assault and beat other men, and kill the police, if they, in the discharge of their duty, interfere to preserve the peace, there is little ground of hope that they will listen to any warning. Not the least among the hardships of the peace- able, frugal and laborious poor, it is, to endure the tyranny of mobs, who with lawless force, dictate to them under penalty of peril to limb and life, where, when, and upon what terms they may earn a livele- hood for themselves and their families. Any government that is worthy of the name, will strenuously endeavor to secure to all within its jurisdiction, freedom to follow their lawful avoca- tions and safety for their property and persons while obeying the law. 168 HISTORY OF CHICAGO, In direct connection with Judge Gary's name (though not in chronological order) comes that of Mr. Grinnell, who J. S.Grmnell. was the otate s attorney to whom fell the tremendous responsibility, and to whom was greatly due the inestimable success of the prosecution of the "Anarchist case." Julius Sprague Grinnell was born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who trace an- cestry back to the town of Grenelle, now a suburb of Paris, France. The widely known, loved and honored mer- chant, Moses Grinnell, of New York, is of the same stock. Julius graduated at Mid- dlebury College, high in the class of 1866. He studied law and was admitted (1868) in Ogdensburgh, N. Y., where he began prac- tice of his profession and also taught for a year in the Ogdensburgh Academy. Mr. Grinnell came to Chicago in 1870, just in time to be one of the host of sufferers in the great fire of 1871 also to take part in the miraculous re-establishment of the city's strength and prosperity, being soon recog- nized as one of the best of the host of young lawyers then at the bar. In 1879 he was elected city attorney,and easily earned re-elec- tion in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected States attorney for Cook county, and in that capacity carried forward more important, distinguished and successful prosecutions of public offenders, than stand to the credit of any other man in the history of Chicago perhaps of any city in the country or the world. In 1884 arose the famous election conspiracy case against Joseph C. Mackin, secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee, William J. Gallagher, a judge of election, and others. The crime, if suc- cessful, would have changed the political majority in the State legislature and caused the election to the Federal senate of a Dem ocrat in the place of General Logan, the Kepublican candidate. The trial for tampering with the ballots and returns, was in the United States Dis- trict Court, conducted by General Tuthill, district attorney, General Stiles, General Hawley and Judge Doolittle. Mackin was also indicted in the State court for perjury, and the case was prosecuted by Mr. Grinnell, General Stiles and Mr. Longeuecker. Mackin was found guilty in both courts and sent to the penitentiary. The next great trial that was carried to a successful issue by Mr. Grinnell was the " County Commissioners' Boodler cases," in 1885, when William J. McGarigle,Edward S. McDonald and several others were con- victed. Next it fell to Mr. Grinnell's lot to man- age the indictment, arrest, trial and convic- tion of the anarchists, Spies, Parsons, Schwab, Lling, Fielden, Engel and Fischer, that very remarkable prosecution which, as already observed, resulted in vindicating law and order by the signal discomfiture and condign punishment of their assailants. His readiness, his ability, his resolution, his legal acumen and his eloquence drew to him the attention of the entire public, and re- sulted in his election (1887) to the circuit bench, where he served with a degree of acceptation which only added judicial dis- tinction to the fame he had won as an advo- cate. Now came one more of the many instances which go to show that the money rewards on the bench ($7,000 a year), large though they seem to the outside world, are not large enough to retain the services of the very leading men in the profession unless the}' happen (through the possession of private fortune or otherwise) to look upon judicial honor and power as a full equivalent for greater pecuniary gains in private practice. In 1890 Judge Grinnell resigned his judge- ship to accept the post of counsel for the Chicago City Kailway Company. Judge Grinnell still holds that position and doubtless will do so as long as he de- sires. At the same time the people mourn the loss of an invaluable public officer and would be highly pleased with any change THE BENCH AND BAR. 169 which should see him once more fighting knavery in the courts a feeling which, it is said, is shared by Judge Grinnell himself, who is never so happy as when maintaining the right before court and jury in a sharply contested case. The same line of study and remark that has been held in the recording of the careers of Judge Gary and Judge William P. Black. . J? , , J , Grinnell leads to another name, that of the counsel who, in this mem- orable struggle, were doomed to see efforts not less faithful, determined, heroic, de- voted than those of their opponents, driven slowly but surely to inevitable defeat. The leading counsel for the defence of the accused anarchists was Captain William Per- kins Black. He was born in Woodford coun- ty, Kentucky, in 1843, of Scotch or Scotch- Irish race, whereof the first American repre- sentatives were immigrants to South Caro- lina before the revolution. William's youth was spent in Danville, 111., and in 1860 he was sent to Wabash College, at Crawfords- ville, Ind., where he was (as he had always been at home) a close, apt and enthusiastic student. Wabash distinguished herself in 1861 by sending at one swoop about forty students into the army, among whom were William and his elder brother (General) John Charles Black. After good and valiant service at the bat- tles of Pea Ridge, Prairie Grove and the as- saults on Vicksburg and Fort Blakely, as well as a host of minor actions, Captain Black, the war being over, came home to finish his education and study law, and in 1868 formed with Judge Thomas Dent the emi- nent and successful firm of Dent & Black. Captain Black, with his thoughtful and able wife (Miss Mac Greal, of Texas) were long well-known advocates of philanthropy, humanity, the cause of the weak as against the strong, the poor as against the rich; in short, they espoused the generous and self- sacrificing side in social questions. This fact, together with Captain Black's forensic ability, made it quite natural that he should E. H. McCajrtr- come forward as defender of the persons accused of the dynamite outrage in Hay- market Square on May 3, 1886. Messrs. Solomon, Zeisler and Foster were associated with him in the defence, and the skill, inge- nuity, eloquence and persistence of that de- fence have passed into history. They failed, but the general belief of bench, bar and public was and still is that no power, skill, eloquence or ingenuity would have served to defeat the case made by the State. True, there may have been a feeling that if the victims had not been policemen,* the prose- cution might, after all, have failed, but that does not show that it ought to have failed, for no general, serious, unprejudiced public sentiment exists to-day (1894) against the conclusion that the prisoners were all impli- cated, to a greater or less extent, in the criminal conspiracy. Ezra Butler McCagg, perhaps the most scholarly of the old-line lawyers and the one who has given most time, talent and money to elegant litera- ture, was born in Kinderhook, N. Y., the son of Isaac McCagg, a rich New York merchant. His mother, Louise Caroline Butler, was also of good family. His educa- tion was of the best and was carried on under private tuition. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1847 and came to Chicago in 1848. He married Caroline Ogden, the widow of William Jones and sister of William B. and Mahlon D. Ogden; and his son, Louis McCagg, shares the great Ogden estate. In 1849, he became a partner of Jonathan Young Scammon, which partnership after- ward included the Hon. Samuel W. Fuller, and the great firm of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller was for twenty years one of the most distinguished in the profession. After Mr. Scammon's withdrawal in 1872, and Mr. Fuller's death in 1873, Mr. W. I. Culver was admitted. Of late years Mr. McCagg has practiced chiefly alone. *It should be observed that though the police were the sufferers, the case was fought and won entirely on out- side testimony. 170 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Mr. McCagg's position and antecedents have placed him above the sordid and the trivial lines of practice in his profession even if he could have engaged in them un- der any circumstances, which is unlikely. Important cases in equity and real estate law have fallen to his share; cases where the practitioner occupies a place of trust, rather than those where shifty expedients are called for, or where court, jury and witnesses are subjected to the wiles of counsel striving not to do justice but to defeat it. In 1861-5, Mr. McCagg was an efficient laborer in behalf of the soldier, being a working member of the U. S. Sanitary Com- mission and the working president of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission. In 1871, after the great fire, he was one of the immortals who, enjoying the confidence of the community, were entrusted with the vast responsibility and the immeasurable labor of administering the world's charity through the Eelief and Aid Society. His less conspic- uous public services were given in the found- ing of the Historical Society, the Academy of Design, and Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago and other institutions which have helped to make Chicago what it is in charity, philanthropy, letters and art. The private library which Mr. McCagg had collected before 1871, the fruit of many years of intelligent toil and travel, and lavish expenditure of money, included among other treasures, a unique collection of historical memorials of the earliest set- tlers in the northwest the pioneers of France in the new world. All were des- troyed every vestige one of the most heart-rending losses in even that appalling holocaust. It is hardly too much to say that Mr. McCagg has never fully recovered from the blow. He has gathered a new library, of course, for he is one of the men around whom good books seem to cluster of themselves; but though the old treasures are only memories, no new ones can take their place. The Larned lineage is of the most distin- guished. The name is an old New England E. c. Lamed. standb y> distinguished in many (1820-1884.) ways; military, philanthropic, educational, literary and religious. E. C. Larned's grandfather served in the Revolu- tion; his father was a respected business man of Providence, R. I.; his mother was an author, and from her he inherited scholarly literary and social culture which made him a marked man in every position of life, and never for a moment ceased to be his conspic- uous trait to the day of his lamented death. Edwin Channing Larned was born in Providence, R. I., was thoroughly educated, and graduated from Brown university in 1840. He served a year as professor of math- ematics at Kemper College in St. Louis, and came to Chicago in 1847, forming a partner- ship with Cyrus Bentley, a man like himself in engaging characteristics. In 1854 Mr. Larned and Judge Manierre were counsel for the first colored man claimed as a fugitive from slavery under the new law enacted to enforce such claims. The act, it will be remembered, provided that in cases of that nature the alleged fugitive should be arrested by Federal officers and examined be- fore a Federal commissioner, who was charged with the sending of the prisoner (if he found reason to believe him to be an escaped slave), to the State whence he was alleged to have escaped, leaving him there to demand a trial under the laws of that State The law was extremely unpopular, and seems to us now as an odious enactment, seeing that under it a citizen of Illinois might be summarily taken from his own State, without requisition from the Governor of another State, to that other State for trial; far from his friends and witnesses, and perhaps utterly unable there to secure a pub- lic trial by jury, even if he chanced to be entitled to his liberty. George W. Meeker was the U. S. Commis- sioner before whom the accused was brought and the hearing was had amid great public y^' THE BENCH AND BAR. 171 excitement. Happily for all concerned the negro was discharged and a possible riot averted. Mr. Larned was naturally inevitably a Republican, and a fervid supporter of Lin- coln's candidacy and his administration. He was one of the celebrated Union Defence committee of 1861 and was prominent in every effort for the prosecution of the war and the well-being of the soldiers. He served four years 1861 to 1865 in the try- ing, arduous and responsible office of United States District Attorney for northern Illi- nois, and received from Mr. Lincoln expres- sions of deep regret on his resigning his office. Mr. Larned was one more of the splendid workers who seemed, at the time of the fire, to have been called into being for the express purpose of serving their city and their fellow- citizens in their sore need; he, with the others at the head of the Eelief and Aid society, served devotedly, unflinchingly, freely and without pay, for days, weeks and months, many of them to the entire neglect of their private affairs. A chapter, or a volume might be well devoted to the life and services of this good and great man. His services during the war and following the fire have been barely alluded to. He was active also in the estab- lishment of the Public Library, the Citizens' Association, the Historical Society, the Relief and Aid Society and many other works of charity, philanthropy and patriotism. His professional life was marked by honor and success. Judge Blodgett said of him: As a lawyer Mr. Larned -was up to the best stand- ard of his profession In the best sense of the word he was a full-measured man and citizen, fill- ing all the places of political, social and professional life with rare ability and a conscientious zeal, and an earnest and manly purpose, which made his infl- uence in Chicago, at the time when such influence was most needed, a constant force in behalf of justice and good government. Major Daniel Goodwin, an early partner of Mr. Larned, speaks of him in the following glowing terms. Twenty years have elapsed since my partnership with Mr. Larned. If I had been called upon at that time to pronounce a eulogy upon his character and services, it might have been thought by some whose knowledge of him was limited, that the sentiments expressed were colored by the warm friendship engendered by daily courtesies of mutual interests, and that the judgment was blinded by the too near influence of his brilliant conversation. But the years which have passed since then have brought many other brilliant and able men upon the stage I remember Edwin C. Larned as the peer of the best and noblest men our era has produced. Mr. Larned's wife was Anne Frances Greene, daughter of the Hon. Albert C. Greene, of Rhode Island; a woman whose high praise it is to say that she was a help- meet worthy of her husband. Four children were born to them, Walter Cranston, who is practicing law in the especial line of real estate, Frances Greene and Julia, author of a volume of serious and beautiful verse, and Edwin Channing. The first and third sur- vive their father. Biographical notice of the Hon. Elliott Anthony, LL. D., will be found later among other extended memoirs. James Bolesworth Bradwell was born (1828) in England and was brought (1829) to America; his parents J. B. Bradwell. ^j^ at TJ ticaj N . Y . They came to Illinois in 1834 and James got his education at primary and grammar schools, finishing at Knox College. Later he studied law at Memphis, Tenn., and was there (1852) admitted to the bar. (He had already shown his bent by practicing in justice courts). He opened a law office in Chicago in 1853, and at once got an excellent business. In 1861 he was elected county judge and administered the office for eight years with conspicuous ability, being long regarded as the ablest probate lawyer at any bar. In 1872 he was elected to the State legislature and re-elected in 1874. Andreas says of him: He became identified with many important acts, especially those that were beneficial and opened a larger^field of usefulness to 'women. _Among these y women eligible to all school 172 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. offices in the State and allowing them to become notaries public; those he drew up and introduced. He introduced a bill allowing foreign corporations to loan money on real estate security in Illinois, and also a bill incorporating the fire patrol of the city. Taking an active and prominent part in both ses- sions of the legislature, his head, heart and hand were always ready to do some kindly deed for the benefit of mankind. In 1852 he married Miss Myra Colby, founder and editor of the Chicago Legal News which under their joint labor, care and ability, has grown to be perhaps the strongest law journal in the country or the world. Mrs. Brad well has herself the knowledge and power to constitute a good lawyer, and Judge Bradwell adds to his great legal lore literary ability of the first order. It speaks volumes for both husband and wife that while the latter is capable of man's work and success, the former is inspired by this fact to enter the lists as champion of the broad- ening of the privileges and advantages of the sex and enlarging the field of their use- fulness and independence. The best thought of the world is moving in that direction. Judge Bradwell had the honor of deciding a test case regarding the validity of the legal tender act of 1862. C. B. Farwell tendered U. S. treasury notes in payment of his county and town taxes, and the county treasurer de- clined to receive them. Judge Bradwell de- cided that the tender was good. Judge Tree enjoys the unusual distinction of being descended from two of the officers . , in the Army of the Revolution, Lambert Tree. great-grandfathers of his on both father's and mother's side having been in service, and one of them, a captain of ar- tillery, having fallen in Washington's famous victory at Trenton. He was born at Washington in 1832, and was classically educated. He studied for the bar in the University of Virginia and in the office of James M. Carlisle, described as the leader of the bar in Washington City, where Mr. Tree was admitted in 1855. He soon came to Chicago, and at once took a high place, through his ability, education and personal address; his manners through life having united polish, dignity and cordiality. In 1864 he became president of the Chicago Law Institute; in 1870 he was elected a judge of the circuit court, to which post he was re-elected and held the office until he resign- ed in 1875. He distinguished his advent to the bench by an act of courage and public spirit which would have seemed more natural to an experienced judge. The city council had fallen into a state of disgraceful corruption, the infamy being embattled and fortified by a long course of a triumphant immunity. A grand jury being called, Judge Tree charged it to look carefully into the matter and to indict fearlessly any person who should be shown to them to have been guilty in their official capacity of criminal practices. The result was the indictment, trial, conviction and punishment for bribe-taking of many members of the council, with the natural results of a reform for the time-being of that perennial sink of corruption. In the great fire of 1871, Judge Tree was one of the severest sufferers in his person and possessions. With his family, and that of his father-in-law, H. H. Magie, he barely escaped, by heroic efforts, from the old Magie mansion which stood between On- tario, Cass, Erie and State streets, facing south and occupying, with its adjuncts, the entire square, as was the good old fashion of those days. Being so isolated, the family stayed too long in the presence of the advanc- ing flames, and when they finally fled, the house, the outhouses, the grass, trees, shrubs and the very fences were ablaze. Judge Tree's story of the escape is one of the most vivid, graphic and terrible of all those writ- ten about that dreadful night. (II Andreas 743.) Judge Tree, in a spirit of self-sacrifice, allowed himself to be repeatedly nominated for Congress on the ticket of his party the Democratic in a district overwhelmingly Republican. In 1884 he was a delegate to the national convention which nominated Mr. Cleveland. The celebrated contest for the senatorship, in 1885, wherein he was the 7;.--- Of - \HUVE88in 91- THE BENCH AND BAR. 173 Democratic nominee, resulted in his defeat by General Logan by a single vote, and in the same year he was appointed by President Cleveland Minister to Belgium, a post which he filled with distinguished ability; and in 1888 he was appointed to the higher diplo- matic post of Minister to Russia. This he resigned in 1889 to devote himself to the management of the large moneyed interests of his family. His next public service deserves peculiar remark from his being called to it by a Re- publican administration. President Harrison appointed him a member of the " Pan-Amer- ican Monetary Commission," which had for its object the fostering of commerce between American nations by agreeing on a coinage which should be current at the custom-houses of all the States. In this commission he took a prominent, if not a leading part. Being still in the prime of life and the full vigor of his powers, Judge Tree may be con- sidered to have before him other posts of honor and distinction, should he choose to accept them. Judge Tree's public spirit, artistic taste and love for Chicago and her history, are all exemplified in a magnificent gift made by him to the city's adornment. It was during his residence in Brussels that he commis- sioned Count de Lalaing to execute for him a bronze statute, of heroic size, of Robert Cavelier, Sieur de Lasalle; the most distin- guished of the explorers who made their way from France, by the St. Lawrence and the lakes, to this region, two hundred years ago, and fully a century in advance of the com- ing of the English. That statue, fine and dignified, is one of the chief ornaments of Lincoln Park, worthy companion to those of Lincoln and Grant which (with several of less note) honor that magnificent lake shore pleasure ground. Corydon Beckwith was born in Vermont. He studied law and (in 1844) was admitted to Corydon Beckwith, the bar in St. Albans. In (iss-1890.) 1848 he married Miss Mary Ann Smith of St. Albans, and after practis- ing his profession there for some years he came to Chicago (1853) and formed with Van H. Higgins and B. F. Strother the firm of Higgins, Beckwith & Strother. In 1864 he was appointed by Governor Yates to the supreme bench to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Chief Justice Caton. His work in that court was distinguished for strength and accuracy and his opinions for brevity and clearness. On leaving the bench he was appointed general counsel for the Chicago & Alton railway and two years later he became head of the firm of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales which then took charge of the law business of that road, and continued that connection till 1873, when he retired from the firm to become general solicitor of the road. He remained in that position through the rest of his life, yet from time to time engaged as consulting counsel in important cases out- side. The high authority of his former partner, B. F. Ayer, is responsible for the following glowing panegyric of Judge Beckwith's powers: His judgment was sound, bis powers of discrimi- nation great and his capacity for work unlimited. He never had a case that he did not examine thor- oughly in all ils aspects and he had a capacity for seizing, almost instinctively, the vital points in a case and the power to impress his own ideas o& others in their strongest aspect. There is not a lawyer whom I have known so eminent in all respects, or a lawyer whose judgment was more respected by the courts and other lawyers. His thoroughness was remark- able. Nothing escaped him. He discovered all there was in a case and his mind moved with equal rapidity and accuracy. His greatest strength lay in arguing upon the law before a court. . . . He was remarkably successful and was rarely beaten. If he fouud he was on the wrong side he would advise a settlement. He was never willing to go to trial and expose his client's interests where the chances were strongly against him. The judges respected his opinion because he was careful never to mislead the court. He tried first to satisfy him- self and then the court. Scarcely any other lawyer had so many cases in the'supreme court of this State. By other lawyers he is called the ablest, 174 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. in certain branches, of all the lawyers not only of Illinois but of the Union. Judge Beckwith was an open-handed man and a generous liver. His income, immense in his later years, was balanced by his expenditures. He spared neither his purse nor himself and rarely took a vacation from his work, even up to his death, which took place in 1890. Mrs. Beckwith survives her husband . Of their three children the oldest, Henry W., a young man of brilliant parts, died in 1891, while consul at Bermuda, whither he had gone for his health. A younger son, John W., was admitted to the bar in 1892 and is in the law department of the Chicago & Alton railway. A daughter, Mrs. Edward P. Cutter, lives in Cincinnati. Judge Beckwith was a liberal Democrat, usually voting with his party in national elections, but in State and local matters nearly independent of party ties. The career of Judge Beckwitb/s partner, Mr. Ayer, is reserved for treatment among the longer biographies further on. Francis Henry Kales was born in Broome county, New York,the son of William Kales, Francis H. Kales. at one time a member of the (1833.1883. New York legislature. The family was originally Scotch-Irish and came over to this country early in the present cen- tury. Francis had an academic education and in 1851 entered Yale as a sophomore, but was forced to leave his class because of ill-health. He entered the law office of the renowned Daniel S. Dickinson at Bingham- ton and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He soon came to Chicago and began the practice of his profession in the of- fice of the strong firm of Higgins, Beckwith & Strother. His success was early and constant, and in 1866, fa- vored no doubt by the knowledge Judge Beckwith had gained of his character and ability, he became a member of the firm already mentioned as one of the most dis- tinguished in practice at the Chicago bar, that of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales. The firm remained unchanged until 1873, when its senior member retired to become counsel of the Chicago & Alton railway, and Ayer and Kales remained together until Mr. Ayer in his turn allied himself with a railway corpo- ration (the Illinois Central) after which time Mr. Kales practiced alone, having in his care and keeping manyimportant cases, especially those involving the law of real estate, bank- ing and corporations. His legal knowledge, perception, shrewd- ness and ability were of the highest order, and his devotion to his profession and the interests of his clients was distinguished even in a community of lawyers so strong, intent and tireless as those of Chicago. He was a good speaker, of the argumentative, conversational, persuasive and convincing kind. His cases were thoroughly thought arid studied before trial, then ably argued and contested before court and jury. As might be expected from his scholarly training, the law did not alienate his atten- tion from general literature. He kept up his reading all through life, and was as pleasant to meet socially as a friend as he was formidable professionally as an oppo- nent. Mr. Kales married (1863) Miss Ellen P. Davis, a favorite in the best Chicago society, the daughter of Dr. Nathan S. Davis, dean of the faculty of the Chicago Medical Col- lege; a physician widely recognized as the leader of his profession in the north-west. Mr. Kales died in 1883, surviving his wife scarcely two years. Four sons and three daughters were born to them, and six chil- dren survive their parents. The eldest, John Davis Kales, is established as a phy- sician. On asking any collection of Chicago men, lawyers and laymen, who of her lawyers is to-day (1894) the leading mem- JohnN.Jewett. ber Qf the Q h j cago bar> the asker would hear several names suggested; one would pick out an equity lawyer, another a real estate lawyer, another a corporation lawyer, another a jury lawyer, another a THE BENCH AND BAR, 175 criminal case lawyer, etc. But on asking for the best "all-round lawyer," excluding the specialists, or (what is much the same thing) asking the others who would be their second choice as leading counsel, it is probable that Mr. Jewett would be found to have a decided majority of the votes. With his deep study, his long experience, his high character, his great sagacity, his habit of success, his courtly gravity and dignity of manner; he occupies a place nearly unique in the regard of the courts and the public. The case he takes in hand seems half won by his taking it. It was shortly after the landing of the Mayflower pilgrims, that two brothers Jewett arrived from England and settled at Eowley, Mass. ; one of them remaining in New England, while the other moved to Mary- land. From the last-named branch sprang Hugh J. Jewett and his brother Thomas L. Jewett, both eminent as lawyers and finan- ciers. The New England Jewetts have been well known and highly respected; John N. Jewett, with his steady, sturdy march from the stony farm to the first rank of the great profession in a great city, speaks well for his race and lineage. John Nelson Jewett was born (1827) on a farm in Maine, and his early life was spent in extorting, from the rugged soil of the Pine-tree State, a living and the rudiments of learning. In 1845, the family moved to Wisconsin and he spent a year in teaching school, a doorstep to the temple of law which has felt the tread of many a good law- yer. His early studious efforts must have been faithful and able, for in 1847, we find him back in his native State, entering old Bbwdoin as a sophomore. In 1850, he was graduated and at once became principal of an academy at North Yarmouth. At the same time he was reading for the bar, and two years later he rejoined his family near Madison, Wis., where he completed his studies and was admitted to practice in 1853, when he became a partner of Wellington Weigley at Galena, 111. In 1856, he came to Chicago, entering the office of Van H. Hig- gins. His succeeding partnerships each a step on his part toward the head of 'his firm, and of the profession were Scates, McAllis- ter, Jewett & Peabody; Scates, McAllister & Jewett, McAllister & Jewett; Jewett & Adams, and later, when his sons Edward E. and Samuel K. were ready to begin practice, John N. Jewett & Jewett Brothers. Mr. Jewett has been offered a seat on the county court bench, and even on the bench of the supreme court of Illinois. He refused to allow himself to be classed as an aspirant to the supreme court of the United States, admirably as he would have filled the place. In 1870, the legislature was elected which would have to adapt legislation to the new State constitution, and he accepted the office of State Senator in order to help in the work. Since then he has often been pressed to ac- cept political preferment, but has steadily declined. Even now, when his fortune is established and his sons well started in life, it is doubtful if he could be tempted away from his beautiful home and his beloved pro- fession. A seat in the United States senate or on the supreme bench, if offered to him unsolicited, might prove irresistible. The following discriminating words re- garding Mr. Jewett are copied from the Chi- cago Law Times of October, 1890: As a practitioner, he is ready, quick and capable, always equal to any emergency. In conversation be is pleasant and affable; in argument analytical, logical and strong, sometimes indulging in pungent satire. He speaks tersely and to the point, in an attractive, forcible manner. Conforming himself to the principles of the strictest integrity and to the most honorable dealings, he expects the same from those with whom he associates or has business rela- tions. In 1855, Mr. Jewett married Miss Ellen R. Rountree, daughter of the Hon. John H. Rountree, of Wisconsin. Mrs. Jewett is a leader in society, an authority in matters of art and taste, and has always been promi- nent in the management of the Fortnightly Club (once its president), a splendid and far- famed organization of women, devoted to 176 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. M. W. Fuller. the cultivation of that sex and its progress in the best and highest sense. Chief 'Justice Fuller traces his descent direct to the Mayflower. His father was Frederick A. Fuller, and his mother, Catherine Martin Wes- ton. His grandfather on the mother's side was Nathan Weston, chief justice of the Maine supreme court, and his uncle, George Melville Weston, was a prominent lawyer of Augusta. Melville Weston Fuller was born February 11, 1833, at Augusta, Me., and grew up with good educational advantages. He was prepared for college at Augusta and entered Bowdoin college in 1849, where he was graduated in 1853. Thence he went to Dane Law School (Harvard), where so many of our western jurists have earned their diplomas. He is described as having been a rather aimless youth, but in college a model student, with a special gift for public speak- ing. He began his law practice in Augusta, but finding business lacking, he employed his time and eked out his income by news- paper work;- a circumstance to which is doubtless due something of the literary facility which has always formed a strong feature in his career. An interesting fact connected with this journalistic experience is this : At a certain session of the legislature which Melville W. Fuller reported for the Augusta Age (which he and his uncle, B. A. G. Fuller, published together), James G. Elaine was engaged as correspondent of the Kennebec Journal. Though opposed in politics the two men were always personal friends, and at last, by curious coincidence, found themselves in Washington together ; the one, Chief Justice of the supreme court, and the other, Secre- tary of State. Mr. Fuller's success in Augusta as a lawyer was in proportion to the law business of the place, and so not large or satisfying. His success in politics was in proportion to his ability and therefore excellent. At twenty-three he was city attorney and presi- dent of the common council of Augusta. Still, it must have been unconsciously borne in upon him that Augusta and Maine, always loved and honored by him, were after all a "pent-up Utica" to such a soul as his. He must at least see the great West. In 1856 he came to Chicago, meeting here his friend and fellow- townsman, Mr. S. K. Dow, a practising lawyer, who urged him to emi- grate, offering him a place in his office and, at his choice, either a partnership in the business or a salary of $50 a month. He chose the latter and worked on those terms five months, living within his income. But scarcely a year had passed before he began to do a fine and profitable business, which went on increasing with remarkable speed and steadiness up to the time of his leaving the bar for the Supreme bench. In politics he wasa staunch Democrat and by friendship and sympathy a warm adherent of Stephen A. Douglas. At Mr. Douglas's death in 1861, he delivered the funeral oration, his speech being a masterly pro- duction. In the same year he was elected a member of the constitutional convention, and two years later we find him in the Illinois legislature. Here he gave the same strenuous support to the War which was offered by other Douglas men ; he was a unionist, but not an anti-slavery man or .Republican. The war Democrats were in favor of the war as they thought it should be conducted, giving their adherence to the McClellan plan as being the most certain to triumph and restore the integrity of the country. Here it seems well to quote from some fine verses written by Mr. Fuller long afterward. They are on the death of General Grant and show at once a loyal feeling for the great soldier's services and a true poetic thought and diction ; a power of composi- tion rare in the learned, practised and suc- cessful lawyer : Let drum to trumpet speak The trumpet to the cannoneer without The cannon to the heavens from each redoubt. Each lowly valley and each lofty peak, TII UZW1 Cf UNIVERSITY fr ILLINOIS THE BENCH AND BAR. 177 As to his rest the great commander goes Int) the pleasant laud of earned repose. * * * * Not in his battles won, Though long the well-fought fields may keep their name, But in the wide world's sense of duty done, The gallant soldier finds the meed of fame: His life no struggle for ambition's prize Simply the duty done that next him lies. ***** Earth to its kindred earth: The spirit to the fellowship of souls! As, slowly, Time the mighty scroll unrolls Of waiting ages yet to have their birth. Fame, faithful to the faithful, writes, on high His name as one that was not born to die. Mr. Fuller was a hard worker in his pro- fession; and it is said of him that in any case his stoutest fighting is done when the day seems lost, when he is very apt to turn defeat into victory. He is reported to have had, during this thirty years' practice, as many as 2, 500 cases at the Chicago bar; which, deducting his absence at the legislature, etc., would give him at least one hundred cases a year; fewer, necessarily, in the earlier part of his practice and more afterward. This shows a remarkable degree of activity and grasp of business. He has never made a specialty of any kind of law, though there are some wherein his name scarcely appears; for in- stance, divorce law and criminal law. Among his many cases are Field against Leiter; the Lake Front case; Storey against Storey's estate; Hyde Park against Chicago; Carter against Carter, etc., and the long ecclesiastical trial of Bishop Cheney on the charge of heresy. His partnership with Mr. Dow lasted until 1860. From 1862 to 1864 his firm was Fuller & Ham, then for two years Fuller^ Ham & Shepard, and for two years more Fuller & Shepard. From 1869 to 1877 he had as partner his cousin, Joseph E. Smith, son of Governor Smith, of Maine. Since that time he has had no partner. His busi- ness was only such as he chose to accept; and his professional income has been esti- mated at from $20,000 to $30,000 a year. His property includes the " Fuller Block " on Dearborn street, and is popularly valued at $300,000. He was delegate to the Democratic Na- tional conventions of 1864, 1872, 1876 and 1880, always taking a prominent place. Just after Mr. Cleveland's election to the presi- dency, Mr. Fuller called on him in Albany, and Mr. Cleveland .at once conceived for him a very high appreciation. On the death of Chief Justice Waite it seemed desirable that the new Justice should be taken from the West; and Mr. Fuller's liberal education, the catholicity of his law practice, his marked industry, ability and command of language all these, joined with his devotion to the principles of his party, made him a natural choice for nomination to the posi- tion. High and unexpected as was the honor, Mr. Fuller hesitated before accepting it. If it satisfies his ambition in one direc- tion it checks it in another. The salary of the chief justice of the United States is $10,500 a year; very far less than the gains arising from general practice in the front rank of lawyers, or from service as counsel of any one of hundreds of great corporations. So there comes a kind of dead-lock; if a man happens to be born to riches, he is pretty sure never to go through the hard work which alone gives leadership in the law. If he starts poor, then, having