, U <1 "3 A \ ^V/^^v Central l (f JL. A Intelligence ilp.Jx m\ ?) Agency THE LIBRARY OF THE SEP a 6 UNIVERSITY Or ILLINOj "'' * *'' f The World Factbook Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Four * -H This publication is prepared for the use of US Government officials, and the format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. US Government officials may ob- tain additional copies of this document directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence Agency. 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April 1984 Contents Page Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates) Afghanistan Ajman (see United Arab Emirates) Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis- Anguilla) Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Austria 12_ Azores (see Portugal) Bahamas, The Bahrain 15 Balearic Islands (see Spain) Bangladesh 16 Barbados 1_ Belgian Congo (see Zaire) Belgium 1 Belize (formerly British Honduras) 21 Benin (formerly Dahomey) 22_ Bermuda 23 Bhutan ?4_ Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea) Bolivia 25_ Bophuthatswana (see South Africa) Botswana 27 Brazil 28 British Honduras (see Belize) British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands) Brunei 30 Bulgaria ?J_ Burma ?J5_ Burundi 34 Cabinda (see Angola) Cambodia (see Kampuchea) Cameroon 35 Canada ?J_ Canary Islands (see Spain) Cape Verde 38 Central African Republic 39 D Page Ceylon (see Sri Lanka) Chad - China (Taiwan listed at end of table) Dahomey (see Benin) Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) i Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti) Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates) Germany, Federal Republic of 44 Czechoslovakia ____ Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 59 Dominic^: -~- Dominican Republic _ Dubai (see United Arab Emirates) 68 69 Islands ndo Po (see Equatorial Guinea) ch Guiana _ -- ch Polynesia ____ ^~ Gabon Gambia The 80 Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip, listed at end of table) ft 1 German Democratic Republic 83 Ghana G^bTaltarl -15- Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati) 87 iv Page Greenland . ^ Grenada 89 Guadeloupe Guatemala 92 Guinea . 94 Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) 95 Guyana 96 H Haiti Honduras ? 9 _ Hong Kong 1*L Hungary I? 2 - Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) _ 112_ Italy _ _ . _ 111 Ivory Coast __ _ _ 115 Jamaica Japan . LUL Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 120 Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia) 121 Kenya 123 Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) 124 Korea, North ]%L. Korea, South 1%L Kuwait 128_ Laos Libya Liechtenstein Luxembourg 129 Lebanon _ _ . _ 131 Lesotho , _ ^? M Macau Madagascar Madeira Islands (see Portugal) Malagasy Republic (see Madagascar) Malawi Malaysia Maldives Page Mali 147 Malta 148 Martinique 149 Mauritania 151 Mauritius 152 Mexico 153 Monaco 155 Mongolia 156 Morocco 157 Mozambique 159 N Namibia (South- West Africa) 160 Nauru 161 Nepal 162 Netherlands 164 Netherlands Antilles 165 New Caledonia 167 New Hebrides (see Vanuatu) New Zealand 168 Nicaragua 169 Niger 171 Nigeria 172 Northern Rhodesia (see Zambia) Norway 173 O Oman 175 P Pakistan 176 Panama 178 Papua New Guinea 180 Paraguay 181 Pemba (see Tanzania) Peru 182 Philippines 184 Poland 185 Portugal 187 Portuguese Guinea (see Guinea-Bissau) Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia) Qatar 188 R Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates) Reunion 189 Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe) Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea) Romania 191 Rwanda 192 Page St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) 193 St. Lucia 194 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 195 San Marino 196 Sao Tome and Principe 198 Saudi Arabia 199 Senegal 200 Seychelles 201 Sharjah (see United Arab Emirates) Sierra Leone 203 Singapore 204 Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands) 205 Somalia 206 South Africa 208 Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe) South- West Africa (see Namibia) Soviet Union 209 Spain 211 Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara) Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 213 Sudan 215 Suriname 216 Swaziland 217 Sweden 219 Switzerland 220 Syria 222 Tanganyika (see Tanzania) Tanzania 223 Tasmania (see Australia) Thailand 225 Togo 226 Tonga 227 Transkei (see South Africa) Trinidad and Tobago 228 Tunisia 230 Turkey 231 Turks and Caicos Islands 233 Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 234 U Uganda 235 Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 236 Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn) United Arab Republic (see Egypt) Page United Kingdom 237 United States 239 Upper Volta 241 Uruguay 242 Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 243 Vatican City 244 Venezuela 245 Vietnam 247 W Wallis and Futuna 248 Walvis Bay (see South Africa) Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 249 Western Samoa 250 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 251 Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 252 Yugoslavia 253 Zaire 255 Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 256 Zanzibar (see Tanzania) Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 257 Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 259 West Bank and Gaza Strip 260 Appendixes A. The United Nations System 262 B. Selected UN Organizations 263 C. Selected International Organizations 264 D. Country Membership in Selected Organizations 266 E. Conversion Table 274 Maps I. The World (Guide to Reference Maps II-XII) II. North America III. Central America and the Caribbean IV. South America V. Europe VI. Middle East VII. Africa VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia IX. Southeast Asia X. Oceania XI. Arctic Region XII. Antarctic Region Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated. GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad. Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight), f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF (other official flows). Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area. Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits. Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the United States Government. Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated. Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00 gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters. Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially recognized by the United States Government. Afghanistan (See reference map VIII) Land 637,397 km 2 ; 75% desert, waste, or urban; 22% arable(12% cultivated, 10% pasture); 3% forest Land boundaries: 5,510 km People Population: 14,448,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.9; these estimates in- clude an adjustment for emigration to Pakistan during recent years, but they do not take into account other demographic conse- quences of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan Nationality: noun Afghan(s); adjective Afghan Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi, and others Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shi'a Mus- lim, 1% other Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uz- bek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism Literacy: 12% Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est); 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% in- dustry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other; current figures un- available because of fighting (1984) Organized labor: government-controlled unions are being established Government Official name: Democratic Republic of Af- ghanistan Type: Communist regime backed by multidivisional Soviet force Capital: Kabul Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with cen- trally appointed governors Legal system: not established; legal educa- tion at University of Kabul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as leg- islature and final court of appeal; President of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium chosen by Council has full authority when Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Na- tional Assembly) supposed to convene eventually and approve permanent constitu- tion Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal, President of the Revolutionary Council and head of the People's Democratic Party of Af- ghanistan; Soltan Ali KESHTMAND, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal from age 18 Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the sole legal political party; has two factions; the Parcham faction of the PDPA has been in power since December 1979; members of the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Beijing group Communists: the PDPA claims 90,000 members Other political or pressure groups: the mili- tary and other branches of internal security are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency continues throughout the country; wide- spread opposition on religious grounds; widespread anti-Soviet sentiment Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from QIC in January 1980 Economy GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $200 per capita (1980); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur- rent figures not available (1984) Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal husbandry; main crops wheat, cotton, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton Major industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and cement for domestic use; handwoven carpets for export Electric power: 415,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.1 billion kWh produced (1983), 77 kWh per capita Exports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1982); mostly fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets Imports: $880 million (c.i.f., 1982); mostly food supplies and petroleum products Major trade partners: exports mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im- ports mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion, capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82 (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 50.6 afghanis= US$1 (official, February 1984) Afghanistan (continued) Albania Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March Communications Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka (USSR) to Towraghondi and from Termez (USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point (15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern- ment owned) Highways: 18,752 km total (1978); 2,846 km hard surface, 14,035 gravel and improved earth and unimproved earth and tracks Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to about 500 metric tons Pipelines: natural gas, 180 km Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 41 total, 35 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele- vision introduced in 1980; telephones 31,200 (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the Revolution Force, National Police Force, Government Information Service (KHAD), People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,422,000; 1,900,000 fit for military service; about 140,000 reach military age (22) annu- ally Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the USSR Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, about $0.4 million (See reference map V) Land 28,748 km 2 ; 43% forest and wood; 21% ara- ble; 19% meadows and pasture; 5% permanent crop; 5% inland water; 7% other Land boundaries: 716 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island) People Population: 2,906,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Albanian(s); adjective Albanian Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgari- ans Religion: Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state; prewar est. 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catho- lic; observances prohibited Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek Literacy: 75% Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22% agri- culture, 40% industry and commerce, and 38% other (1978) Government Official name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania Type: Communist state Capital: Tirane Political subdivisions: 26 rrethet (districts) Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assem- bly, which is not a true court; legal education at University of Tirana; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 No- vember Branches: legislature (People's Assembly), Council of Ministers, judiciary Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair- man, Presidium of the People's Assembly (chief of state); Adil CARCANI, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18' Elections: national elections held every four years; last elections 12 November 1982; 100% of electorate voted (with one dissenting vote) Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha Communists: 122,600 party members (No- vember 1981); 4.5% of population Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA since rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from War- saw Pact 13 September 1968 Economy GNP: $2.15 billion (1979); $820 per capita (1981) Algeria Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops corn, wheat, potatoes, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton Major industries: agricultural products and processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries (chrome and oil) Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1983); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,558 kWh per capita Exports: $151 million (1978); asphalt, bitu- men, and petroleum products; metals and metallic ores; agricultural products, includ- ing vegetables, fruits, and tobacco Imports: $137 million from OECD countries (1982); machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharma- ceuticals Major trade partners: exports Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland, Austria; imports Yugoslavia, Czechoslo- vakia, FRG, Poland, Italy, Greece Budget: (1982 prov.) revenue $1.22 billion, expenditure $1.21 billion; state investment $1.1 billion (1984 planned) Monetary conversion rate: 1. 1328 leks=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for con- sumption year 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track, government owned (1980 est.); claims over 400 km (1983) Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or unimproved earth (1975) Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sec- tions of Lake Shkoder, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1979) Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod- ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km Freight carried: rail 2.8 million metric tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); high- ways 39 million metric tons, 900 million metric ton/km (1971) Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979) Civil air: no civil airline Defense Forces Branches: Albanian People's Army, Frontier Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 768,000; 636,000 fit for military service; 31,000 reach military age (19) annually Ships: 4 submarines, 2 mine warfare ships, 54 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine warfare craft, 2 underway replenishment ships, 1 other auxiliary Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 910 million leks; 10.4% of total budget (See reference map VII) Land 2,460,500 km 2 ; 80% desert, waste, or urban; 16% pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated; 1% forest Land boundaries: 6,260 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,183 km People Population: 21,351,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Algerian(s); adjective Algerian Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1% Europeans Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion); 1% Christian and Hebrew Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Literacy: 46% Labor force: (1982) 3.5 million; 40% industry and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov- ernment, 10% services; at least 11% of urban labor unemployed Algeria (continued) Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front Government Official name: Democratic and Popular Re- public of Algeria Type: republic Capital: Algiers Political subdivisions: 31 wilayas (depart- ments or provinces); 160 dairat (admin- istrative districts); 691 communes Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles; new constitu- tion adopted by referendum November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of vari- ous public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di- vided into four chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan- tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 Novem- ber Branches: executive; unicameral legislature (National People's Assembly); judiciary Government leader: Col. Chadli BENDJEDID, President Suffrage: universal over age 19 Elections (latest): presidential 12 January 1984; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative 5 March 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Liber- ation Front (FLN), Secretary General Chadli Bendjedid Communists: 400 (est); Communist Party il- legal (banned 1962) Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $42.9 billion (1982 est.), $2,142 per capita; 3.1% real growth in 1982 Agriculture: main crops wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, veg- etables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops Fishing: catch 34,100 metric tons (1978) Major industries: petroleum, light indus- tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, automotive plants (under con- struction), and food processing Crude steel: 550,000 metric tons produced (1981) Electric power: 3,040,000 kW capacity (1983); 10.786 billion kWh produced (1983), 521 kWh per capita Exports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major items petroleum and gas 98.0%; France 29.0%, US 22.9% Imports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major items capital goods 35.0%, semifinished goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France 23.9%, US 12.0% Major trade partners: US, FRG, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada Budget: $16 billion revenue, $16 billion ex- penditure (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 5.041 Algerian dinars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,908 km total; 2,659 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,129 km 1.055-meter gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 302 km electrified; 193 km double track Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con- crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod- ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,398 km Ports: 4 secondary, 8 minor Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft Airfields: 177 total, 165 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 28 with run- ways 2,440-3,659 m; 80 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,556,000; 2,816,000 fit for military service; 232,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.449 billion; 7.1% of cen- tral government budget Andorra (See reference map V) Land 466km 2 Land boundaries: 105 km People Population: 45,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 5.4% Nationality: noun Andorran(s); adjective Andorran Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic Language: Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian Literacy: 100% Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers Government Official name: Principality of Andorra Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and Span- ish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers Capital: Andorra la Vella Political subdivisions: 1 districts Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: legislative (General Council of the Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu- tive syndic (manager) and a deputy subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi- ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two battles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Government leaders: head of state Fran- cois MITTERRAND (President of France) and Juan Marti ALANIS (Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain), Co-Princes; head of govern- mentOscar RIBAS Reig (Chief Executive) Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for General Council members Elections: General Council chosen every four years; last election December 1981 Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but only partisans for par- ticular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups devel- oped in 1972; first formal political party Andorran Democratic Association formed in 1976, reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party Communists: negligible Member of: UNESCO Economy Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable) Major industries: tourism (particularly ski- ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1983); 121 million kWh produced (1983), 3,170 kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France Major trade partners: Spain, France Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French francs=US$l (February 1984); 156.30 Span- ish pesetas=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: about 96 km Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: international landline circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; about 12,800 telephones (43.5 per 100 popl.); about 7,000 radio receivers (1982) Defense Forces Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection as needed Angola CSee reference map VII) Land 1,245,790 km 2 ; 44% forest; 22% meadow and pasture; 1% cultivated; 33% other (including fallow) Land boundaries: 5,070 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,600km People Population: 7,770,000, including Cabinda (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.6%; Cabinda, 125,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Angolan(s); adjective Angolan Ethnic divisions: 38% Ovimbundu, 23% Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1% European Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes- tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects Literacy: 20% Labor force: 1,865,000 economically active (mid-1980 est.); 60% agriculture, 15% indus- try Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980) Government Official name: People's Republic of Angola Type: republic Capital: Luanda Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ- ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; being modified along "socialist" model National holiday: Independence Day, 1 1 November Branches: the official party is the supreme political institution; legislative National People's Assembly Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos SAN- TOS, President Suffrage: to be determined Elections: none held to date Political parties and leaders: Popular Move- ment for the Liberation of Angola- Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos San- tos, only legal party; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), de- feated in civil war, carrying out insurgencies Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $3.9 billion (1980 est), $591 per capita, 0.0% real growth (1980) Agriculture: cash crops coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food Fishing: catch 106,073 metric tons (1979) Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar proc- essing, textiles, cement, food processing plants, building construction Electric power: 630,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 210 kWh per capita Exports: est. $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod- ucts, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton Imports: est. $1.41 billion (c.i.f., 1982); capi- tal equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, tex- tiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially offset drop in imports in 1975-77 Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal, and US Budget: (1980) est. reserve $1.991 billion; est. total expenditures $2.886 billion Monetary conversion rate: 30.214 kwanza=US$l (23 February 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable Ports: 3 major (Cabinda, Luanda, Lobito), 5 Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Angola (continued) Anguilla Airfields: 383 total, 329 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 78 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio-relay and troposcatter routes; HF used extensively for military /Cuban links; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 29,100 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 16 AM, 13 FM, and 2 TV stations; 230,000 radio re- ceivers and 21,000 television receivers (1982) Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/ Air De- fense; paramilitary forces Peoples' Police Corps, Peoples' Defense Organization, Fron- tier Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,722,000; 867,000 fit for military service; 72,000 reach military age (20) annually At/antic Ocean DOM- REP. .ANGUILLA ST. CHRISTOPHER'. . AMD NEVIS .. Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) Land Anguilla, 91 km 2 ; Sombrero, 5 km 2 . People Population: 7,000 (1982 est.) Nationality: noun Anguillan(s); adjec- tive Anguillan Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Religion: Anglican and Methodist Language: English (official) Literacy: 80% Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas send remittances home; high unemployment (40% in 1977) Organized labor: none Government Official name: Anguilla Type: British dependent territory Capital: The Valley Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect on 1 April 1982 Branches: 11-member House of Assembly, seven-member Executive Council Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE, Governor; Emile GUMBS, Chief Minister Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa- ration from St. Christopher-Nevis; 15 years residence for "belonger" status Elections: general election, June 1982 Political parties and leaders: Anguilla Na- tional Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs; Anguillan People's Party (APP), Ronald Webster Voting strength: APP, 5 seats; ANA, 2 seats Communists: none Member of: Commonwealth Economy GDP: unknown Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota- toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry Fishing: inshore and reef fishing; catch un- known Major industries: lobster exports, tourism, and salt Electric power: island-wide system; capacity unknown Exports: lobsters Budget: revenue, EC $9,899,801 (1982); ex- penditure, EC $10,759,868 (1982); grant-in- aid, EC $1,081,000 (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars=$USl (February 1984) Fiscal year: probably calendar Communications Railroads: none Highways: 64 km surfaced, 24 km gravel and earth Inland waterways: none Anguilla (continued) Antigua and Barbuda Ports: 1 major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blowing Point) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfield: 1 with runway of 1,100 m at Wallblake Airport Telecommunications: modern internal tele- phone system (1,200 telephones est); 1 radio broadcasting service Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of UK Branches: Police DOMINICAN At/antic REPUBLIC PUERTQ Ocean RICO ANTIGUA \ AND (ft BARBUDA Caribbean Sea (See reference map tit) Land 280 km 2 ; 54% arable; 18% waste and built on; 14% forest; 9% unused but potentially pro- ductive; 5% pasture; the islands of Redonda (less than 2.6 km 2 and uninhabited) and Bar- buda (161 km 2 ) are dependencies Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 153 km People Population: 80,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun Antiguan(s); adjective Antiguan Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro Religion: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic Language: English Literacy: about 88% Organized labor: 18,000, 22-26% unemploy- ment (1983 est.) Government Official name: Antigua and Barbuda Type: independent state recognizing Eliza- beth II as Chief of State Capital: St. Johns Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 depend- encies (Barbuda, Redonda) Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate juris- diction, consists of Chief Justice and five justices Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime Minister and Cabinet Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Prime Minister; Lester BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister; Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS, Governor Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over Elections: every five years; last general elec- tion 24 April 1980 Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; United People's Movement (UPM), George Herbert Walter; Progressive Labor Move- ment (PLM), Robert Hall Voting strength: (1980 election) House of Representatives ALP, 13 seats; PLM, 3 seats; independent, 1 seat Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group led by Leonard "Tim" Hector Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, G-77, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN, UNESCO Argentina Economy GDP: $125.6 million (1982 est.), $1,650 per capita Agriculture: main crop, cotton Major industries: tourism, cotton production Electric power: 43,000 kW capacity (1983); 60 million kWh produced (1983), 770 kWh per capita Exports: $33.6 million (f.o.b., 1981 est); clothing, rum, lobsters Imports: $139.3 million(c.i.f., 1981 est); fuel, food, machinery Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18% Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western (non-US) countries, $20 million; no military aid Budget: (current) revenues, $42 million (1982); expenditures, $40.4 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean (EC) dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March Communications Railroads: 80.4 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, employed almost exclusively for han- dling cane Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140 km secondary Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659m Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Gua- deloupe; 5 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 coaxial submarine cable; about 19,000 radio and 16,000 television receivers (1982) Defense Forces Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police Force Major gound units: Defense Force Aircraft: None ARGENTINA CHIUSf Buenos Aires FALKLAND ISLANDS admin, by U.K., claimed by Argentina) (See reference map IV) Land 2,771,300 km 2 ; 57% agricultural (46% natural meadow, 11% crop, improved pasture, and fallow); 25% forest, 18% mountain, urban, or waste Land boundaries: 9,414 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters) Coastline: 4,989 km People Population: 30,097,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Argentine^); adjective Argentine Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other non white groups Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Argentina (continued) Literacy: 94% Labor force: 1 1.2 million (1982 est); 19% ag- riculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services, 1 1 % commerce, 6% transport and communi- cations, 19% other; 6% estimated unemployment (1982 est.) Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.) Government Official name: Argentine Republic Type: republic; changed from military to civilian government in December 1983 Capital: Buenos Aires Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1 territory Legal system: mixture of US and West Euro- pean legal systems; constitution adopted 1853 is in effect; legal education at University of Buenos Aires and other public and private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi- dent, Cabinet); legislative (National Congress Senate, Chamber of Deputies); national judiciary Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN, President; Victor MARTINEZ, Vice Presi- dent Elections: general elections held 30 October 1983; next congressional elections scheduled for 1985 Political parties: operate under statute passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par- ticipation in national elections; Radical Civic Union (UCR) moderately left of center; Justicialist Party (JP) Peronist umbrella po- litical organization; Movement for Industrial Development (MID); Intransigent Party (PI); several provincial parties Communists: some 70,000. members in vari- ous party organizations, including a small nucleus of activists Other political or pressure groups: Peronist- dominated labor movement, General Economic Confederation (Peronist-leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' associa- tion), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association), business organiza- tions, students, and the Catholic Church Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC Inter- national Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG Economy GNP: $130 billion (1981 est.), $4,610 per cap- ita; 80% consumption, 20% investment; real GDP growth rate 1982, -5.7% Agriculture: main products cereals, oil- seed, livestock products; major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs Fishing: catch 462,000 metric tons (1980 est.); exports $130 million (1980 est.) Major industries: food processing (especially meat packing), motor vehicles, consumer du- rables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy Crude steel: 2.5 million metric tons produced (1981) Electric power: 13,400,000 kW capacity (1983); 39.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 1, 315 kWh per capita Exports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); meat, corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin- ery, lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial products Major trade partners: (1981) exports 22% USSR, 9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 9% US, 6% Italy, 6% FRG, 5% Japan and Spain; im- ports 22% US, 10% Brazil, 10% FRG, 9% Japan, 6% Italy, 2% Chile Budget: (1981) treasury revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $13.7 billion at average annual exchange rate. Monetary conversion rate: 19.3 pesos argentinos=US$l (30 November 1983); Ar- gentina redenominated its currency 1 June 1983, 10,000 pesos=l pesos argentine Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676- meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in country, 260 km are electrified Highways: 208,100 km total, of which 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km im- proved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re- fined products; 9,918 km natural gas Ports: 1 major, 21 minor Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2,017 total, 1,845 usable; 118 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,695 m, 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 321 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: extensive modern sys- tem; telephone network has 2.88 million sets (10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used; 2 satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean an- tennas; 154 AM, 45 FM, and 191 TV stations 10 Australia Defense Forces Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Ar- gentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,455,000; 6,050,000 fit for military service; 247,000 reach military age (20) annually C^/^fJv- ,\ J 'rotes- tant, 28% Catholic, 28% Black Muslim and other Language: English Literacy: 98% Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980); 25% clerical, 22% services, 22% laborers, 13% pro- fessional and technical, 9% administrative and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agriculture and fishing Government Official name: Bermuda 23 Bermuda (continued) Bhutan Type: British colony Capital: Hamilton Political subdivisions: 9 parishes Legal system: English law Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap- pointed by governor, led by government leader; bicameral legislature with an ap- pointed Senate and a 40-member directly elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court Government leaders: Viscount John W. DUNROSSIL, Governor; John William David SWAN, Premier Suffrage: universal adult over age 21 Elections: at least once every five years; last general election December 1980 Political parties and leaders: United Ber- muda Party (UBP), J. David Gibbons; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne- Evans Voting strength: 1980 elections UBP 54%, PLP 46%; UBP holds 22 House of Assembly seats; PLP, 18 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell Simmons Member of: INTERPOL, WHO Economy GDP: $598 million (FY79/80), $16,150 per capita (1983); real growth rate 2.5% (FY82/83) Agriculture: main products bananas, veg- etables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits Major industries: tourism, finance, struc- tural concrete products, paints, perfumes, furniture Electric power: 1 10,000 kW capacity (1983); 350 million kWh produced (1983), 6,035 kWh per capita Exports: $15.7 million (1982); semitropical produce, light manufactures Imports: $351 million (1982); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery Major trade partners: 54% US; 16% Carib- bean countries, 10% UK, 6% Canada, 14% other; tourists, 90% US Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-81), from US $34 million; from Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-81), $125 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $132 million; expendi- tures $132 million (FY81/82) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: none Highways: 209 km public roads, all paved (approximately 400 km of private roads) Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George, Free- port) Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: modern telecom sys- tem, includes fully automatic telephone system with 46,290 sets (84.6 per lOOpopl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces External defense is the responsibility of United Kingdom Branches: The Bermuda Regiment (See reference map Vltl) Land 46,620 km 2 ; 70% forest; 15% agricultural; 15% desert, waste, urban Land boundaries: about 870 km People Population: 1,417,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun Bhutanese (sing., pi.); adjective Bhutanese Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced Hinduism Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dia- lects most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Literacy: 5% Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled labor Government Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India Capital: Thimphu 24 Bolivia Political subdivisions: 4 regions(east, central, west, south), further divided into 17 districts Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power no constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 17 December Branches: appointed ministers and indirectly elected National Assembly consisting of vil- lage elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior government adminis- trators Government leader: Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK, King Suffrage: each family has one vote Elections: popular elections on village level held every three years Political parties: no legal parties Communists: no overt Communist presence Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO Economy GDP: $131 million (FY81/82), $109 per capita; 9.4% growth in FY81/82 Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota- toes, fruit Major industries: cement, chemical prod- ucts, mining, distilling, food processing, handicrafts Electric power: 15,680 kW capacity (1983); 9 million kWh produced (1983), 7 kWh per capita Exports: $20.2 million (FY81/82); agricul- tural and forestry products, coal Imports: (from India) $50.8 million (FY81/82); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels, machinery Major trade partner: India Budget: total receipts $48.5 million, expendi- tures $50.9 million (FY82/83 est.) Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 10.224 ngultrums= 10.224 Indian rupees=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth Freight carried: not available, very light traf- fic Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities inadequate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop!.); 11,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations and no TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Royal Bhutan Army Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,000; 188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on India (See reference map IV) Land 1,098,160 km 2 ; 45% urban, desert, waste, or other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow; 2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water Land boundaries: 6,083 km People Population: 6,037,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun Bolivian(s); adjective Bolivian Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Ay- mara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot- estant minority, especially Methodist Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) Literacy: est. 75% Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 47% agricul- ture, 23% services, 19% industry and commerce, 11% government Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen- trated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation Government Official name: Republic of Bolivia Type: republic 25 Bolivia (continued) Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) Political subdivisions: nine departments with limited autonomy Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August Branches: executive; bicameral legislature (National Congress Senate and Chamber of Deputies); Congress began meeting again in October 1982; judiciary Government leader: Hernan SILES Zuazo, President Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single Elections: presidential elections on 29 June 1980 were won by the UDP coalition candi- date, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before the planned August inauguration, the gov- ernment was overthrown by the military; a series of military leaders followed; in Sep- tember 1982 the military moved to return the government to civilian rule; the 1980-elected congress met on 1 October and selected the winner of the 1980 presidential election, Hernan Siles Zuazo, to head the government; Siles was inaugurated on 10 October Political parties and leaders: the two tradi- tional political parties in Bolivia, the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of the People (MNR) and the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB), are both seriously factionalized; FSB, Mario Gutierrez; MNR, Jaime Arellano; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of Left (MNRI), Hernan Siles Zuazo; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Authentic Revolu- tionary Party, Walter Guevara Arce; Christian Democratic Party, Benjamin Mi- guel; Nationalist Revolutionary Party of Left, Juan Lechin Oquendo; Paz Estenssorista MNR, Leonidas Sanchez; Na- tionalist Democratic Action Party (ADN), Hugo Banzer Voting strength: (1980 elections) UDP Democratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition of the MNRI, MIR, and several smaller groups 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8% Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 300 members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 150 (in- cluding 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist), about 50 members divided between three factions led by Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo Lora Escobar, and Amadeo Arze Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, I ATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAIA [formerly LAFTA]), NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $5.6 billion (1983), $933 per capita; 77% private consumption, 10% public con- sumption, 13% gross domestic investment, -2.0% net foreign balance (1981); 1980 growth, -12% Agriculture: main crops potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, coca, yucca, bananas, coffee; imports significant quantities of wheat Major industries: mining, smelting, petro- leum refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing Electric power: 480,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 306 kWh per capita Exports: $832 million (f.o.b., 1982); tin, pe- troleum, lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cot- ton, natural gas Imports: $522 million (c.i.f., 1982); food- stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharma- ceuticals, transportation Major trade partners: exports Argentina 36%, US 11%; UK 4%, other EC 10%; Brazil 3%; imports Argentina 22%; US 21%; Brazil 17%; EC 12%; Japan 9%; FRG 6%; UK 2%, other EC 12% (1982) Budget: $720 million revenues, $1,175 mil- lion expenditures (1981 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 500 pesos= US$1 (November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,651 km total; 3,514 km meter gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track; 105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately owned Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 10,000 km of commercially navigable water- ways Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru) Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft Airfields: 564 total, 505 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 114 with runways 1,220-2,409 m Telecommunications: new radio-relay sys- tem still inadequate; improved international services; 135,000 telephones (2.6 per 100 popl.); 143 AM, 29 FM, and 43 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station 26 Botswana Defense Forces Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy, Bolivian Air Force (literally the Army of the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force of the Nation) Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,346,000; 881,000 fit for military service; 61,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $76.0 million; 12.3% of central government budget MOZAMBIQUE Atlantic Ocean Indian \ SOUTH AFRICA"/ Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 600,372 km 2 ; about 6% arable: less than 1% cultivated; mostly desert Land boundaries: 3,774 km People Population: 1,038,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.6% Nationality: noun Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pi.); adjective Botswana Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European Religion: 40% indigenous beliefs, 15% Chris- tian Language: English (official), Setswana vernacular Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school grad- uates Labor force: about 400,000 total;103,600 for- mal sector employees (1980-81); most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1980) Organized labor: 16 trade unions organized Government Official name: Republic of Botswana Type: parliamentary republic; independent member of Commonwealth Capital: Gaborone Political subdivisions: 12 administrative dis- tricts Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland (two and one-half years) and University of Edin- burgh (two years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 30 September Branches: executive President appoints and presides over the Cabinet, which is re- sponsible to Legislative Assembly; bicameral legislature (National Assembly with 32 popu- larly elected members and four members elected by the 32 representatives; House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judi- cial local courts administer customary law, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J. MASIRE, President Suffrage: universal adult at age 21 Elections: general elections held 20 October 1979; next elections to be held by October 1984 Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP); Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho Voting strength: (October 1979 election) Legislative Assembly BDP, 29 seats; BNF, 2 seats; BPP, 1 seat 27 Botswana (continued) Brazil Communists: no known Communist orga- nization; Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP. $721.6 million (FY81/82); average an- nual real growth, 9.7% during 1976-82, 0% in FY81/82 Agriculture: principal crops are corn, sor- ghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and exported; heavy dependence on imported food Major industries: livestock processing, min- ing of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash, tourism Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1983); 470 million kWh produced (1983), 470 kWh per capita Exports: $456.2 million (f.o.b. 1982); dia- monds, cattle, animal products, copper, nickel Imports: $580.0 million (f.o.b 1982); food- stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products Major trade partners: Switzerland, US, UK, other EC members of Southern African Cus- toms Union Budget: (FY82/83) revenues $287.0 million, expenditures $372.5 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.122 pula=US$l (31 October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gauge Highways: 1 1,214 km total; 1,300 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved earth Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 87 total, 79 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few radiocommunication sta- tions; 11, 700 telephones (1.5 per 100popl.);3 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 196,000; 104,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $26.6 million; 5% of central gov- ernment budget SURINAME ' FRENCH Atlantic UIANA Ocean (See reference map IV) Land 8,512,100 km 2 ; 60% forest; 23% built-on area, waste, and other; 13% pasture; 4% cultivated Land boundaries: 13,076 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 7,491 km People Population: 134,380,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Brazilian(s); adjective Brazilian Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger- man, Japanese, black, Amerindian; 55% white, 38% mixed, 6% black, and 1% other Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic (nomi- nal) Language: Portuguese (official) Literacy: 74% Labor force: about 50 million in 1982 29.9% agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing; 24.4% industry, 20.3% services, trans- portation, and communication; 9.4% commerce; 7.0% social activities; 4.1% public administration; 2.9% other Organized labor: about 6 million (1982) Government Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential regime since April 1964 Capital: Brasilia Political subdivisions: 23 states, 3 territories, federal district (Brasilia) Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual sys- tem of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1967 and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Sep- tember Branches: strong executive with very broad powers; bicameral legislature (National Congress Senate, Chamber of Deputies; powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 1 1-man Supreme Court Government leader: Gen. (Ret.), JoSo Baptista de Oliveira FIGUEIREDO, Presi- dent Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except il- literates; approximately 58,200,000 eligible to vote in 1982 Elections: Figueiredo, who took office on 15 March 1979, was elected by an electoral col- lege, composed of the members of Congress and delegates selected from the state legisla- tures on 15 October 1978; next presidential election 1985 Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic Party (PDS), progovernment, Jose Sarney, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses Guimaraes, president; three smaller parties are Workers Party (PT), Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), and Democratic Labor Party (PDT) Voting strength: (November 1982 federal and state elections) 37% progovernment PDS; 63% divided among four opposition parties (PMDB, PT, PTB, and PDT) Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants Other political or pressure groups: the Cath- olic Church, over the years, has been a consistent critic of the regime; labor unions, at least as far as wage demands, have been active at times; business organizations can be influential, especially in the economically powerful states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy CNP: $295 billion, $2,360 per capita (1982 est); 19% gross investment, 82% consump- tion, 1% net foreign balance (1982 est.); real growth rate 0% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main products coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc, oranges; nearly self-sufficient Fishing: catch 858,183 metric tons (1979); ex- ports, $162 million (f.o.b., 1982); imports, $80 million (f.o.b., 1982) Major industries: textiles and other con- sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking in- dustries, capital goods Crude steel: 17.5 million metric tons capac- ity; 13.0 million metric tons produced (1982 est.) Electric power: 40,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 150.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,140 kWh per capita Exports: $20.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); soybeans, coffee, transport equipment, iron ore, steel products, chemicals, meat, shoes, sugar Imports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petro- leum, machinery, chemicals, pharma- ceuticals, wheat, copper, aluminum Major trade partners: exports 20% US, 6% Netherlands, 6% FRG, 6% Japan, 5% Italy, 4% France (1982 est.); imports 40% OPEC, 15% US, 5% Japan, 4% FRG, 4% Mexico, 3% France, 3% Argentina (1982 est.) Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $25.7 billion, ex- penditures $25.7 billion (Treasury budget only) Monetary conversion rate: 842 cruzeiros=US$l (31 October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 24,600 km total; 22,450 km 1.000- meter gauge, 1,750km 1.600-meter gauge, 200 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 200 km 0.760-meter gauge; 1,050 km electrified Highways: 1,399,440 km total; 83,965 km paved, 1,315,475 km gravel or earth Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined prod- ucts, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft Airfields: 4,351 total, 3,475 usable; 264 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m; 417 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good telecom system; extensive radio relay facilities; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations with total of 3 an- tennas; 18 domestic satellite stations; 7.5 million telephones (6.3 per 100 pop!.); 1,485 AM, 150 FM, and 200 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables 29 Brazil (continued) Brunei Defense Forces Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil, Brazilian Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 33,609,000; 22,734,000 fit for military serv- ice; 1,432,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $3.919 billion; 9.7% of central government budget (See reference map IX) Land 5,765 km 2 ; 75% forest; 22% industry, waste, urban, or other; 3% cultivable (of which only 10% is cultivated) Land boundaries: 381 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (12 nm fishing zone) Coastline: 161 km People Population: 218,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 3.9% Nationality: noun Bruneian(s); adjective Bruneian Ethnic divisions: 75% Malay, 20% Chinese, 5% other Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official reli- gion); 8% Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist) Language: Malay and English official, Chi- nese Literacy: 45% Labor force: 32,155; 33.8% trade, transport, and services; 32.8% industry, manufacturing, and construction; 30.5% agriculture; 2.9% other Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force Government Official name: State of Brunei Darussalam Type: became independent 1 January 1984; constitutional sultanate Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan National holiday: National Day, 23 Febru- ary Political subdivisions: four administrative districts Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitu- tion promulgated by the Sultan in 1959 Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by appointed Privy Council), who appoints Ex- ecutive Council and Legislative Council Government leader: Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah, Sultan Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; three-tiered system of indirect elections; popular vote cast for lowest level (district councilors) Elections: last elections March 1965; fur- ther elections postponed indefinitely Political parties and leaders: antigov- ernment, exiled Brunei People's Party, A. M. N. Azahari, chairman Communists: information not available Member of: ASEAN, INTERPOL, QIC; has applied for membership in UN Economy GDP; $19.8 billion (1981 est), $27,000 per capita (1981) Agriculture: main crops rice, pepper; must import most food Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied natural gas, construction 30 Bulgaria Electric power: 147,000 kW capacity (1981); 415 million kWh produced (1981), 1,646 kWh per capita Exports: $18.6 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 95% crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and petro- leum products Imports: $2.7 billion (c.i.f., 1981 est.); in- cludes machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, bever- ages and tobacco, mineral fuels and lubricants, rice arid other agricultural goods Major trade partners: exports of crude petro- leum and liquefied natural gas to Japan; imports from Japan 30%, US 24%, UK 15%, Singapore 9% Budget: (1979) revenues $883 million, expenditures $500 million, surplus $383 mil- lion; 35% defense Monetary conversion rate: 2.1313 Brunei dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge private line Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bi- tuminous treated), with another 52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined prod- ucts, 56 km; natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and natural gas, 241 km under construction Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present needs; inter- national service good to adjacent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good; 17,930 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.); Radio Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations and 1 TV station; 32,000 radio receivers; 1 satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, in- cluding air wing, navy, and ground forces; British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Po- lice Military manpower: males 15-49, 56,000; 34,000 fit for military service; about 2,500 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $161 million; about 12.8% of central government budget CSee reference map V) Land 110,912 km 2 ; 41% arable; 33% forest; 15% other; 11% other agricultural Land boundaries: 1,883 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 354 km People Population: 8,969,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Bulgarian(s); adjective Bulgarian Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5% Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3% Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian and other Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Literacy: 95% (est.) Labor force: 3,997,615 (1983); 42.6% indus- try and commerce, 23.3% agriculture, 1.5% government, 32.7% other 31 Bulgaria (continued) Government Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria Type: Communist state Capital: Sofia Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including capital city of Sofia Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; new constitution adopted in 1971; judicial review of legislative acts in the State Council; legal education at University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 September Branches: legislative (National Assembly); ju- diciary, Supreme Court Government leaders: Todor ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council (President and Chief of State); Georgi (Grisha) Stanchev FILIPOV, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: held every five years for National Assembly; last election held on 7 June 1981; 99.96% of the electorate voted Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secre- tary of Permanent Board Communists: 825,81 1 party members (April 1981) Moss organizations and front groups: Fa- therland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth Union, Central Council of Trade Unions, Na- tional Committee for Defense of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Cap- italism, Committee of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian- Soviet Friendship Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International Organization of Journalists, International Medical Association, International Radio and Television Organization Economy GNP: $35.3 billion, 1982 (1981 dollars), $3,963 per capita; 1982 real growth rate, 2.8% Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower seeds Fishing: catch 144,000 metric tons (1981) Major industries: food processing, machine building, chemicals, metallurgical products, electronics, textiles and clothing Shortages: some raw materials, metal prod- ucts Crude steel: 2. 6 million metric tons produced (1982), 280 kg per capita Electric power: 9,524,000 kW capacity (1983); 41.04 billion kWh produced (1983), 4,582 kWh per capita Exports: $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 47% ma- chinery and equipment; 17% agricultural products; 13% fuels, mineral raw materials, and metals; 9% manufactured consumer goods; 10% other Imports: $1 1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 46% fuels and minerals, 34% machinery and equip- ment, 5% manufactured consumer goods, 5% chemicals, 10% other (1982) Major trade partners: $21.031 billion in 1981; 54% with USSR, 21% with other Com- munist countries, 25% with non-Communist countries Monetary conversion rate:0.965 leva= US$1 (June 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data re- ported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 4,267 km total; all government owned (1980); about 4,022 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 654 km double track; 1,730 km electrified Highways: 36,058 km total; 2,910 km trunk roads, 3,833 km class I concrete, asphalt, stone block; 5,910 km class II asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,701 km class III earth; 3,704 km other (1983) Inland waterways: 471 km (1981) Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product, 418 km; natural gas, 1,120 km Freight carried: rail 81.5 million metric tons, 17.7 billion metric ton/km (1981); high- way 816 million metric tons, 16.0 billion metric ton/km (1981); waterway 4.9 mil- lion metric tons, 2.8 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic; 1981) Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 6 minor (1981); principal river ports are Ruse and Lom (1981) Defense Forces Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Frontier Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces, Bulgar- ian Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,166,000; 1,816,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (19) annually Ships: 2 submarines, 2 principal surface com- batants, 3 patrol combatants, 2 mine warfare ships, 16 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 25 amphibious warfare craft, 20 mina war- fare craft, 1 underway replenishment ship, 1 fleet support ship, 2 other auxiliaries Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 1 billion leva; 5.9% of total budget 32 Burma (See reference maps VIII and IX) Land 678,576 km 2 ; 62% forest; 28% arable, of which 1 2% is cultivated; 10% urban and other Land boundaries: 5,850 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (24 nm security zone and 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 3,060 km People Population: 36,196,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun Burmese; adjective Burmese Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 6% Indian, 3% Chinese, 2% Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% other Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% indigenous be- liefs, Christian, or other Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages Literacy: 78% Labor force: 14.19 million (1982/83); 63.6% agriculture, 12% government, 9.5% trade, 9.4% industry, 5.5% other Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone or "association" (1.56 million members) and Peasants' Asiayone (7.83 million members) integrated into sole political party (1983) Government Official name: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Type: republic under 1974 constitution Capital: Rangoon Political subdivisions: seven divisions (pre- dominantly Burman population) and seven states (based on ethnic minorities), subdi- vided into townships, village-tracts (rural) and wards (urban) Legal system: People's Justice system and People's Courts instituted under 1974 con- stitution; legal education at Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 4 Jan- uary Branches: Council of State rules through a Council of Ministers; National Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw or People's Congress) has legislative power Government leader: U SAN YU, President and Chairman of Council of State Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: National Assembly and local Peo- ple's Councils elected in 1981 Political parties and leaders: government- sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman Communists: est. 15,000 (primarily as an in- surgent group on the northeast frontier) Other political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army; Karen Nationalist Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent groups) Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $5.9 billion (1981/82, in current prices), $180 per capita; real growth rate 8% (1981/82) Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total employment and about 27% of GDP; main crops paddy, pulses, sugarcane, beans, and peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most rice grown in deltaic land Fishing: catch 597,000 metric tons (1981/82) Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood prod- ucts; petroleum refining Electric power: 725,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 42 kWh per capita Exports: $405 million (1982/83); rice, teak, hardwoods, base metals, ores Imports: $845 million (c.i.f., 1982/83); ma- chinery and transportation equipment, building materials, oil industry equipment Major trade partners: exports Singapore, Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; im- ports Japan, Western Europe, Singapore, UK Budget: (1982/83) $4.7 billion est. revenues, $5.3 billion expenditures, $600 million defi- cit Monetary conversion rate: 8.1004 kyats= US$1 (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track 33 Burma (continued) Burundi Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bitumi- nous, 17,700 km improved earth, gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels Pipelines: crude, 530 km Ports: 4 major, 6 minor Civil air: about 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters) Airfields: 90 total, 86 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 38 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: provide minimum re- quirements for local and intercity service; international service is good; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; 49,597 telephones (1982/83; 1 per 1,000 popl.); 1 AM station, no FM stations, and 2 TV stations (December 1982); 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 16,743,000; of the 8,338,000 males 15-49, 4,615,000 are fit for military service; of the 8,405,000 females 15-49, 4,638,000 are fit for military service; about 395,000 males and 385,000 females reach military age (18) annu- ally; both sexes are liable for military service (See reference map VII) Land 27,834 km 2 ; about 37% arable (about 66% cul- tivated); 23% pasture; 10% scrub and forest; 30% other Land boundaries: 974 km People Population: 4,691,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Burundian(s); adjective Burundi Ethnic divisions: Africans 85% Hutu (Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pygmy); other Africans include around 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zair- ians; non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous be- liefs, about 1% Muslim Language: Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Literacy: 25% Labor force: about 1.9 million (1983); 93% agriculture, 4% government, 1.5% industry and commerce, 1.5% services Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, mem- bership is extended to all Burundi workers (informally); figures denoting "active mem- bership" have been unobtainable Government Official name: Republic of Burundi Type: republic; presidential system; previous military government overthrown in military coup in 1976 Capital: Bujumbura Political subdivisions: 15 provinces, subdi- vided into arrondissements and communes according to a 1982 redistricting Legal system: based on German and French civil codes and customary law; has not ac- cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July Branches: executive (President and Cabinet); judicial; legislature (National Assembly) con- vened in 1982 Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA, President and Head of State Suffrage: universal Elections: new constitution approved by na- tional referendum in November 1981; election to National Assembly held in Octo- ber 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Communists: no Communist party; resumed diplomatic relations with the People's Re- public of China in October 1971, following a six-year suspension; USSR, North Korea, and Romania also have diplomatic missions in Burundi 34 Cameroon Member of: AfDB, EAMA, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: about $1.2 billion (1982), $272 per cap- ita; 6% real growth rate (1982) Agriculture: major cash crops coffee, cot- ton, tea; main food crops manioc, yams, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans; mar- ginally self-sufficient Major industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; public works construction; beverages Electric power: 27,000 kW capacity; 4 mil- lion kWh produced (1983), 30 million kWh imported from Zaire, 1 kWh per capita (1983) Exports: $86 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee ), tea, cotton, hides, skins Imports: $214 million (c.i.f., 1982); textiles, foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products Major trade partners: US, EEC countries Budget: (1982) revenue $126.5 million, ex- penditure $23.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 5,950 km total; 2,500 km gravel, or laterite; 3,000 km improved or unim- proved earth Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika naviga- ble for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port at Bujumbura Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659m Telecommunications: sparse system of wire and low-capacity radio-relay links; about 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: Army (including naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,070,000; 556,000 fit for military service; 52,000 reach military age (16) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $50 million; about 22.1% of central government budget (See reference map VII) Land 475,439 km 2 ; 50% forest; 18% meadow; 13% fallow; 4% cultivated; 15% other Land boundaries: 4,554 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 402 km People Population: 9,506,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Cameroonian(s); adjective Cameroonian Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31 % Cameroon High- landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1% non-African Religion: about one-half indigenous beliefs, one-third Christian, one-sixth Muslim Language: English and French (official), 24 major African language groups Literacy: 65% Labor force: (1983) 83% agriculture, 14% in- dustry and commerce, 3% tertiary sector 35 Cameroon (continued) Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force Government Official name: United Republic of Came- roon Type: unitary republic; one-party presiden- tial regime Capital: Yaounde Political subdivisions: 10 provinces further divided into departments, arrondissements, districts Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, with common law influence; unitary constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a question of constitu- tionality is referred to it by the President of the Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 20 May Branches: executive (President), legislative (National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme Court) Government leader: Paul BIYA, President Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: parliamentary elections held May 1983; presidential elections held January 1984 Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted in 1966, Paul Biya, president Communists: no Communist party or signifi- cant number of sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Came- roon People's Union (UPC), remains an illegal group with its factional leaders in exile Member of: Af BD, KAMA, EGA, EIB (asso- ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $7.0 billion (1981), about $845 per cap- ita; real annual growth rate, 6.0-7.0% (1981) Agriculture: commercial and food crops cocoa, coffee, timber, cotton, rubber, ba- nanas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and rice Fishing: 109,500 metric tons (1980/81); fish and shrimp Major industries: crude oil; small aluminum plant, food processing, and light consumer goods industries; sawmills Electric power: 575,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.7 billion kWh produced (1983), 185 kWh per capita Exports: $12.64 million (f.o.b., 1982); crude oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum, cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco, and tea Imports: $1.198 billion (f.o.b., 1982); con- sumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, alumina for refining, petroleum products, food and beverages Major trade partners: most trade with France, other EC countries, and the US Budget: (1981-82) revenues $1,002 million, current expenditures $644 million, develop- ment expenditures $275 million Monetary conversion rate: 397.45 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000- meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: approximately 59,000 km total; including 2,682 km bituminous, 7,000 km gravel and earth, 7,400 km improved earth, 42,000 km unimproved Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 57 total, 52 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: good system of open wire and radio relay; 30,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, and no TV sta- tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; planned TV network Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,115,000; 1,064,000 fit for military service; about 88,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $85.4 million; 10.7% of central government budget 36 Canada Arctic Ocean UNITED STATES (See reference map tl) Land 9,971,500 km 2 ; 44% forest; 42% waste or ur- ban; 8% inland water; 4% cultivated; 2% meadow and pasture Land boundaries: 9,010 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 90,908 km People Population: 25,142,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Canadian(s); adjective Canadian Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin, 29% French origin, 23% other European, 1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 18% United Church, 12% Anglican Language: English and French official Literacy: 99% Labor force: 12.2 million (December 1983); 68% services (37% government, 23% trade and finance, 8% transportation), 18% manu- facturing, 6% construction, 4% agriculture, 5% other; 11.9% unemployment (1983 aver- age); 11.1% unemployment (December 1983) Organized labor: 33% of labor force Government Official name: Canada Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign Capital: Ottawa Political subdivisions: 1 provinces and 2 ter- ritories Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; constitution as of 1982 (formerly British North America Act of 1867 and various amendments); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July Branches: federal executive power vested in cabinet collectively responsible to House of Commons, and headed by Prime Minister; federal legislative authority resides in Parlia- ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen represented by Governor General, Senate, and House of Commons; judges appointed by Governor General on the advice of the gov- ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal Government leaders: Pierre Elliott TRU- DEAU, Prime Minister; Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: legal limit of five years; but in practice usually held within four years; last election February 1980; voter turnout, 72% Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre Trudeau; Progressive Conservative, Brian Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward Broadbent Voting strength: (1980 election) Liberal, 44%; Progressive Conservative, 33%; New Democratic Party, 20%; parliamentary seats as of January 1984 Liberal (147), Progres- sive Conservative (102), New Democratic Party (31), independent (1), vacant (1) Communists: approx. 