his fortune to make, he cannot take Federal judicial office; that being a life-long posi- tion. The only way in which the Federal bench can be appropriately filled, under the circumstances, is when by chance a man pre- fers power and dignity to mere riches; or where his success has been so sudden that he is able (and willing) to accept a judgeship as a kind of honorable retirement from the struggle and competition of practice. Aside from these considerations, Mr. Fuller felt a natural hesitancy in undertak- ing a responsibility so trying and hazardous. As to the money obstacle, Mr. Fuller probably felt himself, through his great and rapid success, able to afford to accept the 178 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. appointment. He accepted it, was hailed in his new dignity with genial cordiality, and has filled the office with unimpeachable credit and honor. Mr. Fuller's first wife was Miss Calista 0. Reynolds. She died young, after bearing him two children. He married a second time, taking to wife Mary Ellen, daughter of the distinguished banker, William F. Coolbaugh. His family now consists of eight daughters and one son; and his domes- tic and social relations are as happy as it is possible to imagine; the young ladies being full of gaiety and loveliness in all its styles and types. He himself is never so well con- tent as in his own household, making merry with all. It is even whispered that should a Democratic administration come again into power, so that his resignation would not throw his own party out of the tenancy of the office to which it chose him, he might give up the irksome and confining dignity and the forced residence in a strange city, and return to the West, to the city of his choice to the home of his heart. For others of the most distinguished of Chi- cago's practitioners, the reader is referred to another section of this work. Among them are William C. Goudy (whose noteworthy career was closed by death after the sketch of him had been prepared) and General George W. Smith the much honored and beloved soldier-lawyer, who still survives. A brilliant memory is AVirt Dexter. As a lawyer, a platform-speaker, a social light, a business man he shone wirt Better (1831-1890^ above most of his associates. In either sphere lie was well able to reach the highest place; in each he stood in the front rank. A large private fortune (springing from the rise in value of pine-timber land and mills) relieved him from any slavish de- votion to his business; and in at least one case the management of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire he used this liberty freely and devotedly for the benefit of his suffering fellow-citizens. He was born at Dexter, Mich., the sou of Samuel W. Dexter, United States Judge for the Territory of Michigan, who had founded the town of Dexter. Samuel's father was a member of the cabinet of President John Adams, a friend of Hamilton and an advo- cate of the adoption of the constitution. Franklin Dexter, brother of Samuel and, therefore, uncle of Wirt, was an eminent lawyer of the days of Daniel Webster, prac- tising in the same courts and often in the same cases, and taking rank with the "Great Expounder of the Constitution" a title, by the way, which had been borne by the elder Dexter before it was bestowed on Mr. Webster. With such family traditions, Wirt Dexter naturally took up the study of law; but before engaging in practice he took part in his father's business, fitting out logging camps, etc., and became the Chicago agent for the product of the mills. All through his life he was at least as good a business man as lawyer; each kind of training helped the other. This catholicity of culture is common in Chicago. The banker is not ig- norant of law, nor the merchant of political economy, nor is either without interest in art and literature; while the good lawyer is sure to have thoughts and views on all branches of knowledge. Mr. Dexter's form was never one of the familiar sights in court. His practice was largely in consultations; while the juniors of his firm took upon themselves the drudgery of facing witnesses and jury. Mr. Dexter, always a philanthropic and public-spirited citizen, shone out in a strik- ing light when the great fire wrapped Chica- go in what seemed hopeless gloom. He was a member of the Relief and Aid Society,and one of the solid men whose wealth and standing made that organization the obvi- ously proper channel for the distribution of the vast stream of charity which poured in on the mayor in a flood which was almost as trying in the greatness of its responsibility as was the public demand in the greatness of its extremity. Home and private business x Ci QMVEBUTt Bf THE BENCH AND BAR. put aside, these devoted men, " without money and without price," gave to humanity a service which is no less notable for its abil- ity, accuracy, wisdom and efficiency, than for its self-sacrificing generosity. A great and widely ramified system was suddenly created, to meet the perils of waste through unwise giving, and of blame through imper- fect accounting. All was unimpeachable. Every worthy sufferer of the scores of thous- ands was properly succored, and every penny of the millions spent was properly ac- counted for. Mr. Dexter's house was always the home of culture and elegant hospitality; the abid- ing place of strangers distinguished in liter- ature and the arts. He suffered severely by an accident, which occurred in 1888, when his horse reared and fell backward on him. From this he seemed to have quite recovered when, in 1890, he died from disease of the heart. He left a widow, one of the bright- est ornaments of cultivated society, and a. son and daughter. Daniel Goodwin, Jr., was born (1832) in New York city. He was the son of John W. and Lucretia (Goodwin) Wool- sey. Losing his mother when he was two years old, he was adopted by her brother, Judge Daniel Goodwin, for whom he had been named, and whose name he bears as a surname. lie was graduated at Hamilton College in 1852, and studied law in the office of his adoptive father in Detroit, but removed to Auburn where his uncle, S. A. Goodwin, lived, and where Daniel was admitted to the bar in 1854. In 1858 he came to Chicago with his uncles and to- gether they formed a partnership, which did a large and profitable business. Mr. Goodwin early took real-estate law as his especial field, and he has done well in it; not only in practice, but in the investments to which that practice naturally led him. He has never allowed his devotion to business to dwarf the literary and scholastic tastes of his youth. He is eminently the scholar and gentleman, as well as the business man, and I. N. Stiles. Daniel Goodwin, Jr. is universally admired, respected and loved as an ornament to cultivated society. Israel Newton Stiles was born in Connecti- cut in 1833, a farmer's son, attending school in winter and doing farm work in summer; but rounding out his schooling at an academy. In 1853 he migrated to Lafayette, Indiana, and his course adds one to the host of fine lawyers whose first trials perhaps as troublesome, anxious and perplexing as any were before the unruly court of a mixed school, lie taught not only the common branches, but also singing, while he was reading for the bar. He was admitted in 1854, and began to practise in Lafayette, Ind. This was inter- rupted by the Kansas agitation, in which he engaged heart and soul, with a power and elo- quence that marked him as a master of per- suasive and inspiring oratory; a distinction which has grown with his years. Logic, learn- ing.wit, humor, irony and fervid poetry, these and the other elements of true eloquence were his portion by nature and his possession by cultivation. He did a great service to the struggle which began in Kansas and ended at Appomattox. His patriotism did not ex- haust itself in words. When war broke out, he raised a company, enlisted as a private, and, promoted to a lieutenancy, was made adju- tant of the Twentieth Indiana volunteer infantry. At the battle of Malvern, the glorious ending of the momentous "six days' fight" on the Peninsula in front of Richmond, he was taken prisoner, and spent six weeks in Libby Prison. After his exchange, he was commissioned Major of the Sixty-third Indiana and become in succession its lieu- tenant-colonel and colonel; and in January, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general for services at the battle of Franklin, the fearful fio-ht where the Rebellion "dashed its brains o out " in a death-struggle, the knell of its high hopes. Before going into the war, Gen. Stiles had been prosecuting attorney for his district and State senator. On the disbanding of his regiment he came to Chicago and began a 180 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. career of high distinction and success. In 1869 he was elected city attorney, and served ill that office until 1871, when the famous partnership of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis was formed, one of the strongest combinations at the western bar. On the election of Mr. Tuley to the bench (1870) the firm continued as Stiles & Lewis. Gen. Stiles' almost unequaled success as a jury lawyer has been called " wonderful," "extraordinary," "unaccountable," etc., and attributed to " magnetism," and other imaginary sources. But he himself pooh- poohs all this foolish talk, and says that the only art he knows is the art of being on the right side. A noted offender afterward a convict called on him and held out toward him a cheque for $1,000, asking his services in the approaching trial. " No," said the general, " I shouldn't be of any use to you in this case." " Why, general; are you retained on the other side?" "No. But I couldn't be of any manner of service for the defense in a case of this kind, so I cannot take your money." This brings up the whole question of "pro- fessional ethics" regard ing the indiscriminate acceptance of retainers. On the one side it is urged that to defend the guilty is to wrong the public; and to use legal acumen against conscience in a case between one man and another is an effort to do injustice, to de- fraud a litigant of his rights. On the other side it is urged that the lawyer should not arrogate to himself the office of court and jury, prejudge the cause and act on that prejudice. In every court a defendant who has no counsel is assigned counsel, who can- not decline the task if he would. At any rate, General Stiles attributes his unbroken success to a persistent refusal to use his power "to make the worse appear the better reason." In the celebrated "County Commissioners' Boodle cases. " General Stiles helped Mr. Grinnell in the prosecu- tion; and in the trial which resulted in the conviction of William J. McGarigle and Edward S. McDonald, he spoke as follows on this point, addressing one of his opponents: Hardy is probably one of the most expert hair- splitters at the bar. Whose skill so great he could divide A hair 'twixt sou' and sou'-west side. . . . Hardy, these young fellows are after us. Some of them are going to expose our old tricks. They have "got on to" them, and we old fellows can't play the games we think we can .... and if he is on the right side and he generally is, for he naturally feels he has not the ability to win the wrong side of the case; that goes to old lawyers the young lawyer says "My safety lies in getting on the right side of the case." There are lawyers who believe that one side of a case is just as good as the other. . . . There are lawyers who think that the greatest compliment that can be paid to their reputation and their ability comes when they have succeeded in cheating the penitentiary of its just dues. There are lawyers who regard the acquittal of a red-handed murderer under the influence of their power and eloquence as the high- est compliment that can be paid to their ability. . . True eloquence comes only with a background of truth This is the people's case. Yes, gentle- men, this is the people's case; it is your case; it is my case. It is a case which calls for the adminis- tration of justice without sentiment, without tiars, without smiles when it comes to that. 'General Stiles had no check in his splendid career as a member of the bar until, within a few years, his sight begun to fail, and total blindness has supervened. Words fail to express the thrill of regret that pierces the hearts of his friends at such a blow, to a man patriot, soldier, orator, scholar, jurist who, in the prime of intellectual vigor is stricken in this pitiable manner. There is no consolation for them or alleviation to him, unless it be in the thought that for a nature like his the light of day is not indis- pensable. Eloquence, the power to capti- vate hearts by high thought clothed in fit- ting words, shines in a light surpassing the sun; a light that never was on sea or land, the light of the soul. It is history's task to reflect its after-glow, even when the mind that gave it birth has grown dim in the shadow of death. THE BENCH AND 3A R. 181 One writes the mime of E. A. Storrs and begins his story with regret, admiration, Emery A. storrs. sympathy and disrespect! (1835-1885.) Why is it that the arch enemy of mankind, alcohol the destroyer compared to which Attila, " the Scourge of God," was merciful chooses for its victims the bright- est and most lovable of the race? The question has been asked since history began, and will remain unanswered until its last page is turned. Storrs was born in Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., in 1835, the last of a race of lawyers. He studied law with his father and other practitioners, and became a part- ner in the firm of Austin & Scroggs, of Buf- falo, leaving them in 1859 to come to ChicagOj where he was hailed as the brightest light of oratory, whether at the bar, on the rostrum, or, alas, at the convivial board. His per- ception of the opportunity for an argument, a retort, a sarcasm, an anecdote, was like the lightning's flash; and his use 'of them like the bolt itself. To quote the eloquent words of a writer in the United States Biographical Dictionary: Oratory, as to form, is protean, while as to color it is variable as the chameleon and brilliant as the prism. Like the glories of dawn or the hues of sun- set, oratory is but for the hour. . . . The very term implies the relation of speaker and hearer, the charmer and the charmed. Separate these factors and the spell is broken. . . . Can the untuned harp reveal its marvelous possibilities to the inexpe- rienced? So is it with the orator when away from the spirit of the occasion, the inspiration of the hour. ... A genius, Emery A. Storrs most assuredly is, if by that word is implied high and peculiar gifts of nature, impelling the mind to crea- tive imagery of the highest type, and reaching its ends by a kind of intuitive power. . . . It is with Storrs as it was with Choate; his style was a combination of all that was best in the rival schools of Atticism and Asianism. It pos- sesses at once the compactness and grace of the first with the gorgeous coloring and vivid phrase of the latter. He said so many "good things " that he reached that questionable stand where any witticism that sounded like him was attribu- ted to him. Some, however, were surely original with him: ''Some lawyers make money by their prac- tice, some by their practices." Of a certain lawyer whose forte certainly did not lie in trying causes he said: " * * * * can take a default as well as any lawyer in Chicago." Kegarding the Chicago climate often deficient in the quietequability which should attend spring and autumn he said: "There are only three seasons in Chicago July, Au- gust and winter." A biting simile for some luckless superficial victim of his wit was typifying him with a house built on a short building lot: "The minute you open the front door you're in the back yard." Some opposing counsel said to him in court, "it, hurts you to meet the truth." " Meet the truth? I never meet it; I am always traveling in the same direction." Another said: "I should like to favor you, Brother Storrs, but I have even more regard for the truth than I have for you." " 0, very well but a man of your age shouldn't desert old friends and take up with a stranger." Storrs was a good lawyer. He worked hard, kept faith with brother lawyers, and gave his clients good service. But he had 110 sense of the value of money to himself or to others. He drove away business, not by under-working but by over-charging, and when he had cash in hand he lavished it on anything but the payment of his debts. A fine dinner he gave was levied upon by at- tachment and a constable remained in charge. When some one joked him about this he retorted, " well, you know that at our Lord's supper there was one representa- tive of the government." At a certain trial where legal fees were in question he was asked if his own charges were not apt to be rather large. He turned to the court and said with mock solemnity, " I do not propose that the inadequacy of my charges shall ever be a disgrace to my profession." On one occasion Storrs was arguing a case or motion in court against an older lawyer 182 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. who had just come back from a long stay abroad, and was accused of the enormous offense of "putting on airs." The latter had paused in his speech to say, " Please ex- cuse my foreign accent, your Honor." Storrs followed, and in his remarks, having occa- sion to allude to a false step in the case, called it n "faux pas," taking care to pro- nounce the words " fox pass," and added, "excuse my foreign accent, your Honor," to the great amusement of all present. An ardent Republican, Mr. Storrs " took the stump" in behalf of Lincoln's re-elec- tion, and of Grant in 1868. He was a dele- gate to the national convention in the latter year and again in 1872 and in 1880. He was one of the vice-presidents of the con- vention of 1872. The constitution and by- laws of the great " Citizen's Association" of Chicago were draughted by him, and he was one of the main promoters of the Citizens' League for the suppression of the sale of liquor to minors. The last named good action brings up a pathetic feature in Storr's life, his heroic struggles with his cruel, deadly enemy, the love of drink. Time after time did he " re- form," banish the poison from his lips and his life, take his place among men, and even act as a missionary of the cause of temper- ance, making strong, brilliant, impassioned appeals in its behalf. Could he have lived where drink was not, what a glorious life might have been his! But where it parades in shameless nakedness, thrusting itself for- ward at every step As a specimen of the eloqwence he brought to bear in the cause of temperance, that cause to which he gave the support of sound argument and the more costly help of sad personal warning, observe the following apostrophe to water, an extempore effort called forth when, at a supper given to cele- brate his triumph in a hard fought case, friends were drinking wine, and he, poor fellow, confining himself to lemonade. He was challenged to make a temperance speech, and raising a glass of water, he spoke thus: Adam's ale about the only gift that has de. scended undcfiled from the garden of Eden! Na- ture's common carrier not creatid in the rotten- ness of fermentation, not distilled over guiltv fires; virtues and not vices are its companions. Docs it cause drunkenness, disease, death, cruelty to women and children? Will it place rags on the person and morlgageson the stock, faim and fur- niture? Will it consume wages and income in ad- vance and ruin men in business? No! But it floats in white gossamer clouds way up in the summer sky and hovers in dreamy mist over the merry faces of our sparkling lakes. It veils the woods and hills of earth's landscapes it a purple haze where filmy lights and shadows diift hour after hour. . . . It is carried by kind winds and falls in rushing curtains of liquid drapery over all the thirsty woods and fields, and fixes in God's myslic skies His beautiful bow of promise, glorified with a radiance that seems reflected out of heaven itself. He died suddenly at Ottawa, while in at- tendence on the supreme court arguing the appeal of Joseph C. Mackin convicted of perjury in the election fraud case. Mr. Storrs did not quite die and "leave no sign." His lectures before the Chicago Law School on the English Constitution and Trial by Jury, his lecture on Municipal Government, his address before the Historical Society and at the opening of the new Board of Trade were memorable, each in its way, and the volumes of the North American Review con- tain essays by him of marked power and brilliancy. Then, too, since his death, two interesting and instructive volumes have been published for the benefit of his widow, a bio- graphy and a collection of political sayings and speeches. They are delightful reading. Oil reaching, in the rough chronological order which has been followed, the last of the lawyers who were best known at the Chicago bar at the the outbreak of the war for the union, I find that my limit of space has been far passed. This suggests that as there must be an arbitrary line drawn some- where (it being impossible to treat individu- ally the 2,800 practitioners now at that bar or even to make a fair and intelligent choice among them) the subject may now be dis- missed with a few words. Immensity of field and of number of oper- ators leads in all departments of life to L CF OF THE BENCH AND BAR. 183 specialization, classification, division of la- bor. The early practitioner was in fact as well as in name attorney and counsellor at law, solicitor in chancery and proctor in admiralty. His law embraced the civil and the criminal; the federal and the State, actions ex contractu and ex delicto. A case of murder, robbery, assault, slander or petty theft, the getting or contesting of a divorce, the getting or the infringement of a patent, a debt, an accident, a breach of contract or of trust, a collision on the lake or a land-claim connected with its shore line, ejectment, attachment, garnishment, distraint, replevin, pension, probate, trespass on rights of person or property any and all were grist in his mill, and nothing was sent away. It is still the same with a large pro- portion of the younger practitioners, but among the leaders it is otherwise. Few are offered retainers on the criminal side of the court, and fewer still accept them. The patent lawyers are a class by themselves, as are the admiralty lawyers. Divorce is largely isolated, also the soliciting of pensions. Con- demnation cases are urged of necessity by corporation lawyers, and they have also the defence in the immense business of railway damage cases. Real estate takes all the time of some offices; criminal court practice that of others. This all tends toward the better doing of the work. The shoemaker no longer makes harnesses, or the blacksmith, plows. The general practitioner, on meeting in a partic- ular case a specialist whose life is devoted to causes of that particular class, finds himself handicapped, and if he does justice to his client it is only by an unreasonable and un- profitable outlay of time and care, seeing that he may never have another case calling for the same kind of knowledge. Therefore, litigants are constantly met by civil excuses, which say in effect: "That is not in our line. You may better go to so-and-so." And, however hurt the applicant may feel, the advice is for his own good. Under such influences, law is becoming more and more a science, more and more the outgrowth of the law-school, and less the achievement of irrepressible individual power in the "self-made man." To quote the late Chief Justice Waite: The time has gone by when an eminent lawyer in full practice can take a class of students into his office and become their teacher. Once that was practicable, but now it is not. The consequence is that law schools are now a necessity. Another authority quotes as follows: Mr. Herron, in his work on the History of Juris- prudence, declares that in the matter of legal reform and in that of legal authorship the United States have surpassed England, and he attributes the fact "to the superior legal education which the Ameri- can lawyers receive, and to the schools of law established throughout the United States." The Northwestern University Law School (the circular whereof is my authority for the above quotations) deserves notice in an article on the Bench and Bar of Chicago, for it has had a great influence in their forma- tion, and it is destined still more largely to shape their future. In its faculty and list of lecturers it shows (among others) the fol- lowing distinguished names: Judge Blodgett, Justices Harlan and Brewer, of the U. S. Supreme Court: Judge Gresham, of the U. S. Court of Appeals; Judge Bunn, of the U. S. District Court; Judge Elliott, Chief Justice of Indiana; Judge Thompson, of the St. Louis Court of Appeals, and ex-Judges Booth and Farwell of the Illinois courts. By great and constant effort the bench has been to some extent freed from the clash of party politics. The candidates for judge- ships are chosen from each political party alternately; and by affiliation, half are Demo- crats and half Republicans; the vacancies as they occur being filled from the party claim- ing the allegiance of the retiring judge. This does not, by its own force, produce a "non- partisan" judiciary; it is merely a judiciary equally divided as to political creed. But in effect the end is reached, for it is almost uni- versally conceded that politics have no pre- ceptiblc influence on judicial action. In each case the elevation of a man to the high office the tremendous power and responsi- bility of a judge on the bench, gives him a view of duties and obligations far above that 184 11ISTOHY OF CHICAGO. which he possessed us a private citizen. Most lawyers bewail the system of an elective judiciary, with the harrassing often humil- iating position in which it places candidates for office at a popular election . But the ef- fective answer to their fault-finding is an appeal to the result. By all pre-conceived notions the system should be disastrous; in experience it is essentially successful. Competition not the low-lived rivalry for the business of any particular client, but general and tremendous emulation prevails. The man who simply does his duty is left behind in the race; he who does more than his duty, reaches out for new usefulness, grasps at new responsibilities, shoulders new labors, he it is whose success verifies the well- worn saying, "There is always room at the top." The man who learns every Ihing, for- gets nothing, tires never, fears not at all and keeps a smiling, good-humored, thoughtful face through good hours and bad, through victory and defeat, is the man whose course is clear. He only need add to these, perfect health, perfect habits, nerves of iron and a stainless record, to make him sure of reach- ing that pleasant upper region where elbow- room is plenty, where he can choose his cases, his clients and his course. Many have got- ten there and more are getting there; but at the same time, wrecks strew the shore and skeletons the roadside. It was Richard Hooker, "The Judicious Hooker" who (in the sixteenth century) said: "Of law there can be no less acknowledged than that her seat is the bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the world: All things in heaven and earth do her homage, the very least as feeling her care, and the greatest as not exempt from her power." Mention has already been made of the embryotic stage in the evolution of Chicago's judiciary system the days when it was "reaching blindly toward the light," the days (well within the memory of living men) when John Kinzie was repeatedly nominated justice of the peace before he or any other justice was commissioned; and the slow years when, even after several had been com- missioned, no courts were held, no dockets kept (so far as we know) and, in short, noth- ing done officially beyond the marrying of two or three couples. Also of the infant stage infans, speech- less when though a court of record was ordered, none was organized because there was no case to try. These were followed by a circuit court which tried its first case in the spring of 1834; the circuit at that time embracing all the State lying north of the Illinois river; that is, the counties of Cook, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Hancock, McDonough, Knox, Warren, Jo Daviess, Mercer, Rock Island and Henry. Two terms a year were to be held in each of these fifteen counties, (now subdivided into thirty-nine) making thirty terms in all. This migratory court made necessary a peripatetic bar; and the good old custom of "circuit-riding" was the result. Judges and lawyers rode on horseback or traveled in country wagons across the counties; talking law, politics, religion or what-not; bandying jests and stories.playing jokes on each other, braving frost and snow, rain and sleet, winds and floods, sunshine and clouds, and carry- ing their saddle-bags, as a general rule, the entire law-library on which they relied in the cases they had to try. Ex-judge Mark Bangs, now (1894) one of the veterans of the State Bar, describes this life as, on the whole, the very happiest slate possible to man\ Judge Goodrich (quoted in II Andreas p. 422) says: The practice of riding the circuit in those early days, while it may be regarded as the knight- errantry of the profession, was an admirable train- ing-school to make ready and skillful practitioners. The want of books compelled reliance upon reason and leading principles. To which Isaac N. Arnold adds: I have known the trip to Springfield to take five days and nights, dragging wearily thorough mud and sleet; and there was an amount of discomfort OF 1 E' *. Of THE BENCH AND BAR. 185 and annoyance about it sufficient to exhaust the patience of the most amiable. But the June journey was as agreeable as the December trip was repulsive. A four-in-hand, with splendid horses; thebestTroy coaches; good company; the exhilaration of great speed over an elastic road much of it a turf of grass, oft*n crushing under our wheels the most beautiful wild flowers; every grove fragrant with blossoms framed in the richest green; our roads not fenced in, but with freedom to choose our route; here and there a picturesque log cabin covered with vines; boys and girls on their way to the log schools; and the lusty farmer digging his fortune out of the rich earth. . . . The judge usually sat upon a raised platform, with a pine or whitewood board on which to write his notes. A small table stood on one side for his desk, around which were grouped the lawyers, toD often, I must admit, with their feet on top of it. . . . The court-rooms were always crowded. At court were rehearsed and enacted the drama, the tragedy and the comedy of real life. . . . The judges and lawyers were the stars; and wit and humor, pathos and eloquence always had appreciative audiences. The leading advocates had their partisans, personal and political, and the merits of each were canvassed in every cabin and school-house and at every horse-race, bee and raising. In such a school were Lincoln, Douglas, David Davis and their kind forged, hard- ened, sharpened and tempered. Can we wonder at their rude strength and clear- cutting acuteness? Their absolute readiness when the crisis came? The rapid growth of Chicago's law busi- ness encumbered the circuit docket with hundredsof untried cases; and as a measure of relief the city charter (1837) provided two new courts; a mayor's court, wherein the chief officers of the city exercised a jurisdic- tion equal to that of a justice of the peace and a municipal court, having a jurisdiction concurrent with that of the circuit court. The latter held six terms a year, and its ses- sions were practically continuous. The gen- eral bankruptcy of 1837 impelled debtors a designation embracing nearly every citi- zento try to abolish lawsuits by abolishing this most efficient court. The attempt was, for a time, frustrated by the noble efforts of such great men as Collins, Butterfield, Ryan, Scammon, Spring, Goodrich, Arnold and the Ogdens; but the legislature did, after all pass the law; the court was abolished and the huge dockets stagnated once more. The next measure of relief was the crea- tion of additional supreme court justices and their assignment to circuit duties, and at the first term held after this provision was made, there were more than a thousand cases for trial. A special term was held in 1842, whereat Judge Stephen A. Douglas presided, the only time he ever held court in Chicago. Later (1843) a third annual term of the circuit court was provided for Cook county, and in 1845 the legislature established a county court having jurisdic- tion substantially concurrent with that of the circuit courts. Hugh T. Dickey was its first judge, and made for himself an envia- ble record in the office. The next step in advance was the institu- tion of the first United States Court in Chi- cago; it being opened and presided over by Judge Nathaniel Pope, in the absence of Judge McLean of the circuit court. In the same year the new State constitu- tion was adopted, which divided the State into seven judicial circuits, with a provision that the number might be enlarged by the legislature, which provision made possible many subsequent movements calculated to keep the court facilities abreast with the progress of population and business. Be- tween 1848 and 1870 the number of circuits was increased to thirty. The constitution also continued the county courts in the coun- ties of Cook and Jo Daviess, thus providing continuous sessions (should they be needed) in Chicago and Galena. Giles Spring was elected judge of the county court, to succeed Judge Dickey who had resigned to take his place on the circuit bench. The mayor's court was also kept up, being the fore-runner of all our police courts, seeing that on April 26, 1849, it was ordered that "violators of any city ordinance be brought before the mayor, daily, at nine o'clock, in his office in the north room of the market." (The mar- ket at this time occupied State street be- tween Lake and Randolph streets.) ISO HISTORY OF CHICAGO. In 1851 the legislature amended the city charter so far as to empower the common council to designate justices of the peace to act as police justices, and continued the same powers in the mayor. Beside ordering the continuance of the county courts of Cook and Jo Daviess counties, the constitution of 1848 instituted for each county in the State a county court of peculiar and limited jurisdiction as follows: The jurisdiction of said court shall extend to all probate and such other jurisdiction as the general assembly shall confer in civil cases, and such crim- inal cases as may be prescribed by law, where the punishment is by fine only, not exceeding one hundred dollars. To remedy the confusion arising from the existence of two courts with like name but diverse jurisdictions, the legislature added the words "common pleas " to the old name of the county courts of Cook and Jo Davieas. It was in the Cook County Court of Common Pleas that Judge Skinner (elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Spring) took his seat in the September term of 1851 and held court continuously for seven months, clearing off a large accumula- tion of cases and bringing the docket up to date, a state of things which he maintained through his term, at the sacrifice of his own health, for he was compelled by weakness to decline re-election. In 1853 the legislature established for Chicago the " Recorders Court," giving it jurisdiction as follows : Concurrent with the circuit court in all criminal cases except treason and murder, and in all civil cases where the amount in controversy should not exceed $100, also all appeals from justice courts. The business of the United States courts had been growing constantly and in spite of the remarkable power and unwearied devotion of Judge Drummond the accu- mulations were considerable. In 1856 the judge added three "adjourned terms" to the two provided by act of Congress, making the sittings, practically, almost continuous, seeing that the terms began on the first Mondays of March, May, July and October, and the third Monday in December. (These sessions were in addition to those he was called upon to hold in the other courts in his district.) The " Cook County Court of Common Pleas" was supplanted in 1859 by the "Superior Court of Chicago," consisting of three judges, one of whom was the existing judge of the County Court of Common Pleas (John M. Wilson), and the other two (elected in the following April) were Grant Goodrich and Van H. Higgins. Judge Goodrich was succeeded by Judge Joseph E. Gary, now the senior of Chicago judges. Judge Higgins was succeeded by the late lamented John A. Jameson. This, then, was the small and inadequate provision of State courts of record for the growing city during the " stormy sixties ;" one circuit court for the circuit of Cook and Lake counties, three superior courts for the city of Chicago, and one recorder's court for certain criminal matters and all appeals from justices of the peace. As may be imagined, these few tribunals were crowded to excess, and in hundreds of cases the delay of hearing amounted to a denial of justice. The constitution of 1870 made a strenuous and successful effort to meet the emergency and remedy the evil. It made Cook county a circuit by itself, with a court of five judges, to be increased proportionately with any in- crease in population. The first judges to hold offices under the new law were W. W. Far well, Henry Booth, John G. Rogers, beside Judge E. S. Williams (holding over) and Lambert Tree, elected to fill a vacancy in the recorder's court, which was continued under the name of the "Criminal Court of Cook County," its juris- diction being enlarged to the full scope of a circuit court, and its bench being provided for by assignment of judges from the circuit and superior courts. The superior court and the county court THE I3ENCH AND BAR. 187 were continued; therefore the newly made pro- visions doubled the judicial force and gave promise of a system of judicature ample, unhurried, deliberate and dignified, com- mensurate with the interests at stake. But the catastrophe of October 8-9, 1871, threw all into chaos. Every scrap of record of every case in every court vanished from the face of the earth in one short half-hour. Scarcely a law book was left in the city. Scarcely a law office had, on Monday morn- ing, anything but ashes to show for all the papers, files, documents, records, books and letters which had crowded its desks, shelves and pigeon-holes on Saturday night. The mind refuses to grasp the "abomina- tion of desolation" which confronted the bench and bar as the smoke cleared away and the ruins grew cold with the coming of the hard winter of 1871-2. It would be useless to try to tell or even to imagine how the order of things was restored; or, rather, how a new order of things was instituted. Thousands of pend- ing cases were never resumed, partly because of the destruction of evidence, partly because of the loss of means to carry on the litiga- tion, partly because judgment, if recovered, would be valueless upon execution. Savings were lost, fortunes destroyed, hopes blasted and lives wrecked, beyond count and beyond human conception. Yet the recovery had to be made was made. The "burnt record act" provided for the restoration of records where possible, and the admission of copies in place of original documents under certain restrictions. Also for the establishment of a separate docket and calendar for "burnt record" cases, they being entitled to more prompt hearing and dispatch than other actions. So, through the purging the courts of hundreds of baseless causes, the forced abandonment of hundreds of others more meritorious, the invincible courage and industry of bench, bar and clientage, litigation has been renewed and the stream has flowed on, higher and stronger than ever, scarce a ripple on its surface marking the wrecks that lie below. The next change in the system was the establishment (1874) of appellate courts by the legislature in accordance with the pro- vision of the constitution of 1870. Four were provided in all, of which one was located in Chicago. Each court has three judges who sit together; and has appellate jurisdic- tion (only) in matters of appeal and writ of error from final judgments, orders and de- crees of the circuit and superior courts, ex- cept in criminal matters and cases involving a franchise, a freehold, or the validity of a statute. In these cases appeal and writ of error lie direct to the supreme court. The appellate court, therefore, is only efficient for the relief of the supreme court, and adds nothing to the efficiency of the courts of first instance. The appellate judges are provided by assignment (under the order of the su- preme court) from the circuit and superior courts. The first judges assigned in the Chicago District, were W. W. Heaton, George W. Pleasants and Theodore D. Murphy. The next change and one of the most important in the judiciary system of Cook county, was the institution (1877) of the probate court, of which Joshua C. Knicker- bocker was elected judge. To condense the very able article on this subject contained in III Andreas, p. 246: The status of this court was early brought in question, and several decisions of the supreme court have been required to settle the controversy. . . . The first question raised was the constitutionality of the act providing for the establishment of probate courts in each of the counties having a population of 70,000 and over. The supreme court at tbe March term, 1882 . . . sustained the constitutionality of the act. The next question . . . arose out of a conflict of jurisdiction between this and the county court. Judge Knickerbocker assumed the position that when the probate court was established the county court in such county was deprived of its jurisdiction in matters of probate and all other matters over which probate courts are given jurisdiction . . . that of the probate court being exclusive. This opinion was confirmed by the supreme court in Klokke vs. Dodge. The Federal courts have not increased 188 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. part passu with those of the State; nor hsa their business been of uniform growth as has that of the others. Their greatest single volume of business was that arising under the Federal statute of bankruptcy, passed March 2, 1867 and repealed May 11, 1878; during which 5,349 cases, involving proba- bly $25,000,000, were adjudicated in the district court; most of them under the great jurist, Henry W. Blodgett, who became judge of that court Jan. 11, 1870, and held the office continuously until 1892 when he resigned to accept the high post of counsel for the American commissioners in the Ber- ing Sea arbitration. Perhaps the next largest branch of litiga- tion has been the foreclosure in the U. S. Circuit Court of railway mortgages and deeds of trust; such cases to the number of a score or more having come before the court; in- volving property to the value of not less than $20,000,000. The other most noted cases tried in the Federal courts have been those connected with the internal revenue system, including the celebrated "Whisky Eing" prosecu- tions, which were instituted and carried to a triumphant conclusion before Judge Henry W. Blodgett, under the district attorneyship of Hon. Mark Bangs, assisted by able counsel and opposed by all the force and ingenuity which could be brought to bear through personal and political influen- ces and an unlimited use of money. The latest change in the Federal judicial system is the establishment (1890) of the appellate courts. These are organized in each judicial circuit in the Union, and serve as intermediate tribunals wherein a considerable proportion of the cases ap- pealed from the circuit and district courts have final adjudication; to the very great re- lief of the supreme court of the United States. The court of appeals for the seventh judicial circuit (Indiana, Illinois and Wis- consin) holds its sessions in Chicago. It will be interesting to contrast the "day of small things," shown in the opening pages of this article, with the massive edifice of judicature existing now; just sixty years later. FEDERAL COURTS.