2,000 Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, DAC, FAQ, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Com- mission, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $288.8 billion (1982 in 1982 prices), $11,725 per capita (1982); 59% consumption, 22% investment, 22% government, 0.4% net foreign trade; 3% change in inventories; real growth rate 1.8% (1976-82) Agriculture: main products livestock, grains (principally wheat), dairy products, feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food short- ages fresh fruits and vegetables Fishing: catch 1.39 million metric tons (1979) Major industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemi- cals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci- sion instruments Crude steel: 11.8 million metric tons pro- duced (1982) Electric power: 89,937,000 kW capacity (1983); 412.717 billion kWh produced (1983), 16,585 kWh per capita Exports: $70.461 billion (f.o.b., 1982; princi- pal items transportation equipment, wood and wood products including paper, ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum, wheat; Canada is a major food exporter 37 Canada (continued) Cape Verde Imports: $55.044 billion (f.o.b., 1982); princi- pal items transportation equipment, machinery, crude petroleum, communica- tion equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables Major trade partners: 69% US, 9% EC, 5% Japan (1981) Aid: economic (received US, $1.8 billion Ex-Im Bank, FY70-81); Canada commit- ments to LDCs, bilateral ODA and OOF, $16 billion (1970-81) Budget: total revenues $52.275 billion; cur- rent expenditures $68.575 billion; gross capital expenditure $2.064 billion; budget deficit $16.607 billion (1982; National Ac- counts Basis) Monetary conversion rate: there is no desig- nated par value for the Canadian dollar, which was allowed to float freely on the ex- changes beginning 1 June 1970; since then the Canadian dollar has moved between US$0. 76-1.04 in value; 1.247 C$=US $1 (22 December 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 66,372 km total; 65,096 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 63 km electrified; 1,131 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfound- land); 145 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km sur- faced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth Inland waterways: 3,000 km Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and re- fined; natural gas, 74,980 km Ports: 13 major, numerous minor Civil air: 635 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,652 total, 1,398 usable; 369 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 328 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent service pro- vided by modern telecom media; 16.2 million telephones (67.1 per 100 popl.); countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage, in- cluding 630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 3 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas and 100 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Train- ing Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,945,000; 5,943,000 fit for military service; 195,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984 the proposed defense budget is $6.4 billion; about 9.3% of central gevernment budget MAURITANIA CAPE VERDE o o At /antic Ocean GUINEA" BISSAU (See reference map VII) Land 4,040 km 2 , divided among 10 islands and sev- eral islets Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm) Coastline: 965 km People Population: 300,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun Cape Verdean(s); adjective Cape Verdean Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mu- latto); 28% African; 1% European Religion: Catholicism, fused with local su- perstitions Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African wonls Literacy: 37% Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture . Government Official name: Republic of Cape Verde National holiday: 12 September Type: republic 38 Central African Republic Capital: Praia Political subdivisions: 10 islands Legal system: based on constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July Branches: National People's Assembly, 56 members; the official party is the supreme political institution Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA, President; Pedro PIRES, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: National Assembly election held December 1980, the first since independence Political parties and leaders: only legal party, African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Pereira, secretary general; PAICV estab- lished in January 1981 to replace the former ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, the African Party for the Independ- ence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau Communists: a few Communists, some sym- pathizers Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO.IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $142 million (1980 prov.); $473 per capita income(1980); 0.0% growth rate(1978) Agriculture: main crops corn, beans, man- ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in food Fishing: catch 8,331 metric tons (1979 est); largely undeveloped but provides major source of export earnings Major industries: salt mining Electric power: 8,000 kW capacity (1983); 10 million kWh produced (1983); 35 kWh per capita Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish, ba- nanas, salt, flour Imports: $64.5 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro- leum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan, African neighbors Budget: $17.1 million public revenue, $22.1 million current expenditures (1980 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 72.644 escudos= US$1 (Feburary 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland radio- relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,740 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 FM and 2 AM stations; 1 small TV station; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force are separate components of FARP Military manpower: males 15-49, 82,000; 48,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year including 31 December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of central government budget (See reference map VII) Land 626,780 km 2 ; 80%-85% meadow, fallow, va- cant arable land, urban, or waste; 10%-15% cultivated; 5% dense forest Land boundaries: 4,981 km People Population: 2,585,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Central African(s); adjective -Central African Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34% Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandjia, 9% Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French Religion: 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Cath- olic, 24% indigenous beliefs, 10% Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influ- ence the Christian majority Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua franca and national language Literacy: est. 33% Labor force: 1,320,000(1983); 88% agricul- ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4% services, 4% government; approximately 64,000 salaried workers Organized labor: 1 % of labor force 39 Central African Republic (continued) Government Official name: Central African Republic Type: republic, under military rule since September 1981 Capital: Bangui Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures Legal system: based on French law; constitu- tion, which was approved in February 1981 referendum, was suspended after September 1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts National holiday: Independence Day, 13 August; National Day, 1 December Branches: Gen. Andre- Dieudonne Kolingba is Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recovery, which re- placed the Council of Ministers; no legislature; separate judiciary Government leader: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA, Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recov- ery Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: no scheduled presidential, legisla- tive, or municipal elections Political parties and leaders: political parties were banned in September 1981 Communists.- no Communist party; small number of Communist sympathizers Member of: AfDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $658 million (1982 est), $273 per cap- ita, 0.4% real growth Agriculture: commercial cotton, coffee, peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia- mond mining and splitting Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1983); 65 million kWh produced (1983), 25 kWh per capita Exports: $111.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); cotton, coffee, diamonds, timber Imports: $149.7 million (f.o.b., 1982 est); tex- tiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemi- cals, Pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: exports France, Bel- gium, Japan, US; imports France and other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia Budget: (1982) revenues $102 million; cur- rent expenditures $111 million; development expenditures $18 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 21,950 km total; 454 km bitumi- nous, 10,196 km improved earth, 11,300 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and streams Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 54 total, 45 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are meager; network is composed of low-capacity, low-powered radio-communication stations and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; satellite ground station un- der construction Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 570,000; 295,000 fit for military service Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has received equipment from Israel, Italy, USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5% of central government budget 40 Chad (See reference map VII) Land 1,284,640 km 2 ; 46% other use and waste; 35% pasture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub Land boundaries: 5,987 km People Population: 5,116,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Chadian(s); adjective Chadian Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, including Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, 3,000 of them French Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be- liefs, 5% Christian Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south; more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken Literacy: about 20% Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in un- paid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force Government Official name: Republic of Chad Type: republic Capital: N'Djamena Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and Chadian customary law; constitution adopted 1962; constitution sus- pended and National Assembly dissolved April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi- constitution decreed in October 1982, pro- vides juridical framework whereby decrees are promulgated by the president; judicial re- view of legislative acts in theory a power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 13 April Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers; National Consultative Council Government leaders: Hissein HABRE, President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: none planned Political parties and leaders: political parties banned; nascent political organization, the Popular Committees of the Northern Armed Forces Communists: no front organizations or un- derground party; probably a few Communists and some sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: the devel- opment of a stable government continues to be hampered by prolonged tribal and re- gional antagonisms; ex- President Goukouni Weddeye heads a rebel government, with Libyan backing, that has driven Habre's forces out of the northern third of Chad Member of: Af DB, CEAO, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy During the last decade droughts and plagues of locusts have caused widespread food short- ages, and years of civil war have devasted the Chadian economy; reliable current eco- nomic data are unavailable GDP: $500 million (1980), $1 10 per capita (1980-1983); estimated real annual growth rate 0.6% (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial cotton, gum ara- bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food Fishing: catch 1 15,000 metric tons(1979 est.) Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaugh- terhouses, brewery), natron Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1983); 50 million kWh produced (1983), 10 kWh per capita Exports: $134.1 million (1980); cotton 75%, meat, fish, animal products Imports: $162.9 million (1980); cement, pe- troleum, flour, sugar, tea, machinery, textiles, motor vehicles Major trade partners: imports 50% Nige- ria, 13% Netherlands Antilles, 8% France, 7% Cameroon, 5% Gabon; exports 37% Nige- ria, 10% Portugal, 9% France, 8% FRG, 6% Cameroon Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 mil- lion, current revenue $89.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) 41 Chad (continued) Chile Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bitumi- nous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km navigable Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 65 total, 59 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of radio- communication stations for intercity links; satellite ground station; 5,000 telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 1 FM and 3 AM stations; most facilities inoperative Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Army Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,167,000; 603,000 fit for military service; about 48,000 reach military age (20) annually Supply: primarily dependent on France Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, $21.4 million; about 33% of total budget (See reference map IV) Land 759,871 km 8 ; 47% barren mountain, desert, and urban; 29% forest; 15% permanent pas- ture, meadow; 7% other arable; 2% cultivated Land boundaries: 6,325 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 6,435 km People Population: 11, 655,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Chilean(s); adjective- Chilean Ethnic divisions: 95% European and European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes- tant Language: Spanish Literacy: 90% (1978) Labor force: 3.0 million total employment (1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31% services; 9% agriculture, forestry, and fish- ing; 9% mining; 5% construction Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga- nized into labor unions (1982) Government Official name: Republic of Chile Type: republic Capital: Santiago Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdi- visions Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes in- fluenced by French and Austrian law; current constitution came into effect in March 1981; the constitution provides for continued direct rule until 1989, with a phased return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial review of legislative acts in the Su- preme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several oth- ers; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exercises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President of Junta; the President has an- nounced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule by 1 989; National Congress (Sen- ate, House of Representatives) dissolved; civilian judiciary remains Government leaders: Gen. Augusto PINO- CHET Ugarte, President; Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro, Air Force Maj. Gen. Fer- nando MATTHEI Aubel, Carabinero Gen. Cesar MENDOZA Duran, Army Lt. Gen. Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar, Junta members Suffrage: none 42 Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers were destroyed in 1974 Political parties and leaders: all political par- ties are officially recessed or outlawed, but they have been allowed to function on a very limited basis since 1982; National Party (PN), Patricio Philips; Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; National Unity Movement (MUN), Andres Allamand; Movement of National Action (MAN), Federico Willoughby; Radical Party (PR), Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Luis Bossay; Christian Demo- cratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes; Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo (the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and some elements of the Socialist Party form the Democratic Alliance [AD]); Movement of Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Movement of Unitary Popular Action Workers/ Peasants (MAPU-OC), Bias Tomic and Oscar Garreton Purcell; Christian Left (1C), Luis Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist Party Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm), Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist Party Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt), Car- los Altamirano (in exile); Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal Allende (in exile; the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic Movement [MDP]) Voting strength: (1970 presidential election) 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% con- servative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN) Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000 Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Command (CUD), a social grouping of 300 labor organizations and other groups, dominated by the PCCh; labor Na- tional Workers Command (CNT), includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $23.6 billion (1982), $2,178.1 per cap- ita; 77% private consumption, 14.8% government consumption; 9.9% gross invest- ment, 1.7% net foreign balance; real growth rate -14.3% (1982) Agriculture: main crops wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net ag- ricultural importer Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982); exports $339 million (1979) Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products Crude steel: 765.0 billion metric tons capac- ity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 3,200,000 kW capacity (1983); 12.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,045 kWh per capita Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); copper, molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles Major trade partners: exports 20.8% US, 11.5% Japan, 11.3% FRG, 8% Brazil, 5.3% UK (1980); imports 26% US, 7.4% Venezu- ela, 7.3% Brazil, 6.5% Japan, 6% FRG (1982) Budget: $4. 1 billion revenues, $4.4 billion ex- penditures (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 81 pesos=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification 1,503 km, 1.676- meter gauge, 79 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved, 37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 725 km Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined prod- ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km Ports: 10 major, 13 minor Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft Airfields: 373 total, 328 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with run- ways 2,440-3,659 m, 50 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio-relay facili- ties; 570,800 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 domestic satellite stations; 151 AM, 81 FM, and 122 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,079,000; 2,316,000 fit for military service; about 1 17,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $900.1 million; 19.1% of central government budget 43 China (Taiwan listed at end of table) SOVIET UNION (See reference map VIII) Land 9.6 million km 2 ; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed); 11% cultivated (sown area extended by multicropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2%-3% inland water Land boundaries: 24,000 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 14,500 km People Population: 1,034,907,000 (July 1984), aver- age annual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective Chinese Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer- ous lesser nationalities Religion: officially atheist; most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclec- tic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Tao- ism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions) Literacy: over 75% Labor force: est. 447.1 million (December 1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and commerce, 10.6% other Government Official name: People's Republic of China Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Political Bureau; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actu- ally directs the government Capital: Beijing (Peking) Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 cen- trally governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of adminis- trative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal proce- dure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Com- munist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law National holiday: National Day, 1 October Branches: control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Stand- ing Committee of the National People's Congress Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre- mier of State Council; LI Xiannian, President; PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections held for People's Con- gress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com- munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang; Hu is General Secretary of Central Commit- tee; General Secretary became head of the party when position of Chairman was abol- ished at 12th Party Congress, held in September 1981 Communists: about 39 million party mem- bers in 1981 Other political or pressure groups: such op- position as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups; the People's Liberation Army has conventionally been seen as a major force, but its political influence has been much re- duced over the past few years Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $313 billion (1983 est.), $308 per capita Agriculture: main crops rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 15 million metric tons in 1982 Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum Shortages: complex machinery and equip- ment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport Crude steel: 37.2 million metric tons pro- duced, 37 kg per capita (1982) 44 Colombia Electric power: 73,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 345.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 325 kWh per capita Exports: $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manufac- tured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals Imports: $16.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma- terials, machinery, equipment Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Canada, Australia, Singapore, (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 1.9875 renminbi yuan=US$l (30 November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route km common carrier lines; about 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stan- dard gauge; all single track except approximately 9,345 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 1,500 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 me- ters) Highways: about 1,001,000 km all types roads; about 250,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km im- proved earth roads; about 170,000 paved roads Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 136,000 km navigable Pipelines: crude, 5,600 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 3,000 km Ports: 15 major, approximately 180 minor Airfields: 325 total; 256 with permanent- surface runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m and over; 63 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 221 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane sta- tions; 10 airfields under construction Defense Forces Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy, CPLA Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 277,707,000; 155,464,000 fit for military service; 13,159,000 reach military age (18) annually CSee reference map IV) Land 1,139,600 km 2 ; 72% unsettled (mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled (consisting of 5% crop and fallow, 14% pasture, 6% forest, swamp, and water, and 3% urban and other) Land boundaries: 6,035 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 2,414 km People Population: 28,248,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2. 1 % Nationality: noun Colombian(s); adjective Colombian Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Cauca- sian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black- Indian, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 81% Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services, 26% agriculture, 21% industry, (1980); 12% official unemployment (1983) Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982) 45 Colombia (continued) Government Official name: Republic of Colombia Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure Capital: Bogota Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 Intendancies, 5 Commissariats, Bogota Spe- cial District Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; con- stitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July Branches: President, bicameral legislature (Parliament Senate, House of Represen- tatives), judiciary Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR Cuartas, President Suffrage: age 18 and over Elections: every fourth year; last presidential election held in May 1982; last congressional election March 1982; municipal and depart- mental elections every two years, next scheduled for March 1984 Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party leadership currently undergoing changes, with light congressmen sharing plu- ral leadership; two main dissident factions are headed by Luis Carlos Galan and Alberto Santofimio; official group leadership supple- mented by Luis Carlos Galan, who heads a new faction within the party; Conservative Party Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael Pastrana Borrero head the two principal wings united behind current President Belisario Betancur, who leads a small faction Voting strength: (1982 presidential election) Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%, Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49% ab- stention Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est. Other political or pressure groups: Commu- nist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist (PCC/ML), Maoist orientation Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $40 million (1983 est.; in current dol- lars), $1,435 per capita (1983; in current dollars); 68% private consumption, 28% gross investment 8% public consumption, (1981); growth rate 1% (1983) Agriculture: main crops coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, marijuana, coca, plantains, ba- nanas, cotton, tobacco Fishing: catch 68,525 metric tons 1981 Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, and cement Crude steel: 391,000 metric tons produced (1980/81 est.), 14 kg per capita Electric power: 7,520,000 kW capacity (1983); 24.0 billion kWh produced(1983), 870 kWh per capita Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers Imports: $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); transporta- tion equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages Major trade partners: exports 25% US, 17% FRG, 10% Venezuela, 4% Japan, 3% Netherlands; imports 38% US, 12% Japan, 6% Venezuela, 5% FRG, 2% France, 1.8% UK, 1% Ecuador (1982) Budget: (1982) revenues $3.9 billion; expend- itures $5.3 billion Monetary conversion rate: 84.25 pesos= US$1 (31 October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,403 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, Santa Marta, and Tumaco) Civil air: 1 13 major transport aircraft Airfields: 625 total, 619 usable; 57 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station with 2 antennas and 8 domestic satel- lite stations; 1.62 million telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 375 AM, 130 FM, and 85 TV sta- tions 46 Comoros Defense Forces Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian Air Force, National Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,270,000; 5,154,000 fit for military service; about 349,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $468.1 million; about 10.3% of central government budget Indian Ocean MADAGASCAR (See reference map VII) Land 2,171 km 2 ; 4 main islands; 48% cultivated; 29% uncultivated; 16% forest; 7% pasture Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 340 km People Population: 455,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Comoran(s); adjective Comoran Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Caf re, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava Religion: 86% Shirazi Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French Literacy: 15% Labor force: 140,000(1982); 87% agriculture, 3% government Government Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Type: three of the four islands compose an independent republic, following local gov- ernment's unilateral declaration of inde- pendence from France in July 1975; the other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French territorial community but is claimed by the Comoros Capital: Moroni Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into seven regions Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla- ture (Federal Assembly) Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH ABDEREMANE, President Suffrage: universal adult Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1978 presidential election with 99% majority; next presidential election scheduled to take place in 1984 and legislative election in 1987 Political party: sole legal political party is Comoran Union for Progress (UCP) Voting strength: UCP won 37 seats in the Federal Assembly (March 1982) Communists: information not available Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $90 million (1981), about $230 per cap- ita Agriculture: food crops rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna- mon, yams; export crops essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, co- pra, cloves 47 Comoros (continued) Congo Major industry: perfume distillation Electric power: 5,500 kW capacity (1983); 10 million kWh produced (1983); 25 kWh per capita Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1981); perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves Imports: $33 million (f.o.b., 1981); rice and other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles Major trade partners: France, Madagascar, Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania, and US Budget: (1980) revenues $10.2 million, for- eign revenue $12.9 million, current expenditures, $20 million, development ex- penditures $3 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1983) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 1,000 km total; approximately 295 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel Ports: 1 minor (on Anjouan Island); Moroni on Grande Comore); Majunga, Madagascar, is used for major trade Civil air: 4 major transports Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: sparse system of radio-relay and HF radiocommunication sta- tions for interisland, island, and external communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,200 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; no TV station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 102,000; 60,000 fit for military service .S/ii;),s: 1 landing craft Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of the central government budget (See reference map VII) Land 349,650 km 2 ; 63% dense forest or wood; 31% meadow; 4% urban or waste; 2% cultivated (est.) Land boundaries: 4,514 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 Coastline: 169 km People Population: 1,745,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun Congolese (sing., pi.); adjective Congolese or Congo Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups di- vided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in north, Teke (17%) in center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French Religion: 48% animist, half nominally 47% Christian, 2% Muslim Language: French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used Literacy: over 50% 48 Labor force: about 40% of population eco- nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture, 25% commerce, industry, government; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem- ployed Organized labor: 20% of total labor force (1979 est.) Government Official name: People's Republic of the Congo Type: republic; military regime established September 1968 Capital: Brazzaville Political subdivisions: nine regions divided into districts Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1973 National holiday: National Day, 15 August Branches: presidential executive, Council of State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese Workers Party Central Committee and Polit- buro Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU- NGUESSO, President; Col. Louis-Sylvain GOMA, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections for local and regional or- gans and the National Assembly were held in July 1979 the first elections since June 1973 Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCX) is only legal party Communists: unknown number of Commu- nists and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen- eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EIB (as- sociate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: about $1.8 billion (1982 est.), $1,140 per capita; real growth rate 8.1% per year (1982) Agriculture: cash crops sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, to- bacco; food crops root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish Fishing: catch 20,600 metric tons (1979) Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brew- ery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap Electric power: 222,000 kW capacity (1983); 160 million kWh produced (1983), 95 kWh per capita xpors:$1.108billion(f.o.b., 1982); oil, lum- ber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee, and cocoa Imports: $663.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); ma- chinery, transport equipment, manu- factured consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs, chemical products, sugar Major trade partners: France, other EC countries, and US Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $933 million, current expenditures $545 million, develop- ment expenditures $388 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 800 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 8,246 km total; 555 km bitumi- nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite, 1,623 km improved earth, and 5,220 km unimproved roads Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable Pipelines: crude oil 25 km Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 60 total, 44 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is com- posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe- Noire, and Loubomo; 13,900 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 386,000; 194,000 fit for military service; about 17,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $68.9 million; about 7% of central government budget Cook Islands V Pacific Ocean S FUI Pacific Ocean ZEALAND (See reference map X) Land About 240 km 2 Water Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm Coastline: about 120 km People Population: 16,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Cook Islanders); adjective Cook Islander Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church Government Official name: Cook Islands Type: self-governing in "free association" with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern- ment fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands Government Capital: Rarotonga Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen and the New Zealand Government; Representative appoints the Prime Minister; Parliament of 24 members, popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an advisory body only Government leader: Dr. Thomas DAVIS, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, latest in Novem- ber 1983 Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey Henry; Democratic Party, Thomas Davis Voting strength: (1983) Parliament Cook Islands Party, 11 seats; Democratic Party, 13 seats Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF Economy GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita (1978) Agriculture: export crops include copra, cit- rus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas, with subsistence crops of yarns and taro Major industry, fruit processing Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1981); 13 million kWh produced (1981), 764 kWh per capita Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and canned fruit Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, tex- tiles, fuels Major trade partners: (1970) exports 98% New Zealand; imports 76% New Zealand, 7% Japan Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus- tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million Government budget: $121 million (1977) Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 New Zealand$=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 7,000 radio receivers, and 1,186 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.) 50 Costa Rica (See reference map HI) Land 51,022 km 2 ; 60% forest; 30% agricultural (22% meadow and pasture, 8% cultivated); 10% waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 670 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over living resources to 200 nm) Coastline: 1,290 km People Population: 2,693,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun Costa Rican(s); adjective Costa Rican Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes- tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican dialect of English spoken around Puerto Limon Literacy: 93% Labor force: 891,000(1982 est); 40.4% indus- try and commerce, 32.6% agriculture, 25% government and services, 2% other; 12% un- employment (1983 est.) Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Costa Rica Type: democratic republic Capital: San Jose Political subdivisions: seven provinces di- vided into 80 cantons and districts Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys- tem; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: executive President (head of government and chief of state), elected for a single four-year term; two vice presidents; legislative 57-delegate unicameral Legisla- tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals; judiciary Supreme Court of Justice (17 magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly at eight-year intervals) Government leader: Luis Alberto MONGE Alvarez, President Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over Elections: every four years; last, February 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Liber- ation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres; Na- tional Movement (MN), Mario Echandi; new Social Christian Union (USC) comprised of the four Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) par- ties Democratic Renovation Party (PRO), Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli; Christian Demo- cratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille Rivera; Republican Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular Union Party (PUP), Cristian Tallenbach Iglesias; United People's Coalition (PU) comprised of the three Marxist parties Popular Van- guard Party (PVP), Humberto Vargas Carbonell; Popular Revolutionary Move- ment (MRP), Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia; National Defense Party, J. Francisco Herrera Romero; National Republican Party, Ronaldo Rodri- guez Varela; Democratic Radical Party, Juan Jose Echeverria Brealey Voting strength: (1982 election) PLN 57.3%, 33 seats; UNIDAD 32.7%, 18 seats; PU 3.2%, 4 seats; MN 3.7%, 1 seat; other, 1 seat Communists: 10,000 members and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Costa Ri- can Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confed- erated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Develop- ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso- ciation of Educators (ANDE) Member of: CACM, Central American Dem- ocratic Community, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multina- tional Shipping Line Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.3 billion (1983 est., in current prices), $1,390 per capita; 65% private con- sumption, 15% public consumption, 23% gross domestic investment, 4% net foreign balance (1981); 0% real growth rate (1983 est.) Agriculture: main products coffee, ba- nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products Fishing: catch 14,854 metric tons (1980) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertil- izer 51 Costa Rica (continued) Cuba Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1983); 2.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 845 kWh per capita Exports: $870.8 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, bananas, beef, sugar, cacao Imports: $870 million (c.i.f., 1983); manufac- tured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fer- tilizer Major trade partners: exports 35% US, 27% CACM, 10% FRG; imports 36% US, 17% CACM, 12% Japan, 4% FRG (1980) Aid: economic bilateral commitments US authorized (FY70-82), including Ex-Im, $217 million, other Western countries ODA and OOF (1970-81) $160 million, Communist countries (1971-74) $17 million; military commitments negligible Budget: (1983) $321 million total revenues, $544 million total expenditures including debt amortization Monetary conversion rate: 43.15 colones=US$l (November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 700 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 234 km electrified Highways: 28,525 km total; 2,570 km paved, 9,360 km gravel, 16,595 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigable Pipelines: refined products, 176 km Ports: 4 major (Limon, Golfito, Puntarenas, Caldera), 3 minor Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 208 total, 203 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: very good domestic telephone service; 236,100 telephones (10.4 per 100 popl.); connection into Central American microwave net; 55 AM, 46 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 717,000; 487,000 fit for military service; about 31,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on imports from US Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $8.4 million for Ministry of Public Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.1% of total central government budget N \ 1 UKiTED (See reference map Iff) Land 114,471 km 2 ; 35% cultivated; 30% meadow and pasture; 20% waste, urban, or other; 15% forest Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 3,735 km People Population: 9,995,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.1% Nationality: noun Cuban(s); adjective Cuban Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% black, 1% Chinese Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power Language: Spanish Literacy: 96% Labor force: 2.9 million in 1979; 26% agricul- ture, 26% services, 20% industry, 11% construction, 10% commerce, 7% transporta- tion and communication; 2% unemployed Government Official name: Republic of Cuba 52 Type: Communist state Capital: Havana Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169 municipalities Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri- can law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re- placed constitution of 1940; a new con- stitution was approved at the Cuban Com- munist Party's First Party Congress in December 1975 and by a popular referen- dum, which took place on 15 February 1976; portions of the new constitution were put into effect on 24 February 1976, by means of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the en- tire constitution became effective on 2 December 1976; legal education at Universi- ties of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo- lution, 1 January Branches: executive; legislature (National Assembly of the People's Power); controlled judiciary Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz, President Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 16 Elections: National People's Assembly (indi- rect election) every five years; election held November 1981 Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com- munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro Ruz Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem- bers Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, lADB(nonparticipant), IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship- ping Line Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Per- manent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982 est); $1,534 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982 est.); real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main crops sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee Fishing: catch 195,000 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $125 million (1980) Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, tex- tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals, cement Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods Crude steel: 301,200 metric tons produced (1982); 31 kg per capita Electric power: 4,100,000 kW capacity (1983); 10.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,065 kWh per capita Exports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1982); capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro- leum Major trade partners: exports 67% USSR, 18% other Communist countries; imports 68% USSR, 21% other Communist countries (1982 prelim.) Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans $37.5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in eco- nomic credit and $11.0 billion in subsidies; military assistance from the USSR (1959-78), $1.6 billion Budget: $12.1 billion (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 0.8547 peso=US$l (1 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 14,725 km total, government owned; 5,070 km common carrier lines of which 4,990 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 80 km 0.914-meter gauge; about 9,655 km plantation/industrial lines, 6,455 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 3,200 km narrow gauge Highways: 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced Inland waterways: 240 km Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at Guantanamo), 44 minor Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft Airfields: 203 total, 194 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces, Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and Air Defense Force; Ministry of Interior Special Troops, Border Guard Troops Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 5,440,000; of the 2,751,000 males 15-49, 1,730,000 are fit for military service; of the 2,689,000 females 15-49, 1,689,000 are fit for military service; 117,000 males and 113,000 females reach military age (17) annually 53 Cyprus (See reference map VI) Land 9,251 km 2 ; 60% arable (including permanent crop); 25% waste, urban areas, and other; 15% forest pasture Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: approximately 648 km People Population: 662,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun Cypriot(s); adjective Cypriot Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% Armenian, Maronite, and other Religion:78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other Language: Greek, Turkish, English Literacy: about 89% Creek Sector labor force: 240,900 (1982); 42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture, 3.1% unemployed Government Official name: Republic of Cyprus Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island be- gan after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri- ots de facto control over the northern 37 percent of the republic; Greek Cypriots con- trol the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983, Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a "Turk- ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of inter- communal differences and creation of a new federal system of government Capital: Nicosia Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis- tricts Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc- tober Branches: currently the Government of Cy- prus has effective authority over only the Greek Cypriot community, as provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic and comprising Council of Minis- ters, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots declared their own "constitution" and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" in 1975 ("legislature" was "Turkish Cypriot Legislative Assembly," which was dissolved in late 1983); "state" renamed "Turkish Re- public of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; the Turkish Cypriots are currently forming a consultative assembly that will devise a new constitution for the Turkish sector and pre- pare elections for a new executive and legislature Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU, President; Turkish Sector: Rauf DENK- TASH, "President" Suffrage: universal age 21 and over Elections: officially every five years (last presidential election held in February 1983); parliamentary elections held in May 1981; Turkish sector "presidential" and "par- liamentary" elections held in June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp- riot Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glaf kos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; New Democratic Movement (NDP), Alecos Michaelides; Center Union Party (CUP), Tassos Papadopoulos; Pan- Cyprian Renewal Party (PAME), Khryso- stomos Sofianos; Turkish sector National Unity Party (NUP), none; Communal Liber- ation Party (CLP), Alpay Durduran; Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur; other minor parties Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou re- tained his position by winning 56% of the vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the pro- Western Democratic Rally and Commu- nist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats; Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won three seats; in "presidential" and "par- liamentary" elections in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash won with 52 percent of the vote; his party (NUP) had 18 of 40 seats in the "Assembly," while the center-left CLP had 12 seats and the RTP had 6 seats; the remainder were divided among the other parties Communists: about 12,000 Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cy- prus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan- Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Commu- 54 nist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is) Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu- rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus- QIC (observer) Economy GNP: $2.172 billion (1982), $3,342 per cap- ita; 1982 est. real growth rate 3.8% Turkish Sector GDP: $237 million (1981 prov.), $1,558 per capita Agriculture: main crops potatoes and other vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat, carob beans, olives Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp- sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption beverages, footwear, clothing, cement Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.364 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,090 kWh per capita Exports: $554.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); princi- pal items food and beverages, including citrus, raisins, potatoes and wine; also cement and clothing Turkish Sector exports: $37.5 million (f.o.b., 1981); principal items citrus fruits, pota- toes, metal pipes, and pyrites Imports: $1.212 billion (c.i.f., 1982); princi- pal items manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, food Turkis h Sector imports: $107.6 million (c.i.f., 1981); principal items foodstuffs, raw ma- terials, fuels, machinery Major trade partners: imports (1982) 12.7% UK, 10.3% Italy, 9.1% Iraq, 9.0% Ja- pan; exports (1982) 20.4% UK, 12.2% Lebanon, 9.3% Saudi Arabia, 6.8% Iraq Turkish Sector major trade partners: im- ports (1981 prov.) 41.6% Turkey, 20.6% UK, 7.3% FRG, 6.0% Italy; exports (1981 prov.) 53.1% UK, 20.6% Turkey, 12.2% Syria, 3.6% Lebanon Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $527.7 million, expenditures $625.2 million, deficit $99.1 million Turkish Sector budget: (1981) revenues $46.7 million, expenditures $64.9 million, deficit $18.2 million Monetary conversion rate: .56 Cyprus pound=US$l (4 January 1984) Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 162.55 Turkish liras=US$l (1982 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 10,778 km total; 5,169 km bitumi- nous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6 minor; Famagusta under Turk- ish Cypriot control Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 13 total, 12 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: moderately good tele- communication system in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 1 13,400 telephones (17.9 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 30 TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlan- tic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna Defense Forces Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish sector Turkish Cypriot Security Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 179,000; 125,000 fit for military service; about 5,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $23.0 million; about 4.6% of central government budget 55 Czechoslovakia (See reference map V) Land 127,870 km 2 ; 60% arable; 35% forest; 14% other agricultural; 9% other Land boundaries: 3,540 km People Population: 15,466,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Czechoslovak(s); adjective Czechoslovak Ethnic divisions: 65% Czech, 30% Slovak, 4.0% Hungarian, 0.6% German, 0.5% Polish, 0.4% Ukrainian, 0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy) Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes- tant, 2% Orthodox, 1 % other Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun- garian Literacy: 99% Labor force: 7.8 million; 38.1% industry, 12.5% agriculture, 49.4% construction, com- munications, and other (1982) Government Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re- public (CSSR) Type: Communist state Capital: Prague Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Re- public); seven regions (kraj) in Czech lands, three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status Legal system: civil law system based on Austrian-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa- tion at Charles University School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May Branches: executive President (elected by Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by President); legislative (Federal Assembly; elected directly House of Nations, House of the People), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assem- bly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi- dent; Lubomir STROUGAL, Premier Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: governmental bodies and presi- dent every five years (last election June 1981) Dominant political party and leader: Com- munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary; Commu- nist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization" Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for Communist-sponsored single slate Communists: 1.48 million party members and candidate members (November 1982) Other political groups: puppet parties Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo- vak Revival Party Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy CNP: $147.1 billion in 1982 (in 1982 dollars), $9,550 per capita; 1982 real growth rate 0.5% Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota- toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net food importer meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables Major industries: iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products Shortages: ores, crude oil Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro- duced (1982), 974 kg per capita Electric power: 18,645,000 kW capacity (1983); 75.282 billion kWh produced (1983), 4,875 kWh per capita Exports: $16.265 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 54% machinery, equipment; 17% manufactured consumer goods; 15% fuels, raw materials and metals; 7% foods, food products, live ani- mals, and forestry (1982) Imports: $16.219 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 39% fuels, raw materials, and metals; 33% ma- chinery, equipment; 14% foods, food products, live animals, and forestry; 5% man- ufactured consumer goods (1980) Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul- garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71% with Communist countries, 29% with non- Communist countries (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 6.45 koronas=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year 56 Denmark NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$l (January 1982) Communications Railroads: 13,142 km total; 12,883 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 157 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track; 3,171 km electrified; government owned (1982) Highways: 73,881 km total; 60,582 km con- crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel, crushed stone (1982) Inland waterways: 475 km (1982) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod- ucts, 861 km; natural gas, 7,000 km Freight carried: rail 288.7 million metric tons, 71.6 billion metric ton/km (1982); high- way 1,281.2 million metric tons, 20.9 billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway 11.4 million metric tons, 3.8 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traf- fic) (1982) Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros- tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1979) Defense Forces Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,774,000; 2,910,000 fit for military service; 108,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 23.8 billion koronas, 7.7% of total budget (See reference map V) Land 43,076 km 2 (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe Islands); 64% arable; 11% forest; 8% meadow and pasture; 17% other Land boundaries: 68 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,379 km People Population: 5,112,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun Dane(s); adjective Danish Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking mi- nority Literacy: 99% Labor force: 2,700,000 (1983 average); 34. 1% social services; 21% manufacturing; 13.3% commerce; 8.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.9% construction; 7.0% banking and business services; 6.8% transportation; 9.2% unemployment rate Organized labor: 65% of labor force Government Official name: Kingdom of Denmark Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Copenhagen Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 com- munes, 88 towns Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Co- penhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16 April Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); ex- ecutive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Su- preme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen; Poul SCHLUTER, Prime Minister. Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election 10 January 1984) Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Henning Christophersen; Conservative, Poul Schliiter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; So- cialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wil- hjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress Party, Mogens Glistrop; Socialist Workers Party, no chairman; Communist Workers' Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza 57 Denmark (continued) Voting strength: (\&\ election) 31. 6% Social Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12.1% Lib- eral, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radical Liberal, 4.6% Center Democrats, 3.6% Progress, 2.7% Christian, 2.6% Left Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist, 0.2% others Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE, Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $56.4 billion (1982), $11,016 per cap- ita; 56% private consumption, 12.4% private investment, 28% government consumption, 3% government investment; 0.6% net exports of goods and services; 1982 growth rate, 3.1% in 1980 prices. Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops cereals, root crops; food imports oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs Fishing: catch 1.98 million metric tons (1980), exports $750 million, imports $295 million (1981) Major industries: food processing, machin- ery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, bricks and mor- tar, furniture and other wood products Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons produced (1981), 117 kg per capita Electric power: 9,119,000 kW capacity (1983); 25.830 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,050 kWh per capita Exports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items meat, dairy products, industrial ma- chinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equip- ment, fish, furs, and furniture Imports: $16.8 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal items industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron anl steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper Major trade partners: 1982 exports 47.7% EC, 17.4% FRG, 14.1 UK, 10.9% Sweden, 6.5% Norway, 6% US Aid: donor economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF) $2.8 billion (1970-81) Budget: (1984) expenditures $24.8 billion, revenues $18.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 9.670 kroner=US$l (November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu- ary Communications Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge lines are privately owned and operated Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth Inland waterways: 417 km Pipelines: refined products, 418 km; natural gas, 95 km Ports: 10 major, 50 minor Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft Airfields: 148 total, 119 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.32 mil- lion telephones (63.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 46 FM, and 38 TV stations; 1 4 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth station for domestic Defense Forces Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,306,000; 1,100,000 fit for military service; 41,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.150 billion; 4.6% of cen- tral government budget 58 Djibouti (See reference map VII) Land 23,310 km 2 ; 89% desert waste; 10% perma- nent pasture; less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 517 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) National holiday: 27 June Type: republic Capital: Djibouti Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts) Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, traditional practices, and Islamic law; partial constitution ratified January 1981 by National Assembly Branches: legislative 65-member parlia- ment (National Assembly), executive, judiciary Government leader: HASSAN Gouled Aptidon, President Suffrage: universal Elections: Parliament elected May 1982 Political parties and leaders: Peoples Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands) Communists: possibly a few sympathizers People Population: 289,000 (July 1984) average an- nual growth rate 8.8% Nationality: noun Djiboutian(s); adjective Djiboutian Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa), 5% Afar 5% French Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian Language: French (official), Somali, Afar, and Arabic all widely used Literacy: 20% Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized Government Official name: Republic of Djibouti Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $116 million (1980); per capita income $400 Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial crops, including fruit and vegetables Major industries: transit trade, port, railway, services; live cattle and sheep exports to Ara- bia; secondary services to French military Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1983); 230 million kWh produced (1983), 730 kWh per capita Exports: $66 million (1981); hides and skins and transit of coffee; values plummeted after railroad line was cut Imports: $152 million (1981); almost all do- mestically needed goods foods, machinery, transport equipment Budget: 1980 revenues $68 million, current expenditures $62 million, development ex- penditures $6 million Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi- nous surface, 229 km improved earth; 2,292 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Djibouti) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations at outlying places; 4,400 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV station; 1 INTELSAT satellite station at Ambouli, working with Indian Ocean satel- lite Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of France Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendar- merie Corps Military manpower: males 15-49, about 63,000; about 37,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of central government budget 59 Dominica DOMINICAN PUERTO Atlantic Ocean DOMINICA (See reference map 111) Land 752.7 km 2 ; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2% pas- ture; 7% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (200 nm fishing zone; 20 nm economic zone) Coastline: 148 km People Population: 74,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0.2% Nationality: noun Dominican(s); adjective Dominican Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib- Indians Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Methodist Language: English (official); French patois widely spoken Literacy: about 95% Labor force: 23,000; 40% agriculture, 32% in- dustry and commerce, 28% services; 15-20% unemployment Organized labor: 25% of the labor force Government Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica Type: independent state within Common- wealth recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Roseau Political subdivisions: 10 parishes Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and the British Caribbean Court of Appeals Branches: legislative, 11 -member popularly elected unicameral House of Assembly; exec- utive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister; judicial, magistrate's courts, and regional court of appeals Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18 Elections: every five years; most recent 21 July 1980 Political parties and leaders: United Domi- nica Labor Party (UDLP), Michael Douglas, Roosevelt Douglas; Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Oliver Seraphin; Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia Charles Voting strength: (1980 election) House of As- sembly seats DFP 17, DLP 2, independ- ent 2 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement Alliance (DLMA), a small leftist group led by William Riviere Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $56.4 million (1983), $883 per capita; 1981 real growth rate, 9.5% Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa, essential oils Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod- ucts, cigars Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1983); 16 million kWh produced (1983), 215 kWh per capita Exports: $28.5 million (1982); bananas, coco- nuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports Imports: $48.5 million (1982); machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement Major trade partners: exports US, UK, other EC, other CARICOM countries Aid: economic bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries, $22.6 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $32 million; expenditures, $40 million (1982 proj.) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth) Civil air: unknown number of major trans- port aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Royal Dominica Police Force 60 Dominican Republic v Atlantic Ocean DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) Land 48,464 km 2 ; 45% forest; 20% built on or waste; 17% meadow and pasture; 14% cultivated; 4% fallow Land boundaries: 361 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,288 km People Population: 6,416,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Dominican(s); adjective Dominican Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white, 11% black Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 68% Labor force: 1.3 million; 47% agriculture, 23% industry and commerce, 16% govern- ment, 14% services Organized labor: 12% of labor force Government Official name: Dominican Republic Type: republic Capital: Santo Domingo Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February Branches: President popularly elected for a four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na- tional Congress 27-seat Senate and 91-seat Chamber of Deputies elected for four-year terms); Supreme Court Government leader: Salvador JORGE Blanco, President Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the armed forces and police, who cannot vote Elections: last national election May 1982; next election May 1986 Political parties and leaders: Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco Pefta Gomez; Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic Q uisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Revolu- tionary Social Christian Party (PRSC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Movement of Na- tional Conciliation (MCN), Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Antireelection Move- ment of Democratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party (PDF), Luis Homero Lajara Burgos; Four- teenth of June Revolutionary Movement (MR-1J4), Hector Aristy Pereyra; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde, central committee, legalized in 1978; Domin- ican Popular Movement (MPD), illegal; 12th of January National Liberation Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Matos Moquete, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Repub- lic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gonzalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan Rodriguez; Democratic Union (UD), Ramon Antonio Flores; Revolutionary League of Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavarez; several ad- ditional small leftist parties Voting strength: (1982 election) 74% voter turnout; 46.76% PRD, 39.14% PR, 9.69% PLD; 4.41% minor parties Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differ- ences and organizational inadequacies Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $7.6 billion (1981), $1,400 per capita; no real growth in 1982 Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn Major industries: tourism, sugar processing, nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement Electric power: 1,144,000 kW capacity (1983); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 480 kWh per capita Exports: $768 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar, nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital equipment Major trade partners: exports 46% US, in- cluding Puerto Rico (1980); imports 45% US, including Puerto Rico (1980) 61 Dominican Republic (continued) Ecuador Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $536 million; (1970-81) ODA and OOF from other Western countries, $162 million; military authorized from US (1970-82), $27 million Budget: revenues, $753 million; expendi- tures, $1,989 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,600 km total; 104 km 1.065-me- ter gauge, government owned, common carrier; 1,496 km privately owned plantation lines (gauges ranging from 0.600- to 1.430- meter, with 0.760-meter gauge predomi- nating) Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth Pipelines: refined products, 69 km Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona, Haina, Puerto Plata), 17 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 47 total, 36 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radio- relay network; 165,300 telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 122 AM, 62 FM, and 37 TV sta- tions; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,575,000; 1,039,000 fit for military service; 80,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $123.4 million, about 12.5% of the central budget Pacific Ocean (See reference map IV) Land 283,561 km 2 (including Galapagos Islands); 55% forest; 11% cultivated, 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not available Land boundaries: 1,931 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Islands) People Population: 9,091,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Ecuadorean(s); adjective Ecuadorean Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10% black Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing) Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects, especially Quechua Literacy: 84% Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul- ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4% construction, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Ecuador National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August Type: republic Capital: Quito Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ- ing Galapagos Islands Legal system: based on civil law system; pro- gressive new constitution passed in January 1978 referendum; came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; legal education at four state and two private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: executive; unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary Government leader: Dr. Osvaldo HURTADO Larrea, President Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory for literates Elections: parliamentary and presidential elections held January 1984; second-stage presidential election to be held May 1984 Political parties and leaders: Popular De- mocracy (DP, the party of President Hurtado); Christian Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Democratic Left (ID); Social Demo- cratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro, populist; Social Christian Party (PSC), Leon Febres Cordero, center-right; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party, Blasco Pefiaherrera, center- right; Conservative Party, JoseTeran, center-right; Concentration of Popular 62 Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles Rigail, center-left; Ecuadorean Roldocist Party (PRE), Abdala Bucaram, populist; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolu- tionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena, center-right; Democratic Insti- tutionalist Coalition, Otto Arosemena, center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist Voting strength: (January 1984 presidential results of top two contenders in runoff elec- tion scheduled for May 1984 Rodrigo Borja of Democratic Left, 28%; Leon Febres Cordero of Social Christian Party, 27% Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge secretary general), 6,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, inde- pendent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro- Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sympathizers Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB. UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $13.3 billion (1982), $1,507 per capita; 61% private consumption, 15% public con- sumption, 26% gross investment, 2% foreign (1982); growth rate - 1.5% (1983) Agriculture: main crops bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice Fishing: catch 746,100 metric tons (1982 est); exports $210 million (1982), imports negligible Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1983); 3.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 360 kWh per capita Exports: $2. 