* TJ. S. Court of Appeals: Justice, John M. Harlan; Judges, William A. Woods and James G. Jenkins; Clerk, Oliver T. Morton; terms, October in each year. U. S. Circuit Court : Judge James G. Jenkins; Clerk Sherburne W. Burnham; law terms, 1st Monday in March, May, July and October, and 3d Monday in December; Chancery terms every month. U. S. District Court: Judge, Peter S. Grosscup; law terms same as Circuit Court. STATE COURTS. Appellate Court, First District: Judges, Joseph E. Gary, Henry M. Shepard, and Arba N. Waterman; Clerk, T. G. McElli- gott; terms, 1st Tuesday in March and Oct- ober. Circuit Court of Cook county: Judges, Murray F. Tuley, Chief Justice; Richard S. Tuthill, Oliver H. Horton, Richard W. Cliff- ord, Arba N. Waterman, Frank Baker, Sam- uel P. McConnell, Francis Adams, Thomas G. Windes, Edward F. Dunne, Abner Smith, John Gibbons, Elbridge Hanecy and Ed- mund W. Burke; Clerk, Frank M. Gaulter; terms, 3d Monday in each month. Superior Court of Cook county: Judges, Joseph E. Gary, Chief Justice; Theodore Brentano, Henry M. Shepard, Philip Stein, Jonas Hutchinson, James Goggin, William G. Ewing, John B. Payne, Nathaniel C. Sears, George F. Blanke, Arthur Chetlain and Henry V. Freeman; Clerk, Stephen D. Griffin; terms, 1st Monday in each month. County Court: Judge Frank Scales; Clerk, Henry Wulff; terms, 2d Monday in each month. Probate Court: Judge, Christian C. Kohl- saat; Clerk, Roger C. Sullivan; terms, third Monday in each month. Criminal Court: Presided over by Judges of the Circuit and Superior Courts; Clerk, *For this compendium the author is indebted to Alfred L. Smith, Esq., compiler of Court Reports. OF W r WIWEBSITY fl? THE BENCH AND BAR. 189 John C. Schubert; terms, 1st Monday in (for about sixty days) the judges are in vaca- each month. tion, except one each of the Circuit and Supe- This presents an array of thirty-one courts rior Judges, who remain in session for emer- presided over by thirty-four judges. Almost gencies, injunctions, receiverships, writs of all the courts are in practically continuous ses- habeas corpus, etc. The Probate Court is sion, except during the heat of summer, when also opened every week for pressing business. CHAPTER V. SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. THE perfection of the Common Law ? has been the boast of jurists and lawyers since its foundations were laid in early English history, in the applica- tion of the principles of justice and equity, through judicial decisions, to the varying needs of an advancing civilization. However paradoxical it may appear, the perfection of the system consists in its imperfection. From the nature of the case it can never attain per- fection, for its chief glory consists in its flex- ibility; not indeed in its fundamental maxims and principles, but in the application of these to the ever changing phases of enlarging com- merce, and the new requirements of improv- ing social conditions. The Common Law of England met with an infinite variety of new conditions when it was transplanted to America, especially when the monarchical and aristocratic institutions among which it h'ad its birth and early maturity, gave way before the advance of democratic and popular government. And on this side of the ocean the evolution of trade and manufactures, the growth of liberal ideas, the expansion of inland commerce, the rise of corporate fran- chises and the introduction of new inven- tions, as well as an almost infinite variety of new interests, has called for radical changes in its ancient code. Again, as the settlement of the country has progressed, pushing a teeming population away from the Atlantic sea-board over the mountains, and spreading it. over the interior valleys, modifications in application of principles, and administration of justice have been continually introduced. In the evolution of such a city as Chicago it is inevitable that a great variety of new occasions should arise, in which the Common Law becomes plastic under the moulding hands of a local judiciary. Then the changes which the Statute Law, not always wisely or intelligently framed, has introduced, not only in methods of pro- cedure but in personal and civil rights as well, has given occasion for judicial construc- tion, and introduced continually new and changing obligations and remedies. So in- finite are the phases of civil relations, so variant the customs of society, and so dominant the passions and ambitions of men, that a condition of settled and perma- nent administration of law is never reached. Precedents established to-day are over- turned to-morrow. Decisions applied to one state of facts, with unquestioned pro- priety, are unsuited to the exigencies of another. In proportion as a community is progressive, as its relations become complex, as its commerce broadens and its interests diversify, there arises a continual need of judicial interference and construction, to interpret laws, and apply them for the pro- motion of justice. For such reasons perfec- tion is never reached. No sooner are one set of precedents established than varying conditions require others. Hence, as a city like Chicago grows in numbers and increases in business, courts multiply, judges have to be increased in number, calendars become crowded, and the bar becomes an essential and efficient power in the harmonious de- velopment of its life. It is interesting, and not without a degree of profit, that one reviews the records of past controversies, and observes the progres- 190 Of SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 191 Source of Land Titles. sive march of the law as it keeps pace with the growth of interests and the expansion of life. It is proposed to gather up from the judi- cial records of Chicago some of the notable cases and subjects which have occupied the thought of the judiciary and the bar a task not entirely barren of interest, and marking in a manner, like landmarks, the progress of the social and political life. The United States was the original source of the land titles in the city of Chicago. That part of the original plat lying between Mad- ison and Kinzie streets on the south and north, and State and Ilalsted streets on the east and west, containing three-eighths of a square mile, and lying upon the main channel of the Chicago river, and over the junction of the two branches, was what was known as "Canal Land, "having been granted by Congress in 1827 to the State of Illinois for the purpose of aiding in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal. In the autumn of 1829, commissioners Authorized the laying out the " Town of Chi- cago " on the section comprised within the above mentioned limits. That part of the town lying between the lake shore and State street, was a part of the military reservation of Fort Dearborn, and was surveyed, platted and sold at a later date, under instructions from the Secretary of War, by authority of an act of Congress, and was known as Fort Dearborn Addition. As the city extended its limits the titles were derived from the Canal Trustees or from the Land Office, ac- cording as they were situated upon odd or even numbered sections. As may be con- jectured many disputes and collisions oc- curred in the allotment among settlers and purchasers of these tracts, which depended upon questions of fact settled by the rude authorities of those days, without giving rise to proceedings which have become historical. Jean Baptiste Beaubean, a trader with the Indians, and son of a French pioneer of Detroit, had purchased a rude house and occupied unchallenged an undefined piece of ground The Beaubean Claim. outside the walls of Fort Dearborn. As the prospects of making a town began to brighten, and some value began to be at- tached to lands, he made one or two ineffec- tual attempts to enter his claim. At last in May, 1835, he applied to the Register and Receiver of the Government Land Office in Chicago to enter the southwest fractional quarter of section 10, township 37, range 14 east, containing a trifle over 75 acres of land, for which he tendered in payment $94.61. His application was granted, a receipt for the purchase money made, and a certificate of entry made and delivered to him. The next year Murray McConnell, a lawyer residing at Jacksonville, as grantee of the greater part of the claim, brought a suit of ejectment in the Circuit Court of Cook county against Col. Lafayette Wilcox, who was in charge as Agent of the United States of the government property at Fort Dear- born. The action was tried before Judge Thomas Ford at the October term of 1830, of the Circuit Court. Mr. McConnell tried the case on the part of the plaintiff, and David J. Baker, Esq., United States District Attorney, appeared for the defendant. Judge Ford held that the entry by Beau- bean was valid, but that it could not be enforced against the United States until a patent had issued. He directed a verdict to be entered for the defeiidant. Tradition af- firms that President Jackson had a patent before him, and was in the act of attaching his signature to it, when he was informed of the pendency of the suit, when he tore the paper into fragments, and threw them under his feet. This, however, lacks verification. Mr. McConnell appealed the case to the State Supreme Court, where it was elabor- ately argued. The case is fully reported in 1st Scammon, 344. The opinion of the court, prepared by Justice Smith covers thirty four pages of Scammon's Reports. Judge Lock- wood dissented and Judge Wilson declined to sit from interest. The Circuit Court was reversed. The court held the decision of the Register and Receiver, on the question of preemptibility of 192 HISTOR7 OF CHICAGO. the land, judicial in its nature and con- clusive; that the military reservation had in fact been abandoned by the government; that the action would lie against the agent of the U. S., and that the laws of Illinois made the land office certificate, a competent title, and governed the case. The opinion discussing these and a number of other collateral questions, is an interesting one. It is apparent that the Court deemed the questions important ones, and designed to lay down a precedent which should settle the mooted questions. It is, too, an able opinion, citing copious authorities, and reasoning out its conclusions with a chain of specious, if not sound logic. The case was then removed to the Supreme Court of the U. S. by writ of error, where it was again elaborately argued at the January term of 1839, and the opinion of the supreme court reversing the State Supreme Court was delivered by Justice Barbour, and is reported in 13 Peters' Reports 497. It held that the receipt and certificate of entry by the local land officers were void, as made upon a subject, over which they had no jurisdiction, since the land was a part of a military reservation, which, though some- times left unoccupied, had been made by competent authority, and could not be deemed abandoned when left unoccupied by stress of military events; and finally that the laws of Illinois had no application to the case; that it was solely governed by the laws of the United States. JSlo more thorough overthrow of the logic of a State Court was ever made by the Federal Court. The case well illustrates the conflict which local and general views produce, even in the highest tribunals, serving different jurisdictions. While these proceedings were in progress in the courts, an effort was made in 1838 to establish the claim in Congress. Testimony was submitted, and the merits of Mr. Beau- bean as a settler and friend of the govern- ment in its relations with the Indians, were strongly insisted on. The committee having the matter under consideration, was informed that there was good reason to suspect collusion on the part of the local land officers, and reported adversely. In 1840 the United States filed a bill in chancery, to procure the cancellation of the certificate issued to Mr.' Beaubean, and he was decreed to surrender it for can- cellation, and the purchase money which he had paid was refunded to him. When the Fort Dearborn addition was sold by the government, a number of lots were selected by Mr. Beaubean, with the understanding among the settlers that no one should bid against him. A speculator however, bid so that Mr. Beaubean secured only one lot for which he paid $225. An indignation meeting was held by the settlers, but it was ineffectual to set aside legal decisions or cancel title. At last Congress passed an act donating to Mr. Beaubean four or five lots as com- pensation for his improvements, which closed the long and exciting controversy over the Beaubean claim. The early settlers of Chicago, largely nur- tured in New England, and imbued witU FU itive ^ e sentiments of equality and Slaves, liberty so intense and predominant in that section of the country, infused into the community a leven of their principles and sentiments that, while professedly loyal to what were at that time in political circles, denominated the "Compromises of the Consti- tution," it was difficult to carry them into effect, when they called for the surrender of escaped slaves into their former bondage. "The underground railroad" ran through Chicago on its way to Canada and had there many vigilant station agents. Neither the judges of the courts nor the officers charged with the administration of the law, were vigilant to enforce its require- ments upon alleged fugitives, while public opinion was violently opposed to it. It resulted that few fugitives were returned and applications after a few unsuccessful attempts, fell into "innocuous desuetude." In the annals of the Bench and Bar of Chicago, the following incident is related: "In August, 1833, there resided in Chicago, SOME NOTABLE TtttAtS IN CHICAGO. ins six or seven free colored men, all of whom had come from free States. The lawgivers of Illinois, however, had not contemplated such a contingency, the earlier population (of the State at large) having come from slave States. The laws had provided that if a negro was found in the State without free papers, he should be prosecuted and fined, and if necessary, sold to pay the fine. Some of the enemies of the black man, or pro slavery admirers of the black code, or believers in the blessings of the peculiar institution for the heaven-marked subject race, or possibly some aspirant for political preferment at the hands of the dominant party, which was largely under the control of the slave holding aristocracy of the South, felt it to be their duty or interest to prosecute these early representatives here of the pro- scribed race. J. G. Caton undertook their defense and pleaded their case before the Court of County Commissioners. This was putting a very liberal interpretation of judi- cial powers on the rather euphemistic term court, as applied to the Board of County Commissioners. But ' Court ' was then the legal designation of that body, and the young lawyer overcame their natural modesty, or their unwillingness to assume a function hitherto unheard of. They ended by acced- ing to the learned Jurists' exposition of the law, and as the highest accessible repre- sentatives of the judiciary of the sovereign State of Illinois, they granted to his grateful clients the required certificates of freedom, which were never questioned, and passed for excellent free papers. Mr. Caton's fee was a dollar from each of the beneficiaries." The first fugitive slave case that arose is described by Andreas in his interesting narra- tive of the Bench and Bar of Chicago. " On the seventh of June, 1851, before George W. Meeker, U. S. Commissioner, was ar- raigned one Morris Johnson, alleged to be a runaway slave. Crawford E. Smith, of Lafayette county, Mo., by power of attorney to Samuel S. Martin, of Chicago, had him arrested as his slave William, who had escaped from his premises July 4th, 1850. '' After a trial which occupied three days, besides postponements, the prisoner was dis- charged on the 13th, ostensibly because of a discrepancy between the writ and the record. The former called for a copper colored negro five feet five inches in height, while the latter showed a dark enough negro to be called black, while he measured five feet eight inches. His acquittal was largely due to the unpopularity of the law and the un- willingness of the bench, bar and people of Chicago to act as negro hunters for southern slave holders. Among other obstacles thrown in the way of the owner's representatives in this case, was the demand that they should prove by other than hearsay testimony that Missouri was a slave State. Had the decision been different, it is probable that Crawford E. Smith would have been no nearer getting possession of his chattel, as the ' under- ground railroad ' was at that time in active operation here.'' Another case is related by the same au- thority. " Three alleged fugitive slaves, thrown into jail in Chicago on a charge of assault were taken to Springfield on a writ of habeas corpus issued by Judge Treat of the Supreme Court, and discharged by him, September 22, 1854. Some ten weeks later, Col. Henry Wilton, U. S. Marshal arrived in Chicago from Springfield, armed with four writs for the arrest of as many runaway slaves. He ordered out the Light Guards in anticipation of resistance, and directed that company A of the National Guards should be in readiness. The officer in command of the Light Guards took legal advice from ex- Judge Dickey, who assured him that Henry AVilton had no legal authority to issue such an order, whereupon the military withdrew, and the Marshal returned to Springfield without the fugitives." The proclamation of emancipation by Abraham Lincoln, sealed by the surrender at Appomatox, so unified American institu- tions on the basis of the equal and inaliena- ble rights of all men, that no similar de- mand could arise. While the city was young and its commerce 194 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. restricted, not much attention was paid to Lake Front the "Parian rights, which in controversies, the course of her growth to commercial supremacy, have become of great importance and inestimable value. Titles to lands abutting upon the lake were derived from the government through the Fort Dearborn reservation, the sale of canal lands, and direct purchases of lands in even numbered sections from the land office. Through these lands streets were dedicated in original plats, or laid by municipal author- ity, sometimes skirting the lake front, and in other cases running at a right angle from it. When lands were donated to the State in aid of the Illinois Central railroad, a right of way through the public lands was given one hundred feet in width. In the grant of these lands made to the railroad company, the right of way was widened to two hundred feet, and in the ordinances of the city extending the right of way through the corporate limits, it was again broadened to three hundred feet. The company in con- sideration of the municipal grant undertook and constructed a breakwater outside of its line, at enormous expense, along the whole water front of the city. In 1853, James H. Collins, one of the able and early lawyers in the city, applied to the Cook County Court of Common Pleas, pre- sided over by Judge Skinner, for an injunc- tion against the Illinois Central railroad company. Mr. Skinner owned a lot abutting the lake, and claimed ownership to the mid- dle of the lake, and contested the right of way. The petitioner argued the case in his own behalf, assisted by I. N. Arnold and J. M. Wilson, while the railroad side was con- ducted by James P. Joy, of Detroit. The litigation resulted in a compromise by which the railroad company paid Mr. Collins dam- ages, and secured the right of way over his land. The next year a similar suit was instituted by Clias. Walker, who owned an abutting lot, in the circuit court, Judge Morris presiding Commissioners had awarded to Mr. Walker $47,800 damages, from which an appeal was taken; eight days were occupied in taking testimony, and two in the argument of coun- sel. The jury found for tha plaintiff and assessed his damages at $20,712. Thus the right of abutting owners to payment for land taken by the railroad company for its right of way, notwithstanding the grants by the government, the State, and the city, was established and acquiesced in by the com- pany. Thus matters stood for thirty years. In the meantime the railroad company had acquired other rights by purchase of land and city ordinances, and had built many tracks along the lake front, filled in a broad stretch between the ancient shore line and its tracks, and erected stations, slips, ware- houses and other structures to accommodate its immense traffic. It had become a great and wealthy corporation. The City too had grown, and its commerce expanded. A new generation had come upon the stage, less ready to extend privileges to an exacting corporation, and disposed to criticise and limit those somewhat improvidently granted by the authorities of the infant City, intent only upon securing the entrance of the rail- road . The railroad company had secured a con- firmation of its claims by an act of the State legislature passed in 1869 over the veto of Governor Palmer, by virtue of which it made most extravagant claims. It claimed owner- ship in fee of three blocks of ground situated at the north end of Lake Park and adjoining the companies' railroads; also the absolute ownership of the bed of Lake Michigan for one and a half miles along the whole lake front, and one mile into the lake. Also the exclusive right to build, own and control for its own profit, piers, docks and wharves, in the outer harbor of Chicago, and by virtue of certain ordinances of the city, passed in 1852, '5 and '6, it also claimed the right to widen its railroad one hundred feet into the lake from Randolph street to Twelfth street, and the right to use in perpetuity two trian- C/ **** SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 195 gular pieces of ground covering an area of several acres recovered from the lake in front of ground belonging to the United States. The value of the property and rights claimed was estimated by the United States Attorney at $100,000,000. Kestive under these comprehensive claims, and moved with indignation at the prospect of the heritage of the people being appropri- ated by a grasping corporation for private profit, in March, 1883, a suit was instituted by the State of Illinois, on relation of the attorney-general, against the Illinois Central railway company, the city of Chicago and the United States, in the circuit court, which, on petition of the railroad company was removed into the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois. The railroad company and the City of Chi- cago appeared in the suit and filed their voluminous pleadings. The United States had not appeared, when in 1877 the Attorney- General of the United States called upon William G.Ewing, the United States District Attorney, for a report of the facts of the case, and the interest which the United States had in the controversy. His report, bearing date June, 1887, is a thorough and compre- hensive statement of the facts bearing upon the acquisition of whatever title the railroad company had obtained, and a very able legal opinion,the conclusion of which was that the act of 1869, under which the company claimed its chief title, was void for various reasons, and recommending that the United States should institute a suit in chancery to settle the question, and vindicate what he deemed the public interest. The case, after long delay, came on for trial, at a term of the United States Circuit Court, presided over by Justice Harlan, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. After a protracted trial and exhaustive argument, the Court entered its decree, adjudging that the fee to certain lands in the City of Chicago is in the City in trust for public use, and that said City as riparian proprietor of said lands on its lake front has power to erect public landing places, etc., and that the Illinois act of 1873, repealing the act of 1869, had the effect to withdraw from the Illinois Central railroad company the grant to it by the third section of the act of 1869, of the submerged lands in Lake Michigan, and reinvested the State with its right and title thereto, etc., and enjoining the railroad company from erecting struc- tures in or filling up a certain portion of the bed of Lake Michigan. The very elaborate opinion prepared by Justice Harlan will be found in 33d Federal Reporter 730, and it is interesting, besides its discussion of the law, as a complete state- ment of the historical facts and legislative acts bearing upon the subject. The broad effect of the decree was to restore to the City of Chicago the con trol of the submerged lands along it 8 lake front and to confine the ownership of the railroad company to the right of way, or to the property which it had pur- chased or acquired from its proprietors. It swept away the arrogant claim which it had laid to the lake front and the harbor of the city. Each of the parties, the Illinois Central railroad company, the State of Illinois and the city of Chicago, appealed from the decree of the Circuit Court to the Supreme Court of the United States. The case came on for argument on the 12th of October, 1892, and three days were occupied with the hearing. The arguments were made by Messrs. B. F. Ayer and John N. Jewett, for the railroad company, by Messrs. John S. Miller and S.S. Gregory for the City, and by the Attorney General, Mr. George Hunt, for the State of Illinois. A final decision was made on the 5th of December, 1892. The opinion of the court was prepared by Mr. Justice Field, and may be found in full in 146 U. S. Re- ports 387-476. It was more radical and sweeping than that of the Circuit Court had been. The main provisions of the decree were affirmed, but 196 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. on different grounds from those on which the Court below had placed it while in some of its minor details it was modified. The court took the broad ground that the act of the Illinois legislature of 1869 was void as ultra vires. Among the fifteen sections of the syllabi of the case all of which are important, but too long to be copied here, the following are se- lected. 2. The works of the Illinois Central rail- road company constructed in the city of Chicago under the authority of law and by the requirement of the City as a condition of its consent that the company might lo- cate its road within its limits, are not such an encroachment upon the domain of the State, as to require the interposition of the Court for their removal or for any restric- tion in their use. 3. The Illinois Central railroad company never by the reclamation from the waters of the lake of the land upon which its tracks are laid in the city of Chicago, or by the construction of its road and works connect- ed therewith, obtained an absolute fee in the land reclaimed, nor a consequent right to dispose of the same to other parties,or to use it for any other purpose than the construct- ion and operation of its railroad thereon. 4. The Illinois Central railroad company did not acquire by the mere construction of its road and other works in Chicago, any rights as riparian proprietor to reclaim still other lands from the waters of the lake for its use, or the construction of piers, docks and wharves in the furtherance of its busi- ness. It could only reclaim the land under the waters for the construction of a railroad on a track not to exceed a specified width, and of works connected therewith. 8. The trust devolving upon the State for the public and which can only be discharged by the management and control of property in which the public has an interest, can not be relinquished by a transfer of the property 9. The legislature of Illinois cannot de- prive the State of control over the bed and the waters of the harbor of Chicago, and place the same in the hands of a private cor- poration. 10. The bed or soil of navigable waters is held by the people of the State in their char- acter of Sovereign in trust for public uses for which they are adapted. 11. The Illinois act of April 16, 1869,was in operative to affect, modify, or in any other respect to control the sovereignly or dominion of the State over the submerged lands in lake Michigan, or its ownership thereof, and any such attempted operation of the act was annulled by the repealing act of April 15, 1873. 14. The city of Chicago as riparian owner of the grounds on its east or lake front, between the north line of Randolph street and the north line of block twenty-three produced to lake Michigan, and by its char- ter, has power to construct and keep in re- pair on such lake front, public landing places, wharves, docks and levees, subject to the authority of the State to prescribe the lines beyond which such structure may not be extended into the navigable waters of the harbor, and to such supervision and control as the United States may rightfully exer- cise. 15. The State of Illinois is the owner in fee of the submerged lauds constituting the bed of lake Michigan, which the third sec- tion of the State act of April 15, 1869, pur- ported to grant the Illinois Central railroad company, and the State act of April 15, 1873, repealing the same is valid and effect- ive for the purpose of restoring to the State the same control, dominion and ownership of said lands that it had prior to the passage of the act of April 16, 1869. Thus the long struggle ended by the Tail- road company acquiring a confirmation of its right to the possession, control and enjoy- ment of its tracks along its right of way, with stations, slips, warehouses and other works essential to the operation of its rail- way, which has never been seriously ques- tioned; while all its other claims were disal- lowed and the control of the lake front, sub- TKE HBRflRY OF WZ UMJVURSITV 6F SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 199 Dearborn Park. The status of this public ground remained for more than fifty years a subject of uncer- tainty. Its origin dates back to the time when Fort Dear- born Addition, a part of the Fort Dearborn Reservation, was platted by Mathew Birch- ard, as agent of Hon. E. Poinsett, Secretary of War, on the 6th of June, 1839. On the plat then made and recorded, the half block since known as Dearborn Park, lying west of Michigan avenue and between Randolph and Washington streets, as well as all property between Randolph and Madison streets, is designated as "public ground forever to remain vacant of buildings." The plat having been signed and acknowledged by a nominal agent, did not conform to the State statute, and did not constitute a statutory dedication for public use. The ground remained an open waste, the government made no claim to it, and the local authorities bestowed no care on it. It remained a waif, without parent or protector. Only one thing was certain it must remain forever vacant of buildings. In 1852, the Illinois Central railroad company obtained a deed from the Secretary of War of the United States for its right of way along the lake front, for which it paid $45,000. In August, 1869, the question was brought to bar before Judge Drummond, of the U. S. Circuit Court, and on a bill in equity on behalf of the United States vs. the Illinois Central railroad com- pany, he held that though never legally dedicated under the State statute, it had be- come public property by virtue of a common law dedication, but subject to the restriction of remaining vacant of buildings (2 Bissel C. C. Reports 174), and he issued an injunc- tion prohibiting the railroad company from erecting a depot on a portion of the tract, for which it had obtained authority both from the State of Illinois and the City Coun- cil of Chicago. At last, after fifty-four years of uncertainty as to what use to put the ground to, the city has solved the problem by devoting the half block lying west of Michigan Avenue as a site The Anarchist Trials. for the Public Library, upon which is being erected a massive and magnificent building. While it may not be clear but that the prohibition against buildings is still in force, the use to which it is appropriated is so appropriate, and one in which every citizen has not only an interest, but a feeling of pat- riotic pride, that it is quite improbable that any question will ever be raised, or if raised, whether it may not be held that the condi- tion has become obsolete. It is certain that the considerations which gave it pertinency in 1839 have lost their force in 1893. Before proceeding to erect the library building, an act of the legislature of Illi- nois sanctioning it was obtained, and also the written consent of all the owners of property abutting the park. The trial of eight persons indicted for murder committed in the riot at Hay- market Square in Chicago on the evening of May 4th, 1886, was in some aspects the most re- markable criminal trial which has occurred in this country. It was remarkable for the wide-spread interest which it excited among all classes of the immediate community and throughout the country, from the protracted duration of the proceedings, from the dig- nity and forensic ability with which they were conducted on both sides, and espe- cially from the application of the law of Conspiracy to the case seeking to charge as principals in the crime which was the culmination of a popular tumult, the teach- ers and propogators of anarchistic theories, and the inciters of unlawful force in the columns of newspapers and in popular dis- cussions. The leading facts of the riot and trial have been narrated at pages 262 et seq.. of this volume. It is intended here to only treat of the legal principles involved and estab- lished by the Court of last resort in its affirmance of the judgment of the trial Court, and its sanction of the doctrines laid down by the learned Judge who presided at the trial. 200 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. Hon. Joseph Eastou Gary, of the Superior Court, was presiding Judge. The prosecu. tion was conducted by Mr. Julius S. Grinnell, the State's Attorney. The prisoners wer defended by W. P. Black and Messrs. Solo- mon and Zeister. The trial commenced June 21st and continued till August 20th, of which four weeks were consumed in obtain- ing a jury. Nearly one thousand talesmen were called and examined before the panel was made up. The trial developed the factsthat in a time of much excitement and unrest, during which a large element of the wage workers were agi- tating their grievances, a public meeting was called and had convened on Haymarket Square, and while being addressed by one of the defendants, Fielding was charged upon by a detachment of police, who commanded the meeting to disperse. Immediately the officers were set upon and missiles were thrown and some fire arms discharged, when a bomb, thrown by some unknown hand, ex- ploded, killing the policeman Mathias Began, whose murder was charged in the indictment, together with seven or eight others, and wounding many more. The prisoner, Par- sons, was editor of the Alarm, which had in recent issues published seditious articles, abounding with anarchistic doctrine and most atrocious sentiments, who was also present at the meeting. Another prisoner. Spies, was editor and publisher of a paper called Arbeiter Zeitung, which had lately published articles advising a resort to vio- lence and force to overturn the oppressors of labor, and the upholders of what it called a system of oppression. Another prisoner, Lingg, employed him- self in the manufacture of dynamite bombs, though the one that made the fatal explo- sion was not traced to him. The other pris- oners were identified by more or less conclu- sive testimony with the illegal conspiracy. The identity of the person who fired and threw the bomb was never established. It will be noted that the testimony to estab- lish a criminal conspiracy, to identify the prisoners with it, and to connect it with the riot and explosion which occurred at the Haymarket meeting, was circumstantial. It embraced a multitude of particulars relating to the state of public feeling, the discussions of the time, the publication of seditious articles, the sentiments expressed and appeals made in public meetings, and the sentiments, demeanor and employment of the prisoners, which, altogether, was relied on to form a chain of proof that a crime had been devised, and that the prisoners were consciously and actively participants in committing the pur- posed crime. Although demanding separate trials, they were jointly tried. It is quite impossible to gather up in the limits of a review the strands of testimony, which, twisted together, formed the rope of conviction, which in the judgment of the jury sealed the fate of the anarchists. Since the heat and fervor of feeling which the massacre aroused and which the trial fanned to a flame has passed away, the permanent interest which attaches to the trial is in the doctrine which was applied, making persons responsible for their utter- ances and acts, through the law of conspir- acy, in the ultimate convulsions and crimes which are traced to them. To feel that the responsibility cast upon Judge Gary was a heavy one, it is only need- ful to recall the discussions which this law of Conspiracy has elicited from the time of its enunciation in England; the abuses into which it fell in times of Star Chamber trials and political prosecutions, and the care with which theframersof our American Constitutions have taken, to cut off the abuses haunting ex post facto laws, attainders and constructive treasons, and to guard the liberty of opinion and of the press, while holding all to the legitimate responsibility of their overt acts. On the other hand, public feeling was wrought to a high degree of reprobation by the wild and visionary theories of the Anar- chists shamelessly avowed in newspapers, SOME NOTABLE TR[ALS IN CHICAGO. 