1 billion(f.o.b., 1982); petroleum, bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1982); agricul- tural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment Major trade partners: exports (1982) 52% US, 25% Latin America and Caribbean, 1% Japan, 1% Italy, 1% FRG; imports (1982) 45% US, 15% Latin America and Caribbean, 12% Japan (1982) Aid: economic bilateral commitments of ODA and OOF (FY70-82), US, $233 million; other Western countries (1970-81), $276 mil- lion; military (FY70-82) US, $53 million Budget: (1982) revenues, $1,424 million; ex- penditures, $2,155 million Monetary conversion rate: official, 47.40 sucres=US$l; market, 96.50 sucres=US$l (August 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,965 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge single track Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth roads Inland waterways: 1,500 km Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,358 km Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bo- livar), 11 minor Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft Airfields: 152 total, 151 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel- lite station; 280,000 telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); 260 AM, 38 FM, and 23 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean Air Force, Ecuadorean War Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,073,000; 1,409,000 fit for military service; 93,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: estimated for the fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $199 million; about 8.7% of the central government budget Egypt CSee reference maps VI and VII) Land 1,001,449 km*; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is multi- ple crop); 0.7% inland water Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 2,450 km (1967) People Population: 47,049,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Egyptian(s); adjective Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other Language: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes Literacy: 40% Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agriculture, 13% industry, 11% trade and finance, 26% services and other; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: 1 to 3 million Government Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt Type: republic Capital: Cairo Political subdivisions: 26 governorates Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; perma- nent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees valid- ity of administrative decisions; legal educa- tion at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 23 July Branches: executive power vested in Presi- dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly is principal legislative body, with Shura Council having consultative role; inde- pendent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice Government leader: Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: regular elections to People's As- sembly every five years (most recent June 1979); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected for six-year term (first elections were in Sep- tember 1980) with remaining members appointed by President; presidential election every six years (President Mubarak was elected in October 1981) Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by govern- ment; National Democratic Party, led by Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposi- tion parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din Communists: approximately 500 party members Other political or pressure groups: Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov- ernment; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned Member of: AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979 Economy GNP: $30.8 billion (1982), $690 per capita; real growth of 6% in 1982 Agriculture: main cash crop cotton; other crops rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement Electric power: 6,757,800 kW capacity (1983); 29.599 billion kWh produced (1983), 645 kWh per capita Exports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe- troleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fabric Imports: $9.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods Major trade partners: US, EC countries Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.07 Egyptian pound=US$l; official "incentive" rate 0.84 Egyptian pound=US$l; parallel or "own" exchange market rate 1.15 Egyptian pounds=US$l (October 1983) 64 El Salvador Fiscal year: July through June Communications Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435- meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone, 14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16. 1 meters of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of 550-metric ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of 420-metric-ton ca- pacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300- metric-ton capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric-ton capacity Freight carried: Suez Canal (1981) 196 mil- lion metric tons, of which 55 million metric tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod- ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez); 16 minor; 7 petroleum, oil, and lubricant ter- minals Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft Airfields: 109 total, 80 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 46 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, and 47 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 Indian Ocean antenna under construction; 2 subma- rine coaxial cables Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De- fense Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 1 1,702,000; 7,631,000 fit for military service; about 482,000 reach military age (20) annu- ally Caribbean Sea Pacific Ocean (See reference map HI) Land 21,476 km 2 ; 32% crop (9% corn, 7% coffee, 5% cotton, 11% other); 31% nonagricultural; 26% meadow and pasture; 11% forest Land boundaries: 515 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 307 km People Population: 4,829,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun Salvadoran(s); adjective Salvadoran Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian, 1% white Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic (probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes- tant groups throughout the country Language: Spanish, Nahuati (among some Indians) Literacy: 65% Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 50% agri- culture; 29% public and private services; 14% manufacturing and construction; 7% com- merce; shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower train- ing programs improving situation 65 El Salvador (continued) Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982) Government Official name: Republic of El Salvador Type: republic Capital: San Salvador Political subdivisions: 14 departments Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; Constitution adopted 1962; Constitution enacted in December 1983; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ juris- diction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats), Provisional Executive, Supreme Court Government leaders: Alvaro Alfredo MAGANA Borja, President; Raul MOLINA Martinez, First Vice President; Gabriel Mauricio GUTIERREZ Castro, Second Vice President; Pablo Mauricio ALVERGUE, Third Vice President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Legislative Assembly, 28 March 1982; presidential election held 25 March 1984; Legislative Assembly election sched- uled for 1985 Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Party (PDC), Jose Napoleon Duarte; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Fran- cisco Jose Guerrero; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Fortin Magana; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quiflonez; Popular Orientation Party (POP), Gen. Jose Alberto Medrano; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Maj. Roberto D'Aubuisson; Salva- doran Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar Garcia; Stable Centrist Re- publican Movement (MERECEN), Juan Ramon Rosales y Resales Voting strength: Legislative Assembly PDC, 24 seats; ARENA, 19 seats; PAISA, 9 seats; PCN, 5 seats; AD, 2 seats; PPS, 1 seat Other political or pressure groups: leftist revolutionary movement Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership bodies of the in- surgency; Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of the National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Communist Party of El Salvador/Liberation Armed Forces (PCES/FAL), and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/ Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP); militant front organiza- tions Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), 28 February Popular Leagues (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Move- ment (MLP); revolutionary coalition Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), co- alition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Move- ment (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme rightist vigi- lante organizations or death squads Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade; Organization for Liber- ation from Communism (OLC) Labor organizations: Federation of Con- struction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva- doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); United Confederation of Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate political pressure group headed by FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and other democratic labor organiza- tions Business organizations: National Associa- tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), mod- erate; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), moderate Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.6 billion (1982), $700 per capita; 80% private consumption, 15% government consumption, 13% gross domestic invest- ment; growth rate -5% (1982) Agriculture: main crops coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice, beans Fishing: catch 13,958 metric tons (1980) Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products Electric power: 495,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 340 kWh per capita Exports: $700 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee, cotton, sugar Imports: $883 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin- ery, intermediate goods, petroleum, construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports 38% EC, 31% US, 20% CACM; imports 34% US, 28% CACM, 14% EC; 11% oil exporters (1981) Aid: economic authorized from US, includ- ing Ex-Im(FY70-82), $445 million; ODA and GOF committed by other Western countries (1970-81), $81 million; military from US (FY70-82), $134 million 66 Equatorial Guinea Budget: (1982) $458 million government rev- enues, $699 million expenditures (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones= US$1 (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and un- improved earth Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable Ports: 2 major ( Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 152 total, 124 usable; 5 with permanent-surfaced runways; 1 with run- ways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio-relay system; connection into Central American microwave net; 75,900 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 76 AM, 9 FM, and 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,097,000; 697,000 fit for military service; 58,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $108.8 million; about 13.2% of the central government budget EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME AND PRINCIP (See reference map VII) Land 28,051 km 2 ; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km 2 , largely forest; Bioko (formerly known as Fer- nando Po), about 2,072 km 2 Land boundaries: 539 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 296 km People Population: 275,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective Equatorial Cuinean Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained Language: Spanish (official); pidgin English, Fang Literacy: 20% Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans in- volved in subsistence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations Government Official name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea Type: republic Capital: Malabo Political subdivisions: 3 regions; 7 provinces with appointed governors Legal system: in transition; constitution ap- proved 15 August 1982 by popular refer- endum; in part based on Spanish civil law and custom National holiday: 12 October Branches: constitution provides for president with broad powers, prime minister, unicam- eral legislature (Chamber of Representatives of the People) and free judiciary Government leader: Col. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, President Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: parliamentary elections held Oc- tober 1983 Political parties and leaders: political parties suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979, National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) was the sole legal party Communists: no significant number of Com- munists but some sympathizers Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GNP: $100 million (1980); $417 per capita (Note: economy destroyed by former Presi- dent Masie Nguema) Agriculture: major cash crops Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food prod- ucts rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and livestock 67 Equatorial Guinea (continued) Ethiopia Major industries: fishing, sawmilling Electric power: 1 1,000 kW capacity (1983); 30 million kWh produced (1983), 1 10 kWh per capita Exports: $13.3 million (1980 est); cocoa, cof- fee, and wood Imports: $37. 1 million (1980 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products, textiles Major trade partner: Spain Budget: (1976) receipts $2.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 312.6 ekueles=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: Rio Muni 2,460 km, including approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Bioko 300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth Inland waterways: no significant waterways Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor system with ade- quate government services; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 tele- phones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; 31,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central government budget (See reference map VII) Land 1 ,178,450 km 2 ; 55% meadow and natural pas- ture; 10% crop and orchard; 6% forest and wood; 29% wasteland, urban, or other Land boundaries: 5,198 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm ; for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends to limit of fisheries Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore islands) People Population: 31,998,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Ethiopians); adjective Ethiopian Ethnic divisions: 40% Galla, 32% Amhara and Tigrai, 9% Sidamo, 6% Shankella, 6% So- mali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other Language: Amharic (official); Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools) "Literacy: about 15% Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal hus- bandry; 10% government, military, and quasi-government 68 Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members Government Official name: Socialist Ethiopia Type: under military rule since mid-1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975, but re- public not yet declared Capital: Addis Ababa Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also re- ferred to as regional administrations) Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common and customary law influ- ences; constitution suspended September 1974; military leaders have promised a new constitution but established no time frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Popular Revolution Com- memoration Day, 12 September Branches: executive power exercised by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), dominated by its chairman and small circle of associates; predominantly ci- vilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of military; legislature dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on tradi- tional pattern, without jury system in either Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: urban dwellers' association offi- cials elected June 1981 Political parties and leaders: single political organization, Commission for the Organiza- tion of the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia, was established in December 1979 to study the formation of a Marxist-Leninist party; official party is expected to be for- mally announced in September 1984 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Communists: government is officially Marxist-Leninist and is officially committed to organize a Communist party, but progress is slow Other political or pressure groups: impor- tant dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Lib- eration Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) in Tigre Province; Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden Re- gion Member of: AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $4.8 billion (1982/83 est.), $141 per capita (1983); real growth rate 4.8% (1982/83) Agriculture: main crop coffee; also grain Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1983); 800 million kWh produced (1983), 25 kWh per capita Exports: $427 million (f.o.b., 1982/83 est.); 56% coffee, 13% hides and skins Imports: $715 million (f.o.b., 1982/83) Major trade partners: imports USSR, Ja- pan, Italy, FRG, UK, and US; exports US, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, FRG, and France Budget: revenues and cash grants $922 mil- lion, current expenditures $926 million, development expenditures $349 million (1982/83) External debt: $1.0 billion, 1981/82; debt service payment 11.7% of exports of goods and nonfactor services (1981/82) Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian birr=US$l (30 November 1983) Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July Communications Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000- meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km bitumi- nous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km improved earth, 29,612 km unimproved earth Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Mits'iwa) Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft Airfields: 186 total, 159 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 88,000 telephones in use (1980) Defense Forces Branches: Ground Forces Command, Air Force Command, Navy Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,256,000; 3,898,000 fit for military service; 370,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 July 1980, $362.8 million; 31.8% of central gov- ernment budget CHILE At/antic Ocean FALKLAND ^?P ISLANDS {Islas Malv.nas) (admin, by U.K.. claimed by Arg.) (See reference map IV) NOTE.-The possession of the Falkland Is- lands has been disputed by the UK and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas) since 1833. Land Colony 12,168 km 2 ; area consists of some 200 small islands and two principal islands, East Falkland (6,680 km 2 ) and West Falkland (5,276 km 2 ); dependencies South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 1,288km People Population: 2,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun Falkland Islanders); adjective Falkland Island Ethnic divisions: almost totally British Religion: predominantly Anglican Language: English Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14 Labor force: l,100(est); est. over 95% in agri- culture, mostly sheepherding Falkland Islands (continued) Faroe Islands Government Official name: Colony of the Falkland Is- lands Type: British crown colony Capital: Stanley Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital Legal system: English common law Branches: Civil Commissioner (replaced gov- ernors in post-Falklands war period); shares power with local garrison commander Government leaders: Rex M. HUNT, Civil Commissioner; Maj. Gen. Keith SPACIE, Military Commissioner and Commander in Chief Land Forces Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Economy Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming Major industry: wool processing Electric power: l,250kW capacity (1983); 2.2 million kWh produced (1983), l.lOOkWhper capita Exports: to UK, $4.5 million (1982); wool, hides and skins, and other Imports: from UK, $7.3 million (1982); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the UK Aid: economic commitments (1970-79) Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $24 million Budget: revenues, $4.3 million (1982); expen- ditures, $4.3 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: .7062 Falkland Island pound=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable, 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 1, 200-2,439 m Telecommunications: government- operated radiotelephone networks providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approximately 590 telephones (est. 30 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; satellite sta- tion under construction Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of the United Kingdom ICELAND Norwegian Sea FAROE . ISLANDS T Atlantic Ocean e Lj UNITED ' MKINGDOM _^ (See reference map V) Land 1,340 km 2 ; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm; fishing 200 nm Coastline: 764 km People Population: 45,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Faroese (sing., pi.); adjective Faroese Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu- lation Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish Literacy: 99% * Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in fish- ing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce Government Official name: Faroe Islands 70 Fiji Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy Political subdivisions: 1 districts, 49 com- munes, 1 town Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948 Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed High Commissioner, and 32-member provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly Faroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsi- ble to provincial parliament Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen; Pauli ELLEFSEN, Lagmand (Chair- man); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years; most recent, 8 November 1980 Political parties and leaders: Coalition, Pauli Ellefsen; Peoples, Jogvan Sundstein; Repub- lican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule, Tobj0rn Poulsen; Progressive and Fisher- men's, Adolf Hansen; Social Democratic, Atli Dam Voting strength: (1980 election) Coalition, 23.8%; Social Democratic, 21.7%; Republi- can, 17.0%; Peoples, 18.9%; Home Rule, 8.4%; Progressive and Fishermen's, 8.2% Communists: insignificant number Member of: Nordic Council Economy GDP: $369.3 million (1980), about $8,799 per capita Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing Fishing: catch 27 1 ,900 metric tons ( 1 980); ex- ports, $162.3 million (1980) Major industry: fishing Electric power: 66,600 kW capacity (1983); 195 million kWh produced (1983), 4,315 kWh per capita Exports: $178.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly fish and fish products Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980); ma- chinery and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, food products Major trade partners: exports 21.3% Den- mark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7% US (1980) Budget: (FY81) expenditures $98.8 million, revenues $98.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 9.670 Danish kroner=US$l (November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 200 km Ports: 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 20,400 telephones (46.3 per 100 popl.); 1 AM and 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of Denmark Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark Coral Sea THALIA Pacific Ocean \; VANUATU FIJI NEW CALEDONIA (See reference map X) Land 18,376 km 2 ; consists of more than 300 islands and many more coral atolls and cays; the larger islands Viti Levu, Taveuni, and Kadavu are mountainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters; land ownership 83.6% Fijians, 7.2% Euro- pean, 6.4% government, 1.7% Indians, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200 nm economic zone; 200 nm fishing zone) Coastline: 1,129km People Population: 686,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Fijian(s); adjective Fijian Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian; 5% European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and others Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indi- ans are Hindu with a Muslim minority Language: English (official), Fijian, Hindu- stani spoken among Indians Literacy: 80% Labor force: 176,000(1979); 43.8% agricul- ture, 15.6% industry 71 Fiji (continued) Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into about 60 unions; unions orga- nized along lines of work and ethnic origin Government Official name: Fiji Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog- nized as chief of state Capital: Suva, located on the south coast of the island of Viti Levu Political subdivisions: 14 provinces Legal system: based on British system National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October Branches: executive Prime Minister and Cabinet; legislative 52-member House of Representatives; 22-member appointed Sen- ate; judicial Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese Kapaiwai Tuimacilai MARA, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years unless House dis- solves earlier; last held July 1982 Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed by Jai Ram Reddy; Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea Cauidi Voting strength: (July 1 982) House of Repre- sentatives (Alliance Party 28 seats; National Federation Party/Western United Front co- alition 24 seats Communists: few, no figures available Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $1.85 billion (1982), $1,852 per capita; annual growth rate, 0.5% (1979-82) Agriculture: main crops sugar, copra, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains Major industries: sugar refining, tourism, gold, lumber, small industries Electric power: 298,500 kW capacity (1983); 317 million kWh produced (1983), 469 kWh per capita Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1981); 70% sugar; copra Imports: $562 million (c.i.f., 1981); 24% man- ufactured goods, 20.0% machinery, 16.3% foodstuffs, 16% fuels Major trade partners: Australia, New Zea- land, Japan, UK, Singapore, US Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries (1980-81), $135 million Budget: (1981 est.) revenues $259 million; ex- penditures $239 million Monetary conversion rate: .9612 Fiji dollar=US$l (30 November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd. Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km paved, 2, 150 km gravel, crushed stone, or sta- bilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km naviga- ble by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges Ports: 1 major, 6 minor Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio in- tegrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facili- ties; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US/Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al.; 37,515 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 179,000; 99,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: military budget for 1982, $17.0 million; 5% of central government budget 72 Finland (See reference map V) Land 337,113 km 2 ; 58% forest; 34% other; 8% arable Land boundaries: 2,534 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes is- lands and coastal indentations People Population: 4,873,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun Finn(s); adjective Finnish Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lapp- and Russian- speaking minorities Literacy: almost 100% Labor force: 2.530 million; 24.6% mining and manufacturing; 24.3% services; 18.3% com- merce; 12.3% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.1% transporta- tion and communications; 6.2% unemployed (1982 average) Organized labor: 80% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Finland Type: republic Capital: Helsinki Political subdivisions: 12 provinces, 443 communes, 78 towns Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Su- preme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal educa- tion at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 6 De- cember Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and unicameral legislature (Eduskunta); executive power vested in Presi- dent and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts Government leaders: Dr. Mauno KOIVISTO, President; Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory Elections: parliamentary, every four years (last in 1983); presidential, every six years (President Koivisto elected in January 1982) Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party, Paavo Vayrynen; People's Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal Party, Arne Berner; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Jouko Kajanoja; Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional Right Party, Georg Ehrn- rooth; League for Citizen Power, Kaarlo Pitsinki Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec- tion) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1% Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0% People's Democratic League, 9.7% Finnish Rural, 4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional Peoples, 0.1% League for Citizen Power Communists: 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to Peoples' Democratic League Member of: ADB, CEMA (special coopera- tion agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $49.1 billion (1982), $10,124 per cap- ita; 55.5% consumption, 20.7% investment, 23.4% government; 0.5% net exports of goods and services; 1982 growth rate 2.5% (1975 prices) Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages food and fod- der grains Fishing: catch 130,700 metric tons (1979) Major industries: include metal manufac- turing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining foodstuffs, textiles and clothing Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materi- als, except wood, and iron ore Crude steel: 2.4 million metric tons produced (1982), 500 kg per capita 73 Finland (continued) France Electric power: 1 1,800,000 kW capacity (1983); 42.439 billion kWh produced (1983), 8,750 kWh per capita Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear Imports: $13.4 billion (c.i.f., 1982); food- stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics Major trade partners: (1982) exports 34.9% EC (9.1% FRG; 10.8% UK), 26.7% USSR, 12.0% Sweden, 3.2% US Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA), $436 million (1970-81) Budget: (1982) expenditures $14.2 billion, revenues $12.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 5.868 Finnmark (Fim)=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State Rail- ways (VR) operate a total 6,043 km 1.524- meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned Highways: about 74,960 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous- treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km Ports: 1 1 major, 34 minor Civil air: 39 major transport Airfields: 162 total, 159 usable; 44 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with run- ways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.37 million telephones (49.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 90 FM, and 181 TV stations; 3 submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,313,000; 1,109,000 fit for military service; 35,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $851 million; about 6.3% of proposed central government budget At/antic Ocetn (See reference map V) Land 551,695 km z ; 35% cultivated; 26% meadow and pasture; 25% forest; 14% waste, urban, or other Land boundaries: 2,888 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km) People Population: 54,872,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Frenchman (men); adjective French Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teu- tonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes- tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 6% unaffiliated Language: French (100% of population); rap- idly declining regional patois Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish Literacy: 99% 74 Labor force: 23.4 million (1981); 54% services, 30% industry, 8% agriculture; 8.5% unemployed Organized labor: approximately 20% of la- bor force Government Official name: French Republic Type: republic, with President having wide powers Capital: Paris Political subdivisions: 96 metropolitan de- partments, 21 regional economic districts Legal system: civil law system with indige- nous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning election of Presi- dent in 1962; judicial review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law National holiday: National Day, 14 July Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) restricted to a delaying action; judiciary inde- pendent in principle Government leader: Francois MIT- TERRAND, President Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compul- sory Elections: National Assembly every five years, last election June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Senate indirect colle- giate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election Sep- tember 1983; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981 Political parties and leaders: majority coali- tion Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Jean-Michel Baylet; right opposition Rally for the Re- public (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Union for French Democracy (fed- eration of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet; Republicans (PR), Francois Leo- tard; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pieire Mehaignerie; Radical (RAD), Andre Rossinot Voting strength: (first ballot, 1981 election) diverse left, Socialist 36.12%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; Communist, 16.17%; Left Rad- ical 1.39%; diverse right, 2.8%; diverse left, 2.05%; other 1.47% Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 million in 1981 elections Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union (Confed- eration Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail CFDT) about 800,000 members est; independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000 members est.; independent white collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Coun- cil of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais CNPF or Patronat) Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC In- ternational Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $542 billion (1982), $9,996 per capita; 64.6% private consumption, 20.9% invest- ment (including government), 16.4% gov- ernment consumption; 1981 real growth rate, 1.6%; average annual growth rate (1972-81), 2.7% Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost pro- ducer; main products beef, dairy products, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone food- stuffs; food shortages fats and oils, tropical produce Fishing: catch 713,530 metric tons (1982); ex- ports (includes shellfish, etc.) $221 million, imports $632 million (1982) Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, elec- tronics Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile fi- bers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils Crude steel: 21.3 million metric tons pro- duced (1981), 432 kg per capita Electric power: 82,926,000 kW capacity (1983); 285.759 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,235 kWh per capita Exports: $91.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items machinery and transportation equip- ment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals Imports: $107.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); princi- pal items crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel prod- ucts, foodstuffs, agricultural products Major trade partners: (1982) imports 47% EC, 16% petroleum exporting countries, 8% US, 3% Japan, 2% USSR, 2% other Commu- nist countries; exports 47% EC, 11% petroleum exporting countries, 5% US, 2% USSR, 1.5% other Communist countries, 1% Japan Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $36 billion ( 1 970-8 1 ) Budget: (proposed for 1984) expenditures 937.8 billion francs, revenues 815.5 billion francs, deficit 122.3 billion francs Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French francs=US$l (4 January 1984) 75 France (continued) French Guiana Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 36,500 km total; French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,362 km 1.435- meter standard gauge; 10,079 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138 km of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440- meter), privately owned and operated Highways: 1,533,940 km total; 29,000 km na- tional highway; 345,000 km departmental highway; 404,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,940 km of controlled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx. 803,000 km paved Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled Pipelines: crude oil, 3,059 km; refined prod- ucts, 4,344 km; natural gas, 24,746 km Ports: 8 major, 14 secondary Civil air: 290 major transport aircraft Airfields: 463 total, 449 usable; 243 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 35 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 125 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed sys- tem provides satisfactory telephone, tele- graph, and radio and TV broadcast services; 24.7 million telephones (45.9 per 100 popl.); 39 AM, 541 FM, and 9,400 TV stations; 21 submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with total of 7 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy, Army of the Air Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,902,000; fit for military service 11,784,000; 428,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $21.4 billion; about 18.0% of proposed central government budget Atlantic Ocean FRENCH ^Cayenne BflAZIL (See reference map IV) Land 90,909 km 2 ; 90% forest; 10% waste, built on, inland water, and other, of which .05% is cul- tivated and pasture Land boundaries: 1,183 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 378 km People Population: 80,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun French Guianese (sing., pi.); adjective French Guiana Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12% Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese, Amer- indian; 10% other Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: French Literacy: 73% Labor force: 23,265 (1980); services, govern- ment and commerce 60.6%; industry 21.2 %; agriculture 18.2%; information on unemployment unavailable Organized labor: 7% of labor force Government Official name: Department of French Guiana Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by one deputy in French National Assembly and one senator in French Senate Capital: Cayenne Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected munic- ipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guade- loupe, and French Guiana Branches: executive: prefect appointed by Paris; legislative popularly elected 16- member General Council and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the French parlia- ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Claude SILBERZAHNL, Prefect of the Republic Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections nor- mally are held every five years; last election February 1983 Political parties and leaders: Guianese So- cialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator), Leopold Helder; Union of the Guianese Peo- ple (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but also reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector Rivierez Communists: Communist party member- ship negligible Member of: WFTU Economy GNP: $120 million (1976), $1,935 per capita 76 French Polynesia Agriculture: limited vegetables for local con- sumption rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugar Fishing: catch 4,457 metric tons (1980) Major industries: construction, shrimp pro- cessing, forestry products, rum, gold mining Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1983); 137 million kWh produced (1983), 1,780 kWh per capita Exports: $35.4 million (1981); shrimp, tim- ber, rum, rosewood essence Imports: $245.9 million (1981); food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, pro- ducer goods, and petroleum Major trade partners: exports 54% US, 17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique; im- ports 53% France, 15% Trinidad and Tobago, 10% US (1981) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $700 million, no military aid Budget: $101 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by na- tive craft Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair open- wire and radio-relay system with about 18,100 tele- phones (25.9 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta- tion Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of France Military manpower: males 15-49, 20,000; 14,000 fit for military service U.S. Pacific Ocean KIRIBATI FRENCH POLYNESIA (See reference map X) Land About 4,000 km 2 Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: about 2,525 km People Population: 159,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun French Polynesian(s); adjective French Polynesian Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chi- nese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan French Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic Government Official name: Territory of French Polyne- sia Type: overseas territory of France Capital: Papeete Political subdivisions: five districts Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts 77 French Polynesia (continued) Gabon Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly, popularly elected; 5-member Council of Government, elected by Assembly; popular election of two deputies to National Assem- bly and one senator to Senate in Paris Government leader: Alain OHREL, High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government, appointed by French Gov- ernment; Gaston FLOSSE, Vice President of the Council of Government (highest elected official in the territory) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, last in May 1982 Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai'a Api (New Country Party), Emile Vernaudon; Here Ai'a; la Mana (Socialist) Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai'a Api, 3 seats; Here Ai'a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Independents, 4 seats; Te E'a Api, 1 seat Economy GDP: A$931.3 million (1980), US$6,400 per capita (1980) Agriculture: main crop coconuts Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test base, tourism Electric power: 67,000 kW capacity (1981); 235 million kWh produced (1981), 1,516 kWh per capita Exports: $21 million (1977); principal prod- ucts coconut products (79%), mother-of- pearl (14%), vanilla (1971) Imports: $419 million (1977); principal items fuels, foodstuffs, equipment Major trade partners: imports 59% France, 14% US; exports 86% France Aid: France $91 million (1978) Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and OOF commitments from Western (non-US coun- tries) Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=$US1 (February 1984) Communications Highways: 3,700 km, all types Ports: 1 major, 6 minor Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones (12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of France At/antic Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 266,024 km 2 ; 75% forest; 15% savanna; 9% urban and waste; less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 2,422 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 nm; fishing, 150 nm Coastline: 885 km People Population: 958,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 3.9% Nationality: noun Gabonese (sing., pi.); adjective Gabonese Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, in- cluding 4 major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 ex- patriate Africans and Europeans, including 35,000 French Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist Language: French (official); Fang, Myene, Bateke Literacy: 65% Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983); 65% ag- riculture, 30% industry and commerce, 2.5% services, 2.5% government 78 Organized labor: there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA) Government Official name: Gabonese Republic Type: republic; one-party presidential re- gime since 1964 Capital: Libreville Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdi- vided into 36 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted National holidays: Renovation Day, 12 March; Independence Day, 17 August; major Islamic and Christian holidays Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for seven-year term; unicameral legislature (93-member National Assembly, including nine members chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers; constitution amended in 1979 so that Assem- bly deputies will serve five-year terms; inde- pendent judiciary Government leader: El Hadj Omar BONGO, President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: presidential election last held De- cember 1979, next scheduled for 1986; parliamentary election last held February 1980, next scheduled for 1985; constitutional change separates dates for presidential and parliamentary elections Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal party Communists: no organized party; probably /' some Communist sympathizers Member of: Af DB, African Wood Organiza- tion, Confi rence of East and Central African States, BDECA (Central African Develop- ment Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.5 billion (1982), $2,742 per capita; 0.7% annual growth rate (1981) Agriculture: commercial cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops pine- apples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food Fishing: catch 13,600 metric tons (1979) Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and bev- erage processing; mining of increasing importance; major minerals manganese, uranium, iron (not produced) Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1983); 800 million kWh produced (1983), 870 kWh per capita Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe- troleum, wood and wood products, minerals (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold) Imports: $0.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); mining, roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip- ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: France, US, FRG, and Curacao Budget: (1982) revenues $1.4 billion, current expenditures $0.5 billion; capital expendi- tures $0.6 billion Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard gauge under construction; 180 km are com- pleted Highways: 6,500 km total; 300 km paved, 2,600 km gravel and improved and 3,600 km unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km perennially navigable Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3 minor Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft Airfields: 77 total, 75 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations; 2 At- lantic Ocean satellite stations; 6 AM, 6 FM, and 8 TV stations; 1 1 ,600 telephones ( 1 . 2 per 100 popl.) Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 227,000; 117,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $88.3 million; 7.2% of cen- tral government budget 79 The Gambia (See reference map VII) Land 11,295 km 2 ; 55% upland cultivable, built on, and other; 25% uncultivated savanna; 16% swamp; 4% forest park Land boundaries: 740 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 80 km People Population: 725,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun Gambian(s); adjective Cambian Ethnic divisions: 90% African (37.7% Mandinka 16.2% Fula, 14% Wolof, 8.5% Jola, 7.8% Serahuli, 5.3% other); 10.5% non- Gambian Religion: 85% Muslim, 14% Christian, 1% in- digenous beliefs Language: English (official); Mandinka, Wo- lof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Literacy: about 15% Labor force: 378,850(1980 est); 75% agricul- ture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and services; 6.1% government Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force at most Government Official name: Republic of The Gambia Type: republic; independent since February 1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982 formed a loose confederation named Sen- egambia, which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies) Capital: Banjul Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divi- sions Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution came into force upon independence in 1965, new re- publican constitution adopted in April 1970; state of emergency has existed since August 1981; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 18 February Branches: Cabinet of 13 members; unicam- eral legislative (44-member House of Representatives), in which four seats are re- served for chiefs, four are government appointed, 35 are filled by election for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is an ap- pointed member; independent judiciary Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA, President Political parties and leaders: People's Pro- gressive Party (PPP), Secretary General Dawda K. Jawara; United Party (UP), Pierre N'Jie; and National Convention Party (NCP), Sherrif Dibba Suffrage: universal adult over 21 Elections: general election held May 1982; PPP 27 seats, NCP 3 seats, independents 5 seats Communists: no Communist party Member of: Af BD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $240 million (1981), about $370 per capita; real growth rate 11.97% (FY83) Agriculture: main crops groundnuts, mil- let, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels, cotton Fishing: catch 25,000 metric tons (early 1980s) Major industries: peanut processing, brew- ing, soft drinks, agricultural machinery assembly, small woodworking and metal- working, clothing Electric power: 22,000 kW capacity (1983); 50 million kWh produced (1983), 80 kWh per capita Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.) pea- nuts and peanut products, fish, and palm kernels Imports: $85 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.); tex- tiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery, petroleum products, chemicals Major trade partners: exports mainly EC; imports EC, China Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970- 81), $141 million; US (FY70-82), $36 million Budget: (1982-83 est.) revenues $46.3 mil- lion, current expenditures $42.0 million, development expenditures $21.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 dalasi=US$2.67 (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June 80 German Democratic Republic Communications Railroads: none Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 400 km Ports: 1 major (Banjul) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 FM and 3 AM stations; no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Police Department Military manpower: males 15-49, 162,000; 82,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central gov- ernment budget; includes fire and police expenditures (See reference map V) Land 107,774 km 2 ; 43% arable; 27% forest; 15% meadow and pasture; 15% other Land boundaries: 2,309 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (200 nm fishing zone) Coastline: 901 km (including islands) People Population: 16,718,000, including East Ber- lin (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun German(s); adjective German Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catho- lic, 45% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catho- lics actively participate Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority Literacy: 99% Labor force: 8.7 million; 38.0% industry, 20.5% services, 10.6% agriculture, 10.2% commerce, 7.4% transport and communica- tions, 7.0% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 3.2% other (1982) Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force Government Official name: German Democratic Repub- lic Type: Communist state Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog- nized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin) Political subdivisions: (excluding East Ber- lin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden) Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels admin- istrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universi- ties of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted 1968, amended in 1974 and 1979 National holiday: Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October Branches: unicameral legislature (People's Chamber Volkskammer; elected directly); executive Council of State, Council of Min- isters, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer); judiciary Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party Government leaders: Erich HONECKER, Chairman, Council of State (Head of State); Willi STOPH, Chairman, Council of Minis- ters (Premier) Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over Elections: national every five years; pre- pared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off bal- lot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary election held 14 June 1981, and local elections held 20 May 1979 81 German Democratic Republic (continued) Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed by Gen- eral Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Demo- cratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front Voting strength: 1981 parliamentary elec- tions and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate Communists: 2. 1 million party members Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federa- tion, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all Communist dominated) Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $165.6 billion (1982, 1981 dollars), $9,903 per capita; 1982 growth rate 0.5% Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats Fishing: catch 269,867 metric tons (1982) Major industries: metal fabrication, chemi- cals, light industry, brown coal, and shipbuilding Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals Crude steel: 7.168 million metric tons pro- duced (1982), approx. 429 kg per capita Electric power: 23,010,000 kW capacity (1983); 109.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 6,529 kWh per capita Exports: $24.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982) Imports: $22.4 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982) Major trade partners: $46.6 billion (1982); 66.0% Socialist countries, 28.1% developed West, 5.8% less developed countries Monetary conversion rate: 2.749 ostmarks=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for the con- sumption year 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 14,232 km total; 13,937 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 295 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435- meter double track standard gauge; 1,934 km overhead electrified (1982) Highways: 120,455 km total; 47,455 km con- crete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1 ,887 km are autobahn and limited access roads; over 73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone, and earth (1982) Inland waterways: 2,314 km (1982) Freight carried: rail 322.5 million metric tons, 54.0 billion metric ton/km (1982); high- way 607.6 million metric tons, 16.2 billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway 16.8 mil- lion metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1982) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined prod- ucts, 500 km; natural gas 1,200 km Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland water- way ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979) Telecommunications: 3.07 million tele- phones in use (1980) Defense Forces Branches: National People's Army, Border Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command, People's Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,336,000; 3,475,000 fit for military service; 125,000 reach military age (18) annually Ships: 12 principal surface combatants, 6 pa- trol combatants, 12 amphibious warfare ships, 82 coastal patrol river/roadstead craft, 30 mine warfare craft, 6 underway replen- ishment ships, 2 fleet support ships, 30 other auxiliaries Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 11.4 billion marks; 6% of to- tal budget 82 Germany, Federal Republic of ("See reference map V) Land 249,535 km 2 (including West Berlin); 33% cultivated; 29% forest; 23% meadow and pas- ture; 13% waste or urban; 2% inland water Land boundaries: 4,232 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.) People Population: 61,387,000, including West Ber- lin (July 1984), average annual growth rate -0.2% Nationality: noun German(s); adjective German Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish minority Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protes- tant, 11% other Language: German Literacy: 99% Labor force: 25.668 million (1982); 33.8% manufacturing, 29.2% services, 16.8% gov- ernment, 5.9% construction, 5.4% agri- culture, 1.7% other; 7.2% unemployed (1982 average) Organized labor: 37% of total labor force; 46.4% of wage and salary earners (1982) Government Official name: Federal Republic of Ger- many Type: federal republic Capital: Bonn Political subdivisions: 10 LSnder (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately con- trolled by US, UK, and France, which, together with the USSR, have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin Legal system: civil law system with indige- nous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Su- preme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: bicameral parliament Bundes- rat (Federal Council, upper house), Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); independ- ent judiciary Government leaders: Dr. Karl CARSTENS, President; Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national election generally held every four years; last held on 6 March 1983 Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Richard von Weizsacker; Christian Social Union (CSU), Franz Josef Strauss, Edmund Stoiber, Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Wolfgang Mischnick; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party (Greens), Petra Kelly, Otto Schily, Gerd Bastian Voting strength: (1983 election) 48.8% CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2% SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groups Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $658.4 billion (1982), $10,682 per cap- ita (1982); 56.3% private consumption, 20.4% public consumption, 17.5% private invest- ment, 30% public investment, 0.4% inventory change, 2.4% net foreign balance; growth, rate -1.1% (1982, at 1976 prices) Agriculture: main crops grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient Fishing: catch 276,000 metric tons, $148.2 million (1981); exports $228.9 million, im- ports $625.9 million (1982) Major industries: among world's largest pro- ducers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical prod- ucts, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur Crude steel: 50-60 million metric tons capac- ity; 35.7 million metric tons produced (1983), 580 kg per capita Electric power: 91,408,000 kW capacity (1983); 366.844 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,960 kWh per capita Germany, Federal Republic of (continued) Ghana Exports: $176.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manu- factures 86.5% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural prod- ucts 5.5%, fuels 3.7%, raw materials 1.8%, other 2.5% Imports: $155.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); manu- factures 54.8%, fuels 23.5%, agricultural products- 1 1.6%, raw materials 6.9%, other 3.2% Major trade partners: (1982) EC 48.1% (France 14.1%, Netherlands 8. 5%, Italy 7.6%, Belgium- Luxembourg 7.3%, UK 7.3%); other Europe 14.9%; OPEC 8.9%; US 6.6%; Com- munist 4.8% Aid: donor (1970-80) bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $31.7 bil- lion (1970-81) Budget: (1982) federal government expendi- tures $110.8 billion, revenues $97.1 billion, deficit $13.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 2.749 marks=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,533 km 1.435- meter government owned, standard gauge, 12,491 km double track; 11,140 km electri- fied; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km electrified; 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186 km electrified Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km classified, includes 6,435 km Autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundes- strassen), 65,425 km state highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen), and 296,737 km of unclassi- fied communal roads (Gemeindestrassen) Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al- most 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton capacity or larger Pipelines: crude oil, 2,207 km; refined prod- ucts, 3,240 km; natural gas, 95,414 km Ports: 10 major, 11 minor Civil air: 202 major transport aircraft Airfields: 483 total, 439 usable; 229 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all re- spects; 28.6 million telephones (46.3 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 392 FM, and 6,030 TV sta- tions; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 7 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,530,000; 13,804,000 fit for military ser- vice; 527,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $18.8 billion; almost 19% of the proposed central government budget (See reference map VII) Land 238,538 km 2 ; 60% forest and brush; 19% agri- cultural^^ other Land boundaries: 2,285 km Water Coastline: 539 km Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm People Population: 13,804,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Ghanaian(s); adjective Ghanaian Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (major tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and other Religion: 42% Christian, 38% indigenous be- liefs, 12% Muslim, 7% other Language: English (official); African lan- guages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole-Dagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe Literacy: 30% Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000 unemployed 84 Organized labor: 467,000 or approximately 13% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Ghana Type: republic; 31 December 1981 coup ended two-year-old civilian government and suspended constitution and political activity Capital: Accra Political subdivisions: eight administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; re- gions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; legal education at Uni- versity of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March Branches: executive authority vested in five- member Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries Government leader: Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: elections held in June 1979 for par- liament and president; presidential runoff election held in July Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 81 coup Communists: a small number of Commu- nists and sympathizers Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $10.5 billion(1982est.)real growth rate -7.2% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main crop cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum, millet, coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so Fishing: catch 229,904 metric tons (1979) Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1983); 4.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 345 kWh per capita Exports: $856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa (about 45%), wood, gold, diamonds, manga- nese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance-of- payments data) Imports: $668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment Major trade partners: UK, EC, and US Budget: revenues $1.8 billion, expenditures and net lending $3.5 billion (1981/82) Monetary conversion rate: 2.75 cedi=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year basis as of 1 Janu- ary 1983; formerly 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradu- ally replacing steam engines Highways: 32,200 km total; 6,084 km con- crete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways Pipelines: refined products, 3 km Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi) Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 Telecommunications: fair system of open- wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl. ); 6 AM and 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta- tion Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Guards, Military Strike Force, Palace Guard, People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,972,000; 1,654,000 fit for military service; 142,000 reach military age (18) annually 85 Gibraltar (See reference map V) Land 6.5 km 2 Land boundaries: 1.6 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 12 km People Population: 30,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun Gibraltarian; adjective Gibraltar Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for all official purposes Literacy: illiteracy is negligible Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non- Gibraltar laborers Organized labor: over 6,000 Government Official name: Gibraltar Type: British colony Capital: none Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral inquiry Branches: parliamentary system comprising the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Gov- ernor is appointed by the Crown Government leaders: Adm. Sir David W. WILLIAMS, Governor and Commander in Chief; Sir Joshua A. HASSAN, Chief Minister Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more Elections: every four years; last held in Janu- ary 1984 Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar La- bor Party/ Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibral- tar(DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party, Joe Bossano Voting strength: (January 1984) House of the Assembly GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Socialist Labor, 7 seats Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: House- wives Association; Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization Economy Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares; recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and re- pair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year; UK military establish- ments and civil government employ nearly half the insured labor force and a recently announced decision to close the Royal Navy dockyard will significantly add to unemploy- ment; local industry is confined to manu- facture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small segment of local population makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism has increased in impor- tance Electric power: 59,600 kW capacity (1983); 210 million kWh produced (1983), 7,010 kWh per capita Exports: $41.7 million (1982); principally re- exports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine Imports: $120 million (1982); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 65% from UK Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portu- gal, Netherlands Budget: (1981-82) revenue $78 million, ex- penditure $73.7 million Monetary conversion rate: .7062 Gibraltar pound = .7062 pound sterling=US$l (Febru- ary 1984) Communications Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in dockyard area only Highways: 56 km, mostly paved Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate interna- tional radiocommunication facilities; automatic telephone system serving 9,400 telephones (3 1.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6 FM, and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom Branches: Gibraltar Regiment 86 Greece (See reference map V) Land 132,608 km 2 ; 40% meadow and pasture; 29% arable and permanent crop; 20% forest; 11% waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 1,191 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 13,676 km People Population: 9,984,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun Greek(s); adjective Greek Ethnic divisions: 97.7% Greek, 1.3% Turk- ish; 1,0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Mus- lim, 0.7% other Language: Greek (official); English and French widely understood Literacy: 95% Labor force: 3.7 million (1981 census); ap- proximately 39% services, 31% agriculture, 30% industry; urban unemployment is esti- mated at 10%; substantial unreported unemployment exists in agriculture Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force Government Official name: Hellenic Republic Type: presidential parliamentary govern- ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974 Capital: Athens Political subdivisions: 51 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by cen- tral ministries; degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding pro- grams imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence that prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government; the de- partments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975 National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral legisla- ture consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary Government leaders: Constantine KARAMANLIS, President; Dr. Andreas PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal age 18 and over Elections: every four years; Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democracy government of George Rallis in elections held on 18 October 1981 Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic So- cialist Movement, Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy, Evangelos Averoff- Tossizza; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis; Progressive Party, Spyros Markezinis; Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Demo- cratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos Stefanopoulos; Party of Democratic Socialism, loannis Pesmazoglou Voting strength: Parliament Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 166 seats; New Democ- racy, 110 seats; Communists (Exterior), 12 seats; Party of Democratic Socialism (KODISO), 1 seat; United Democratic Left (EDA), 1 seat; Agrarian Party, 1 seat; inde- pendents, 1 seat Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers Member of: EC, El B (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC Interna- tional Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $38.6 billion (1982), $3,959 per capita; 64% consumption, 13% investment, 23% gov- ernment; 5% change in stocks; net foreign balance -5%; real growth rate -0.0% (1982) Agriculture: main crops wheat, olives, to- bacco, cotton, raisins; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages livestock products Major industries: food and tobacco process- ing, textiles, chemicals, metal products Crude steel: 1 .3 million metric tons produced (1983 est), 132 kg per capita Electric power: 9,169,300 kW capacity (1983); 24.54 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,480 kWh per capita Exports: $4. 14 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles 87 Greece (continued) Greenland Imports: $10.07 billion (c.i.f., 1982); princi- pal items machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and petroleum prod- ucts, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals Major trade partners: (1982 est.) imports 17% FRG, 10.9% Saudi Arabia, 9.2% Italy, 8.1% Jap~an, 7.0% France; exports 19.0% FRG, 8.8% Italy, 8.7% US, 7.0% France, 6.4% Saudi Arabia Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im, $525 million (FY70-82); other West- ern bilateral (ODA and OOF), $869 million (1970-79); military US, $1.816 billion (FY70-82) Budget: (1982) central government revenues $9.8 billion, expenditures $13.4 billion, $3.6 billion deficit Monetary conversion rate: 102.75 Greek drachmas=US$l (9 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter nar- row gauge; all government owned Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers, which provide navigable length of just under 80km Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined products, 547km Ports: 4 major, 10 secondary, 37 minor Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft Airfields: 78 total, 75 usable; 55 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland and is- lands; 2.80 million telephones (28.9 per 100 popl.); 28 AM, 37 FM, and 195 TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 At- lantic Ocean antennas and 1 Indian Ocean antenna Defense Forces Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,365,000; 1,912,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (21) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $2.135 billion; about 16.5% of central government budget (See reference map It) Land 2,175,600 km 2 ; 84% permanent ice and snow; less than 1% arable (of which only a fraction cultivated); 15% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: approx. 44,087 km, (includes mi- nor islands) People Population: 53,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun Greenlander(s); adjective Greenlandic Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects Literacy: 99% Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in fish- ing, hunting, and sheep breeding Government Official name: Greenland Type: "self-governing" province of Kingdom of Denmark; two representatives in Danish parliament; separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish Cabinet 88 Grenada Capital: Godthab (Nuuk) Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 com- Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953; limited home rule began in spring 1979 Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with the elected 26-seat Landsting and Dan- ish parliament; executive power vested in Premier and four-person council; 19 lower courts Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen; Jonathan MOTZFELDT, Premier Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years Political parties: Siumut, 12 seats (moderate socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland identity and greater autonomy from Den- mark); the Atassut Party, 12 seats (more conservative, favors continuing close rela- tions with Denmark); Inuit Atagatigik, 2 seats (Marxist-Leninist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule) Economy GNP: included in that of Denmark Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce Fishing: catch 89,576 tons (1980); exports $108.6 million (1980) Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1983); 168 million kWh produced (1983), 3,235 kWh per capita Exports: $168.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish and fish products, metallic ores and concentrates Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro- leum and petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food products Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark 49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%, UK 2.9% Monetary conversion rate: 9.670 Danish Kroner=US$l (November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 80 km Ports: 7 major, 16 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 9 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and radio relay; 15,300 telephones (30.9 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 13 FM, and 4 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Denmark Military manpower: included with Den- mark (See reference map III) Land 344 km 2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44% cultivated; 17% unused but potentially productive; 12% forest; 4% pasture; 23% built on, waste, and other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 121 km People Population: 113,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun Grenadian(s); adjective Grenadian Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects Language: English (official); some French patois Literacy: unknown Labor force: 38,000 (1980 est); 38% services, 20% agriculture, 11% construction, 4% man- ufacturing; 27% unemployment Organized labor: 80% of labor force 89 Grenada (continued) Government Official name: Grenada Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza- beth II as Chief of State Capital: St. Georges Political subdivisions: 6 parishes Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Feb- ruary Branches: following the end of the Maurice Bishop regime in October 1983, the 1973 Grenadian Constitution was reinstated; Gov- ernor General Sir Paul Scoon assumed authority and on 9 November 1983 ap- pointed a nine-member Interim Advisory Council to govern until elections can be held Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON, Gov- ernor General; Nicholas BRATHWAITE, Chairman, Interim Advisory Council Suffrage: universal adult Elections: planned for late 1984; last general election 7 December 1976 Political parties and leaders: still in the proc- ess of formation in preparation for elections; the Grenada National Democratic Party is organizing; Grenada Democratic Movement, a former exile organization, is in the process of reorganizing; some old parties are re- emerging (Grenada National Party, [GNP], Grenada United Labor Party[GULP]); New Jewel Movement (NJM) in disarray, but dis- cussions by former members of the Bishop government are under way to revive the party Voting strength: (1976 election) GULP 51.7%, Peoples' Alliance Party, 48.3%; Legis- lative Council seats GULP, 9; Peoples' Alliance Party, 6 (NJM 3, United People's Party 1, GNP 1, unaffiliated 1) Communists: the New Jewel Movement, which is currently in disarray Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GDP: $119 million (1983), $870 per capita; real growth rate 2.6% (1983 est.) Agriculture: main crops cocoa, nutmeg, mace, and bananas Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1983); 25 million kWh produced (1983), 225 kWh per capita Exports: $18.6 million (f.o.b., 1982 prelim.); cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace Imports: $71.3 million (c.i.f., 1982 prelim.); food, machinery and transport equipment, oil, building materials Major trade partners: exports 32% UK, 10% FRG, 10% Netherlands (1982); im- ports 20% US, 19% Trinidad and Tobago, 15% UK (1982) Budget: (prelim. 