201 pamphlets and speeches, and the atrocious measures which they advocated to subvert the law and institutions of the land most of them being refugas spawned from the vilest mass of European theroists. The public sensibilities had been shocked by the violence of the Haymarket attack upon the officers, and by the great fatality which followed the explosion. The newspapers, those potent moulders of public opinion, were clamorous in identifying the accused with the worst class of anarchists, and in demanding their conviction. Surrounded with these influences, which filled all minds as pervasively and subtilely as the atmos- phere fills the interstices of material bodies, the presiding Judge needed more than ordi- nary firmness, patience, and discernment to hold the scales of justice with an impartial hand, and grant to the accused that fair and unprejudiced trial, which it is the aim of our judicial administration to secure to all. The trial was conducted on both sides with the ability which great learning, full com- prehension of the complicated facts of the case, and professional zeal inspired, and in the main with a fair degree of courtesy. The verdict as has Deen stated found all the pris- oners guilty of murder as charged, and passed sentence of death upon all but one, to whom a term of fifteen years in the peniten- tiary was allotted. It was received with almost universal acquiescence, as merited by the testimony and facts of the unprecedented case. A case of such magnitude and importance could hardly be expected to go to judgment, without first being presented to the Appel- late Court for review, and perchance the gaining a new trial. Accordingly a writ of error was sued out, and the case came before the Supreme Court for argument. The same able attorneys represented the plaintiffs in error that had defended them at the trial, with the aid of Mr. Leonard Swett. The defendants in error were represented in addition to the State's Attorney, by Mr. George Hunt, Attorney- General, Mr. Francis W.Walker, Mr. Edmund Furthman, and Mr. George C. Ingham. That the case was exhaustively argued, and as thoroughly considered by the High Court, is evident from the fact that the report of the case occupies 267 pages of Vol. 122 of tha Illinois Reports, and the opinion of the Court delivered by Justice Magruder fills 168 pages of the same volume. On the argument the Counsel for the con- demned raised objections to the panel of jurors who were summoned by a special agent, who was alleged to have selected for jurors such men only as were known to be favorable to conviction. They objected to several of the jurors of the trial panel as confessing to opinions formed unfavorable to the prisoners. They made many criticisms upon the testimony admitted, especially to that large amount of documentary evidence, consisting of passages from anarchistical newspapers, pamphlets, and books of a gen- eral nature, as well as from papers conducted by two of the condemned. They laid great stress upon the instructions prepared by the prosecution, and approved by the Judge, especially the following : The Court further instructs the jury as a matter of law, that if they believe from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants or any of them, conspired and agreed together or with others to overthrow the law by force, or to unlaw- fully resist the officers of the law; and if they further believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that in pursuance of such conspiracy and in furtherance of the com- mon object, a bomb was thrown by a member of such conspiracy at the time, and that Matthew J. Began was killed, then such of the defendants that the jury believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, to have been parties to such conspiracy are guilty of murder, whether present at the killing or not, and whether the identity of the person throwing the bomb be established or nqt. 5. If these defendants or any two or 202 HISTORY 0/< CHICAGO. more of them conspired together with or not with any other person or persons, to excite the people or classes of people of the city to sedition, tumult and riot, to use deadly wea- pons against and take the lives of other per- sons, as a means to carry their designs and purposes into effect, and in pursuance of such conspiracy, and in furtherance of its objects, any of the persons so conspiring publicly by print or speech advised or encouraged the commission of murder, without designating time, place or occasion at which it should be done, and in pursuance of and produced by such advice or encouragement, murder was committed, then all of such conspirators are guilty of such murder, whether the per- son who perpetrated such murder can be identified or not. If such murder was com- mitted in pursuance of such advice or encour- agement and was induced thereby, it does not matter what change if any, in the order or condition of society, or what, if any, advantage to themselves or others, the con- spirators proposed as the result of their con- spiracy; nor does it matter whether such advice or encouragement had been frequent and long continued or not, except in deter- mining whether the perpetrator was or was not acting in pursuance of such advice or encouragement, and was or was not induced thereby to commit murder. If there was such conspiracy as in this instruction is recited, such advice or encouragement was given, and murder was committed in pursu- ance of and induced thereby, then all such conspirators are guilty of murder. Nor does it matter if there was such conspiracy, how impracticable or impossible of success its ends and aims were, nor how foolish and ill arranged were the plans for its execution, except as bearing upon the question of whe- ther there was or was not such conspiracy." The Counsel further assigned as error the refusal of the Court to give instructions to the jury as requested by them, especially the refusal to give the following: 8. If the jury believe from the evidence that the defendants or any of them entered into a conspiracy to bring about a change of government for the amelioration of the con- dition of the working classes, by peaceable means if possible, but if necessary, to resort to force for that purpose, and that in addi- tion thereto in pursuance of that object, the Haymarket meeting was assembled by such conspirator or conspirators to discuss the best means to right the grievances of the working classes, without any intention of doing any unlawful act on that occasion, and when so assembled the bomb by which officer Began lost his life was thrown by a person outside of said conspiracy, and without the knowledge and approval of the defendant or defendants so found to have entered into said conspiracy, then and in that case, the Court instructs the jury that they are bound to acquit the defendants. 13. The court further instructs the jury that under the constitution of this State, it is the right of the people to assemble in a peaceable manner, to consult for what they believe to be the common good, and that so long as such meeting is peaceably conducted, orderly, and not tending to riot or a breach of the peace, no official or authority has or can have any legal right to attempt the dispersion thereof in a forcible manner. Such attempt if made would be unwarranted and illegal, and might legally be resisted with such necessary and reasonable degree of force as to prevent the consummation of such dis- persal. If the jury believe from the evi- dence in this cause, that the meeting of May 4, 1886, was called fora legal purpose, and at the time it was ordered to disperse by the police was being conducted in an orderly and peaceable manner, and was about peaceably to disperse, and that the defendants, or those participating in said meeting, had in con- nection therewith no illegal nor felonious purpose or design, then the order for the dispersal thereof was authorized illegal, and in violation of the rights of said assembly and of the people who were there gathered. And if the jury further believe from the evidence that the meeting was a quiet and TliE IW CF ir OF 1LUSHIS SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 203 orderly meeting, lawfully convened, and that the order for the dispersal was unauthorized and illegal under the provisions of the con- stitution of this State referred to, and that upon such order being given, some person in said gathering, without the knowledge, aid, counsel procurement, encouragement, or abetting of the defendants, or any of them, then or theretofore given, and solely because of his own passion, fear, hatred, malice, or ill will, or in pursuance of his views of the right of self-defense, threw a bomb among the police, wherefrom resulted the murder or homicide charged in the indictment, then the defendants would not be liable for the results of such bomb, and your verdict should be not guilty. The Court for reasons that are given at considerable length holds that the jury was constituted in accordance with the statutes, and that none of its members were disquali- fied from prejudice or opinions which would not yield to the force of evidence. It considers the objections to the admission of certain parts of the testimony; which was stoutly opposed by the counsel for the defen- dants, and holds that the testimony was relevant to the case, and properly allowed to be presented to the jury, or if in any case not strictly pertinent, it was of such character as not to prejudice. Coming to the main aspects of the case, after defining the crime of murder, and the Illinois statute abolishing the distinction between principal and accessory, the Court says, "The questions which present them- selves at the threshold of the case, are these: Did the defendants have a common purpose or design to advise, encourage, aid or abet the murder of the police ? Did they combine together with others with a view to carrying that purpose or de- sign into effect? Did they or either or any of them do such acts or make such declara- tions in furtherance of the common purpose or design as did actually have the effect of encouraging, aiding or abetting the crime in question ?" For the solution of these ques- n 'i tions the evidence is elaborately examined. "The first inquiry which naturally sug- gests itself is, who made the bomb which killed Degan ?" The evidence reviewed in considerable detail is sufficient, "we think that the jury was warranted in believing from the evidence that the bomb which killed Degan, was one of the bombs made by the defendant Lingg. "The next question to be considered is, why did the defendant Lingg make the bomb which killed Degan?" The court then re- views the testimony which depicts the inter- national Workingmen's Association, gener- ally called the Internationals, its principles as set forth in the columns of the Alarm a,r\d Arbeiter Zeitung, and in other publications, and its methods, and points out that all the defendants were members of some or several of the "groups" of the Association in Chi- cago. Also the Lehr and Wehr Verein, which had companies and armed sections in Chicago. "There can be no doubt," says the court, "that the organization here described was an unlawful conspiracy. First. Its purpose was unlawful; it designed to bring about a social revolution. Second. Its methods were unlawful; " to-wit, arming and drilling in violation of the State Militia law. "Coming back to the defendant Lingg, we think it quite apparent from the testimony, that his efforts in the matter of constructing bombs, were made under the auspices of the Inter- national Association and in the furtherance of its objects and purposes." The Court then traces the progress of the conspiracy from its general character to a specific purpose which culminated in the attack on the police at the Haymarket. They conclude " that the plan adopted on Mon- day night, with its provisions for bomb throwing, shooting, meeting places, signal committee, mass meeting, communication with absent members, etc., was an unlawful conspiracy, there can be no doubt." The testimony is next cited which connects the attack upon the police force made the 304 HISTORY OF CllWAUO. following Tuesday night, with the prepara- tions made at the Monday's meeting. They conclude this review. " Taking all the cir- cumstances together the jury were justified in finding that the actors upon the stage of Tuesday night's tragedy were playing the parts assigned to them in the conspiracy of the previous night, and that the death of Began occurred as a part of the execution of that conspiracy, and while the parties to it were engaged in carrying it out." The court next takes up the testimony which identified each of the defendants as connected with the conspiracy. Lingg, Engel and Fischer, Spies and Schawb, Fielden, Parsons and Neebe. As to the lat- ter they say, "We can not say that the jury were not justified in holding him responsible, along with his confederates for the murder on Tuesday night of one of the very police- men, whose death he was urging and advo- cating on Monday night." The court concluded its long review, as follows: "In their lengthy argument counsel for the defence make some other points of minor importance, which are not here noticed. As to these it is sufficient to say that we have considered them and do not regard them as well taken." Mr. Justice Mulkey said from the bench: "While I concur in the conclusion reached and also in the general view presented in the opinion filed, I do not wish to be understood as holding .that the record is free from error, for I do not think it is. I am, nevertheless, of opinion that none of the errors com- plained of are of so serious a character as to require a reversal of the judgment." It must be confessed that the testimony as cited by the court with great minuteness, arranged in logical order, developing the progress of the conspiracy from its general character, to a specific purpose, leading by regular steps to the catastrophe, is a very strong if not impregnable chain, and con- ducts the reader to an almost inevitable con- viction of the justness of the judgment. If it fails anywhere it is in suppressing that view of the case which the defense naturally adopted, that it was the irruption of the police upon a peaceable and orderly meeting which was on the point of dispersion, that maddened some cranky possessor of a bomb into launching it into the crowd of pursuers, and brought on, by a sudden onset of pas- sion, a fatal melee. After the judgment had been affirmed the counsel for the condemned made an applica- tion to the Supreme Court of the U. S. for a writ of error, which was refused, the court failing to find any federal question involved, 123 U. S. Reports 131. Gov. Oglesby commuted the sentence of two to imprisonment for life, one committed suicide, and the penalty of death was quietly executed upon the remaining four. Six years have passed, during which the awful tragedy has almost faded from the minds of men, and the memory of the dead Anarchists has only been revived by their admiring disciples in feeble demonstrations upon the anniversaries of their execution. In the meantime the cloud of Anarchism which loomed in the sky, an indefinable and portentious menace to the peace of society, has passed into an innocuous vapor. Ordinarily the decision of a Court of last resort is final, and sets at rest all variant opinions. By a singular conjunction the decision in the Anarchist case has come un- der review in a competent tribunal, and its authority if not overthrown, has been se- riously impeached. It happens that one of the former Judges of the Superior Court of Chicago the court which took jurisdiction of the trial has become Governor of Illi- nois. One of his late official acts has been to take under review the case, and as ti result to grant a pardon to Fielden, Neebe and Schwab, who were undergoing imprison- ment. He has accompanied the granting of the pardons with a published and widely circulated pamphlet in which his view of the case, and his reasons are stated with judicial clearness and acumen. The positions taken SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 205 by Gov. Altgeld are best stated in his own words. He premises that the prosecution could not discover who had thrown the bomb and could not bring the really guilty man to jus- tice, and, as some of the men indicted were not at the Haymarket meeting and had noth- ing to do with it, the prosecution was forced to proceed on the theory that the men in- dicted were guilty of murder, because it was claimed they had at various times in the past printed and uttered incendiary and seditious language, practically advising the killing of policemen, of Pinkerton men and others acting in that capacity, and that they were, therefore, responsible for the murder of Mathias Began. A number of the petitioners, he says, who have examined the case more care- fully assert: First. That the jury which tried the case was a packed jury selected to convict. Second. That according to the law laid do-wn by the supreme court, both prior to and again since the trial of this case, the jurors, according to their own answers, were not competent jurors and the trial was there- fore not a legal trial. Third. That the defendants were not proven to be guilty of the crime charged in the indictment. Fourth. That as to the defendant Neebe, the State's Attorney had declared at the close of the evidence that there was no case against him and yet he has been kept in prison all these years. Fifth. That the trial Judge was either so 1 prejudiced against the defendants, or else so determined to win the applause of a certain class in the community that he could not and did not grant a fair trial. Was the jury packed ? I. The record of the trial shows that the" jury in this case was not drawn in the man- ner that juries usually are drawn; that is, instead of having a number of names drawn out of a box that contained many hundred names, as the law contemplates shall be done in order to insure a fair jury and give neither side the advantage, the trial Judge ap- pointed one, Henry L. Ryce as a special bail- iff to go out and summon such men as he Ryce, might select to act as jurors. While this practice has been sustained in cases in which it did not appear that either side had been prejudiced thereby, it is always a dan- gerous practice, for it gives the bailiff ab- solute power to select a jury that will be fa- vorable to one side or the other. Upon the whole, therefore, considering. the facts brought to light since the trial, as well as the record of the trial and the answers of the jurors as given herein, it is clearly stated that while the counsel for the defendant agreed to it, Ryce was appointed special bailiff at the suggestion of the State's Attor- ney, and that he did summon a prejudiced jury which he believed would hang the de- fendants, and further, that the fact that Ryce was summoning only that kind of men was brought to the attention of the Court before the panel was full, and it was asked to stop it, but refused to pay any attention to the matter, but permitted Ryce to go on and then forced the defendants to go to trial be- fore his jury. While no collusion is proven between the Judge and State's Attorney, it is clearly shown that after the verdict and while a- motion for a new trial was pending, a charge was filed in court that Ryce had packed the jury, and that the attorney for the State got Mr. Favor to refuse to make .an affidavit bearing on this point, which the defendant could use, and then the Court refused to take any notice of it unless the affidavit was ob- tained, although it, was informed that Mr. Favor would not make an affidavit, but stood ready to come into Court and make a full statement if the Court desired him to do so. These facts alone would call for executive interference, especially as Mr. Favor's affida- vit was not before the supreme court at the time it considered the case. After citing at considerable length the ex- amination of jurors, he continues: 306 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. No matter what the defendants were charged with, they were entitled to a fair trial, and no greater danger could possibly threaten our institutions than to have the courts of justice run wild or give way to popular clamor, and when the trial judge in this case ruled that a relative of one of the men who was killed was a competent juror, and this after the man had candidly stated that he was deeply prejudiced and that his relationship caused him to feel more strongly than he otherwise might; and when in scores of instances he ruled that men who candidly declared that they believed the defendants to be guilty; that this was a deep conviction and would influence their verdict, and that it would require strong evidence to convince them that the defendants were innocent, when in all these instances the trial Judge ruled that these men were competent jurors, simply because they had, under his adroit manipulation been led to say that they be- lieved they could try the case fairly on the evidence, then the proceedings lost all semb- lance of a fair trial. Does the proof show guilt? III. The State has never discovered who it was that threw the bomb which killed the po- ilcemen, and the evidence does not show any connection whatever between the defendants . and the man who threw it. The trial Judge in overruling the motion for a new hear- ing, and again, recently in a magazine article, used this language: " The conviction has not gone on the ground that they did have actually any per- sonal participation in the particular act which caused the death of Began, but the conviction proceeds upon the ground that they had generally, by speech and print, ad- vised large classes of the people, not partic" nlar individuals, but large classes, to com- mit murder, and had left the commission, the time and place and when, to the indi- vidual will and whim, or caprice, or whatever it may be, of each individual man who list- ened to their advice, and that in consequence of that advice, in pursuance of that advice, and influenced by that advice, somebody not known did throw the bomb that caused De- gan's death. Now, if this is not a correct principle of the law, then the defendants, of course, are entitled to a new trial. This case is without precedent; there is no example in the law books of a case of this sort." The Judge certainly told the truth when he stated that this case was without a pre- cedent, and that no example could be found in the law books to sustain the law as above laid down. For, in all the centu- ries during which government has been maintained among men and crime has been punished, no judge in a civilized country has ever laid down such a rule before. The petitioners claim that it was laid down in this case, simply becaue the prosecution, not having discovered the real criminal, would otherwise not have been able to con- vict anybody; that this course was taken to appease the fury of the public, and that the judgment was allowed to stand for the same reason. I will not discuss this. But taking the law as above laid down, it was necessary under it to prove, and that beyond a reason- able doubt, that the person committing the violent deed, had at least heard or read the advice given to masses; for, until he either heard or read it, he did not receive it, and if he did not receive it, he did not commith te violent act in pursuance of that advice; and it is here that the case for the State fails. With all this apparent eagerness to force con- viction in court and his efforts in defending his course, since the trial, the Judge, speak- ing on this point in his magazine article, made this statement: "It is probably true that Rudolph Schnaubelt threw the bomb," which statement is a mere surmise and is all that is known about it, and is certainly not sufficient to convict eight men on. In fact, until the State proves from whose hands the bomb came, it is impossible to show any connection between the man who threw it and these defendants. It is further shown that the mass of mat- ter contained in the record and quoted at THE LIBRARY OF IKE UNIVERSITY OF SOME NOTAttlE 'flllALS IX CHICAGO. length in the Judge's magazine article, showing the use of seditious and incendiary language, amounts to but little when its source is considered. The two papers in which articles appeared at intervals during the years were obscure little sheets hav- ing scarcely any circulation, and the articles themselves were written at times of great public excitement when an element in the community claimed to have been outraged, and the same is true of the speeches made by the defendants and others; the apparently seditious utterances were such as are always heard when men imagine that they have been wronged or are excited, or partially in- toxicated, and the talk of a gigantic anar- chistic conspiracy is not believed by the then chief of police, as will be shown hereafter; and it is not entitled to serious notice in view of the fact that, while Chicago had nearly a million inhabitants, the meetings held on the lake front on Sundays during the summer by these agitators rarely had fifty people present, and most of these went for mere curiosity, while the meetings held indoors during the winter were still smaller. The meetings held from time to time by the masses of the laboring people must not be confounded with the meetings above named, although in times of excitement and trouble much violent talk was indulged in by irre- sponsible parties, which was forgotten when the excitement was over. Again, it is shown here that the bomb was, in all probability, thrown by some one seeking personal revenge; that a course had been pursued by the authorities which would naturally cause this; that for a number of years prior to the Haymarket affair there had been labor troubles, and in several cases a number of laboring people, guilty of no offense, had been shot down in cold blood byPinkerton men and none of the mur- derers were brought to justice. The evi- dence taken at coroner's inquests and pre- sented here shows that in at least two cases men were fired upon and killed when they were running away and there was conse- quently no occasion to shoot, yet nobody was punished; that in Chicago there had been a number of strikes in which some of the police not only took sides against the men, but without any authority of law in- vaded and broke up peaceable meetings, and in scores of cases brutally clubbed people who were guilty of no offense whatever. Now, it is shown that peaceable meetings were invaded and broken up and inoffensive people were clubbed; that in 1885 there was a strike at the McCormick reaper factory on account of a reduction in wages, and some Pinkerton men, while on their way there, were hooted at by some people on the street, when they fired into the crowd and fatally wounded several people who had taken no part in any disturbance; that four of the Pinkerton men were indicted for this mur- der by the grand jury, but that the prose- cuting officers apparently took no interest in the case and allowed it to be continued a number of times, until the witnesses were worn out, and in the end the murderers went free; that after this there was a strike on the West Division Street Kailway and that some of the police, under the leadership of Capt. John Bonfield, indulged in a bru- tality never equalled before; that even some merchants standing on their own door steps and having no interest in the strike were clubbed, then hustled into patrol wagons and thrown into prison on no charge and not even booked; that a petition, signed by about one thousand of the leading citizens living on and near West Madison street, was sent to the mayor and city council, praying for the dismissal of Bonfield from the force, but that on account of his political influence he was retained. Let me say here that the charge of brutality does not apply to all the policemen of Chicago. There are many able, honest and conscientious officers who do their duty quietly, thoroughly and hu- manely. Again it is shown that various attempts were made to bring to justice the men who wore the uniform of the law while violating it, HISTORY Of CHICAGO. but all to no avail; that the laboring people always found the prisons open to receive them, but the courts of justice were practically closed to them; that the prosecuting officers vied with each otherinhuntingthem down,but were deaf to their appeals; that, in the spring of 1886 there were more labor disturbances in the city and particularly at the McCor- niick factory; that under the leadership of Captain Bonfield the brutalities of the pre- vious years were even exceeded. Some affidavits and other evidence is offered on this point which I cannot give for want of space. It appears that this was the year of the eight hour agitation and efforts were made to secure an eight hour day, about May 1st, and that a number of laboring men standing, not on the street but on a vacant lot, were quietly discussing the situation in regard to the movement, when suddenly a large body of police under orders from Bonfield charged on them and began to club them; that some of the men, angered at the unprovoked assault, at first resisted, but were soon dispersed; that some of the police fired on the men while they were running and wounded a large number who were already a hundred feet or more away and were running as fast as they could; that at least four of the number so shot down, died, that this was wanton and. unprovoked mur- der, but there was not even so much as an investigation. Was it an act of personal revenge? While some men may tamely submit to being clubbed, and,*eeing their brothers shot down, there are some who will resent it and will nurture a spirit of hatred and seek re- venge for themselves; and the occurrences that preceded the Haymarket tragedy indi- cate that the bomb was thrown by some one who, instead of acting on the advice of any- body, was simply seeking personal revenge for having been clubbeJ, and that Captain Bonfield is the man who is really responsible for the death of the police officers. It is also shown that the character of the Haymarket meeting sustains this view. The evidence shows there were only 800 to 1,000 people present, and that it was a peaceable and orderly meeting; that the mayor of the city was present and saw nothing out of the way, and that he remained until the crowd began to disperse, the meeting being practi- cally over, and the crowd engaged in dis- persing when he left; that had the police remained away for twenty minutes more there would have been nobody left there, but that as soon as Bonfield learned that the mayor had left, he could not resist the temptation to have some more people clubbed, and went up with the detachment of police to disperse the meeting, and that on the appearance of the police the bomb was thrown by some unknown person, and several innocent and faithful officers, who were simply obeying an uncalled for order of their superior, were killed; all of these facts tend to show the improbability of the theory of the prosecu- tion that the bomb was thrown as the result of a conspiracy on the part of the defendants to commit murder; if the theory of the pro- secution were correct there would have been many bombs thrown; and the fact that only one was thrown, shows that it was an act of personal revenge. It is further shown here that much of the evidence given at the trial was a pure fabri- cation; that some of the prominent police officials in their zeal, not only terrorized ignorant men by throwing them into prison, and threatening them with torture if they refused to swear to anything desired, but that they offered money and employment to those who would consent to do this. Further, that they deliberately planned to have fictitious conspiracies formed, in order that they might get the glory of discovering them. In addi- tion to the evidence in the record of some witnesses, who swore that they had been paid small sums of money, etc., several documents are here referred to. I will simply say in conclusion on this branch of the case that the facts tend to show that the bomb was thrown as an act of personal revenge, and that the prosecution SOME NOTAtiLE TRIALS IX CHICAGO. 20*1 lias never discovered who threw it, and the evidence utterly fails to show that the man who did throw it ever heard or read a word coming from the defendants; consequently it fails to show that he acted on any advice given by them. And if he did not act on or hear any advice coming from the defendants, either in speeches or through the press, then there was no case against them, even under the law as laid down by Judge Gary. With some pages of analysis of testimony pointing out how it failed to inculpate the prisoners in a conspiracy, the governor closes his remarkable review with some animadver- sions upon the conduct of the judge presid- ing upon the trial, which savoring of personal criticism, it would be discourteous to per- petuate here. As an official commentary by a collateral department of the State Govern- ment, it is an unusual if not unprecedented document. The litigation which arose in the courts of Illinois and of the United States in the Sunday closing of summer of 1893, involving the world's Fair, the opening or closing of the gates of the World's Columbian Exposition on Sunday, presents a curious instance of the vacillation of the various courts, the opposing opinions of judges, and the uncer- tainty of the administration of the law on subjects of wide popular interest. Ever since the project for holding the World's Fair at Chicago had been settled and preparations for the great event had been in progress, religious bodies of all sorts throughout the country had agitated the question of having the exhibition closed on the Lord's day; while, on the other hand, citizens and organizations of one kind and another were as strenuous in demanding that it be kept open on all days, making the plea especially in the interest of the laboring and wage earning classes of the community. Jackson Park, one of the large public grounds in the southern part of the city of Chicago, had been designated as the place for holding the exhibition, and had been tendered by act of the Illinois legislature and by the commissioners of parks of Chicago. The Congress of the United States, in addi- tion to other donations and aid, had appro- priated $5,000,000 of souvenir coins, annex- ing to the gift the condition that the exhibition should be closed on Sunday. The gift was accepted by the directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, which is a corporation created under the laws of Illi- nois. When the time came for the exhibition to open in May, the board of directors adopted a resolution to return to the government the value of the souvenir coins, and to open the Exposition on Sundays, and, in accordance with the resolution, the gates were kept open on the Sundays in May, and until the in- junction hereafter mentioned was granted. A bill in equity was filed in the United States Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, in an action entitled The People exrel. vs. the World's Columbian Exposition, to restrain the defendant from keeping the Fair open on the first day of the week, and a temporary injunction was asked for. The motion was elaborately argued on the part of the government by United States Attorney Milchrist, by the solicitor general of the United States Chas. Aldrich, Judge Hunt, David Fales and James Z. Hirsh, Esqs. and by Edwin Walker, Esq., and Gen. St. Clair for the Exposition directors. From the- gravity of the case United States Judge Woods called United States District Judges Jenkins and Grosscup to sit with him. On the 8th of June the decision of the circuit court was announced, granting the injunc- tion asked for. Judges Woods and Jenkins filed an opinion in favor of granting the in- junction, while Judge Grosscup dissented. From the decision an appeal was taken to the United States Court of Appeals, which convened in Chicago in June to hear the case. Chief Justice Fuller of the supreme court of the United States presided at the term, assisted by Judges Brown and Allen. The case was again argued by the same emi- nent counsel. The chief justice announced 210 HISTORY 0V CHICAGO. the unanimous opinion of the court, dissolv- ing the injunction on the ground that the case presented no proper grounds for the interposition of equity jurisdiction. That it presented simply a question of violation of contract and of property rights, for which an action at law might furnish an adequate remedy. The court declined to consider the moral or religious question thought to be in- volved on the ground that it did not properly arise in the case. The directors, now being free from any restraint, proceeded to open the gates of the Exposition on Sundays as well as on other days. In the meantime other proceedings had been commenced and were in progress in the State Court. In May an action had been brought in the superior court of Cook county, by one Clingman, against the World's Columbian Exposition, having for its object to restrain the defendants from closing the gates of the Exposition on Sun- day, as contrary to the uses to which Jackson Park had been devoted. He brought the action in the double capacity of stockholder in the Exposition company and a taxpayer of the city of Chicago. The case came on for hearing on motion for a temporary injunction before Judge Stein on the 29th of May and was argued by Mr. William E. Mason for complainant and by Mr. Edwin Walker for the defendants, and by Messrs. Gault and Street for an inter- venor who had petitioned to come into the case. Judge Stein granted the injunction, on the ground that Jackson Park had been ded- icated by an act of the legislature of Illi- nois, passed in 1869, to be held, managed and enjoyed as a public park, for the recrea- tion and health of the public, and "to be open to all persons forever. " He held that this condition had not been invalidated by any of the legislation in reference to the Ex- position, and indeed that it was beyond the power of the legislature to dispense with it. In July a bill in equity was filed in the U. S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, by one Wanamaker, against the World's Columbian Exposition, having for its object to restrain the directors from keeping the Fair open on Sunday. Wana- maker made his application as a stockholder of the Exposition company. The case came to a hearing before Judge Jenkins on a de- murrer to the complaint, and on the llth of July an order was made dismissing the action, for the reason that no sufficient rea- son existed for the interference of equity. That the Exposition company was amenable to local law, and if acting in violation of contract, or in disobedience of State laws, was subject to the local tribunals. On the 14th of July, the directors of the Exposition, finding that the attendance of the public on Sundays was not sufficient to justify the expense of keeping the Fail- open, voted to close the gates on Sunday. They had apparently lost sight of or were indifferent to Judge Stein's injunction. Early in August the directors of the Ex- position were cited to appear before Judge Stein to answer for contempt in disregard- ing the injunction which he had issued. Not being able to show an acceptable excuse, Ly- man J. Gage, Chas. L. Hutchinson, Chas. Henrotin, Andrew McNally and William E. Kerfoot, directors who had voted in favor of closing the gates were fined $1,000 each. Vic- tor F.Lawson was fined $100 and Director General George E. Davis $250, and all were ordered to be committed to the county jail until the fines were paid. From this decis- ion an appeal was taken, which is still pend- ing. On the 31st of August the case was again brought up in the superior court on a mo- tion to dissolve the injunction which had been granted by Judge Stein. The motion was heard by Judge Goggin, who called to sit with him as associates, Judges Dunne and Brentano. The two last named judges read opinions in favor of granting the motion to dissolve the injunction, holding that the di- rectors of the Exposition were vested with full power to make all rules and regulations TBE OF U ! ilNEBSITY Of SOME NOTABLE TRIALS Iff CHICAOO. 