1982) revenues, $27 million; expenditures, $62 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars= US$1 (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unim- proved Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: automatic, island- wide telephone system with 5,650 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); new SHF links to Trinidad and St. Vincent; VHF and UHF links to Trin- idad and Carriacou; 2 AM stations, 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force 90 Guadeloupe DOMINICAN EPUBLIC PUERTO CD RICO GUADELOUPE : s Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) Land 1,779 km 2 ; area consists of two islands; 47% waste and built on; 24% crop; 16% forest; 9% pasture; 4% potential crop Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 306 km People Population: 332,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0.2% Nationality: noun Guadeloupian(s); adjective Guadeloupe Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5% Caucasian; less than 5% East Indian, Leba- nese, Chinese Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African Language: French, Creole patois Literacy: over 70% Labor force: 120,000; services, government, and commerce 53%; industry 25.8%; agricul- ture 21.2% Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force Government Official name: Department of Guadeloupe Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate; last Assembly election, 21 June 1981 Capital: Basse-Terre Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected General Council of 36 members and a Regional Coun- cil composed of members of the local General Council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Robert MIGUET, Pre- fect of the Republic Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections are nor- mally held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981; re- gional assembly elections held February 1983 Political parties and leaders: Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guade- loupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independ- ent Republicans; Federation of the Left; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority (UNM) Voting strength: (1981 election) French Na- tional Assembly MSG, 1 seat; PCG, 1 seat; UDF, 1 seat Communists: 3,000 est. Other political or pressure groups: Guade- loupe Liberation Army (GLA), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Popular Movement for Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI) Member of: WFTU Economy GDP: $1.18 billion (1980), $3,765 per capita; real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80 average) Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, vegetables Major industries: construction, cement, rum, light industry, tourism Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1983); 273 million kWh produced (1983), 901 kWh per capita Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas, sugar, rum Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles, food- stuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum products Major trade partners: exports 88% franc zone; imports 73% franc zone, 3% Italy (1981) Aid: economic bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non- US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid Budget: $198 million (1981) Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth 91 Guadeloupe (continued) Guatemala Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659m Telecommunications: domestic facilities in- adequate; 50,200 telephones (15.7 per 100 popl.); interisland radio-relay to Antigua, Dominica, and Martinique; 2 AM, 3 FM, and 9 TV stations Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of France Military manpower: males 15-49, 87,000 (See reference map III) Land 108,780km z ; 57% forest; 14% cultivated; 10% pasture; 19% other Land boundaries: 1,625 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 400 km People Population: 7,956,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Guatemalan(s); adjective Guatemalan Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) Literacy: 50% Labor force (1980): 2.2 million; 53.3% agri- culture, 14.3% services, 14.1% manufac- turing, 8.3% commerce, 5.9% construction, 3.2% transport, 0.5% mining, 0.4 utilities; unemployment 15% Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975) Government Official name: Republic of Guatemala Type: republic Capital: Guatemala Political subdivisions: 22 departments Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; constitution sus- pended following March 1982 coup; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: traditionally dominant executive; unicameral legislature (National Congress) abolished 23 March 1982; power vested in Office of President; seven-member (mini- mum) Supreme Court Government leader: Maj. Gen. Oscar Humberto MEJIA Victores, Chief of State, since coup of 8 August 1983, which removed President Brig. Gen. Jose Efrain RIOS MONTT Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates Elections: last elections (President and Con- gress) 7 March 1982 Political parties and leaders: political parties preparing to contest elections for a constitu- ent assembly in July 1984; national elections tentatively scheduled for July 1985; Demo- cratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar Humberto Rivas Garcia; Revolutionary Party (PR), Napoleon Alfaro; National Liber- ation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo; Na- tionalist Authentic Central (CAN), Francisco Caceres; National United Front (FUN), Ga- briel Giron Ortiz; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR), Mario Castejon; United Revolu- tionary Party (FUR), Edmundo Lopez Duran 92 Voting strength: (1982) for President PID/PR/FUN, 377,792 (35.2%); MLN, 274,217 (25.5%); PNR/DCG, 220,244 (20.5%); CAN, 98,747 (9.2%) Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu- tionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT Dissidents Other political or pressure groups: Feder- ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL.IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC Interna- tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $8.6 billion (1982 est), $1,114 per cap- ita; 79% private consumption, 8% govern- ment consumption, 16% domestic invest- ment(1980), -3% net foreign balance (1980); average annual real growth rate (1975-80), 5.7%; real growth rate 1982, -3.5% Agriculture: main products coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock Fishing: catch 4,898 metric tons (1980) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, non- metallic minerals, metals Electric power: 655,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 235 kWh per capita Exports: $1.1 billion (f .o.b., 1983); coffee, cot- ton, sugar, bananas, meat Imports: $1.12 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac- tured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels Major trade partners: exports (1979) 31% US, 26% CACM, 10% FRG, 9% Japan; im- ports (1979) 33% US, 15% CACM, 10% Venezuela, 10% Japan, 6% FRG Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $275 million; from other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-81), $122 million; military assistance from US (FY70-79), $22 million Central government budget: (1982 est.) ex- penditures, $1.11 billion; revenues, $749 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l (official; February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single tracked; 780 km government owned, 90 km privately owned Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved, 11,438 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km Ports: 2 major (San Jose and Santo Tomas de Castilla), 3 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 494 total, 452 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fairly modern telecom network centered on Guatemala City; 81 ,600 telephones ( 1 . 6 per 1 00 popl. ); 98 AM, 20 FM, and 25 TV stations; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 At- lantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,884,000; 1,279,000 fit for military service; about 87,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $142.5 million; 10.8% of central government budget 93 Guinea Atlantic Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 246,048 km-; 10% forest; 3% crop Land boundaries: 3,476 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 346 km People Population: 5,579,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Guinean(s); adjective Guinean Ethnic divisions: Foulah, Malinke, Soussou, 15 smaller tribes Religion: 75% Muslim, 249? indigenous be- liefs. 1% Christian Language: French (official); each tribe has own language Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local lan- guages Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82% agricul- ture, 11% industry and commerce, 5.4% services, 1.6% government Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage la- bor force loosely affiliated with the National Confederation of Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG Government Official name: People's Revolutionary Re- public of Guinea (changed by Committee for National Redress and Reconciliation to Re- public of Guinea) Type: republic Capital: Conakry Political subdivisions: 35 administrative re- gions, 170arrondissements, about 8,000 local entities at village level Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, customary law, and decree; 1958 consti- tution suspended after military coup on 3 April 1984; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 2 Oc- tober; Anniversity of Invasion, 22 November Branches: coup on 3 April 1984 established the 25-member military Committee for Na- tional Redress and Reconciliation to determine government policy; two highest- ranking CNRR members became President and Prime Minister respectively, with other CNRR members assuming most Cabinet portfolios; pre-coup unicameral legislature has been abolished Government leaders: Col. Lansana CONTE, President and Chief of State; Col. Diarra TRAORE, Prime Minister and Head of Gov- ernment Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: none scheduled but CNRR has promised to create a true and viable democ- racy Political parties and leaders: following 3 April 1984 coup all political activity banned and only party, Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), dissolved Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers Member of: AfDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $582 billion (1982), $102 per capita; real growth rate 2.6% (1982) Agriculture: cash crops coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits, and pineapples; staple food crops cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some areas Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina, diamond mining, light manufacturing and processing industries Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1983); 500 million kWh produced (19*3), 90 kWh per capita Exports: $442 million (f.o.b., 1982); bauxite, alumina, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, ba- nanas, palm kernels Imports: $264 million (f.o.b., 1982); petro- leum products, metals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: imports Switzer- land, France, USSR, US; exports US, France, Canada, FRG, USSR Budget: (1982) public revenue $818 million, current expenditures $324 million, develop- ment expenditures $194 million, extraordinary transfers $515 million Monetary conversion rate: 23.717 sylis=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 805 km; 662 km 1.000-meter gauge, 143 km 1.435-meter standard gauge Highways: 7,565 km total; 4,780 km paved, remainder unimproved earth 94 Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 18 total, 18 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Na- tional Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,249,000; 628,000 fit for military service At Ian tic Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 36,260 km 2 (includes Bijagos archipelago) Land boundaries: 740 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 274 km People Population: 842,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective Guinea-Bissauan Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30% Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13% Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European and mulatto Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mus- lim, 5% Christian Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages Literacy: 9% Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry, services, and commerce; 5% government Government Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau 95 Type: republic; constitutional commission es- tablished February 1983 to update electoral process, with eventual restoration of constitu- tional government Capital: Bissau Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous population) Legal system: to be determined National holiday: Independence Day, 24 September Branches: Presidency and Cabinet overseen by Revolutionary Council Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of the Revolution; Paulo CORREIA, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: elections to choose regional coun- cils held April 1984 Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by President Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau de- cided to retain the binational party title despite its formal break with Cape Verde Communists: a few Communists, some sym- pathizers Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $177 million (FY82), $198 per capita, real growth rate 1.5% (1982) Agriculture: main crops rice, palm prod- ucts, root crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood Fishing: catch 3,729 metric tons (1980) Major industries: agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks Guinea-Bissau (continued) Guyana Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1983); 34 million k Wh produced (1983), 40 kWh per capita Exports: $13.5 million (1981); principally peanuts (60%); also palm kernels, shrimp, fish, lumber Imports: $47.7 million (1981); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, transport equip- ment Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, Spain, and other European countries Budget: (1979 est.) revenue $27.4 million, current expenditures $45.4 million, invest- ment expenditures $107.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 84.5483 Cuinean pesos=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bitu- minous, remainder earth) Inland waterways: scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce Ports: 1 major (Bissau) Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 58 total, 53 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele- phones (0.5 IXT lOOpopl.); 1 AM station and 1 FM station; no TV stations Defense Forces Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force are separate components Military manpower: males 15-49, 197,000; 1 15,000 fit for military service Ships: no combat ships Atlantic Ocean FRENCH UIANA (See reference map IV) Land 214,970 km 8 ; 66% forest; 22% water, urban, and waste; 8% savanna; 3% pasture; 1% crop- land Land boundaries: 2,575 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 459 km People Population: 837,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun Guyanese (sing., pi.); adjective Guyanese Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43% black and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% European and Chinese Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other Language: English, Amerindian dialects Literacy: 85% Labor force: 200,000(1982); 44.5% industry and commerce, 33.8% agriculture, 21.7% services; 64% public sector employment; ap- proximately 21%unemployed Organized labor: 34% of labor force 96 Government Official name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana Type: republic within Commonwealth Capital: Georgetown Political subdivisions: 10 government dis- tricts Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ juris- diction National holiday: Republic Day, 23 Febru- ary Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (65-member National Assembly) elected, in- cluding 12 seats elected by local councils; High Court Government leader: Linden Forbes Samp- son BURNHAM, Executive President Suffrage: universal adult over age 18 Elections: last held in December 1980, fol- lowing promulgation of new constitution (on 6 October) replacing British-drafted con- stitution Political parties and leaders: People's Na- tional Congress (PNC), Forbes Burnham; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Clive Thomas, Walter Omawale, Eusi Kwayana, Moses Bhagwan, Kenneth Persand; United Force (UF), Feil- den Singh; Vanguard for Liberation and Democracy (VLD; also known as Liberator Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K. Makepeace Richmond; Democratic Labor Movement, Dr. Paul Tennassee Voting strength: (1980 election, unofficial returns) 77.60% PNC, 19.46% PPP, 2.88% UF Communists: est. 100 hardcore within PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization, militant wing of the Haiti PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is conservative and non-Communist; small but unknown number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of whom are PPP turncoats Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC); Working People's Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $430 million (1982), $539 per capita; real growth 1982, -10% est. Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages wheat flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy products Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar and rice milling, timber Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1983); 265 million kWh produced (1983), 320 kWh per capita Exports: $241 million (c.i.f., 1982); bauxite, sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum Imports: $283 million (c.i.f., 1982); manufac- tures, machinery, food, petroleum Major trade partners: exports 28% UK, 21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; im- ports 35% CARICOM, 23% UK, 22% US, 4% Canada (1980) Budget: est. revenue $200 million, expendi- ture $381 million (1983) Monetary conversion rate: G$3.75=US$1 (January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 110 km total, all single track; 80 km 0.914-meter gauge, 30 km 1.067-meter gauge, privately owned Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, and 590 km unimproved Inland waterways: Demerara and Essequibo Rivers have 5.4-meter depth for 107 km and 80 km respectively; Berbice River is naviga- ble for 169 km with a 3.6-meter depth Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 3 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 87 total, 86 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 1 with run- ways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair telecom system with radio-relay network and over 27,000 telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 3 AM, 3 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including Maritime Corps and Air Corps), Guyana Po- lice Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 213,000; 170,000 fit for military service Atlantic Ocean KSt-to JAMAICA p f j nce Caribbean Sea (See refe/ence map III) Land 27,749 km 2 ; 44% unproductive; 31% culti- vated; 18% rough pasture; 7% forest Land boundary: 361 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,771 km People Population: 5,803,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun Haitian(s); adjective Haitian Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and European Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole Literacy: 23% Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agri- culture, 14% services, 7% industry, 5% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor; un- skilled labor abundant 97 Haiti (continued) Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Haiti Type: republic Capital: Port-au-Prince Political subdivisions: five departments (de- spite constitutional provision for nine) Legal system: based on Roman civil law sys- tem; constitution adopted 1964 and amended 1971 and 1983; legal education at State Uni- versity in Port-au-Prince and private law colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, GonaTves, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan- uary Branches: lifetime President; unicameral legislature (59-member National Assembly) has very limited powers; judiciary appointed by President Government leader: Jean-Claude DUVA- LIER, President for Life Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: constitution as amended in 1983 named Duvalier President for Life and granted him authority to name his successor; most recent legislative election held Febru- ary 1984 Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party, inactive government party; Haitian Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude (inactive); Haitian Christian Socialist Party, Gregoire Eugene (inactive) Voting strength: (1984 legislative elections) Assembly comprised of regime loyalists Communists: United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic strength unknown; party leaders in exile Other political or pressure groups: none Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $1.5 billion (1982), $300 per capita; real growth rate 1982, -1% Agriculture: main crops coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, baux- ite mining, tourism, light assembly industries Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1983); 300 million kWh produced (1983), 55 kWh per capita Exports: $171 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee, light industrial products, bauxite, essential oils, sisal Imports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1982); con- sumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum products, construc- tion materials Major trade partners: exports 59% US; imports 45% US (1978) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $270 million; ODA and OOF from other Western countries (1970-81), $203 million; military- US (FY70-82), $3 million Budget: 1982 revenue, $176 million; expend- iture, $366 million Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes= US$1 (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September Communications Railroads: 80 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial line; 8 km dual-gauge 0.760- to 1.065-meter gauge, government line, dismantled Highways: 3,680 km total; 600 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 1,830 km unim- proved Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km navigable Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien), 12 minor Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 15 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: all domestic facilities still inadequate, international facilities slightly better; 34,900 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 34 AM and 11 FM stations; 2 TV sta- tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps, Volun- teers for National Security Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,300,000; 724,000 fit for military service; about 62,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 30 September 1983, $15.8 million; about 4.2% of central government budget 98 Honduras CSee reference map III) Land 109,560 km 2 ; 36% waste and built on; 30% pasture; 27% forest; 7% crop Land boundaries: 1,530km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 Coastline: 820 km People Population: 4,424,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun Honduran(s); adjective Honduran Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian and European), 7% Indian, 2% black, 1% white Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant minority Language: Spanish, Indian dialects Literacy: 47% Labor force: over 1 million (1982); 58.9% ag- riculture, 12.7% manufacturing, 12.2% other services, 8.3% commercial services, 3.4% construction, 2.9% transport and communi- cations, 0.9% financial sector, 0.3% mining; approx. 20% unemployed; est. 60% underem- ployed Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1981) Government Official name: Republic of Honduras Type: republic Capital: Tegucigalpa Political subdivisions: 18 departments Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; new constitution became effective in January 1982; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; ac- cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature (82- member National Congress), and national ju- dicial branch Government leader: Dr. Roberto SUAZO Cordova, President Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21 Elections: national election for president and legislature held every four years; last election held 29 November 1981; legislature chosen by proportional representation; 282 munici- pal councils Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH) party president, Romualdo Bueso Peflalba; faction leaders, Robert Suazo Cor- dova (Rodista faction), Jorge Bueso Arias (ALIPO faction); National Party (PNH) party president, Juan Melgar Castro; faction leaders, Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus (Zufliga faction), Mario Rivera Lopez (MUC faction); National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), Miguel Andonie Fernandez; Honduran Christian Party (PDCH), Alfredo Landaverde Voting strength: (1981 election) 1.2 million out of 1.5 million eligible voters cast ballots; PLH 54%, PNH 42%, PINU 2.4%, PDCH 1.6%, legislative seats PLH 44, PNH 34, PINU 3, PDCH 1 Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran leftist groups Communist Party of Honduras (PCH), Communist Party of Honduras/ Marxist- Leninist (PCH/ML), Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras (FMLH), People's Revolutionary Union/ Popular Liberation Movement (URP/MPL), Popular Revolutionary Forces-Lorenzo Zelaya (FPR), Socialist Party of Honduras (PASO), and Central American Workers Revolutionary Party (PRTC) Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of Private En- terprise (COHEP), Pro- Development Association of Honduras (APROH), Confed- eration of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC), Gen- eral Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter- American Development BAnk, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP; $2.8 billion (1982), $710 per capita; 72% private consumption, 13% government consumption, 16% domestic investment; 1% net foreign balance (1982); real growth rate, average 1975-80, 6.2%; real growth rate 1982, -1.2% Agriculture: main crops bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco Fishing: catch 6,409 metric tons (1980) Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products 99 Honduras (continued) Hong Kong Electric power: 248,000 kW capacity (1983); 815 million kWh produced (1983), 190 kWh per capita Exports: $684 million (f.o.b., 1982); bananas, coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products Imports: $681 million (f.o.b., 1982); manu- factured products, machinery, transporta- tion equipment, chemicals, petroleum Major trade partners: exports 61% US, 13% FRG, 10% CACM, (1980); imports 42% US, 10% Venezuela, 10% CACM, 10% Japan, 3% FRG (1980) Aid : economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $379 million loans; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF (1970-81), $243 million; military assistance from US (FY79-82), $63 million Budget: (1982) revenues $382 million, expen- ditures $668 million Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras= US$1 (4 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,207 km total; 444 km 1.067- meter gauge, 763 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km un- improved earth Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craft Ports: 2 major (Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo), 6 minor Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 202 total, 190 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: improved, but still in- adequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 27,400 telephones (1.0 per lOOpopl.); 129 AM, 32 FM, and 7 TV stations; Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 968,000; 577,000 fit for military service; about 48,000 reach military age (18) annually CHINA (See reference map VIII) Land 1,064 km 2 ; 14% arable; 10% forest; 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country) Land boundaries: 24 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 733 km People Population: 5,394,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: adjective Hong Kong Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local reli- gions, 10% Christian Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English Literacy: 75% Labor force: (September 1982) 2.40 million; 36.5% manufacturing; 21.6% commerce; 18% services; 8.7% construction; 8% transport and communications; 5.2% financing, insur- ance, and real estate; 1.4% agriculture, fishing, mining, and quarrying; 0.6% other; unemployment (seasonally adjusted) 4.0%; est. 1.7% Organized labor: 15.7% of 1982 labor force 100 Government Official name: Hong Kong Type: British colony Capital: none Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories Legal system: English common law Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Ex- ecutive Council, legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Executive Council composed of governor, five senior of- ficials, and 12 unofficial members; Legis- lative Council composed of governor, three ex-officio members, 16 official members, and 29 unofficial members; Urban Council, which alone includes elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and re- settlement; independent judiciary Government leader: Sir Edward YOUDE, Governor and Commander in Chief Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 pro- fessional or skilled persons Elections: every two years to select half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor Political parties: no significant parties Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China Other political or pressure groups: Federa- tion of Trade Unions (Communist con- trolled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi- nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federa- tion of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong Member of: ADB, IMO, INTERPOL, Multifiber Arrangement, WMO Economy GDP: (1982 est.) $25.9 billion, $4,900 per capita; real growth, 2.4% Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages rice, wheat, water Major industries: textiles and clothing, tour- ism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and clocks Shortages: industrial raw materials Electric power: 4,574,000 kW capacity (1983); 14.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,655 kWh per capita Exports: $21.0billion(f.o.b., 1982), including $7.3 billion reexports; principal products clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufac- tures Imports: $23.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982) Major trade partners: (1982) exports 29% US, 9% China, 6% UK, 6% FRG; imports 23% China, 22% Japan, 11% US Budget: (1983/84) $4.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 7.798 Hong Kong dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong) Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m Telecommunications: modern facilities pro- vide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receiv- ers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations with access to Pacific and In- dian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan available but inactive Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of United Kingdom Branches: Headquarters of Brit ; sh Forces, Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Kong Kong Police Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,601,000; 1,259,000 fit for military service; about 52,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 30 June 1983, $296.9 million; about 5.5% of cen- tral government budget 101 Hungary SOVIET UNION ' (See reference map V) Land 92,980 km 2 ; 70.9% cultivated; 54.0% arable; 16% forest; 14% agricultural; 10% other Land boundaries: 2,245 km People Population: 10,681,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun Hungarian(s); adjective Hungarian Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Hungarian, 3.3% Gypsy, 2.5% German, 0.7% Jewish, 1.1% other Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Cal- vinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.6% atheist and other Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other Literacy: 98% Labor force: 5,002,000(1982); 43% industry and commerce. 