211 which they might think proper for the man- agement of the Fair. Judge Goggin, on the contrary, had pre- pared a strong opinion in favor af sustaining the injunction. He held that the action of the South Park Commissioners in turning over Jackson Park to the World's Fair Co- lumbian Exposition was without the sanction of the law and in flagrant violation of the constitution. Upon the announcement of the opinions considerable excitement was caused among the counsel, and some warm if not intemperate language was used. The three judges retired to their private room for consultation. Upon their return into court Judges Dunne and Brentano retired from further participation in the proceedings, leaving the presiding judge to enforce his own opinion. He continued the case, and no further action was taken while the Expo- sition continued. The directors, in compliance with the mandate of the court, voted to open the gates on Sundays, but took no measure to attract the public. Most of the exhibits re- mained covered on Sundays; many of the Foreign and State buildings were closed. Some thousands of spectators resorted to the grounds each Sunday, but in no proportion to those who visited it on other days. On the last Sunday of October, however, the last day but one, preparations were made for an open day, but the assassination of the Mayor of Chicago, Carter H. Harrison, who had taken so deep an interest and had been so prominently identified with the Exposi- tion, on the Saturday night before the last Sunday, cast such a gloom over the city and the attendants upon the Fair, that the ex- expectations for a large attendance were thwarted. In a city where great fortunes have been accumulated and where population is so Testamentary heterogeneous in character as is Devises. that of Chicago, it is inevitable that contests should often arise over testa- mentary dispositions of property. These are of varied character, generally involve large Masses for the Soul. values, and enlist in their settlement the best learning of the bar, and the most delib- erate judgment of the courts. They are generally of interest only to the parties con- cerned, except as they serve to settle prin- ciples of law, and in some cases they affect the general interests and become in some sense historical. Such was the case of Kehoe vs. Kehoe, which was determined in the circuit court. John W. Kehoe, a few weeks before his death, had made a deed of certain personal property to the complainant, upon oral trust, that the funds arising from a sale of the .property should be devoted to procuring masses to be said for the soul of his deceased mother, and for the repose of his own. The validity of the trust was assailed as against public policy, and as favoring a superstitious use of the property, rinding precedents in its support in ancient English law. The trust was sustained by Judge Tuley, who held, in the face of ancient precedent, that the right of a person to devote his prop- erty to any purpose which he believes to be religious, is just as necessary to the religious liberty guaranteed to citizens by the con- stitution as is the right to believe and wor- ship according to the dictates of his own conscience. He decreed that the wish of the donor should be carried out, and that the funds should be appropriated to the procuring of masses to be said in accordance with his instructions. The decision was so manifestly just and in accordance with the principles of religious liberty that it was acquiesced in, and did not reach the ap- pelate court. Two notable cases have arisen in the legal annals of Chicago, where munificent devises Library Endow- haVe been ma(3e b - V eminent ments. citizens for the foundation and maintenance of free public libraries, which have, through the impatience and greed of heirs, been brought into litigation, and in one case the public interests have been seri- ously jeoparded. 212 UlSTOHY OF CHICAGO. Newberry Will. The first of these cases which arose was over the will of the late Walter L. New- berry. The case is reported in 99 and 100 of Illinois State Keports, under the title of Eliphalet W. Blatchford et al., appellants, vs. Henry W. Newberry et al., appellees. Mr. Newberry had made his will October 30, 1866, and died about two years afterwards, leaving a widow and two unmarried daugh- ters. The will gave the whole estate, except some minor legacies, to two trustees to be held and administered by them under care- ful instructions as to its administration, until its final distribution should be made by them to the persons who should be ultimately entitled to receive it. To the widow was given certain real estate, the homestead, etc. in lieu of dower in his estate, and generous annuities were to be paid to the widow dur- ing her life, and to the daughters, and if they or their lawful issue should survive the mother, the estate was to descend to them. The will contained this further residuary clause: " In case of the death of both of my said daughters, without leaving lawful issue, then immediately after the death of my wife, if she survives my daughters; but if not, then immediately after the decease of the last sur- viving one of my daughters, my said trustees shall divide my said estate into two equal shares, my said trustees being the sole judges of the equality and correctness of said divis- ion, and shall at once proceed to distribute one of such shares among the lawful surviv- ing descendants of my own brothers and sis- ters, such descendants taking per stirpcs and not per capita. The other share of my estate shall be applied by my said trustees as soon as may be conveniently done, to the founding of a Free Public Library, to be located in that portion of the city of Chicago now known as the North Division. After Mr. Newberry's decease his widow elected to receive her dower in his estate, and renounced the testamentary provisions which the will had made in her favor. The daugh- ters died unmarried, one in February, 1874, and the other in April, 1876, while the widow survived them. The complainants, being eight nieces and nephews, and ten grand nieces and nephews, filed a bill in equity in the circuit court oi Cook county, praying that a distribution oi the estate be made, to those who were entitled to receive it. Their contention was that the widow having renounced her testa- mentary rights, had no further interest in the trust estate, and although still alive, might be considered in respect to the estate as dead. That the doctrine of accelerated remainders was applicable to the case, and that no reason existed for delaying a distri- bution. Judge E. S. Williams, of the circuit court held with the complainants, and decreed that the trustees should make a present distribu- tion of the estate. The trustees appealed to the supreme court, where the case was argued on the part of the appellants by Mr. Edward S. Isham, of the firm of Isham & Lincoln, and on the part of the complainants by Messrs. Boutel, and by Messrs. Lawrence Campbell & Lawrence. The arguments were learned and exhaustive, especially in the citation of authorities. The analysis of the language of the will made by Mr. Isham, bringing its scattered phrases to support his view that the purpose of the testator was to delay the distribution until the death of his wife, was a fine specimen of verbal criticism and received the sanction of the court. The opinion of the supreme court pre- pared by Mr. Justice Sheldon was filed June 14, 1878, and was withdrawn for a re- hearing and again filed February 20, 1880. The court reversed the decree. It held that the persons who would be entitled to share in the distribution were not necessarily those who might be in being at the death of the last daughter, but those who might be living at the time of the final distribution, which was fixed by the testator at the death of his wife, and that a final distribution could not be made until the occurrence of that event. Mr. Justice Dickey filed a long and able dis- SOME NOTABLE TtllALS IN CHICAGO. 213 Will of John Crerar. senting opinion, in which Mr. Justice Mulkey concurred. Mr. Justice Walker also filed a dissenting opinion. An able petition for a rehearing was filed by Mr. Wirt Dexter, but did not prevail. No attack was made upon the devise for the free public library; the provisions of the will, which was drawn by Judge Mark Skin- ner, being too clear to admit of any dispute, and upon the death of Mrs. Newberry in 1889 the distribution was made, the share falling to the library exceeding $2,000,000. A far more serious and determined attack was made upon the will of Mr. John Crerar, inasmuch as the provisions of the will were assailed, and if the controversy had succeeded the entire library endowment, amounting to $2,- 500,000, would have been lost. The case is reported in 145 Illinois State Reports, under the title of Donald Crerar and others, appellants vs. Norman Williams and others, appellees. The complainants, who were heirs at law of Mr. Crerar and remote relatives, as he left no descendants, filed their bill in equity in the circuit court of Cook county, praying that certain clauses in the last will of John Crerar, deceased, should be declared void, and the bequests made therein be decreed to the complainants as his heirs at law. A gen- eral demurrer to the bill was filed, and the court held by Hon. Murray F. Tuley sus- tained the demurrer and ordered the bill to be dismissed. Appeal was taken to the appellate court of the first district, which affirmed the decision of the circuit court. On the hearing in the supreme court ar- guments were made by Messrs. F. A. Stertan, A. W. Brown, A. B. Jenks and W. A. Cun- ner for appellants, and by Mr. Delos Mc- Curdy, James L. High, John H. Mulkey and Messrs. Williams, Holt and Wheeler, and Messrs. Lyman and Jackson for appellees. Mr. Justice Williams delivered the opinion of the court, affirming both the decisions of the lower courts and sustaining the trusts and provisions of the will. The will was a long and elaborate one, consisting of fifty- two clauses. A number of these contained bequests for benevolent objects, in some cases giving to the executors and trustees a power of selection of the beneficiaries and of the time and amount of payments. Section 49 authorized the executors and trustees to set apart so much of the estate as in their judgment may be sufficient or proper for the purposes of paying the expenses, charges, etc., of carrying out the will, and to devote the surplus income to the purposes set forth in the succeeding fiftieth clause. The estate consisted of both real and per- sonal property. The clause providing for the library was in full as follows: 50. Recognizing the fact that I have been a resi- dent of Chicago since T862, and that the greater part of my fortune has been accumulated here, and acknowledging with hearty gratitude the kindness which has always been extended to me by many friends and by my business and social acquaintances and associates, I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, remainder and residue of my estate, both real and personal, for the erection, creation, maintenance and endowment of a Free Public Library to be called the "John Crerar Library," and to be located in the city of Chicago, 111., a preference being given to the South Division of the city, inasmuch as the New. berry Library will be located in the North Division. I direct that my executors and trustees cause an act of incorporation under the laws of Illinois to be pro- cured to carry out the purposes of this bequest, and I request that Norman Williams be made the first president thereof, and that in addition to my ex- ecutors and trustees, the following named friends of mine will act as the first board of directors in such incorporation, and aid and assist my executors and trustees therein, namely: Marshall Field, E. W. Blatchford, T. B. Blackstone, Robert T. Lincoln, Henry W. Bishop, Edward G. Mason, Albert Keep, Edson Keith, Simon J. McPherson, John M. Clark and George A. Armour, or their survivors. I desire the building to be tasteful, substantial and fire-proof, and that sufficient funds be reserved over and above the cost of its construction to provide, maintain and support a library for all time. I desire the books and periodicals to be selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian sentiment in the community, and that all nastiness and immor- ality be excluded. I do not mean by this that there shall be nothing but hymn books and sermons, but 214 OF CHICAGO. I mean that dirty French novels and all skeptical trash, and works of questionable moral tone, shall never be found in this library. I want its atmos- phere that of Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of character, and I rest con- tent that the friends I have named will carry out my wishes in those particulars. A further clause of the will directs the executors and trustees to convert the whole estate into money. The first attack was made upon the pre- liminary clauses of the will, which gave dis- cretionary power and power of selection to the executors and trustees, which as the complainants contended made them void. They cited with apparent pertinency the case of the will of the late Gov. Tilden of N. Y. in which such powers of discretion and selection were held to invalidate the trusts which contained them. They also assailed the library trust as be- ing the creation of an unlawful perpetuity, and contended that such a corporation as the will directed to be formed to administrator the library could not be created under the laws of Illinois. These points were elabor- ated at great length and in detail by the learned and numerous counsel employed in the case, and supported with a copious array of precedents from both English and American cases. It is apparent that the argument, elaborate as it was, made little impression on the Court, which, while discuss- ing them, gave them scant attention. The Court held that the ultimate disposi- tion of the property, was that of personal property, inasmuch as a valid provision di- rected the realty to be sold and converted into money. It did not enter into a consid- eration of whether the preliminary benev- olent bequests are or are not valid, thus avoiding the whole effect of the decision in the Tilden case, holding that if invalid the amounts would fall into the residuary trust, argument-ing its amount. As to the chief clause of the will provid- ing for a library, the court held it to be "a charitable use," and not obnoxious to public policy, which forbids perpetuities. That even if the means prescribed should be im- practicable, or should fail, or if the corpora- tion contemplated should never be organized, still the "charitable devise" would not be allowed to fail, and would be sustained and carried out if need be by a Court of Equity. In conclusion, the Court uses this em- phatic language: "It is the fixed policy of the law to uphold charitable bequests " and, " that courts incline strongly in favor of charitable gifts, and take special care to en- force them. No greater wrong could be done the giver of this magnificent bequest than to defeat his clearly expressed wish, that the greater part of his estate, amply sufficient for the purpose, should be expended in the erection, creation, maintenance, and endowment of a free public library in a great city to bear his name, because forsooth in an effort to direct the means of carrying out the pur- poses of that bequest, he may have miscon- ceived the practicability of some of those means, or failed to prescribe with exactness, when and bow those means shall be put in operation." The decision was only given on the 19th of June, 1893. The trustees are now free to go forward with the erection and equipment of the library which, if it shall be decided to make it a reference library as is probable, will give to the south part of the city such library facilities as the north side possesses, and in connection with the city library will give to the people of Chicago library accom- modations unexcelled anywhere. It was inevitable that when Chicago became the greatest inland market for grain Gaming Contracts, in the Country, and "Futures" and "Options." ] ier Board of Trade entertained deals daily involving millions of bushels and of dollars, and speculation at times ran to fever height, and "corners" were not of infrequent occurrence, the courts should be called upon to define the limits between legitimate and illegitimate dealing. This was early done and has been adhered to with uniformity and steadiness. The doc- trine laid down in the case of Brown vs. Alex- ander, reported in 29th Ill's Ap. K. 626, is a m SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 215 fair statement of illegal trading. The court says, "a contract merely for speculating in differences; a contract f. e. for dealing in ' futures ' or ' options ' to be settled accord- ing to the rise or fall of the market, is void at common law, as contrary to public policy." On the contrary legal trading is thus defined by the court, " a contract made in good faith for grain or other commodity is not invalid merely because it is for a future delivery;- it is not forbidden by the law, either common or statutory, nor is it contrary to sound policy." Walcott as Heath 78 Ills. 433. " Nor, where it is the intention that the seller shall deliver and the buyer receive the commodity sold, is it unlawful merely because the time of delivery is within fixed and rea- sonable limits, optional with one party or the other," Pixley as Boynton 79 Ills. 351. Such are general principles laid down. In practical business a variety of facts may give to a transaction one character or another, the court holding that the intent of the par- ties characterizes a transaction as valid or void; that if even in terms a plain contract for delivery is entered into, yet if beneath it, there was an intention to settle differences only, it would be illegal. It is believed that in the stupendous opera- tions of the grain exchange in Chicago, the greater part consists of legitimate trading, and that it is "bucket shops" and the "curb" that have given to operations in grain an unsavory character. A series of trials took place in the Federal and State courts in Chicago, in 1885, which Cansniracy to Falaify brought to light many sen- Election Returns. Sat i n a l facts, and which attracted great interest throughout the coun- try, not so much for any difficult legal ques- tions involved as from the character and standing of at least one of the defendants in political circles, and the important political interests which depended upon the case. The latter were no less than the partisan complexion of the State legislature, and the resultant consequence of the election of a U. S. Senator of one or the other of the eading political parties. The Mackin Case When the votes which had been cast at the election held in November, 1884, were can- vassed the grand jury of the II. S. District Court was in session, having been charged by the district judge to examine into any election frauds. On the llth of December it presented indict- ments against the judges and clerks of election of the second election district of the 18th ward of the city of Chicago, for malfeasance in office, and against Joseph C. Mackin, secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee, Arthur Gleason and Henry Bickle, deputies of the county clerk, for conspiracy to change the returns. As further investigations were made and new facts brought to light, the grand jury having adjourned on the 31st of December, the U. S. District Attorney filed a criminal informa- tion in the district court of the United States against Mackin, Gallagher, Gleason and Bickle for willfully conspiring together to break open the envelope containing the election returns, to alter the certificate of the count of votes which had been made, to destroy one of the tally sheets and substitute a false one, to break open and abstract the package of ballots, and to substitute spurious and false ones. The trial came on in the district court before Judge Blodgett on the 5th of Febru- ary, 1885, and lasted until the 25th, amid the intensest interest. The prosecution was conducted by Hon. Richard S. Tuthill, U. S. Attorney, assisted by Israel N. Stiles, Gen. Hawley and Judge James S. Doolittle. The defense was represented by Judge Turpie, of Indianapolis and Messrs. Leonard Swett, H. W. Thompson, F. D. Turner, Peter S. Grosscup and William S. Young, Jr. The trial developed a most extraordinary state of facts, and was of dramatic interest. In its course there was brought to light and disclosed a most ingenious scheme based upon fraud and perjury to break the force of the principal facts, and give a show of fairness to the proceedings of the canvassing officers. At the election a State Senator was to be 216 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. chosen from the sixth senatorial district, which included the twentieth election district of the eighteenth ward of Chicago. Henry W. Leman was the Republican candi- date, and Rudolph Brand the Democratic. At the counting of the votes it was given out that Leman had received 420 votes and Brand 274. These, added to the votes cast in the other districts, gave Leman a majority. Upon the canvas of the returns, it was found that these figures in the certificates were reversed, and had apparently been altered. The word "four " in the first sum had been erased and "two" substituted, and in the second, the word "two" had been erased and "four" put in its place. This change gave the election to Brand by a majority of two, as the canvassers decided that they had no power to go behind the returns. The investigations of the Grand Jury had been obstructed by the refusal of the officers having the custody of the origi- nal ballots, tally lists, etc., to produce them, but Judge Blodgett ordered them to be produced. On examining them, the ballots were found to consist of 498 with Brand's name and 118 with Leman's. A closer scrutiny revealed that counterfeit Republican tickets containing the name of Brand had been prepared and substituted to a requisite number in the boxes for those that had been cast by the voters. During the trial the engraver and priuter of the forged tickets were produced, and showed that their work was done after the election. On this branch of the case the hope of the prisoners lay and in the course of its devel- opment the most sensational scenes occurred. The engravers and printers after having tes- tified at one session of the transactions, were recalled and confessed that they had sworn falsely through subornation, and gave another relation. The defendants were examined in their own behalf and denied all the charges with calmness and apparent sincerity. The sum- ming up by the able counsel occupied three flays; when the jury with little hesitation returned a verdict of guilty against Mackin, Gallagher and Gleason. The prisoners were each sentenced to two years in the peniten- tiary, and to pay a fine of $5,000. The execution of sentence was stayed by a writ of error granted by Judge W. L. Gresham, of the United States Circuit Court. The case as presented in the circuit court involved chiefly a question of jurisdiction, from which through a certificate of division of opinion between Judges Blodgett and Gresham, the case was removed to the supreme court at Washington, where it has since been awaiting its turn on the long calendar of an overburdened court. So prominent a politician as was Mackin, convicted of so heinous an offense against the suffrage, although he might evade jus- tice through technicalities, could not escape political vengeance. He was indicted in the criminal court of Cook county for perjury committed before the grand jury in testifying that he had never had to do with substituted ballots aud was brought to trial before Judge Moran. He was defended by the brilliant Emory A. Storrs, and the prosecution was conducted by States Atorney J. S. Grinnell and Messrs. Israel N. Stiles and Joel M. Longeuecker. The trial was of but two days' duration and brought out no new facts. Mackin was convicted, and sentenced to five years in the penitentiary. An appeal was taken to the State Supreme Court by his indefatigable counsel and argued. It was while attending the Supreme Court at Ottawa for the argument of the case, that Mr. Storrs died. The court declined to interfere with the verdict though it examined the proceedings of the trial with great minuteness, and Mac- kin was sent to the penitentiary. It is not remarkable that twenty-five years ago the citizens of Chicago failed to appre- ciate with unanimity the advantages of a comprehen- sive park system. When it is remem- bered that less than fifteen years before, Central Park had been forced upon the protesting citizens of New York by the power of the State legislature, and iu putting Park Litigation. SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 217 it into operation commissioners had to be sought from the country districts, and that even then its advantages in respect to valua- tions and taxation, as well as its wonderful beauty and attractions, had not become as apparent as they now are, it is not at all strange that the less than three hundred thousand people then living in Chicago did not adequately consider what the needs of the million and a half that now dwell within its limits, to say nothing of the other mil- lions yet to be added to them, would, in the development of the city, require for their health, refreshment and comfort. The park legislation was secured at Spring- field in the Session of 1869 by a few enthusi- astic and far-seeing citizens without serious opposition. It contemplated a system of parks and boulevards, to extend through the three divisions of the city, and to be under the control ol boards of commissioners to be known as the commissioners of Lincoln Park, the board of West Park commission- ers and the board of South Park Commis- sioners. The commissioners were named in the act, but vacancies were to be filled, and successors appointed by the judges of Cook County Court. To the boards was given power to borrow money, to lay and collect taxes for park maintenance, the power of eminent domain, and to levy and collect special assessments. The territory to be covered by the park system did not all lie within the boundaries of the city of Chicago. It extended into the towns of Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View, and perhaps some other. The act was sub- mitted to a vote of the people inhabiting the territory affected, and was approved. The lines of the long boulevards extended through stretches of sparsely settled country, and the vast areas of the parks of the West and the South sides had little to distinguish them from the pleasant groves and flat reaches of the surrounding fields. No prophetic eye was keen enough to peer through the mist of twenty years and descry the "White City" which should arise like an enchantment and cover Jackson Park with gigantic palaces, wrought into beautiful forms, rivaling the sculptured ruins of Athens, Baalbeck and Palmyra; and open among them the glisten- ing lagoons of Venice. No vision was suffi- ciently ideal to catch along the wastes tra- versed by the boulevards the vision of arboreal shade and floral loveliness that now freshens and perfumes them. Not much opposition attended the opening of Lincoln Park. Its lower portion was a burying ground, that was seen to be too near an encroaching population, and terms were arranged with proprietors of burial lots for a removal of the remains. The tract lay along the shore of Lake Michigan, and was already beginning to attract a good class of residents and of improvements. Much of the land adjacent was held in large tracts by prominent citizens, who saw in the contem- plated improvements an enhancement of the value of their own acres. But the favoring interest was not altogether mercenary. There were many of the best citizens who valued the sanitary and aesthetic influence of the park. No sooner were the extensive powers of the park commissioners attempted to be put in operation than opposition appeared, which, as the act had passed all the stages of legislative and popular approval, took the shape of want of legal power, unconstitutionality, etc. The most radical and formidable attack upon the validity of the park acts came in the form of a bill in chancery to restrain the county clerk from including the estimates of the park commissioners in the annual tax levy. The commissioners did not await the slow progress of a chancery suit, but them- selves made an application for a mandamus to compel the clerk to include their requisi- tions. The case was soon in the supreme court, where it was argued by Messrs. Beck- with, Ayer and Kales, for the relator; and by Messrs. Storrs and Wilson, for the respond- ent. The opinion of the court, written by the strong hand of Chief Justice Breese, brushed away all the objections and ordered 218 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. a peremptory mandamus to issue. The case is reported under the title of People vs. Solomon, in 51 111. R., 37. The court held that each board of park commissioners was a "municipal corporation" within the use of that term in the State Con- stitution, although the district under its jurisdiction was not co-terminous with any existing city organization, and included territory situated in different municipalities. That their purposes were public and proper ones, and the powers necessary for the ac- complishment of the purposes in view ; and that the act having been assented to by the people whose interests were affected, was valid and obligatory. A few years later the legislature amended the park act by taking away from the judges of the county court the power to fill vacan- cies in the boards, and conferring it upon the governor of the State. Mr. Cornell hav- ing been appointed by the governor a com- missioner of the South Park, his right to hold the office under such appointment was challenged in the case of the People ex rel Chas. Walsh vs. Paul Cornell, reported in 107 Illinois R. R. 72. Again Judge Breese upheld the original park act in its integrity, holding that after its terms, including the provisions made for filling vacancies, had been submitted to and ratified by the people, the legislature had no power to change it. It would seem that the decisions of Judge Breese and his colleagues of the supreme court should have set at rest the question of the powers of the boards. But they were again brought into review in a case affecting the West Park Board, reported in 103 111. 33, and again upheld in all their amplitude, as applied to the boulevards, and the power of condemiug private property for park use with adequate compensation. The legal principles incorporated into the Chicago park acts, were a great advance upon those of older acts, especially of the N. Y. Central Park act, and have been widely copied in similar legislation in other States. A wide prevalence of corruption in the administration of the offices of Cook county had been suspected and was Boodler Trials. boldly charged by the public press. The charges gained such credence that a committee of citizens undertook an investigation. They employed detectives who at great labor and expense gathered such a mass of proofs as to astound the com- mittee at the magnitude and extent to which rascality had entered the public administra- tion and tainted its officials. The evidence was laid before the grand jury, which found an indictment against eighteen of the com- missioners and ex-commissioners for con- spiracy to defraud the county. 'Before the omnibus case was brought to trial W. J. McGarigle and one McDonald who had been warden and engineer of the Normal School, were brought to trial on the charge of fraud in connection with the management of that institution, and had been convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary. McGarigle managed to elude the sheriff who had him in custody, and escaped to Canada. The great trial of the boodlers commenced on the 28th of June, 1887, and was not con- cluded until the 6th of August following. The late Judge John A. Jamieson pre- sided at the trial, which was conducted by Prosecuting Attorney Julius S. Grinnell, assisted by Gen. Stiles. The defendants were represented by Messrs. Birkee and Forest. No difficult questions of law were involved in the trial. The proof of guilt was over- whelming, especially as some of the defend- ants turned State's evidence and gave their testimony in corroboration of the mass of proofs which had been collected from parties who had received contracts for supplies and had paid commissions or other considerations to obtain them. The impaneling of a trial jury was a long and tedious operation, from the notoriety of the case and the full disclosures which had been made in the newspapers. Six hundred talesmen were summoned. The defendants Of V:5 SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 219 exhausted the one hundred and twenty peremptory challenges to which they were entitled, while the prosecution used seventy. Two hundred challenges for cause were tried. The taking of testimony commenced July 26th and continued for ten days. The jury, after a deliberation of eight hours, found eleven of the defendants guilty, and fixed a penalty of imprisonment in the penetentiary for two years for seven of them and a fine of $1,000 for each of the others. The late Chairman of the board of county commissioners had entered a plea of guilty and was not put upon trial. The proof was so conclusive that the de- fendants submitted to their fate and did not seek to obtain new trials or a reversal of the conviction by appeal to a higher court. This was undoubtedly the most remark- able criminal trial that has ever taken place in Chicago, and is excelled by TheCronin Case. few . Q the anna]g Qf ^^ elsewhere. In some of its features it resem- bles the Morgan case in New York that ex- cited so wide an interest in the early part of the century. It is peculiar as the alleged re- sult of a conspiracy among the members of a secret organization to remove one who had become obnoxious, as well as from the delib- eration with which it was perpetrated, and the skill with which evidences of a crime had been concealed, until the discovery of the remains of the victim disclosed the astound- ing fact that a brutal murder had been com- mitted. The detection of the criminals from ob- scure indications, reflects great credit upon the detectives employed in the case; while the conviction of the prisoners, by weaving about them a web of circumstantial evidence, no single part of which was conclusive, but which taken together, constituted an irre- fragable chain of certainty, was a triumph of legal skill and acumen. The following narrative of the facts of the case is condensed from a statement published in the Chicago Times. The murder of Dr. Cronin has already found its place in the records of sensational crimes. It has been called ' ' the crime of the century," but for reckless savagery and bru- tal incidents more than one century of civili- zation would have to be searched for a pro- totype to its heartlessness. It was especially remarkable in that it was the gory outcome of a cool conspiracy among a people whose chief characteristic some say fault is that they know not how to conspire. Under an impulse, heated and intensified by wrongs, an Irishman will shoot an oppressive land- lord or will kill a blatant reformer and glory in the deed, but to cooly concoct the murder of a prominent and professional citizen whose every act was in the sunlight was regarded as a new and strangely vicious feature in the Irish character. At 8 o'clock on the evening of Saturday, May 4, 1889, Philip Patrick Henry Cronin was called from his office in the Windsor Theatre building on North Clark street, to attend an urgent surgical call in Lake View, where it was said an employe of Patrick O'Sullivan, an iceman, was dangerously in- jured in an accident. The messenger to avoid delay, had brought a horse and buggy with him, and showed the card of O'Sullivan as his authority for the visit and his identi- fication. The horse was the animal now fa- mous as Din an's white horse, and had been en- gaged that day at Dinan's stables on Clark street,near Chicago avenue, by Dan Coughlin, who said he wanted it for a friend of his, a stranger in the city. That friend, Conghlin afterward said, was a man named Smith, who knew his relatives in Hancock, Mich., but it has since been found out, according to Cronin's friends, that his name was not Smith, but that he was a trusted member of the Clan-na-Gael and one of the conspirators told off to commit the murder. A short time previous Dr. Cronin had made a contract with O'Sullivan to attend to the men employed by him in the ice busi- ness, and so when the urgent call was made 220 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. he hurriedly jumped into the buggy with his case of instruments, and was rapidly driven north toward Lake View, where the ice house was located. That was the last time that Dr. Cronin was seen alive by his friends. He had lived for years with T. T. Conklin and his family, who at the time occupied a handsome flat in the building where the doctor had his office, and when he had not returned that night, and no tidings of him came with the Sunday's dawn, they naturally became alarmed. His habits had always been most punctual, and when they recalled that a certain element of the Clan-na-Gael had been his bitter enemies and traducers, and knew that his life had been threatened, their alarm ended in a belief that he had been assassinated. Inquiry from Patrick O'Sullivan himself showed that no accident had happened to any of his men, and then the belief of Dr. Cronin's murder became a certainty to his friends. The police were told of the disappearance, and given reasons for the belief that a horri- ble crime had been committed. As the news spread this entire community became in- tensely aroused, and for some months the excitement continued. A first link was found by the Lake View police in the discovery of a trunk on Sunday morning, with the lock burst open and blood-stained cotton batting and hair on the inside. , Its condition gave unmistakable evidence that it had been used to carry a human body or carcass of some kind. The key of this trunk was subsequently found on the floor of the Carlson cottage, and with other inci- dents led to the inevitable conclusion that it had been the receptacle for Dr. Cronin's body. Captain Villier's, chief of police of Lake View at that time, had not heard of the disappearance of Dr. Cronin, but, learning of some particulars, he went to O'Sullivan's house, questioned him, and got a plausible explanation. He then visited the Conklins, and was shown O'Sullivan's card and told of the contract, and their belief that it was used as a decoy to lead the doctor to his death. The Conklins were then shown the hair found in the trunk, and at once expressed their belief that it was Dr. Cronin's. As an offset to these conclusions and facts, published in the next Monday's papers, a series of statements to throw discredit on them were given out by a number of people, chief among which was the story of Miss Annie Murphy and Street-car Conductor Dwyer, that they had seen the missing phy- sician on a south-bound northside car Satur- day night, with a gripsack in his hand. Then came the story of one Long, a Toronto reporter, who had formerly lived in Chicago and knew Cronin, that he had met him in Toronto under circumstances indicating that he had fled in consequence of some trouble with a woman. In corroboration of Long's statement came a series of stories from a horse-thief named Woodruff, having for their object the showing that Cronin was con- nected professionally with a criminal opera- tion which resulted fatally, and making the theory of his flight a plausible one. Following all this came a telegram from Michael Davitt to Patrick Egan, in care of Alexander Sullivan, stating that a certain man called by the cipher name of " Bunk- um" was to sail May lith to testify for the London Times against Parnell before the royal commission then sitting, and the sub- sequent explanation was that the witness referred to was "your doctor." All this assisted in creating the belief that Dr. Croniii was not murdered but had crossed the ocean as a spy. The next confirmation of the murder theory, following the discovery of the trunk, was the report of Patrick Dinan, the livery- man, that Daniel Coughlin had arranged for the hiring of the white horse and buggy by his friend Smith. The description of the driver of the buggy given by Dinan and his wife tallied exactly with that given by Mrs. Conklin, the Mclnerny girls, and Frank Scanlan of the man who presented P. O'Sul- SOME NOTABLE TRIALS IN CHICAGO. 221 livan's card and drove the doctor away. But his name was not Smith, but Dawn, a name not heretofore mentioned, and who was a member of the camp in Hancock, Mich. The body of Dr. Cronin was found May 12th in the catch-basin of a Lake View sewer, a-nd the excitement attending the story became increased and intensified. The remains were bare of clothing and partly decom- posed, but the marks on the head plainly in- dicated death by violence. The body was carried to the Lake View Morgue where it was viewed by thousands of people, and identified by Cronin's brother and many of his personal and intimate friends. Next followed the inquest and the arrest on a mittimus from Coronor Hertz of Alex- ander Sullivan, shortly afterward, however, released by an order of Judge Tooley, and the indictment by the grand jury of Daniel Coughlin, Patrick O'Sullivan, Martin Burke, John F. Beggs, Patrick Cooney, Frank Woodruff and John P. Kunze. The discovery at the Carlson cottage of all the evidences of a brave struggle and a bru- tal murder was the next incident that aroused public feeling. The broken furni- ture, the blood stains on walls and floor, proved that Dr. Cronin had not surrendered his life without a heroic struggle to preserve it. But the odds were too many, and the end of his mission of healing was the forfeit of his generous life. His custom had been to carry a revolver, believing that his life was menaced by enemies in the Clan-na-Gael, but in his hurry to relieve suffering that night he had forgot- ten to take it with him. Had he done so, he being an active and muscular man, the probability is that other lives would have ended with his. The explanation of the Carlsons as to how the cottage was hired fur- nished another link in the chain of crimina- ting circumstances, and the description of the tenants by the Carlsons satisfied the friends of Cronin that the Williams brothers who had hired the cottage were Martin Burke and Patrick Cooney. Burke escaped to Winnipeg, from whence he was afterward extradited, and Cooney escaped to parts un- known. The latter was familiarly known as " Cooney the Fox " on account of a song with that title which he was in the habit of singing on convivial occasions. As the facts and incidents connected with the murder became known public abhorrence of the crime increased until it demanded ex- pression in a monster demonstration in Cen- tral Music Hall on the night of June 28, 1889. It was a cosmopolitan gathering and judges and congressmen in burning words denounced the crime which had placed a stain on the city and humanity. The great trial opened August 30, 1889, a few days less than four months after the luring of the physician to his death. It last- ed about three months, and was watched with keen interest all over the civilized world. On both sides the ablest of counsel were arrayed, and their contentions and ora- tory made the trial a noted one in a purely legal sense. The proceedings in court were twice inter- rupted by sensational incidents. One was the discovery in another Lake View catch basin of the murdered doctor's clothes and his case of surgical instruments, and the other was an attempt on the part of friends of defendants to bribe the jury, in which bailiffs and certain prominent citizens were alleged to have been implicated. The outcome of this most senational trial was the acquittal of Beggs and the convict- ion of all the other defendants. Coughlin, Burke and O'Sullivan were sentenced to im- prisonment for life, and Kunze for three years. Judge McGonnell granted Kunze a new trial, but he has never since been brought into court. An appeal was taken to the supreme court in the case of the other prisoners. O'Sullivan died in Joliet prison, as did also Burke. In the case of Dan Coughlin the appeal was granted and a new trial ordered, chiefly for errors in impaneling the jury. The second trial of Dan Coughlin came 222 HISTORY OF CUIGAOO. on before Judge Tuthill on the 27th of No- vember, 1893. Nearly five weeks were oc- cupied in obtaining a jury. The prosecution was conducted by Eickham Scanlan and Elisha S. Bottum, assistant State's Attorney. For the defence, Judge K. M. Wing and D. Donahoe. The same testimony that was given in the first trial was again repeated, together with some items that have been discovered since that time. Mrs. Andrew Poy, the wife of one of the alleged conspirators was put on the witness stand and detailed some incrimi- nating meetings at her house about the time of the murder. In respect to the motive for the crime Mr. Scanlan stated to the jury that, " Dr. Cro- nin and Dan Coughlin, in days gone by, be- longed to an Irish organization, an organiza- tion that has flourished in this country for years and perhaps flourishes now the Clan- na-Gael; that in 1884 and 1885 Dr. Cronin and others saw fit to criticise the actions of the executive body of the organization to which he and Coughlin belonged, and that sometime afterward Dr. Cronin was charged with treason and assailing the executive, and Daniel Coughlin was one of the jurors who tried him and found him guilty of trea- son. As to whether the executive body or Dr. Cronin was right the State didn't know and didn't care for the purpose of this trial. At the time of writing this, January 10, 1894. the trial is still in progress the State not having rested its case. On the evening of October 29, 1893, Carter H. Harrison, for the fifth time mayor of . Chicago, returned to his The Prendergast Trial. 6 ' home from the World s Columbian Exposition where he had for months extended with unwonted grace and acceptance the city's hospitality to its dis- tinguished guests from all nations tired with the labors of the day. He had partaken of dinner with his family, and was reclining in his easy chair when he was summoned to meet a caller, to an adjoining room. Hardly had he entered when some unknown words passed, and he was assassinated, five shots be ing fired into his falling and prostrate body. He lingered for a short time in a partially conscious state, lisping the name of a beloved one, when he passed into unconsciousness, and soon expired. The assassin was Patrick Eugene Joseph Prendergast, a young Irish- man, who had grown from childhood to the age of twenty-six years in Chicago, and had been engaged as a newspaper distributor. He fled to a police station, and gave himself into custody, avowing that he had killed the mayor. He alleged that the mayor had refused to appoint him corporation counsel, an appointment which he desired, to elevate the tracks and put a stop to the slaughter of citizens. A few days afterwards he was indicted for murder, and the trial come on before Judge Theodore Brentano of the superior court on the 6th day of December following. The prosecution was conducted by James Todd, assistant prosecuting attorney, and A. S. Trude, Esq., who was appointed by the court as special attorney; and the defense was undertaken by Richard A. Wade, Robert Essex, John P. McGoorty, and John Heron. The only defense made was insanity. More than two hundred talesmen were ex- amined before a jury was obtained. The taking of testimony commenced on the 14th day of December, and continued until De- cember 26th. The proceedings attracted great interest, and were attended by some dramatic incidents, especially as the prisoner often interrupted the course of the trial, and interjected spirited and not irrelevant exclamations and remarks. It was shown by the defense, while the prisoner protested that lie was not insane, that his grandfather had been an inmate of a mad house in Ireland. That Prendergast had received a fall while a child that seriously deranged his physical health. That as he grew up he had an acute mind, received a fair education, and was much ad- dicted to reading, and fond of displaying bis acquisitions. He was devoutly religious, Of Of SOMti KOTABLE 'f RIALS IN CHICAGO. 223 and imbibed certain vagaries, chief of which was espousing single tax theories of Henry George, and more recently had become ex- cited upon the subject of elevating the street car tracks of the city. He wrote many let- ters to high prelates of the church, members of Congress and other dignitaries, filled with incoherent reasonings uppn his hobbies. He had read and studied some books like those which profess to make every man his own lawyer, and fancied himself qualified and aspired to be appointed corporation counsel. Many reputable physicians testi- fied that he was insane, his disease taking the form of paranoia. On the other hand, many of those ^ho had known him, and particularly those who had come into business relations with him, though acknowledging his vagaries, considered him sane. Other reputable physicians and ex- perts who had examined him during his con- finement and observed his conduct during the trial, coincided in this opinion. After an elaborate summing up of the case by the counsel for the defense, and a most powerful analysis of the testimony by Mr. Trude, Judge Brentano in a carefully pre- pared and most impartial charge, instructed the jury upon the law of the case. The leading points of the charge were that all men are presumed to be sane, and possessed of the power of discrimination between right and wrong; that when this presumption had been overcome by evidence tending to prove insanity, amounting to aprima facie case, the burden rested with the prosecution to over- come it, by proving that the prisoner was sane at the time of the assassination, beyond a reasonable doubt. That in case of a rea- sonable doubt remaining in the minds of the jury after considering all the testimony as to his mental condition, the prisoner should have the benefit of the doubt, and be acquit- ted. On December 29th the jury retired, and after deliberating not more than an hour, returned into court with a verdict of guilty, and adjudging the death penalty as his pun- ishment. It is needless to say, that in the commu- nity which greatly loved its murdered Mayor, and had been shocked by the atrocity of his murder, the verdict met a general approval. CHAPTER VI. HISTORY OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION, MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS AND HOSPITALS OF CHICAGO. THE ALLOPATHIC SCHOOL. BY NATHAN SMITH DAVIS, A. M., M. D., LL. D., CHICAGO. AtlSTORY of the medical profession and medical institutions of Chicago could not be considered complete without including such facts of medical in- ter'est as may be found connected with the location prior to its organization into a dis- tinct municipality, and while it was known only as a military and Indian trading post under the name of Fort Dearborn. In July, 1803, a company of United States soldiers, under the command of Captain John Whistler, built the original Fort Dear- born on the south side of the Chicago river, near its entrance into Lake Michigan. The company consisted of sixty-eight men besides the captain, and among them is mentioned one surgeon's mate, but his name is not given in the army returns for that year, and his personal history cannot be given. In 1810, Captain Nathan Heald succeeded Captain Whistler in command of the garrison in Fort Dearborn, and with him came Dr. John Cooper as surgeon's mate. He was a native of Fishkill, N. Y., a young man of good education and fair promise for useful- ness. He remained at Fort Dearborn but a few months, however, and soon after resigned his commission and retired from the army. The vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. Cooper was filled early iii the year 1811 by Dr. Isaac Van Voorhis, who was also a native of Fishkill, N. Y., where he was born February 22, 1790. He received his general education in the Academy at Newberg, Orange county, N. Y., and subsequently completed a course of medical study, and was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the United States Army and sgnt directly to Fort Dearborn. His professional career and army service proved to be as brief as its end was tragical. In August, 1812, four or five thousand hos- tile Indians encamped in the vicinity of the fort, which was little more than a block- house of hewn logs. On the 15th of the month, the garrison, consisting of only 54 privates and three or four officers, evacuated the fort and commenced a retreat towards Fort Wayne. They had proceeded only one or two miles when they were surrounded by the Indians and twenty nine of their number speedily slain, including Captain Wells, Ensign Eonan a7id Surgeon Van Voorhis, 12 chil- dren and all the white male residents in the place except Mr. John Kinzie and his two sons. This cruel massacre and destruction of the fort left the place without either military protection or the presence of a physician for the succeeding four years. In 1816 the fort was re-built and occupied by a company of United States soldiers, among whose officers appear the names of Dr. John Gale and Dr. McMahon. In 1820 Dr. Alexander Wolcott was appointed by the general government as Indian agent, and commenced his resi- dence in or near Fort Dearborn. He was born in Windsor, Connecticut, February 14, 1790; educated in Yale College, from which 224 MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. he graduated in 1809; studied medicine during the three following years, and was commissioned surgeon's mate in the United States Army in 1812. He accompanied General Cass and Henry Schoolcraft in their noted voyages between May and August, 1820, and was mentioned by them as having rendered valuable aid in the accomplishment of their purposes. It was in the latter part of the same year that he entered upon his duties as Indian agent, and occupied a log house on the northside of the river near the residence of Mr. John Kinzie, who had been a resident since 1804, and the first white man to occupy the place not connected with the army. The government concluded an important treaty with the neighboring Indian tribes, which was signed August 29, 1821, in the presence of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, Indian agent, Jacob B. Varnum, factor, and John Kinzie, sub-agent. During the two following years, other military posts were established further North and West, by which a garrison of soldiers in Fort Dearborn was rendered unnecessary. Consequently the garrison was withdrawn in May, 1823, and the post and property belonging to the government left in charge of Dr. Wolcott, who occupied it for the business of his agency and residence until 1828, when it was again occupied by United States troops, and he returned to his previous residence, which had now become popularly known as "Cobweb Castle." There, however, he continued to discharge the important duties of his office until his death in 1830. Though thus cut off in the vigorous period of adult life, his services of ten years as Indian agent had been of great value, both to the United States government and the few civilized people living at this com- paratively isolated and dangerous locality. All his official duties were discharged with the utmost fidelity ; and his correspondence with the government shows that it was chiefly through his influence and that of John Kinzie, that the fort was not wholly abandoned as a military post when the gar- rison was withdrawn in 1823. The wisdom of their advice was demonstrated when it was found necessary to re-occupy the fort with United States troops in 1828 and 1832. Dr. Wolcott was married to Eleanor Marion Kinzie, the oldest daughter of his neighbor John Kinzie in July 1823. She was born in 1805, the next year after her parents commenced their residence here, and was the first white child known to have been born in the locality now occupied by Chicago. She survived her husband many years and was highly esteemed by all who knew her. At his death Dr. Wolcott left but one child, an infant daughter who sur- vived him only a few months. Thus far, all the medical men whose names have been associated with Fort Dear- born and its vicinity had been sent hither in the government employ, either as assistant surgeons in the army or as Indian agents. But in May, 1830, a few months before the death of Dr. Wolcott, there came the first in- dependent pioneer physician seeking a new home and field for practice, in the person of Dr. Elijah D. Harmon. He was born in Benn- ington, Vt., Aug. 20, 1782; acquired a know- ledge of medicine under the direction of Ben- jamin Swift of Manchester, and commenced his professional practice in Burlington, Vt., in 1806. Two years later he was married to Miss Welthyan Loomis. In 1812 he served as volunteer surgeon on the "Sarato- ga," Commodore McDonough's flag-ship,and was on board during the important naval battle near Plattsburg, in 1814. The next year he returned to Burlington and resumed the practice of his profession, and in 1816 was appointed postmaster for that place. After some pecuniary losses in 1829 he turned his attention toward the western fron- tier for a new field of labor. He came to Fort Dearborn in May, 1830, and his family followed him the next year and settled themselves in a log-cabin, while he tendered his services to the limited number of settlers in the place, as a general practitioner of medicine. In the absence of the assistant HISTORY OF CHICAGO. surgeon, Dr. Harmon also served as medical officer for the garrison. On account of the hostile attitude of the neighboring Indian tribes under the leadership of the noted chief, Blackhawk, the government, early in 1832 ordered additional military companies to reinforce the small garrison in the fort. Companies G and I of the Second Infantry, under the command of Major William Whistler, arrived on the 17th of June, 1832, accompanied by Samuel G. I. DeCamp as as- sistant surgeon. On the 10th of July, Gen. Winfield Scott, with a detachment of United States troops, arrived on board the steamer Sheldon Thompson, accompanied by Assist- ant Surgeon Macomb. The day before their arrival, epidemic cholera manifested itself by attacking the soldiers on the steamer with much severity. The two companies of in- fantry under command of Major Whistler were isolated from the new comers by re- moval to a camp two miles from the fort, and remained under the care of Dr.Harmon. The troops under General Scott, numbering about 1,000 men, took possession of the fort, but the cholera spread so rapidly that it soon became little else than a crowded cholera hospital, under the medical care of assistant surgeons DeCamp and Macomb. In one of Surgeon DeCamp's reports he says that within one week after the arrival of the troops on the steamer,one-fifth of their num- ber had been attacked with the disease. Its prevalence, however, was of short duration, and the military forces in a few weeks re- sumed their active campaign against the Indians, taking Surgeon Macomb with them, while DeCamp remained as medical officer of the garrison until November. The limited number of civilians who were not driven or frightened away by the fear of both hostile Indians and epidemic cholera, received faithful and efficient medical ser- vice from Dr. Harmon, who gave his pro- fessional services to citizens and soldiers alike. In the winter of 1832, a half-breed Indian, while riding with the mail on horseback from Green Bay to Chicago, had his feet so badly frozen that Dr. Harmon found it necessary to amputate the whole of one foot and a part of the other. The patient recovered. The doctor secured, by pre-emption, 140 acres of land located in what is now a central part of the South Division of Chi- cago. He retained enough of it to subse- quently place himself and family in pros- perous circumstances and to prominently identify him with the business interests of the city. Harmon court was so na'med in his honor, and some of his immediate de- scendants are still to be found in the ranks of our most respected citizens. In 1834, he became interested in some enterprise in the State of Texas, and spent a part of his time there almost every year until his death in 1869. During the year 1832, three more pioneer medical men took up their residence in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn and became per- manently identified with the interests of the place. These were Drs. Valentine A. Boyer, Edmund Stoughton Kimberly, and John Taylor Temple. In February, 1833, Assist- ant Surgeon Philip Maxwell arrived at Fort Dearborn, as the successor of Dr. De Camp who had left the garrison two or three months previously. Prior to August, 1833, the place had remained simply a military and Indian trading post, without civil or municipal organization except as it was included within the territorial limits of Peoria county. At the date last mentioned, the civil population is represented to have been between 150 and 200, included among whom were four edu- cated medical practitioners, namely, Drs. Harmon, Boyer, Kimberly, and Temple, Dr. Maxwell being the medical officer of the garrison. In this connection it is proper to state that the first drug store established in the place was by Philo Carpenter in the latter part of 1832. A complete biography of Mr, Carpenter appears in another place. The next drug store was established in the spring of 1833 by Dr. Edmund Stoughtou MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 227 Kimberly, in company with Peter Pruyne. Dr. Kimberly also took an active part in the political affairs of the community, as the records show that he was present and served as clerk of the town meeting held in August, 1833, to decide whether the place should become legally incorporated. The question having been decided in the affirmative, he was elected a member of the first board of trustees, and for many years continued to exert more or less influence in municipal affairs. He filled several public official posi- tions with honor to himself and the com- munity. Although Dr. Kimberly maintained a strictly honorable position as a physician for thirty years, he did not attain eminence as a practitioner, yet commanded the respect of all. As he approached old age, his health became impaired and he removed to a country residence in Lake county, 111., where he. died October 25, 1874, aged 72 years. Dr. John Taylor Temple, who came in 1832 was a graduate from the Middlebury Med ical College, Castleton, Vt. class of 1830. He opened an office for medical practice, and is credited with having made the first post mortem examination and given medico-legal evidence in relation thereto in court. For extended sketch of Dr. Temple, see bio- graphical chapter. Dr. Philip Maxwell was a native of Guil- ford, Vt., where he was born April 3d, 1799. After receiving a good general education, he studied medicine with a Dr. Knott, in New York city, and graduated in one of the med- ical colleges of Vermont. He first com- menced practice in Sackett's Harbor, New York, and was soon after elected a member of the State legislature. After completing his service in the legislature, he received appointment as assistant surgeon in the TJ. 8. A., and was sent to Fort Dearborn, where he arrived February 3, 1833, and entered di- rectly upon the discharge of his- duties as medical officer of the garrison, and contin- ued the same until the fort was finally abandoned as a military post, in 183G. He was promoted to the rank of surgeon in 1838 and served in the division of the army under the command of Gen. Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Indians in Florida. Soon after the close of that campaign he re- signed his commission as member of the med- ical corps of the U. S. A., and in 1844 returned to Chicago and entered upon the general practice of the profession. He soon acquired a good practice, a high social position, and became fully identified with all important public interests of the city. In 1848 he formed a partnership in practice with Dr. Brockholst McVickar, and was elected as a member of the State legislature. He served one legislative term with distinc- tion, but continued his general medical practice until 1855, when he retired to a beautiful country residence on the bor- der of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, where he died November 5, 1859, aged sixty years. He was a man of strong mental qualities, tempered with great geniality and benevo- lence, with a magnificent physical develop- ment, being erect, six feet two inches in height, and weighing 275 pounds. He was deservedly one of the most popular men in the early days of the city. At the time of the adoption of a legal in- corporation, in August, 1833, the number of actual residents was less than 200, and with them were the five regularly educated physi- cians already noted, making one physician for every forty of population. The disappearance of the cholera in 1832 and the conclusion of a treaty with the In- dians in the autumn of 1833, by which they were to peaceably remove west of the Missis- sippi river, prepared the way for a rapid in- flux of new settlers, not only in the new city, but over all the fertile and beautiful prairie lands of northern Illinois. So rapid was this influx during the next four years that the census of 1837 gave Chicago a population of 4,179; and during the same period there had been recognized the names of not less than forty medical men, which would still make the ratio equal to one for every 100 of 228 BlSTOltY OF CHICAGO. the population. More than half of these doctors, however, retained their residences here so short a time that they left no im- press, either professional or social, except their names in the newspaper or city direc- tory. But among the remaining half were a considerable number who took a prominent part in developing and guiding the medical, sanitary and business interests of the city. First among these in the order of time was Dr. William Bradshaw Egan, who arrived in Chicago in the autumn of 1833. He was a native of Ireland, born September 28, 1808. At the age of fifteen he commenced the study of medicine with Surgeon McGuire, of Lancashire, England. Subsequently he pros- ecuted his studies in the Medical School in Dublin, also served a term in the Dublin Lying-in Hospital, and soon after emigrated to Canada. On his arrival in Canada he en- gaged in school teaching, first in Quebec, then successively in Montreal, New York, and finally in the grammar school of the University of Virginia. While in the University he attended the lectures in the medical department two terms, obtained a license to practice medi- cine and surgery from the censors of the New Jersey State Medical Society, and com- menced the practice of the profession in Newark, New Jersey, in 1830. Two years later he was married to Miss Emeline Mab- batt, who the next year accompanied him to Chicago, where they formed a permanent and prosperous home. He entered with zeal and success upon the practice of the profes- sion for which he had been well educated, and in August, 1834, he was appointed a mem- ber of the health committee, to represent the South Division of the city. But the con- stant opportunities for real estate specula- tion and his aptitude for public business soon enticed him from the more toilsome and less attractive field of medical practice, and eventually made him one of the boldest and most successful real estate dealers in the city. He delivered the oration on the occa- tion of breaking ground in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal, July 4, 1836; rendered important service in adjust- ing the canal claims by the legislature in 1841-42; was recorder of the city and county in 1844, and representative in the State leg- islature in 1853-54. Like Dr. Maxwell, he was a man of stately physical proportions, and excelled him in social conviviality, wit and sarcasm. He acquired a fair fortune, and fitted for himself and family an elegant residence on the southern border of the city, where he died October 27, 1860, aged only 52 years. The first physician to open an office here for practicing the special department of den- tistry was Dr. William Kennicott, who came in 1834, and he continued to be the leading dental practitioner for many years. During the same year, Dr. John W. Eld- ridge came to Chicago from Pittsfield, Penn- sylvania, and commenced an active profes- sional career that he prosecuted successfully for a quarter of a century or more. He was born in Hamilton, Washington county, New York, October 2, 1808, and graduated in medicine from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, at Fairfield. He possessed an active intellect, persevering industry, coupled with a roughness of manner and speech, that quickly attracted the attention and gained the confidence of the working classes. He acquired a fair fortune and retired from active practice in 1868, but continued his residence until his death, January 1, 1884. Dr. Charles Volney Dyer, born in Claren- don, Vermont, June 12, 1808, after receiv- ing a good general academic education, studied medicine and graduated from the medical department of Middlebury College, Vermont, December 29, 1830; and first com- menced practice in Newark, New Jersey, from which place he came to Chicago in August, 1835. He entered directly into the practice of medicine, and in 1837 married Miss Louise M. Gifford, of Elgin, and to- gether they soon attained a leading position in society. In 1839 he held the office of TK LISKAnr of m UNIVERS1TV OF ILLINOIS MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 229 city physician. In a very few years he be- came so much interested in real estate and business enterprises of importance, that his medical practice became a matter of second- ary interest and was early abandoned alto- gether. He was one of the most active and persistent opponents of slavery, and has the credit of having been an efficient officer of the "underground railroad," for the escape of fugitive slaves from the Southern states to Canada. He accumulated a fair fortune, and spent his later years in an elegant resi- dence on the northern border of the city, where he died April 24, 1878. Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue and Daniel Brain- ard are represented as arriving in Chicago on the 1st of September, 1835; the first direct from Canada and the second from Oneida county, New York. Dr. Goodhue, though coming from Canada, was the son of a pro. minent physician of Pittsfield, Massachu- setts; had received a good education, both literary and medical, and was a man of su- perior mental endowments. He gave his at- tention more exclusively to the duties of his profession and soon acquired a good practice. Two years after his arrival he united with Dr. Brainard in framing an act of incor- poration for establishing a medical college in the city to be called "Rush Medical Col- lege." The act was presented to the State legislature then in session, adopted by it, and approved by the governor March 2, 1837. Owing to the extreme financial embarrass- ment then prevailing throughout the country, a teaching faculty was not organized until 1843, but Dr. Goodhue was one of the trustees named in the act of incorporation. A few years later he changed his residence to Eockford, Winnebago county, Illinois, where he soon established a large and re- munerative practice and en joyed a high repu- tation as a general practitioner for many years. His death, a few years since, was the result of an accident. Daniel Brainard was born in the town of Western, Oneida county, New York, May 15, 1812. His father, Jepthai Brainard, was a well-to-do farmer, and gave his son a good academic education, on the completion of which he commenced the study of medi- cine under the direction of Dr. R. S. Sykes of Whitesboro, but later prosecuted the same in the office of Dr. Harold H. Pope, a promi- nent surgeon in Rome, New York. He com- pleted the usual course of medical studies in the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1834. He com- menced practice with his first preceptor, Dr. Sykes, in Whitesboro, but his stay there was brief, for the Hon. J. D. Caton has chronicled his arrival in Chicago, mounted on a small Indian pony, "about the first of September 1835." Dr. Brainard entered directly upon the general practice of medicine, though with pre- dominating ambition for the department of surgery. His first surgical case of more than usual importance presented itself in 1838, in the person of a laborer on the Illinois and Michigan canal with a fracture of one femur, several miles from the city. The limb was dressed and progressed favorably, but before time enough had elapsed for complete bony union, the patient walked the whole distance into the city. The inflammation that fol- lowed was so severe, that at a consultation participated in by Drs. Brainard, Goodhue, Maxwell and Egan, an amputation was unanimously declared necessary. Dr. Brain- ard advised the amputation at the hip-joint, but the other three preferred having it done below the trochanter. Accordingly, the young surgeon dexterously removed the limb at the place designated by his counsellors, but the bone marrow being plainly diseased higher up he proceeded at once to amputate at the hip, while Dr. Goodhue performed the important work of compressing the femo- ral artery. The case progressed favorably for four or five weeks, the wounds having nearly healed, when secondary hemorrhage suddenly occurred and quickly proved fatal. A post mortem examination revealed an extensive bony neoplasm attached to the pel- vic bones and interfering with the femoral artery. The case had attracted much atten- S30 niSlORT OF CHICAGO. tiou, especially from the more benevolent part of the community, and hence served as an excellent introduction for the surgical opera- tor. The following year he first crossed the Atlantic and spent nearly two years in the medical colleges and hospitals of Paris, evi- dently preparing himself for the duties of a professorship of anatomy and surgery in the college for which he and Dr. Goodhue had already obtained a charter. He returned in the latter part of 1841, gave one course of medical lectures in St. Louis, then resumed his practice in Chicago, and succeeded in organizing a faculty and opening the first course of lectures in Hush Medical College in December, 1843. He rapidly acquired a high reputation as a teacher, and during the succeeding twenty years did a large surgical practice both in the city and surrounding country. In 1852, he again visited Paris, where he presented some original investigations in regard to the action of iodine on the poison of serpents, was elected an honorary mem- ber of the Surgical Society of Paris, and returned in the autumn with some valuable specimens for the museum of the medical college here. He visited Europe a third time in the spring of 1866, but returned just in time to commence his lectures on the opening of the annual term of Hush Medical College, the first week of October. During that same week the epidemic cholera that had been prevalent in this and most of the cities in this country during the first half of the summer, but which had nearly ceased during August, suddenly reappeared with severity. Dr. Brainard lectured at his usual hour in the afternoon of October 9th, during which he alluded to the unexpected return of the cholera, with some suggestions regarding the best means of avoiding an at- tack. The same evening he was attacked with the disease so violently that he died in less than twenty-four hours, October 10, 1866. He had been a firm believer in the direct contagiousness of the disease, and during the preceding epidemics, from 1849 to 1854, avoided coming in contact with cases of it as much as possible. Dr. Brainard was an in- dustrious student, with good literary and sci- entific attainments, and had an active dispo- sition for prosecuting original investigations. From 1849 to 1852, he industriously tested the effects of injections of aqueous solutions of iodine in cases of serous effusions, whether in the peritonteal, pleural or synovial sacs, or the areolar tissues. He applied the treat- ment also to some cases of congenital hydro- cephalus and spinal-bifida. During the same period of time he tested the effects of solutions of various substances on the struct- ure of cancerous growth, and finding the tissue rapidly destroyed by a solution of lac- tate of iron, he followed several operations for the removal of cancerous tumors, by in- jection of a small quantity of the solution directly into the blood through the vein in the arm. In a few patients he repeated the injection several times, at intervals of three or four days, hoping to thereby prevent the renewal of the malignant disease, but with- out success. The two most important series of original investigations prosecuted by him, were in relation to the efficacy of iodine as an anti- dote for the poison of serpents, and the treatment of ununited fractures by drilling anu boring the ends of the bones. His essay, embodying the results of the last- mentioned series, was awarded a prize by the American Medical Association in 3854. It is thus seen that during the fifteen years from 1840 to 1855, he was not only doing a large surgical practice, and filling his annual courses of medical college in- struction, but was also most actively engaged in promoting the scientific interests of his department of the profession. And it was at the end of this time that we find him at the zenith of his professional reputation and influence, while during the remaining de- cade of his life he gave more attention to dealing in real estate and less to the prac- tical interests of the profession, and thereby accumulated an ample fortune. Physically, MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 231 Dr. Brainard was tall, well proportioned, and dignified in manner. As a lecturer and teacher he was clear, forcible and effective, retaining a high degree of popularity and influence in the medical college he had been largely instrumental in establishing, until his death. Dr. Levi D. Boone, was another member of the profession who exerted much influence during the early years of our city's progress. He was born in December, 1808, near Lexing- ton, Ky., a descendant of the celebrated traveler, Daniel Boone. He received a fair academic education, studied medicine, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Transylvania University, and com- menced practice at Edwardsville, 111., but later moved to Hillsboro. At the com- mencement of the "Black-Hawk war," he entered the military service as captain of a cavalry company, and afterwards served as surgeon to the Second Regiment, under Col. Jacob Fry. His military services being no longer required, he came to Chicago in 1836, with his family, and directly engaged in the insurance business. The following year, however, he was compelled to resume the practice of his profession. He soon became fully occupied with general practice, and during the cholera epidemic of 1849-50-51, he held the office of city physician and rendered valuable service to the public. He was a member of the city board of aldermen three terms, and was elected mayor in 1855 by a combination of what was then known as the temperance and know-nothing parties. Dr. Boone had acquired a strong position as a religious and temperance man, while a considerable party had been quietly organized in opposition to an apparently dominating influence of foreign-born citizens in political affairs, under the name of "know-nothings." It was the members of this organization, acting in harmony with the friends of tem- perance, that elected not only Dr. Boone to the mayoralty, but also a majority of the board of aldermen. As a result, the new city government passed an ordinance increas- ing the fee for selling liquors from $50 to $300. A large number of the saloon keepers refused to pay the higher fee and yet con- tinued to sell, until nearly two hundred of their number had been arrested and held in confinement. This led to an organized attempt forcibly to liberate those under arrest, which was met with such promptness by the mayor and police, that the rioters were effectually dispersed, with only one killed and a number wounded. At the close of his term of office, Dr. Boone again re- sumed his professional practice, and con- tinued it until after the close of the war for suppressing the great southern rebellion. After this he gave his attention altogether to real estate and insurance business. He was a leading member of the Baptist church and one of the founders of the first Chicago University; and though neither possessed of brilliant intellectual qualities nor high scien- tific attainments, he nevertheless discharged all his duties, public and private, with fidelity, and exerted a widely beneficial in- fluence until he died, at the ripe age of sev- enty-four years, in February, 1882. During the thirteen years from 1837 to 1850, the population of the city had increased from 4,179 to nearly 30,000, with a propor- tionate increase in the number of medical men. Among the latter may be found the names of Drs. John Brinkerhoff, H. Clarke, J. Jay Stuart, John H. Foster, D. S. Smith, S. Z. Haven, J. V. Z. Blaney, W. B. Her- rick, George W. Wentw orth, Eriel McArthur, Brockholst McVickar, John Evans and Na- than S. Davis. Of these, Drs. Blaney, Herrick, Evans and Davis, will be sufficiently noticed in connec- tion with the colleges, hospitals and societies with which they were connected. Dr. J. Jay Stuart came prior to 1839 and devoted his time to the practice of his pro- fession. He was well educated and rather noted for the neatness of his dress, enjoyed a good position in society, but died, I think, 232 HIST OR T OF CHICAGO. during the cholera epidemic of 1854, while yet in the prime of life. Dr. John Brinkerhoff also came prior to 1839, and though engaging somewhat in the practice of medicine, he became interested in the retail drug business, with which his name was familiarly associated for many years. George W. Wentworth was a native of New Hampshire, born November 2, 1820, a brother of the late Hon. John Wentworth, of this city. He received a collegiate educa- tion in Dartmouth College and graduated in medicine from one of the medical colleges of Philadelphia in 1847. He came directly to Chicago and opened an office for general practice on Randolph street a few rods west of the river, it being probably the first phy- sician's office opened, in what is now so well known as the west division of Chicago. He acquired practice and reputation rapidly, but during the prevalence of cholera, during the summer of 1850, he was attacked with that disease and died August 14, 1850. During the active part of his career he was president of the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago from its organization until 1871, when he was succeeded by Dr. A. E. Small. He was not an active teacher in any department of medicine, but a man of good moral and social standing, and after the death of Dr. Small he was again made president of the college, and continued in that position until his own death, in 1891, aged seventy-five years. In the foregoing pages is given a concise history of the origin and progress of the medical profession of Chicago prior to 1850, with brief biographical notices of the more prominent and influential members. Thus far the development had been chiefly that of individual accretion numerically, with a very strong temptation to hasten the acquisition of wealth by attention to real-estate dealing and other non-professional enterprises, while medical literature, science, education and society organization received attention from only a] very few. As the school and the church are the first institutions to be organ- ized by combination of individuals in all civilized communities, so the first institu- tions that lead to united action by medical men in all densely populated towns or cities are hospitals and dispensaries for the sick and disabled, and medical schools for the education of medical men. Consequently the history of such institutions, and of society organizations for mutual improvement, affords the best index of the condition and progress of the profession in this or any other great city. In the growth of all cities and densely populated districts, the first institutions or Medical institutions organizations of a medical character are the offspring of necessity. The occurrence of epidemics and contagious diseases and the presence of a greater or less number of persons unable to care for themselves present two conditions, one directly suggesting the necessity for -some concerted action for preventing the spread of epidemics, and the other equally demanding provision for alleviating the suffering of those unable to help themselves- Self -protection and sympathy with the suffer- ing are two of the strongest impulses that influence enlightened minds. The severe prevalence of epidemic cholera, in 1832, by which Port Dearborn became, temporarily, a cholera hospital, undoubtedly increased the disposition of the inhabitants to effect a township organization the following- year. For among the earliest ordinances adopted by the board of trustees were some for the protection of the public health. A fine of $3 was imposed upon any one who should throw refuse into the river, and the town supervisor or street commissioner was re- quired to remove all nuisances recognized as detrimental to the health of the community. In 1835, fearing another outbreak of cholera, the trustees appointed a permanent board of health, consisting of seven prominent citi- zens, including only one physician, Dr. John T. Temple. No cholera, however, appeared, and after one or two meetings the board ed ty Wm Sa-rtcan =euSCo WSOifo OF MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 233 ceased to have an active existence. In March, 1837, the original town organization was superseded by an act of city incorpora- tion, one section of which required the common council to appoint annually three commissioners to constitute a board of health and also a health officer, who should visit and care for persons suffering from contagious and infectious diseases. The first board appointed under these provisions was organized in May, 1837, and consisted of Dr. J. W. Eldriclge, A. N. Fullertonand D. Cox; while Dr. Daniel Brainard was made health officer; the mayor was also ex-officio memberof the board of health. From that period to the present time the sanitary interests of the city have been under the control of a regular health department, the executive officer of which has been variously designated as city physician, city marshall, sanitary superin- tendent, but more generally health officer, except as hereinafter mentioned. In 1838 Dr. Brainard was superseded as health officer by Dr. E. S. Kimberly, who served until 1841. It was during the first year of his service that a severe epidemic form of sickness prevailed among the laborers engaged in excavating for the Illinois and Michigan canal, requiring much attention. la May, 1841, Dr. J. W. Eldridge was made health officer, and an ordinance was passed requiring the attending physician to give a certificate of death and the causes thereof, which constituted the first step towards a record of vital statistics. In 1842 the duties of the health officer were divided between a city physician and a city marshall, and Dr. W. B. Egan was elected as the first and Mr. Orson Smith as the second. This arrangement was continued until 1857, the office of city physician being filled successively by Dr. Philip Maxwell from 1845 to 1847; Dr. Henry S. Huber from 1847 to 1849; Dr. Levi D. Boone from 1849 to 1852; Dr. A. B. Palmer during 1852; Dr. B. McVickar, 1853, 1854 and 1856; Dr. I. Lynn, 1855; Dr. Gerhard Paoli, 1857 to 1859, and Dr. William Wagner, 1859 to March 27, 1860, when the whole health department was vacated by an ordinance of the common council. The city remained without sanitary or health officers until December 1, 1861, when Dr. Lucien P. Cheney was appointed city physician with a salary of $600 per annum, from which he was to furnish the medicines required for such poor patients as were entitled to his assistance. When it is remembered that the city's population then numbered 138,186 and included a large proportion of poor people, the salary mentioned will be regarded as one of the most remarkable specimens of municipal provision for the sick poor on record. Yet Dr. Cheney held the office until his death, in 1874, and performed its duties with as much fidelity as if the salary had been $6,000. Soon after the appoint- ment of Dr. Cheney as city physician, Charles S. Perry, a policeman, was detailed to act as health officer, and continued to act in that capacity until May, 1865, when T. B. Bridges was elected health officer and Dr. S. C. Blake, city physician. They continued in office until March 31, 1867, when the health department was separated from that of the police, and placed entirely under the control of a board of health, with a sanitary superin- tendent as its executive officer. The new board was composed of Drs. William Wagner, II. A. Johnson, and J. II. Rauch, and citizens William Giles, A.B. Reynolds, Samuel Hoard, and the Mayor, J. B. Rice, ex-officio. Dr. John H. Rauch was made sanitary superinten- dent and Dr. H. S. Hahn city physician. In 1869 Dr. George Schloetzer superseded Dr. Wagner as member of the board, which other- wise remained the same until after the great fire of 1871. It is worthy of note here, that after the disappearance of the epidemic cholera of 1854 to 1860 the city continued quite free from severe sickness, and, as usual under such circumstances,the municipal authorities gave less and less attention to sanitary con- ditions, until, as has already been stated, in 1860 they formally abolished the health 234 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. department and transferred its duties to the mayor and police. This was done in opposi- tion to the earnest protests and faithful warn- ings of the leading medical men of the city, acting both as individuals and as members of the Chicago Medical Society. From 1858 to 1862, Dr. N. S. Davis made frequent efforts to have a competent medical health officer placed in charge of the sanitary interests of the city. His efforts were actively sus- tained by Drs. J. H. Rauch, H. A. Johnson and others, and in 1865 a public meeting of the medical profession appointed a commit- tee consisting of Drs. N. S. Davis, J. W. Freer, J. P. Ross, H.Hitchcock, R. N. Isham and B. McVickar to formulate and present specific recommendations to the municipal authorities for improving the sanitary con- ditions of the city and the preservation of reliable records of vital statistics. The com- mittee faithfully discharged the duties im- posed upon it, and was largely instrumental in having a distinct board of health re-estab- lished, in 1867, with an educated medical man as sanitary superintendent. In the meantime, however, while sanitary matters were being neglected and the city substan- tially without a health department, the pop- ulation was rapidly increasing and the busi- ness of slaughtering and meat-packing near the south branch of the river was begun and actively prosecuted, and enough of the blood and offal allowed to enter the river to con- taminate both air and water. So great did this contamination become that during the years 1863-64 the whole river was tinged with blood, fish ceased to live in it, and the odor was perceptible over a large part of the city. In the autumn some cases of small pox were introduced into the city, and the dis- ease spread with such persistency that more than 2,000 cases were reported during the years 1862-63-64. During the two latter years a severe epidemic of erysipelas also pre- vailed, much the larger number of cases being located in proximity to the river. Im- mediately following these scourges came the epidemic cholera in Europe in 1665, and in this country in 1866, which finally compelled the people to heed the persistent warnings of their medical men, sufficiently, at least, to create the efficient and intelligent board of health of 1867. The board as then organized remained un- der the leadership of Drs. J. H. Rauch and H. A. Johnson, the first as sanitary superin- tendent and the second as president of the board until 1873-74, three years after the great fire of 1871. And during these last mentioned years, when so many thousands of the population had been driven into temporary and crowded quarters, there were no more faithful and efficient public servants than those in charge of the health department; and they were aided with equal zeal and fidelity by every practicing physician in the city. In August, 1873, Dr. Rauch resigned and Dr. Benjamin C. Miller was appointed to the place, and in January, 1874, Dr. Johnson re- signed and was succeeded by Dr. J. A. Halm. In October, 1875, Dr. Hahn died, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Dr. B. McVickar. In July, 1876, the city council passed an ordinance abolishing the board of health and devolving all its powers and duties upon a chief officer called the commissioner of health, with provision for a corps of san- itary inspectors, and a registrar of vital sta- tistics. The following January, 1877, Dr. Mc- Vickar resigned his office and Dr. Oscar C. DeWolf was appointed commissioner of health, with Dr. J. S. Knox as assistant. Dr. H. P. Wright, registrar of vital statistics, and a corps of three medical inspectors. During the same year an ordinance was passed giving the commissioner of health more control over slaughtering, packing, rendering, fertilizing and other establish- ments liable to affect the public health. By an act of the legislature, passed in May, 1881, manufactories, work-shops, tenement and lodging houses, etc., were also brought uu- MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 235 der the supervision of the health commis- sioner. Dr. DeWolf continued in the office ten years, during which time the practical work- ing of the city health department was sys- tematized, much extended, and administered with more than ordinary efficiency. He resigned in 1887, and was succeeded by Dr. Swayne Wickersham, who, after a service of three years, gave place to the present com- missioner of health, Dr. John D. Ware, whose health corps now embraces Dr. F. 0. Caldwell, registrar of vital statistics; Dr. Erasmus Garrott, chief medical inspector, and Drs. Frank Gary, E. H. Smith, L. H. Montgomery, E. F. Wells, 0. 1ST. Huff, He- man Spalding and J. K. Winer, medical in- spectors. Among the names of those who have held official positions in the health department of this city as given in the forgoing pages, we recognize many who were faithful and efficient officers, but only three who have obtained a general reputation throughout the profession as well trained in sanitary science. Those three were Drs. Hosmer A. Johnson, John H. Rauch and Oscar C. De- Wolf. The next medical institution organized in this city after the formation of an incipient health department of the municipality, was the Rush Medical College; named thus in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and one of the most eminent medical writers and teachers of the last half of the eighteenth century. The initial steps for establishing a medical college were taken in the autumn of 1836, by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue, who had settled in Chicago simultaneously, in September of the previous year, though coming from different quarters. Together they framed an act of incorpora- tion, which was submitted to the State legis- lature assembled in Vandalia during the succeeding winter. The act was passed and signed by the governor, March 2, 1837, but Medical Colleges. a state of extreme financial depression and embarrassment had by that time ensued over the whole country, and in consequence no teaching faculty or professorship was established until 1843. The board of trus- tees named in the act of incorporation was composed of Hon. T. W. Smith, Dr. J. C. Goodhue, Rev. I. T 1 . Hinton, Dr. John T. Temple, James H. Collins, Dr. E. S. Kim- berly, Justin Butterfield, Ebenezer Peck, John H. Kinzie, John Wright, Henry Moore, Wm. B. Ogden, John D. Caton, Grant Good- rich, E. D. Taylor, of Chicago; and Rev. Seth S. Whitman, of Belvidere, and Thomas Ford, of Oregon City, 111. The name was Rush Medical College. The teaching faculty as organized in the autumn of 1843, con- sisted of four professors, as follows: Dr. Daniel Brainard, professor of anatomy and surgery; Dr. James V. Z. Blaney, professor of chemistry and materia medica; Dr. John McLean, professor of theory and practice of medicine, and Dr. M. L. Knapp, professor of obstetrics. The college provided for an annual term of instruction of sixteen weeks, and required attendance on two such terms and three years of medical study before graduation. But persons who had studied three years and been engaged in practice one year could graduate after attending one annual college term. The only evidence of general education required of the student was the writing of a thesis on some medical topic. Absurdly inadequate as those pro- visions appear at this day, they were then in strict harmony with the requirements of the medical colleges in all the States of this country. The first course of instruction was com- menced December 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students, and continued sixteen weeks, at the close of which the ordinary degree of M. D. was conferred upon William Butterfield, son of one of the trustees of the college, and honorary degrees were conferred upon Thos. P. Whipple and John McLean This course was given in rooms on Clark street temporarily provided for that purpose. 336 UI8TOR7 OF CHICAGO. During the following summer, however, Wm. B. Ogden donated a lot on the south- east corner of Dearborn and Indiana streets, and a small college building of brick was built thereon, at a cost of between $3,000 and $4,000. The second annual college term was commenced December 13, 1844, in the new building, with the same faculty and was attended by forty-six students, of whom eleven graduated at its close. In April of the same year was issued the first number of a medical journal called the Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal, under the patronage of the college and edited by Professor James V. Z. Blaney, with Ellis & Fergus, 37 Clark street, as printers. This journal was continued and exerted an important influence for thirty years, though its name was first changed to that of Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal and later to that of Chicago Medi- cal Journal, but all the time regarded as the organ of the Rush Medical College. In 1874 it was transferred to the Chicago Medi- cal Press Association and united with the Chicago Medical Examiner under the name of "Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner," under which title it continued to be pub- lished monthly as an independent medical periodical for ten or twelve years, when it was discontinued. In 1845, after the close of the second an- nual college term, important changes and in additions to the faculty were made. Dr. M. L. Knapp resigned the chair of obstetrics, a chair of anatomy and physiology, rnd a chair of materia medica and therapeutics were created, and Drs. Austin Flint, of Buffalo, N. Y.; Graham N. Fitch, of Indiana, and William B. Herrick were added to the fac- ulty. Consequently the third annual course of college instruction was given by Daniel Brainard, professor of principles and prac- tice of surgery; Jas. V. Z. Blaney, professor of chemistry and pharmacy; John McLean, professor of materia medica and therapeu- tics; Austin Flint, professor of principles and practice of medicine; Graham N. Fitch, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; and William B. Herrick, professor of anatomy and physiology. At the close of the college term Dr. Flint resigned his chair and returned to New York; Dr. Fitch was transferred to the chair of practice of medi- cine, and Dr. John Evans, of Indiana, was appointed to the chair of obstetrics and dis- eases of women. As thus constituted, the college continued its regular annual courses of instruction to steadily increasing classes until 1848-49, when the class of matriculates numbered little more than one hundred, and the graduates thirty-three. At the close of that college term Dr. Graham N. Fitch resigned the chair of prin- ciples and practice of medicine, and during the summer of 1849 Dr. Thomas Spencer of Geneva, N. Y., -was chosen to fill the vacancy. At the same time a new chair of physiology and general pathology was created and filled by the appointment of Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, of New York. At the close of his first course of lectures in this college, Dr. Spencer resigned his chair on account of ill health and returned to Geneva, and Dr. N. S. Davis, was trans- ferred to the chair of practice of medicine retaining with it general pathology, while physiology was again attached to the chair of anatomy. Four years of fair prosperity followed without changes in the faculty, but with the important addition of regular hos- pital clinical instruction commencing in the autumn of 1850. At the close of the col- lege term of 1854-55, the college building was found inadequate for the accommodation of the annually increasing classes and it was resolved to enlarge and rearrange the build- ing by an expenditure of about $15,000; the same to be advanced in equal ratio by the members of the faculty as a loan to the institution, to be paid out of the income of the college from lecture fees, and secured to each by a lien on the property, executed by the board of trustees. Although some members of the faculty ob- jected to the principle of making the profes- Of MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 337 sors in educational institutions joint stock owners of the same, yet they cheerfully ac- quiesced in the decision of the majority, and the enlargement of the building was com- pleted in time for the opening of the college term of 1855-56. At the close of the preceding term, Pro- fessor John McLean, who had been con- nected with the faculty since its organiza- tion in 1843, resigned the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, and Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson, an alumnus of the college, was chosen his successor. During the same year Dr. Herrick was compelled by ill health to resign the chair of anatomy and was suc- ceeded by J. W. Freer. Consequently the men composing the faculty in 1855, and who furnished the $15,000 to enlarge the college building, were Professors Daniel Brainard, James V. Z. Blaney, Joseph W. Freer, John Evans, Nathan S. Davis, and Hosmer A. Johnson. * After two years, Dr. Johnson, who had given the lectures on materia medica and therapeutics with unusual ability, was trans- ferred to the chair of physiology, and Dr. John H. Rauch, of Burlington, Iowa, was chosen to fill the vacancy. Both were young men of talent and were rapidly acquiring popularity as medical teachers, but, neither being financially well able to carry their share of the indebtedness incurred in enlarging the college building, both resigned their places in the faculty at the close of the col- lege term of 1858-59. During the summer of 1856, Dr. John Evans, having become more interested in real estate than in medicine, resigned his profess- orship of obstetrics and diseases of women, and Dr. Wm. H. Byford, of Evansville, Ind., was chosen to fill the vacancy. In the spring *Ina volume entitled "Early Medical Chicago," by James Nevins Hyde, A. M., M. D., published by Fergus Printmy Company, 1879, pige 34, the names of Austin Flint, M. D., G. N. Fitch, M D., and John McLean, M. D., are given as members of the faculty at this time and as participating in the work of enlarging the college build- ing, when in fact. Dr. Flint had ceased to be a member of the faculty in 146, Dr. Fitch in 1849, and Dr. McLean at the close of the college term of 1854-55. Moreover, the author does not mention the fact that Drs. Davis and Johnson ever held professorships in the Hush Medical College. of 1859, while the chairs of materia medica and therapeutics, and of physiology and gen- eral pathology were vacant, the Lind Univer- sity* then being organized under a liberal charter, took initial steps for establishing a medical department on the basis of longer annual college terms, and a more systematic grading of the medical studies, as had been prominently advocated by Dr. N. S. Davis several years before he became a member of the faculty of Rush Medical College. As the latter school, under the leadership of its chief founder, Dr. Daniel Brainard, persistently adhered to two annual college terms of sixteen weeks each without grading, Dr. Davis resigned his position in that col- lege, and he was accompanied by Dr. Wm. H. Byford. This led substantially to a reorganiza- tion of the faculty of the Rush Medical Col- lege for the term of 1859-60, as follows: Daniel Brainard, professor of surgery and clinical surgery; James V. Z. Blaney, pro- fessor of chemistry and pharmacy; J. Adams Allen, professor of practice of medicine and clinical medicine; DeLaskie Miller, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; Ephraim Ingals, professer of materia medica and thera- peutics; R. L. Rea, professor of anatomy; A. S. Hudson, professor of physiology and pathology; Joseph W. Freer, professor of surgical anatomy and surgical pathology, and Edwin Powell, demonstrator of anatomy. Of the new men thus introduced into the faculty, only two had previously acquired reputation as teachers. Dr. J. Adams Allen had filled a chair in the medical department of the university of Michigan for several years with marked ability, and Dr. R. L. Rea had equally proved his rare skill as a teacher of anatomy in connection with the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. The remaining ones, though previously untried, proved good workers, except Dr. A. S. Hud- son who resigned after one or two years. With this exception the faculty remained L*Now known as Lake Forest University.] 238 HISTORY OF CUICAOO. unchanged until 1866, during which time the number of students annually increased, until the last named year the number was between three and four hundred. But, as stated in the biographical sketch given in preceding pages, it was just after the opening of the college term in October, 1866, that Dr. Daniel Brainard, president, and one of the founders of the college, was suddenly stricken with a fatal attack of epidemic cholera. His chair was soon filled by the appointment of Dr. Moses Gunn, of Detroit, who had already acquired an enviable repu- tation as a teacher and practitioner of sur- gery in connection with the medical depart- ment of the University of Michigan. The number of students had again made a more capacious college edifice necessary, and dur- ing the summer a new building was erected on the same lot, at a cost of about $70,000, on the same financial plan as that on which the original structure had been enlarged in 1855. In 1868, a chair of ophthalmology and otology and one of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest were added to the fac- ulty. Dr. Edward L. Holmes was elected to the first and Dr. Joseph P. Ross to the second. Two years later, Dr. Ephraim In- gals resigned the chair of materia medicaand medical jurisprudence, and Dr. James H. Etheridge was selected to fill the vacancy. On the ninth day of October, 1871, only a few days after the commencement of the annual college term with a large class of students, the great Chicago fire occurred, in which the college building, erected only four years previously, with most of its contents, was entirely destroyed. Undaunted by so great a catastrophe, the faculty soon found lecture room in the old county hospital building on Eighteenth street, and the Chi- cago Medical College tendered them the use of its ample dissecting room part of each day. They were thus enabled to gather to- gether the greater part of their class with only a brief interruption. The same year, Dr. James V. Z. Blaney was compelled by failing health to resign the chair of chemistry and pharmacy which he had held since the first organization of the faculty in 1843, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Dr. Henry M. Lyman. During the following summer temporary lecture rooms were fitted up on a part of the hospital grounds, and continued to be occu- pied each college term until 1876, when the Cook county hospital buildings had been lo- cated in the west division on West Harrison and "Wood streets. In 1875, when it had been decided to locate the permanent county hospital in the west division, the faculty of the college at once took measures to erect a new college building in the immediate vicin- ity of the proposed hospital, on the supposi- tion that they would be able to control a liberal amount of clinical instruction therein. Owing to dissatisfaction with some of the business arrangements, Dr. R. L. Rea resigned the chair of anatomy, and was succeeded by Dr. Charles T. Parkes, who had been demon- strator of anatomy during the seven preced- ing years. The new college building was completed, at a cost of about $54,000, and occupied in 1876 and not only afforded all the ordinary accommodations for college pur-" poses, but also room in the basement for the Central Free Dispensary, while the coinci- dent completion and opening of the large county hospital with an able clinical staif, marked a new era of prosperity for the col- lege. The number of students in attendance in- creased each year, and a separate faculty for a short spring term of instruction was or- ganized. Attendance upon it was not made obligatory as a part of the college curricu- lum, nor was it allowed to count as a college course in the requirements for gradua- tion, but it afforded valuable aid to such students as could afford to spend more time in the city. In 1877, Dr. H. M. Lyman was transferred from the chair of chemistry to the chair of physiology and diseases of the nervous system, and Dr. Walter S. Haines was elected to the chair of chemistry and MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 239 toxicology. Iu 1879 two additional profes- sorships were created, viz. : A professorship of skin and venereal diseases, and a professor- ship of gynecology. The first was filled by Dr. James Nevins Hyde, and the second by Dr. William H. Byford, both having already acquired good reputations as medical teach- ers. Owing to some impairment of health on the part of Dr. J. Adams Allen, the profes- sor of principles and practice of medicine, a professorship of pathology and adjunct profes- sorship of principles and practice of medicine were instituted and filled by the appointment of Dr. Norman Bridge, in 1885. Two years later the professor of surgery, Dr. Moses Gu nn, was attacked with malignant disease of the stomach and died. The vacancy was filled by the transfer of Dr. Charles T. Parkes from thft chair of anatomy to that of surgery, and Dr. Arthur Dean Bevan was appointed professor of anatomy. In 1888 Dr. DeLaskie Miller resigned the chair of ob- stetrics and diseases of children, and was succeeded by Dr. J. Suydam Knox, and the same year Dr. Nicholas Senn, of Milwaukee, was appointed to a chair of principles of sur- gery and surgical pathology, Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals to a chair of laryngology, and Dr. Freeman Brophy to a chair of dental path- ology and surgery, thereby adding three more chairs to the curriculum. Before this time the faculty had learned, much to their disappointment, that they could not control the ample facilities for clinical instruction in the county hospital, as they had anticipated. The hospital being wholly under the control of the board of Cook county commissioners, a body subject to more or less change with every recurring political election, not only proved unstable in the membership of its medical and surgi- cal staff, but the clinical instruction was limited entirely to such cases as could be taken into the amphitheatre. To remedy this defect, the faculty induced the friends of the Presbyterian hospital to locate that institution on a part of their col- lege lot, and so connected with the college as to render its clinical advantages much more stable, and it became also, at least nomi- nally, a department of the Lake Forest Uni- versity. During the years 1890-91-92, the Rush Medical College had the unusual experience of losing by death, in quick succession, five of its most prominent and influential pro- fessors. Dr. J. Adams Allen, who had ably filled the chair of principles and practice of medicine thirty-one, and the office of presi- dent of the college thirteen years, died early in the year 1890. On the 21st day of May of the same year followed the sudden death of Dr. William H. Byford, who had been occu- pying the chair of gynecology during the pre- ceding eleven years. Less than one month later, on the 15th of June, 1890, Dr. Joseph P. Ross, who had held the chair of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest twenty- two years, died from protracted disease of the brain. On the 28th of March, 1891, Dr. Charles T. Parkes, who had most efficiently served the college for twelve years as profes- sor of anatomy, and equally so during the three last years as professor of surgery, died after a very brief illness from pneumonia, while the prevailing epidemic .of influenza was at its climax in this city. And on the 29th of June, 1892, Dr. J. Suydam Knox, professor of obstetrics and diseases of chil- dren, succumbed to a sharp attack of acute peritonitis. In filling the vacancies occasioned by these deaths, Dr. Henry M. Lyman was made pro- fessor of the principles and practice of med- icine, and Dr. E. L. Holmes became presi- dent of the faculty; Dr. James H. Etheridge succeeded to the chair of gynecology; Dr. Norman Bridge to the chair of clinical med- icine and physical diagnosis; Dr. Nicholas Senn to the chair of practice of surgery and clinical surgery; and Dr. John B. Hamilton to the chair of principles of surgery and clinical surgery. 340 HISTORY Of CHICAGO. The whole number of names now enrolled on the list of teachers, connected with the college, embraces two emeritus professors, sixteen active professors, five adjunct pro- fessors, three clinical professors, ten lectur- ers, two demonstrators, and ten assistants, making a total of forty-six engaged, more or less actively, in the work of teaching a class, which, for the college year of 1891-92, con- tained 637 names. This latter number em- braces all those attending the regular obliga- atory six months course and the optional two month spring term. Thus, the college that commenced its ac- tive existence fifty years since with four pro- fessors, twenty-two students, an annual col- lege term of sixteen weeks, and the require- ment of attendance on only two such terms for graduation, now presents sixteen pro- fessors aided by thirty adjuncts, lecturers, etc., over 600 students, an annual college term of six months, and attendance on three such annual courses for graduation. This is certainly gratifying progress, and yet there is room for further advance in some direc- tions. In examining the roll of the present fac- ulty, I find the name of no one who was con- nected therewith during the first fifteen years after the organization of the college; and I think only two of those belonging to that early period are now living, namely, John Evans, ex-governor of Colorado, and the writer of this chapter of history. Of those who were connected with the col- lege long enough during this early period to render important aid in giving it reputation and growth, but who are now dead, were Drs. Daniel Brainard, James V. Z. Blaney, G. N. Fitch, William B. Herrick, and Jos- eph W. Freer. Of Dr. Brainard a biograph- ical sketch has already been given in the preceding pages. Next to him, not only as one of the four constituting the first faculty, but of equal scientific attainments, popular- ity as a teacher, high social standing, and length of efficient service should be men- tioned Dr. James V. Z. Blaney. He was born in New Castle, Delaware, May 1, 1820; graduated at Princeton college, Ne'w Jersey, when only eighteen years of age, and imme- diately entered upon the study of medicine in Philadelphia. He received the degree of M. D. from the Jefferson Medical College in 1841. During his medical studies he ac- quired a special interest in chemistry, and for a time was an assistant in the laboratory of Professor Henry. In 1842 he visited the Mississippi valley for the purpose of selecting a suitable field in which to commence his professional career. He spent the following winter in St. Louis, doing some work for the medical department at Jefferson Barracks, and the next summer went as far north as St. Paul, Minn., but returned to Chicago while the trustees of the Eush Medical Col- lege were actively engaged in organizing a faculty. Being offered a chair of chemistry and materia medica, he accepted the same, and entered directly upon, not only the discharge of his college duties, but also those of a general practitioner of medicine. With a well disciplined mind, active nervous temperament and untiring industry, he so rapidly advanced in public estimation that in less than ten years he was the most popu- lar lecturer on scientific subjects in thecit; was doing the most lucrative medical prac- tice, and, with his young wife, was ever most welcome in the best circles of society. As already stated, he edited the first medical journal published in this part of the country in 1844; took an active part in organizing the Chicago Medical Society and the Illinois State Medical Society in 1850, and was elected president of the latter in 1870. Soon after the commencement of the civil war of 1861, he entered the medical department of the volunteer army and served through the war. For nearly two years he was medical director and inspector at Fortress Monroe, and at the close of the war was made medi- cal purveyor at Chicago, with rank of Lieut. Colonel. He soon, however, resigned his connection with the army and resumed the duties of his professorship of chemistry in | ac- TBE OF THE 8? MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTION'S. 241 the college. But his health, both mental and physical, had become impaired, and in 1871 he found it necessary to resign his chair in the college, and to relinquish all professional duties. Three years later, De- cember 11, 1874, he died in his home in Chicago and was buried with Masonic hon- ors, he having enjoyed the highest official positions in that order. After the death of Dr. Brainard in 1866, Dr. Blaney became president of the college and continued so until his final resignation in 1871. Dr. Graham N. Pitch, although holding a professorship in the Rush Medical College only four years and at no time becoming a resident of this city, nevertheless brought to the discharge of his college duties talents of a high order, and aided his colleagues much in giving character to the young institu- tion. He was born in Le Roy, N. Y., in 1808; educated at Middlebury and Geneva Colleges, and graduated in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1832. After practicing two years in his native town, he removed with the pre- vailing tide westward and found a home at Logansport, Ind., in July, 1834. He soon acquired a large practice and a prominent influence in the social, educational and po- litical interests of the people of his State. He served four terms in the Indiana State legislature prior to 1841; the same year he resigned his chair in the Rush Medical Col- lege; 1849, he served as representative in Congress from his district and continued in that capacity until 1852, and was elected United States Senator in 1856, serving un- til 1861. After the commencement of the civil war he organized and commanded the 46th regiment of Indiana volunteers, and performed most active and efficient military service until disabled by an accident while on duty. He then returned to his old professional field of labor, and was afterwards professor of principles and practice of surgery in the Med- ical College of Indiana four years . He was a aember of the medical society of his own State, and of the American Medical Associa. tion,and throughout his long and varied career he never lost interest in the practical duties of his profession, but maintained to the last the reputation of a successful physician and skillful surgeon. He performed every duty, public and private, with unyielding integrity and in accordance with his convictions of right. He died in his own home, surrounded by his family, November 28, 1892, aged 84 years. Dr. William B. Herrick was born in Maine and received both his general and medical education in the schools and colleges of the East. About 1844 he became a resi- dent of Chicago and the following year was elected professor of anatomy and physiology, a position he continued to fill with ability and faithfulness nearly ten years, when he was compelled to relinquish it on account of failing health. He was an excellent teacher of anatomy, a skillful surgeon, and not only acquired a lucrative practice, but exerted as much influence in giving reputation to the college, and in elevating the character of the profession as any one during the years of his activity. He was a frequent contributor, and, for two or three years, one of the edit- ors, of the local medical journal. He assisted actively in the organization of the Chicago Medical Society and the Illinois State Medi- cal Society in 1850, and was chosen the first president of the latter. He served with dis- tinction as surgeon to one of the Illinois reg- iments of volunteers during the military campaign in Mexico in 1846-7; and it was, doubtless, the exposures and fatigues of that service that caused the spinal paresis that, a few years later, rendered his lower extremi- ties useless. When he could do longer dis- charge his professional duties, he resigned his professorship, in 1854, and returned to his native State where, after lingering several years, he died. Dr. Joseph W. Freer was born at Fort Ann, N. Y., July 10, 1816, and after receiv- ing a common school education in his native town, he commenced reading medicine in the 342 mm TOUT OF cnwAoo. office of Dr. Lemuel C. Paine, of Clyde, N. Y., at the age of 18 years. Without com- pleting any regular course of medical study he removed, in 1836, to Chicago, and the next year joined his parents in occupying some farm land claims on Forked Creek near Wilmington, 111. In 1844 he was married to Emeline Holden, of Hickory Creek, an adjoining town. In less than two years she was taken sick and died, leaving one child, and the following year, July, 1846, he abandoned his farming and returned to the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Daniel Brainard, of Chicago, and in the Itush Med- ical College, from which he graduated at the close of the session of 1848-49. He com- menced practice with Dr. John A. Kennicott, of Wheeling, Cook county, 111., and in June following married Miss Catherine Gatter,a na- tive of Germany. In 1850 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the medical col- lege, and soon after became a resident of the city. On the retirement of Professor Herrick, Dr. Freer succeeded him, filling the chair of anatomy until 1859, when he was trans- ferred to that of physiology and micro- scopic anatomy, the duties of which he con- timied to discharge until his death. Soon after the commencement of the civil war he was appointed brigade surgeon, but after a few months' service ill-health compelled him to resign and return to his college and ordinary professional duties. In 1867, with his family he visited Europe, they remaining there, chiefly in Munich, for three or four years, while he himself returned home each year long enough to discharge the duties of his professorship in the college. He finally came back, bringing his family with him, in September, 1871, just in time to see most of his own property, that of the college, and the greater part of Chicago consumed in the great fire of Oct. 9, 1871. With characteris- tic firmness and industry, however, he com- menced anew to repair his pecuniary losses and further still to increase his professional reputation and influence. He was a good sur- geon as well as general practitioner, and, though not brilliant as a lecturer, he was a thorough teacher of anatomy and physiology and an earnest supporter of the honor and influence of the profession. After a severe illness he died at his own home April 12, 1877, leaving his family a fair competence. Of those who became members of the faculty of Rush Medical College in 1859 and subsequently, and contributed largely to the prosperity of the school, but who have recently died while occupying their respec- tive official positions, should be mentioned the names of Drs. J. Adams Allen, Moses Gunn, Joseph P. Eoss, William H. Byford and Charles T. Parkes. Jonathan Adams Allen was born in Ver- mont in 1825, received a classical education in the schools and colleges of that State, and graduated in medicine in 1846. His father was an eminent general practitioner, and the son, in addition to excellent educational advantages, possessed natural mental endow- ments of a high order. On the organiza- tion of a medical department of the uni- versity of Michigan, he was elected to the chair of physiology and pathology and soon became one of the most popular lecturers, but, owing to some adverse circumstances, after a few years he was induced to resign his professorship and restrict himself to ordinary practice. He had, however, won a substantial reputation both as a teacher and writer, and when the chair of principles and practice of medicine in the Rush Medi- cal College became vacant, in the spring of 1859, Dr. Allen was elected to that position. Immediately thereafter he became a resi- dent of this city, and soon added to his previous reputation by becoming one of the most popular and influential members of the faculty. He contributed but few papers to the current medical literature and mani- fested only a limited interest in the support of medical society organizations, although he was one of the editors of the Chicago Medical Journal several years. His profes- sional reputation rests mostly on his ability MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 243 as a lecturer, as his early classical education coupled with a rare talent for wit and sar- casm, enabled him to embellish or illustrate almost any subject, in a way to interest his classes. A few years previous to the final failure of his health, feeling the need of relaxation from the professional routine of duty, he made an extensive trip abroad visit- ing most of the countries of Europe, Palestine and Egypt, which he enjoyed with all the zest of an amateur traveler. He returned to his post of professional duty, however, and held it until his death in 1890, having served the college as professor of the practice of medicine thirty-one, and as president thirteen years. Dr. Moses Gunn was born in East Bloom- field, N. Y., April 20, 1822. He received his general education in the schools of his native town, and pursued his medical stud- ies in the Geneva Medical College, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine in 1846. He soon after entered upon the practice of his profession in Ann Arbor, Mich., and on the organization of the medi- cal department of the State University he was appointed professor of anatomy and sur- gery, and taught both of these branches dur- ing the first three years. In 1853, anatomy having been made a separate chair, leaving him only the department of surgery, he changed his residence to Detroit, but trav- eled regularly to Ann Arbor for the delivery of his lectures. In 1857 he became one of the editors of a monthly medical journal called the Medical Independent, to which he contributed some valuable papers on surgical subjects, and he also took an active part in .e local and State medical societies. t the commencement of the civil war he entered the medical department of the U. S. army and was in active service during the Peninsular campaign under General McClel- lan, after which he resumed his surgical practice in Detroit and his college duties in the University at Ann Arbor. In the spring of 1867, he was invited to accept the chair of principles and practice of surgery in Kush Medical College, which had been made vacant by the death of Dr. Daniel Brainard the preceding autumn. He ac- cepted the same and soon changed his resi- dence to Chicago, and entered actively upon the discharge of his professional duties in his new and larger field for work. During the next twenty years he maintained a high rep- utation as an oral teacher and skillful sur- gical operator. He became an active mem- ber of the American Medical Association, and one year chairman of the section on sur- gery; also a member of the American Surgi- cal Association and of the American Associa- tion of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, also of the local and State societies in this State. He received the degree of Master of Arts from the Geneva College in 1856, and the degree of Doctor of Laws from the Chicago Univer- sity in 1877. Personally he presented an admirable physical development, was affable and kind, yet dignified and honorable, and hence en- joyed a deserved popularity until the close of his life, on the 4th of November, 1887, aged 65 years. Dr. Joseph P. Ross was born in Clark county, 0., January 7, 1828, received the rudiments of education in the public school of his neighborhood, and afterwards pursued more scientific studies in the Piqua Academy. He then commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. G. V. Dorsey, attended two annual courses of medical instruction in the Starling Medical College at Columbus, and a third course in the Ohio Medical Col- lege of Cincinnati, from which he graduated in 1853. He first commenced practice in the town of St. Mary's, 0., but before the end of the year he removed to Chicago, where he formed a partnership with Dr. Lucius P. Cheney, and soon found himself occupied with a rapidly increasing practice. He made himself acquainted with the med- ical schools and charitable institutions of the city, and early became connected as physician with the Protestant Orphan Asy- lum and the State Reform School while the 244 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. latter was located on the southern border of the city. In 1856 he married the daughter of Mr. Tu thill King, one of Chicago's wealthy and most influential citizens, and soon found himself occupying an elegant residence on Washington boulevard, where he resided with his family until his death. He took an active part in all the efforts to establish and maintain a hospital on Eigh- teenth street from 1858 to the great fire in 1871 ; and in 1868 was appointed professor of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest in Rush Medical College, the duties of which he continued to discharge until disabled by ill-health in 1889. Dr. Eoss was a good, plain teacher; he gave active support to medical so- cieties ; contributed little or nothing to med- ical literature ; but was a man of unusual business ability, and readily interested in the educational, moral and religious interests of the people. It was his business capacity, aided by his father-in-law, that enabled him to exert more influence than any other one man, in locating and rebuilding the Eush Medical College and in organizing the Cook County Hospital after the great fire of 1871, and at a later period in building the Presby- terian Hospital. He was an official member of the Presbyterian Church, and was much respected by all classes of citizens. He died after a protracted period of confinement, June 15, 1890. Dr. Charles T. Parkes was born in Troy, N. Y., August 19, 1842. His father was an Englishman, and moved to Chicago with his family in 1860, while the son was being educated at the University of Michigan. In 1862 Charles T. Parkes enlisted in the army as a private and after serving three years with marked efficiency he was discharged with the rank of captain. At the close of the war he joined his father's family in Chicago and entered directly upon the study of medicine with Dr. E. L. Eea, professor of anatomy in Eush Medical College, and re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the last named institution in 1868. He was immediately appointed demon- strator of anatomy, and discharged the duties of that office with unusual skill until 1875, when he was unanimously elected professor of anatomy on the resignation of Professor Eea. His minute knowledge of anatomy, coupled with his clear, concise style and enthusiasm made him an unusually success- ful teacher of anatomy. In the meantime he rapidly acquired a lucrative surgical practice, became an active member of the local, State and national medical societies, and contributed some good papers, the most important of which was one on " Gun-shot Wounds in the Abdomen," founded on orig- inal experiments and demonstrations. On the death of Professor Moses Gunn, in 1887, Professor Parkes was transferred to the chair of surgery, in which he displayed the same readiness, skill and enthusiasm that had given him a high degree of popularity as a teacher of anatomy. He held prominent positions in the American Surgical Associa- tion, the Surgical Section of the American Medical Association, and on the surgical taff of the Presbyterian and several other shospitals in the city. His career, however, was suddenly terminated by an attack of pneumonia, March 28, 1891. Biographical notes regarding Dr. William H. Byford will be more appropriate in con- nection with the Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago. The second medical school in Chicago was organized in the spring of 1859, under the auspices of the Lind Northwestern University TT . . Medical School (Chicago University, an educa- Med. College). , . , . ... .. ., tional institution then recently chartered by the legislature of the State, and embracing in its board of trustees several of the more wealthy and influential men of the city. In consequence of the finan- cial reverses that subsequently overtook Mr. Sylvester Lind, for whom the university had been named, the name was changed to Lake Forest University, which it still retains. The board of trustees, desiring to strength- en and extend the influence of their institu- tion, indicated to Drs. Hosmer A. Johnson, David Entter, Ealph N. Isham, and Edmund Andrews, their willingness to establish a MEDICAL PnOFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 245 medical department of the university on such basis regarding qualifications for admission, period of medical study, length and arrange- ment of the annual courses and conditions for graduation, as the medical faculty, when completed, should recommend. On March 12, 1859, the four physicians just named held a meeting in the office of Drs. Rutter and Isham, at which it was agreed to accept the propositions of the board of trus- tees, and Drs. Johnson, Andrews and Isham were appointed a committee to recommend such additional members of the profession as were necessary to complete the organization of a teaching faculty. This committee, well knowing that Dr. Nathan S. Davis, professor of principles and practice of medicine, and secretary of the faculty of Rush Medical College, had for fifteen years persistently ad- vocated the placing of medical schools on the basis of an adequate preliminary education for admission, longer annual courses of col- lege instruction, a judicious grading of the curriculum or branches of study, making a limited ifumber for each of the three years; examinations on the branches studied at the close of each annual course, and the making of practical anatomy, by dissections and at- tendance on hospital clinical instruction, conditions for graduation, directly informed him that their agreement with the new uni- versity fairly presented an opportunity to es- tablish a medical school in accordance with the principles he had so long advocated, and earnestly invited him to join with them in their proposed enterprise. The same invita- tion was given to Dr. Wm. H. Byford, pro- fessor of obstetrics and diseases of women in the Rush Medical College, who was known to coincide with the views of Dr. Davis. Af- ter conferring freely with the president of the Rush Medical College, Professor Brain- ard, and other influential members of that faculty concerning the proposition to estab- lish another medical school in this city, and receiving no encouragement that the curric- ulum of that school would be materially altered, they resigned their respective chairs and enlisted actively in support of the new enterprise. Reinforced thus by the addition of Drs. Davis and Byford to the original committee, it was decided to organize the new school in accordance with the following propositions: 1st. That the minimum period of study for the medical student should ultimately be three years. 2d. That the annual term of college in- struction should be five months, and that each student should be required to attend at least two such courses before becoming eli- gible for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 3d. That the several branches of medical science and practice should be so graded or grouped that the more elementary branches should occupy the attention of the student during the first half of his period of study, including his first annual course in the med- ical school ; and the more practical branches should occupy his attention during the last half of his period of study; thus dividing the students in attendance each year into junior and senior classes according to the period of their progress in medical studies. 4th. That full examinations should be required on all the branches taught at the close of each annual course. * 5th. That as soon as the patronage of the school afforded a reasonable guarantee of success, the curriculum should be further divided into three groups, one for each of the three years of study, and that attendance on three annual college terms be then re- quired before graduation. Thirteen professorships were created as follows, viz. : descriptive anatomy; physiology and histology; inorganic chemistry; materia medica and therapeutics; general pathology and public hygiene; surgical anatomy and operations of surgery; principles and prac- tice of surgery; obstetrics and diseases of women; principles and practice of medicine; medical jurisprudence; organic chemistry and toxicology; clinical medicine; and clini- 246 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. cal surgery. The five first named were to constitute the junior course, and the remain- ing ones the senior course. On the recommendation of the committee, the trustees completed their first medical faculty by filling the several chairs as fol- lows: Dr. Titus Deville, professor of descrip- tive anatomy; Dr. J. H. Hollister, professor of physiology and histology; Dr. F. Mahla, professor of inorganic chemistry; Dr. H. A. Johnson, professor of inateria medica and therapeutics; Dr. M. K. .Taylor, professor of general pathology and public hygiene; Dr. R. N. Isham, professor of surgical anatomy and operations of surgery; Dr. Edmund Andrews, professor of principles and prac- tice of surgery and of clinical surgery; Dr. Win. H. Byford, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; Dr. N. S. Davis, pro- fessor of principles and practice of medicine, and of clinical medicine; H. G. Spofford, professor of medical jurisprudence; Dr. F. Mahla, professor of organic chemistry and toxicology; Dr. David Rutter, emeritus pro- fessor of obstetrics, and Dr. Horace Ward- ner, demonstrator of anatomy. Of the foregoing list, Drs. Davis, Byford, Johnson and Andrews had already become well known as medical teachers by their con- nection with the Rush Medical College, arid Dr. Deville, though a native of England, had established a high reputation as a private teacher of anatomy in Paris, France. Tem- porary rooms were fitted up in an imposing block on the northwest corner of Randolph and Market streets, and the first annual course of instruction was inaugurated October 9, 1859, and continued until March, 1860. The whole number of students in attendance was 33 19 juniors and 14 seniors, nine of the latter graduating at the end of the term. In addition to the instruction in the college, the senior class had a surgical clinic on Tues- day and Friday mornings in the Mercy Hos- pital by Professor Andrews, and a medical clinic in the wards of the same hospital on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Satur- day mornings of each week by Professor Davis. Before the commencement of the second college term, Dr. Deville found it necessary to return to England, and conse- quently resigned the professorship of anat- omy. This caused the transfer of Dr. Hollister to the chair of anatomy and of Dr. Johnson to the chair of physiology and histology, while Dr. A. L. McArthur, of Joliet, accepted the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. The second annual college term was attended by fifty-one students, twelve of whom received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. During the third year, 1861-62, the number of stu- dents was sixty-three, and of graduates seven- teen. In the meantime the great civil war had fairly begun, and Drs. M. K. Taylor and A. L. McArthur entered the military ser- vice as surgeons of volunteer regiments, and their places were filled by the election of Dr. Henry Wing to the chair of general pathology and public hygiene, and Dr. J. S. Jewell to that of anatomy, while Dr. J. H. Hol- lister was transferred to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. Neither these changes nor the excitement caused by the war, interrupted the progress of the medical school, the fourth annual term being attended by seventy-nine students. This number rendered the temporary rooms thus far occupied inadequate, and as the trustees of the Lind University had not been able to provide a new building for the medical school in accordance with their original agreement, the faculty purchase! ;i lot on State near Twenty-second street, and during the summer of 186ii caused the erec- tion thereon of a plain, but well arranged college building, in time for the commence- ment of the fifth annual course of instruc- tion, October 12, 1863. At the close of this term the trustees of the Lind University voluntarily relinquished all claim to the medical school, and on the 26th of April, 1864, the latter was incorporated as an inde- pendent institution under the name of Chicago Medical College. This caused no change in the personnel of the faculty, and the patronage continued to increase each MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 247 year until the annual term of 1867-68, when the whole number of students attending was 113 and the number of graduates, at its close, fifty. Believing that these numbers indicated a sufficient basis for permanent success, the faculty and trustees of the col- lege, at a meeting held April 25, 1868, unan- imously resolved that at the opening of the next college term, and permanently there- after, a fair standard of preliminary educa- tion should be required for matriculation; three years of medical study, including three annual courses of college instruction of six months each should be exacted; the grad- ing of all the branches into three groups, one for each year of study, and the students into first year, second year and third year classes, each having its own course extend- ing through the whole term were also di- rected. Personal practical work in the laboratories of chemistry, practical anat- omy, histology, physiology and pathology were required of the students in the first and second year classes; and attendance on daily hospital and dispensary clinical instruction of those in the second and third year classes. The adoption and actual en- forcement of these important additional requirements, caused the whole number at- tending the college during the term for 1868-69 to fall to 85; and the number at- tending the term for 1869-70 was only 72, and graduates 27. By this time, however, the three classes began regularly to sustain each other, and the aggregate attendance began to increase more rapidly than before the full three years' grade was adopted. The class of 1870-71 numbered 107, with thirty graduates at the close of the term. Coincident with the adoption of the full three year graded system of medical college instruction adopted in 1868, a municipal ordinance was passed by the common council requiring the widening of State street in such a way as to render the college building unfit for college purposes. Consequently the property was sold, and with the proceeds, aided by $15,000 furnished by the Northwestern University, another and much more commodious building was erected on the corner of Prairie avenue and Twenty- sixth street, on ground belonging to the Mercy Hospital, and the college then became the medical department of the Northwestern University. The new building was com- pleted in time to accommodate the college term of 1870-71, which was opened with an introductory lecture by Dr. H. A. Johnson on the history of the college and its relations to the general progress of medical education in this country.* During the few years preceding this im- portant epoch in the progress of the medical school, several changes had taken place in the teaching faculty. Thus, in 1863 H. G. Spofford, Esq., resigned the chair of medical jurisprudence and Dr. M. 0. Heydock was selected to fill the vacancy. The following year Dr. H. A. Johnson was transferred to the chair of general pathology and public hygiene: Dr. J. H. Hollister to the chair of physiology and histology, and Dr. H. Wing to that of materia medica and therapeutics. In 1865, Dr. H. Wing, desiring a change of climate, resigned the last named chair, and it was assigned to Dr. M. 0. Heydock, and Dr. J. M. Wood worth was appointed dem- onstrator of anatomy. On account of serious impairment of health, in 1866, Dr. H. A. Johnson was induced to resign the chair of general pathology and pub- lic hygiene, and the position was filled by Dr. J. H. Hollister, while Dr. Daniel T. Nelson was appointed to the chair of physiology and histology, and Dr. R. H. Patterson to that of medical jurisprudence. In 1867, Prof. F. Mahla, who had faithfully filled the chairs of chemistry from the or- ganization of the school, resigned, and his place was supplied for one year by Dr. John E. Davies, when it was filled by the appoint- ment of Prof. C. Gilbert Wheeler. The same year Dr. Johnson, having returned from his rest in another climate in improved [See Chicago Medical Examiner, Vol. XI., page 659.] 248 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. health, was induced to re-enter the faculty, accepting a chair of diseases of the respir- atory and circulatory organs. In 1868, two more special chairs were cre- ated, namely, a chair of ophthalmology and otology, and a separate chair of hygiene and sanitation. The first was filled by Dr. Joseph L. Hildreth, and the second by Dr. Thomas Sevan. During the year 1869, Dr. J. S. Jewell, who had filled the chair of des- criptive anatomy for the preceding nine years, with a zeal and ability rarely equalled, decided to spend two or three years in foreign travel, and consequently resigned his chair, and it was filled by the appointment of Dr. H. W. Boyd. At the same time Dr. E. 0. F. Boiler was made adjunct professor of ob- stetrics and diseases of women, Dr. J. S. Sherman, adjunct professor of principles and practice of surgery, and Dr. Thomas Bond succeeded Dr. J. M. Woodworth as demonstrator of anatomy. The following year Dr. C. Gilbert Wheeler resigned the chairs of chemistry, and Dr. N. Gray Bart- lett was appointed to the chair of inorganic or general chemistry, and Dr. H. P. Merri- man to the chair of organic chemistry and toxicology. Dr. Samuel J. Jones succeeded Dr. J. S. Hildreth as professor of ophthal- mology and otology, and Dr. W m - E. Quine succeeded Dr. M.O. Heydock as professor of materia medica and therapeutics. It may be noted that eleven years had now passed since the organization of the college in 1859, during which time the number of chairs and members of the teaching faculty had been increased from thirteen to eighteen; the length of the college term from five to six months, and the number of college terms required from two to three, with additional preliminary requirements for admission; while the number of students had ad- vanced from 33 in 1859-60 to 107 in 1870-71. Consequently, in all its re- quirements as to period of medical study, graded curriculum, number and length of annual college terms, and number of branches taught, including laboratory,didac- tic and clinical, this college had already at- tained the full standard of education subse- quently demanded by the Illinois State Board of Health seven years before the law creating that board had been enacted by the State legislature. During the twenty-three years that have since intervened, its growth and development have progressed as rapidly as is consistent with stability and thorough work. The recent completion of its new laboratory and clinical buildings not only affords ample facilities for full practical instruction in all departments of chemistry, of biology, phy- siology, pathology and bacteriology, but also facilities for prosecuting original research. Its resources for direct clinical instruction are the Mercy hospital with its 450 beds, the St. Luke's with nearly the same number, and the South Side Free Dispensary; the whole so arranged that every practical chair or lectureship has its corresponding clinic. When Dr. W. H. Byford resigned the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in 1879, which he had filled for twenty years with marked ability, his field soon came to be occupied by Dr. E. C. Dudley as professor of gynecology, Dr. W. W. Jaggard, professor of obstetrics, and Dr. M. P. Hatfield, professor of diseases of chil- dren. The curriculum was further modified by the addition of chairs of nervous and mental diseases, dermatology and syphilis, histology, general etiology and hygiene, and orthopedic surgery. The whole teaching faculty as it at present exists is as follows: N. S. Davis, M. D., LL.D., dean and emeri- tus professor of principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine; E. 0. F. Roler, A. M., M. D., emeritus professor of obstetrics; Edmund Andrews, M. D., LL. D., professor of clinical surgery; Ralph N. Isham, A. M., M. D., professor of princi- ples and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery; John H. Hollister, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical medicine; Samuel J. Jones, M. D., LL.D., professor of opthal- mology and otology; M. P. Hatfield, A. M., M. D., professor of diseases of children; Of W Of MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 249 John H. Long, Sc. D., professor of general and medical chemistry; E. C. Dudley, A. B., M. D., professor of gynecology; John E. Owens, M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery; F. C. Schafer, M. D., professor of clinical surgery; I. N. Danforth, A. M., M. D., pro- fessor of clinical medicine; Wm. K. Cassel- berry. M. D. , professor of therapeutics and of laryngology and rhinology; W. W. Jag- gard, A. M., M. D., professor of obstetrics; N. S. Davis, Jr., A. M., M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine; F. S. Johnson, A. M., M. D., professor of general pathology and path- ological anatomy; Frank Billings, M. S., M. D., secretary and professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medi- cine; E. Wyllys Andrews, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical surgery; Frank T. An- drews, A. M., M. D., professor of histology; Geo. W. Webster, M. D., professor of phys- iology; Joseph Zeisler, M. D., professor of skin and venereal diseases; Elbert Wing, A. M., M. D., professor of diseases of the mind and nervous system; Wm. E. Morgan, M. D., professor of surgical anatomy and oper- ative surgery; H. M. Starkey, M. D., clin- ical professor of opthalmology and otology; John F. Ridlon, A. M., M. D., professor of orthopedic surgery; Henry Gradle, M. D., professor of general etiology and hygiene; Archibald Church, A. M., M. D., professor of insanity and medical jurisprudence; T. B. Swartz, A. M., M. D., professor of anat- omy; John Leeming, M. D., lecturer on ma- teria medica; S. C. Plummer, M. D., pro- fessor of anatomy; Christian Fenger, M. D., professor of surgery; John D. Kales, M. D., instructor and demonstrator in surgical pathology; E. P. Edgerly, M. D., instructor in physical diagnosis; Stanley P. Black, M. D., instructor in practical medicine; A. R. Edwards, A. M., M. D., instructor and dem- onstrator in histology and embryology; R. G. Collins, M. D., demonstrator of operative obstetrics; Bond Stowe, A. B., M. D., dem- onstrator of pathology; Geo. S. Isham, A. M., M. D., clinical assistant to the professor of surgery; T. G. Watkins, M. D., and Geo. E. Keith, M. D., clinical assistants in gyne- cology; J. C. Hepburn, M. D., clinical as- sistant in laryngology and rhinology; J. C. Cook, M. D., clinical assistant to the chaii of diseases of children; John T. Campbell, M. D., E. C. Miller, M. D., and Peter T. Burns, M. D., assistant demonstrators ol anatomy. It is worthy of mention that, of the seven physicians and surgeons who were chiefly in- strumental in organizing the first teaching faculty in 1859, the names of four still occupy important positions at the head of the list, indicating that each is still doing more or less efficient professional work. These four are Drs. N. S. Davis, Sr., Ed- mund Andrews, R. N. Isham, and J. H. Hollister, men who are well known, not only by all classes of our citizens, but also by all who have taken an interest in the progress of the science and art of medicine both at home and abroad. Of the other three, Dr. David Rutter was far advanced in years at the tim^ the school was organized, and he accepted only an honorary position in the faculty, and survived but a few years, while Drs. H. A. Johnson and Wm. H. Byford gave to the school many years of active and efficient service, and lived until within the last three years. James Stewart Jewell, though not one of the founders of the school, was nevertheless a member of its first graduating class, and soon after became one of the most efficient and valuable members of its faculty. He was born in Galena, 111., Sept. 8, 1837, and received his early education in the schools of that city. In 1855, when at the age of eighteen years, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. S. M. Mitchell, of Wil- liamson county, Illinois. He attended Rush Medical College, during the term of 1858-59, and the next year was a student in the med- ical department of the Lind University, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the spring of 1860. 350 HISTORY OF CHICAGO. He engaged in general practice in Wil- liamson county, with his former preceptor, but during the last year of his college at- tendance, under the instruction of Professor Titus Deville, he had become an enthusiastic student of anatomy. Consequently, he re- turned to Chicago, in 1862, and was appoint- ed to the professorship of anatomy, the duties of which he discharged with unusual ability and success until 1869. He acquired an ex- tensive general practice, and exhibited an active interest in all the moral, religious and educational interests of the community in which he lived. Under the influence of a strong desire to qualify himself for more per- fectly teaching biblical history to the older classes in Sabbath schools and elsewhere, he resigned the chair of anatomy in 1869 and spent more than a year in traveling and study in Palestine and Egypt, not failing, however, to visit the more important medi- cal institutions of Europe during his jonr- neyings. On returning to Chicago in 1871, he de- cided to devote his time to the study and treatment of nervous and mental diseases, and his previous popularity as a teacher of anatomy caused his immediate appointment to this chair in the medical college. In dis- charging the duties of this position he dis- played the same untiring industry and zeal that had characterized his earlier work. In 1874 he established the Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases, a large sized quarterly, on which he bestowed a great amount of mental labor, and succeeded in giving it a reputation second to no other journal devoted to the same special department. He was an active mem- ber of the city, State and National Medical Associations, and was one of the leading founders of the American Neurological So- ciety, and was its president three successive years. He was also a member of the Chicago academy of sciences, and of the Wisconsin academy of sciences. Although his early education was very limited, such was his un- tiring industry in the work of self-education that he acquired a wide knowledge of nearly all the sciences tributary to medicine, and a good working knowledge of several modern languages. In 1869 he was awarded the de- gree of Master of Arts by the Northwestern University. During the last ten years of his life his work was interrupted several times by attacks of pulmonary diseases, that finally compelled him to transfer his journal to other hands, and in 1883 to resign his pro- fessorship in the college and seek the advan- tages of a milder climate. His recovery, however, was only partial, and after a pro- tracted confinement he died in his own home, surrounded by his children, April 18, 1887. His excellent wife had died two or three years previous, leaving a daughter and two sons. Though cut off before completing the fif- tieth year of life and in the twenty-seventh year of his professional career, Dr. Jewell had accomplished an amount of professional, scientific, literary and social work, equalled by yery few men in the same length of time. During the year 1890 the Chicago Medi- cal College became more closely united as an integral part of the North western University and took the name of Northwestern University Medical School. Contributions were made by William Deering, Ephraim Ingals and others, new lots were purchased, and during the present year an extensive laboratory building has been completed at an expense of near $150,000. At the close of the collegiate year of 1891-92 it was decided to make the requirements thereafter four years of study and attendance on four an- nual gradod courses of college instruction of not less than seven months each. The en- forcement of these requirements during the college year of 1892-93 caused no diminu- tion of patronage, the whole number of med- ical students enrolled and in attendance at present, 1893, being over 270. It is thus seen that this medical school, which was the first in this country to adopt a full graded system of medical instruction, still occupies the most advanced line of progress towards placing our system of medical education on its true basis. MEDICAL PROFESSION AND INSTITUTIONS. 251 This institution was originally organized under the name of the Woman's Hospital ,_ ' , Medical College of Northwestern U