32% services, 5% govern- ment Government Official name: Hungarian People's Republic Type: Communist state Capital: Budapest Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county status Legal system: based on Communist legal the- ory, with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law elements; constitu- tion adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legis- lative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos University Faculty of Law in Budapest and two other schools of law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April Branches: executive Presidential Council (elected by parliament); unicameral legisla- ture National Assembly (elected by direct suffrage); judicial Supreme Court (elected by parliament) Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, Presi- dent, Presidential Council; Gyorgy LAZAR, Premier, Council of Ministers Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: every five years (last election June 1980); national and local elections are held separately Political parties and leaders: Hungarian So- cialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP), Sole party; Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee Voting strength: (1980 election) 7,809,000 (99.3%) for Communist-approved candi- dates; 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so Communists: about 820,000 party members (June 1982) Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $65.2 billion in 1982 (at 1981 US dol- ' lars), $6,901 per capita; 1982 growth rate, 1.8% Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engi- neering industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals) Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil Crude steel: 3.7 million metric tons produced (1982), 345 kg per capita Electric power: 6,090,000 kW capacity (1983); 25.437 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,382 kWh per capita Exports: $7.426 billion (f.o.b., 1982 US dol- lars); 33% fuels, raw materials, and semi- finished products; 27% machinery and equipment; 25% agricultural and forestry products; 15% manufactured consumer goods Imports: $7.432 billion (c.i.f., 1982 US dol- lars); 66% fuels, raw materials, and semi- finished products; 18% machinery and equipment; 9% manufactured consumer goods; 7% agricultural and forestry products Major trade partners: 32% USSR, 9% FRG Monetary conversion rate: 46.479 forints= US$1 (February 1984), commercial and non- commercial rates unified in late 1981 Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years Communications Railroads: 8,039 km total; 7,790 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 214 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 1,174 km double track, 1,488 km electrified; government owned (1981) Highways: 29,805 km total; 24,848 km con- crete, asphalt, stone block; 4,255 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 702 km earth (1981) 102 Iceland Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1980) Pipelines: crude oil, 850 km; refined prod- ucts, 960 km; natural gas, 3,200 km Freight carried: rail 129.8 million metric tons, 24.4 billion metric ton/km (1980); high- way 231.7 million metric tons, 5.9 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway est. 4.1 million metric tons, 7.9 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szcze- cin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in Romania (1978) Defense Forces Branches: Hungarian People's Army, Fron- tier Guard, Air and Air Defense Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,593,000; 2,081,000 fit for military service; about 72,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 21 billion forints; 3.9% of total budget GREENLAND Atlantic Ocean (See reference map V) Land 102,845 km 2 ; arable and forest negligible; 22% meadow and pasture; 78% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 Coastline: 4,988 km People Population: 239,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Icelanders); adjective Icelandic Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation Language: Icelandic Literacy: 99.9% Labor force: 105,000; 18.6% commerce, fi- nance, and services; 12.2% construction; 9.0% agriculture; 6.3% transportation and commu- nications; 5.4% fishing; 8.0% fish processing; 16.8% other manufacturing; 23.7% other; 0.4% unemployment (1981 average) Organized labor: 60% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Iceland Type: republic Capital: Reykjavik Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14 incorporated towns Legal system: civil law system based on Dan- ish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Estab- lishment of the Republic, 17 June Branches: legislative authority .ests jointly with President and parliament (Althing); ex- ecutive power vested in President but exer- cised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts Government leaders: Vigdis FINNBO- GADOTTIR, President; Steingrimur HERMANNSSON, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compul- sory Elections: parliamentary every four years, last 23 April 1973; presidential, every four years, last August 1980 Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson; Progres- sive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social Democratic, Kjartan Johannsson; People's Alliance (leftist front), Svavar Gestsson Voting strength: (1983 election) 38.7% Inde- pendence, 19.5% Progressive, 17.3% People's Alliance, 11.7% Social Democratic, 12.8% other Communists: est. 2,200, many of whom par- ticipate in the People's Alliance, which drew 22,489 votes in the 1983 parliamentary elec- tions Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fish- ing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, 103 Iceland (continued) India IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Whaling Com- mission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $2.2 billion (1983), $9,322 per capita; 64.7% private consumption, 16.2% private investment, 24% government (1981); 4.9% net export of goods and services (1981); growth rate -2.5% (1982, in 1975 prices) Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, po- tatoes, turnips Fishing: landed 788,000 (1982) metric tons; marine product exports $699.7 million (1981 ) Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production, hydroelec- tricity Shortages: grains, sugar, vegetables and veg- etable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals Electric power: 789,600 kW capacity (1983); 4.013 billion kWh produced (1983), 17,005 kWh per capita Exports: $677.2 million (f .o.b., 1982); fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite Communications Railroads: none Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Reykjavik, Seydhisf jordhur) and about 50 Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 10 total, 100 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire and radio communication sys- tem; 108,800 telephones (47.5 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 33 FM, and 96 TV stations; 2 subma- rine cables; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean antenna Defense Forces Branches: Police, Coast Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000; 54,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory military service) (See reference map VIII) Land 3,287,590 km 2 (includes Jammu and Kash- mir, the Indian-annexed part of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir); 50% arable; 22% forest; 20% desert, waste, or urban; 5% permanent meadow and pasture; 3% inland water Land boundaries: 12,700km 2 Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisher- ies conservation zone, December 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm ex- clusive economic zone Imports: $92.7 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin- ery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: (1982) exports EC 31.6% (UK 13.2%, FRG 7.1%), US 25.8%, CEMA 8.5% Aid: economic authorizations, including Ex- Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-81) Budget: (1984) expenditures $619.3 million, revenues $619.6 million Monetary conversion rate: 28.14 kronur=US$l (17 November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore is- lands) People Population: 746,388,000, including Indian-annexed Jammu and Kashmir (July 1984); average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Indian(s); adjective Indian Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo- Aryan, 25% Dra- vidian, 3% Mongoloid and other Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 2.6% Christian, 1.8% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other 104 Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other offi- cial languages; 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the na- tional language and primary tongue of 30 percent of the people; English enjoys "asso- ciate" status but is the most important language for national, political, and commer- cial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India Literacy: 36% Labor force: (1981) about 232 million; 67% agriculture; more than 10% unemployed and underemployed Organized labor: less than 5% of total labor force Government Official name: Republic of India Type: federal republic Capital: New Delhi Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union terri- tories Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Republic Day, 26 January Branches: bicameral parliament Council of States, House of the People; relatively in- dependent judiciary Government leader: Indira GANDHI, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: national and state elections ordi- narily held every five years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confi- dence vote; last general election in January 1980; state elections staggered Political parties and leaders: Indian Na- tional Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977; split in January 1978 and 1979; larger Congress group currently headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi; smaller by Sharad Pawar; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar; Lok Dal Party split in 1982 into Lok Dal (K), led by Kapoor Thakur, and Lok Dal (C), led by Charan Singh; Bharatiya Janata Party, A. B. Vajpayee; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Nam- boodiripad; Communist Party of India/ Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyana- rayan Singh; All-India Anna Dravida Mun- netra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu, led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh religious com- munity in the Punjab; Telegu Desam, a regional party in Andhra Pradesh led by N. T. Rama Rao; Karnataka Kranti Ranga (KKR), a regional party in Karnataka, led by S. Bangarappa; National Sanjay Front (SVM), led by Maneka Gandhi; National Conference (NC), a regional party in Kashmir, led by Farooq Abdullah Voting strength: India Congress 64%, Lok Dal 7%, CPI/M 7%, Janata 6%, ADMK 3%, Congress 2%, CPI 2%, other 3%; 16 seats va- cant in parliament Communists: 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/ chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, Co- lombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $146 billion (FY82 at current prices), $209 per capita; real growth 2.0% est. in FY83 Agriculture: main crops rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, to- bacco, tea, and coffee Fishing: catch 3.36 million metric tons (1980); exports $320 million (FY82) Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures Crude steel: 10.8 million metric tons of ingots (1982) Electric power: 40,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 140.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 189 kWh per capita Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY83 est.); engi- neering goods, textiles and clothing, tea Imports: $14.8 billion (c.i.f., FY83 est.); ma- chinery and transport equipment, petro- leum, edible oils, fertilizers Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan Budget: (FY83 revised est.) central govern- ment revenue and capital receipts, $31.7 billion; disbursements, $35.6 billion Monetary conversion rate: 10.224 rupees=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 61,950 km total (1981); 31,750 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 25,550 km 1.000- meter gauge, 4,650 km narrow gauge (0.762- meter and 0.610-meter); 12,617 km double track; 5,345 km electrified Highways: 1,633,400 km total (1979); 515,300 km mainly secondary and about 1,118,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers 105 India (continued) Indonesia Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km Ports: 9 major, 79 minor Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft Airfields: 346 total, 302 usable; 187 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 54 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 101 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair domestic tele- phone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities wide- spread; AM broadcast adequate; inter- national radio communications adequate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV sta- tions; domestic satellite system for commun- ications and TV; submarine cable extends to Sri Lanka Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Paramilitary Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 193,198,000; 117,884,000 fit for military service; about 8,676,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984; est. budget $6.3 billion; 18% of central government budget AUSTBAl!* (See reference map IX) Land 1 ,906,240 km 2 ; 64% forest; 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other; 12% small holding and estate; 8.6% cultivated Land boundaries: 2,736 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an archipelago theory, claim is 12 nm, mea- sured seaward from straight baselines connecting the outermost islands (fishing 200 nm, economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 54,716 km People Population: 169,442,000, including East Ti- mor and West Irian (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun Indonesian(s); adjective Indonesian Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic), 3% Hindu, 2% other Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Literacy: 64% Labor force: 61 million (1982); 66% agricul- ture, 23% trade and commerce, 10% services Organized labor: est. 5% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Indonesia Type: republic Capital: Jakarta Political subdivisions: 27 first-level adminis- trative subdivisions or provinces, which are further subdivided into 282 second-level areas Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous con- cepts and by new criminal procedures code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of govern- ment; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of Cabinet; Cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR or House of Represen- tatives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364 elected); second body (MPR or People's Con- sultative Assembly) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (cho- sen by several processes, but not directly elected); MPR elects President and Vice Pres- ident and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO, President (reelected by MPR, March 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age 106 Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "party" based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia De- mocracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Sunawar Sukowati; Unity Development Party (federa- tion of former Islamic parties), John Naro Voting strength: (1982 election) Golkar 64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia Democracy 7.9% Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre- October 1965 hardcore membership has been estimated at 1.5 million Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associa- tion of Tin Producing Countries, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $70.0 billion (1983), about $440 per capita; real average annual growth, 6.8% (1973-78); real annual growth rate 1.8% (1982) Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops rice, cassava, rub- ber, copra, other tropical products; food shortages rice, wheat Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1980); exports $181 million (1980), imports $8 mil- lion (1977) Major industries: petroleum, textiles, min- ing, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber Electric power: 5,618,000 kW capacity (1983); 16.5billionkWhproduced(1983), 102 kWh per capita Exports: $19.3 billion (f.o.b., FY82/83); pe- troleum and liquefied natural gas ($15.6 billion; 0.9 million b/d), timber, rubber, cof- fee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper Imports: $19.8 billion (FY82/83); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables Ma/or trade partners: (1982) exports 50% Japan, 16% US, 14% Singapore; imports 25% Japan, 14% US, 7% FRG, 5% Saudi Ara- bia Budget: (1982-83) expenditures, $19.5 bil- lion; receipts, $16.8 billion domestic, $2.7 billion foreign Monetary conversion rate: 998 rupiahs= US$1 (31 January 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km Pipelines: crude oil, 2,450 km; refined prod- ucts, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km Ports: 15 ocean ports Civil air: approximately 150 major transport aircraft Airfields: 399 total, 380 usable; 96 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 66 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland micro- wave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radio- broadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones (0.2 per lOOpopl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite sta- tion (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite communications system Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 42,632,000; 25,225,000 fit for military serv- ice; about 1,876,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $2.84 billion; about 11.8% of central government budget 107 Iran CSe reference map VI) Land 1,647,240 km 2 ; 51% desert, waste, or urban; 30% arable (16% cultivable with adequate ir- rigation; 11.5% cultivated; 14% agricultural); 11% forest; 8% migratory grazing and other Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq during continuing border war) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with 676km People Population: 43,820,000 (July 19834, average annual growth rate 3.1%; figures do not take into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war Nationality, noun Iranian(s); adjective Iranian Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persian, 18% Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other Religion: 93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni Mus- lim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i Language: Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic, English, French Literacy: 48% Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% ag- riculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor substantial Government Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran Type: republic Capital: Tehran Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdi- vided into districts, subdistricts, counties, and villages Legal system: the new constitution codifies Islamic principles of government National holiday: Shi'a Islam religious holi- days observed nationwide Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah Kho- meini, the leader of the revolution, provides general guidance for the government, which is divided into executive, unicameral legisla- ture (Islamic Consultative Assembly), and judicial branches Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah KHOMEINI, "Guardian Jurispru- dent"; Ali KHAMENEI (cleric), President; Mir Hosein MUSAVI-KHAMENEI, Prime Minister; Ali Akbar HASHEMI- RAFSANJANI (cleric), Speaker of Islamic Consultative Assembly Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: elections to select a president held in November 1981; those to select an Assem- bly of Experts to name Khomeini's successor held in December 1982; parliamentary elec- tions held in 1980; next parliamentary elections scheduled to be held 15 April 1984 Political parties and leaders: Islamic Repub- lic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei; Hojjatiya, ostensibly led by Ayatollah Halabi Voting strength: reliable figures not avail- able; IRP, Hojjatiya, and other supporters of the Islamic Republic dominate the parlia- ment Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crack- down in 1983 destroyed the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 Other political or pressure groups: People's Strugglers (Mojahedin), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed po- litical groups that have been harshly but not completely repressed by the government; other ethnic minorities, local leaders, and Is- lamic Committees enforce their political views through armed militia Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, Regional Cooperation for Develop- ment, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation in some of these organizations doubtful under the new Islamic constitution Economy GNP: $66.5 billion (1982), $1,621 per capita Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats Major industries: crude oil production (2.4 million b/d in 1983) and refining, textiles, ce- ment and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper) Electric power: 11,127,100 kW capacity (1983); 27.242 billion kWh produced (1983), 688 kWh per capita Exports: $19.6 billion (est., 1983); 98% petro- leum; also carpets, fruits, and nuts Imports: $15.5 billion (est., 1983); machin- ery, military supplies, foodstuffs, Pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: exports Japan, FRG, Netherlands, Italy, UK, Spain, France; im- portsJapan, FRG, Italy, UK 108 Iraq Budge:(FY83) proposed expenditures of $42 billion, actual expenditures likely to be below this level Monetary conversion rate: 87.3 rials=US$l (September 1983) Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March Communications Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.435- meter standard gauge Highways: 85,000 km total; 36,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved earth, 19,000 bituminous and bituminous- treated surfaces, 15,000 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab (closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq conflict) Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined prod- ucts, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,282 km Ports: 4 major (Bandar Abbas, Shah Bandar Abbas, Bandar Khomeni, and Biishehr), 6 mi- nor (Khoramshahr destroyed) Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft Airfields: 161 total, 134 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with run- ways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 730,000 telephones (1980) Defense Forces Branches: Islamic Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,1 15,000, 6,215,000 fit for military service; about 435,000 reach military age (21) annu- ally Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1983, $8.5 billion; 22% of central gov- ernment budget TURKEY (See reference map VI) Land 434,924 km 2 ; 68% desert, waste, or urban; 18% cultivated; 10% seasonal and other graz- ing; 4% forest and wood Land boundaries: 3,668 km (including areas belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran during continuing border war) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 58 km People Population: 15,000,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.3%; figures do not take into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war Nationality: noun Iraqi(s); adjective Iraqi Ethnic divisions: 75% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish, 10% Turkic, Assyrian, and other Religion: 90% Muslim (55% Shi'a, 40% Sunni), 10% Christian or other Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian Literacy: 70% Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agricul- ture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained personnel Organized labor: 11% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Iraq Type: republic; National Front government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI) and pro- administration Kurds; Communists play no role in government Capital: Baghdad Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; ju- dicial review was suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holidays: anniversaries of the 1958 and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July and 17 July; various religious holidays Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla- ture (National Assembly) Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN, President; 'Izzat IBRAHIM, Deputy Chair- man of the Revolutionary Command Council Suffrage: universal adult Elections: elections first held since over- throw of monarchy in 1958 to National Assembly and to Legislative Council for autonomous region held in June and Septem- ber 1980 Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, army officers, and religious and ethnic dissi- dents 109 Iraq (continued) Ireland Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy CNP: $30 billion (1983 est), $2,150 per cap- ita Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, live- stock Major industry: crude petroleum 925,000 b/d (1983 est.); petroleum revenues for 1983 est., $7.6 billion Electric power: 4,800,000 kW capacity (1983); 12.614 billion kWh produced (1983), 869 kWh per capita Exports: $10.8 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); from nonoil receipts, $200 million est. Imports: $20.1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 14% from Communist countries (1980) Major trade partners: exports France, It- aly, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other Communist countries; imports FRG, Ja- pan, France, US, UK, USSR and other Communist countries (1980) Budget: public revenue $17 billion, current expenditures $8.9 billion, development ex- penditures $11.1 billion (1979 est.) Monetary conversion rate: .3285 Iraqi dinar=US$l (September 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 577 km 1.000-meter gauge; 16 km 1.000-gauge double track Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al-Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km (closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates naviga- ble by shallow-draft steamers (of little importance) Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al-Faw), none in operation Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 725 km re- fined products; 1,360 km natural gas Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft Airfields: 101 total, 91 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 52 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; about 500,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, and 81 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas; 1 Intersputnik antenna Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,426,000; 1,970,000 fit for military service; about 166,000 reach military age (18) annually Atlantic Ocean IBHAII FRANCE (See reference map V) Land 70,282 km 2 ; 51% meadow and pasture; 27% waste or urban; 17% arable; 3% forest; 2% inland water Land boundaries: 360 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,448 km People Population: 3,575,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun Irishman(men), Irish (collective pi.); adjective Irish Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minor- ity Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English (offi- cial); English is generally spoken Literacy: 99% Labor force: about 1,173,000(1981); 19.6% manufacturing; 17.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 16.2% commerce; 8.3% construction; 5.8% government; 5.5% transportation; 26.8% other; 10.9% unemployment (average 1981) 110 Organized labor: 36% of labor force Government Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic) Type: republic Capital: Dublin Political subdivisions: 26 counties Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous con- cepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March Branches: elected President; bicameral par- liament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting pro- portional and vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of government Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J. HILLERY, President; Dr. Garret FITZGER- ALD, Prime Minister; Richard SPRING, Deputy Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every five years last election November 1982; President elected for seven-year term last election October 1983 Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Com- munist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams Voting strength: (1982 election) Dail Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats; Labor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats; Workers' Party, 2 seats Communists: under 500 Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $17 billion (1982), $5,667 per capita; 62.4% consumption, 26.5% investment, 20.9% government, 0.2% inventories; -9.6% net foreign demand; 1.2% real GNP (1982) Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main prod- ucts livestock and dairy products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages grains, fruits, vegetables Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons (1979); exports of fish and fish products $97 million (1982), imports of fish and fish products $36 million (1982) Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharma- ceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fer- tilizers, cereals and animal feed, textile fibers and textiles Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in 1978 Electric power: 3,877,000 kW capacity (1983); 11:661 billion kWh produced (1983), 3,300 kWh per capita Exports: $8.06 billion (f.o.b., 1982); dairy products, live animals, textiles, chemicals, machinery, clothing Imports: $9.696 billion (c.i.f., 1982); petro- leum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals Major trade partners: 69.9% EC (43.8% UK); 10.3% US; 1.3% Communist (1982) Budget: (1982) $10.253 billion expenditures, $7.325 billion revenues, $2.928 billion deficit Monetary conversion rate: 0.8904 Irish pound=US$l (December 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600- meter gauge, gov- ernment owned; 485 km double track Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km sur- faced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio-relay circuits; 650,000 telephones (18.7 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 14 FM, and 74 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; planned satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air Corps Military manpower: males 15-49, 834,000; 683,000 fit for military service Major ground units: 4 infantry brigades and 2 independent battalions Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $296 million; about 3.5% of the central government budget 111 Israel (West Bank and Caza Strip listed at end of table) EGYPT (See reference map VI) NOTE: the Arab territories occupied by Is- rael since the 1 967 war are not included in the data below; as stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, its relationship with its neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties; Camp David further specifies that these ne- gotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries; pending the comple- tion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet"); on 25 April 1982 Is- rael relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-occupied Go- lan Heights are included in the Syria Factsheet. Land 20,720 km 2 , 40% pasture and meadow; 29% unsurveyed (mostly desert); 20% cultivated; 4% forest; 4% desert, waste, or urban; 3% in- land water Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967 war) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war) People Population: 3,855,345, excluding East Jeru- salem and Israeli settlers in occupied territories (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Israeli(s); adjective Israeli Ethnic divisions: 85% Jewish, 15% non-Jewish (mostly Arab) Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Chris- tian and other Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used offi- cially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs Labor force: 29.8% public services; 22.7% in- dustry, mining, and manufacturing; 12.8% commerce; 9.0% finance and business; 6.8% transport, storage, and communications; 6.2% construction and public works; 5.6% ag- riculture, forestry, and fishing; 6.1% personal and other services; 1.1% electricity and water (1982) Organized labor: 90% of labor force Government Official name: State of Israel Type: republic Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US, which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv Political subdivisions: six administrative dis- tricts Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; commercial mat- ters regulated substantially by codes adopted since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relat- ing to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial review of legislative acts; le- gal education at Hebrew University of Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holidays: Israel declared independ- ence on 14 May 1948; because the Jewish calendar is lunar, however, the holiday varies from year to year; all major Jewish religious holidays are also observed as national holi- days Branches: president has largely ceremonial functions, except for the authority to decide which political leader should try to form a ruling coalition following an election or the fall of a previous government; executive power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parlia- ment (Knesset) of 1 20 members elected under a system of proportional representation; leg- islation provides fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; two distinct court systems (secular and religious) Government leaders: Yitzhak SHAMIR, Prime Minister; Chaim HERZOG, President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: held every four years unless re- quired by dissolution of Knesset; last election held in June 1981; next scheduled for July 1984 Political parties and leaders: Likud coalition includes Herut, Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir; Liberal Party, Minister of Energy Yitzhak Modai; National Religious Party, Minister of Interior and Police Yosef Burg; Agudat Israel, Avraham Shapira; La 'am, Minister of Health Eliezer Shostak; TAMI, Aharon Abu-Hatzeira; Tehiya, Minister of Science and Development Yuval Ne'eman; MATZAD, Chaim Druckman; and two inde- pendents; Labor Alignment includes Israel Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzak Rabin; MAPAM, Victor Shemtov; and Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; other oppostion parties include RAKAH (Com- munist party), Meir Wilner; Shinui Party, Amnon Rubenstein 112 Voting strength: Knesset Likud, 64 seats; Labor Alignment, 50 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats; Shinui Party, 2 seats Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members; the Jewish Communist Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is a far-left Zionist party included in SHELLI (Equality and Peace for Israel) Other political or pressure groups: right wing Kach Movement led by Rabbi Meir Kahane; Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish rightwing na- tionalists pushing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank; Peace Now critical of government's West Bank pol- Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $22.2 billion (1982, in 1982 prices), $5,612 per capita; 1982 growth of real GNP -0.2% Agriculture: main products citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy prod- ucts, poultry products Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products, transport equip- ment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology electronics Electric power: 4,030,600 kW capacity (1983); 15.252 billion kWh produced (1983), 3,854 kWh per capita Exports: $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major items polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, electronics; tourism is important foreign exchange earner Imports: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major items military equipment, rough dia- monds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and air- craft Major trade partners: exports US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy; imports US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg Budget: public revenue $10.4 billion, expenditure $15.2 billion (1981) Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the shekel became the unit of account on 1 Octo- ber 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds); 24.27 shekels=US$l (average conversion rate for 1982) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 647 km 1.435-meter single track standard gauge; diesel operated Highways: 4,459 km; majority is bituminous surfaced Inland waterways: none Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined prod- ucts, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft Airfields: 63 total, 52 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: most highly devel- oped in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and ra- dio relay; 1,230,000 telephones (31.3 per 100 popl.); 1 1 AM, 24 FM stations, 54 TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 1 Indian Ocean antenna under construction Defense Forces Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically there have been no separate Israeli military services; ground, air, and naval components are part of Israel Defense Forces Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,909,000; of 962,000 males 15-49, 605,000 fit for military service; of 947,000 females 15- 49, 594,000 fit for military service; 36,000 males and 34,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable for military Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $5.3 billion; 24% of central gov- ernment budget 113 Italy (See reference map V) Land 301,223 km 2 ; 50% cultivated; 21% forest; 17% meadow and pasture; 9% waste or urban; 3% unused but potentially productive Land boundaries: 1,702 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 4,996 km People Population: 56,998,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Italian(s); adjective Italian Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but popu- lation includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are pre- dominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area Literacy: 93% Labor force: 23,24 1,000 (October 1983); 31.8% industry, 11.5% agriculture, 56.7% other (October 1983); 10.2% unemployment (October 1983) Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force Government Official name: Italian Republic Type: republic Capital: Rome Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establishment of 20 regions; five with spe- cial statute (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time, and the remaining 15 regions with reg- ular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972; 95 provinces, 8,081 communes Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial re- view under certain conditions in Constitu- tional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Repub- lic, 2 June Branches: executive President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national elec- tion; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme De- fense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral legislature popularly elected Parliament (315-member Senate, 630-member Chamber of Deputies); independent judicial establish- ment Government leaders: Sandro PERTINI, President; Bettino CRAXI, Premier Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age of voter is 25) Elections: national election for Parliament held every five years (most recent, June 1983); provincial and municipal elections held every five years with some out of phase; regional elections every five years (held June 1980) Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita (secretary general); Communist Party (PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi (secretary general); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (sec- retary general); Liberal Party (PLI), Valerio Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (party secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (party secretary) Voting strength: (1979 election) 32.6% DC, 30.3% PCI, 11.4% PSI, 7.0% MSI, 4.0% PRI, 3.9% PSDI, 2.8% PLI, 3.3% other Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983) Other political or pressure groups: the Vati- can; three major trade union confederations (CGIL Communist dominated, CISL Christian Democratic, and UIL Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Ital- ian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: $347 billion (1982), $5,314 pei capita; 63.5% private consumption, 19.0% gross fixed investment, 18.9% government, net for- eign balance 2.8%; 1982 growth rate 0.3% (1970 constant prices) 114 Ivory Coast Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops cereals, pota- toes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages fats, meat, fish, and eggs Fishing: catch 406,828 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $104 million (1981), imports $683 million (1981) Major industries: machinery and transporta- tion equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals Crude steel: 24.0 million metric tons pro- duced (1982), 426 kg per capita Electric power: 50,558,700 kW capacity (1983); 181.675 billion kWh produced (1983), 3,225 kWh per capita Exports: $73.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear Imports: $85.9 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal items machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum Major trade partners: (1981) 41% EC (16% FRG, 13% France, 5% UK, 4% Netherlands); 19% OPEC (6% Saudi Arabia); 7% US; 3% USSR; 2% Eastern Europe Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ted (ODA and OOF), $14.5 billion (1970-81) Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0 lire=US$l (9 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km 1.435- meter government-owned standard gauge, 8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km privately owned 2,100km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electri- fied Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrade 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provin- cial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various types of commercial traffic Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined prod- ucts, 2,148 km; natural gas, 15,944 km Ports: 9 major, 1 1 secondary, 40 minor Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft Airfields: 146 total, 140 usable; 86 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 33 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 19.3 million telephones (33.7 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 1 ,837 FM, and 1 ,407 TV stations; 20 sub- marine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with a total of 5 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,100,000; 11,887,000 fit for military service; 460,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annu- ally Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $8.4 billion; about 4.3% of central government budget GUINEA f~\ !, IVORY COAST/***** LIBERIA 1*>l' d l an (See reference map VII) Land 323,500 km 2 ; 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 40% forest and wood; 8% cultivated; 322 km of lagoons and connecting canals extend east- west along eastern part of the coast Land boundaries: 3,227 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 515 km People Population: 9,178,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Ivorian(s); adjective Ivorian Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly Upper Voltans; about 70,000 to 75,000 non-Africans (40,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Leba- nese) Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian Language: French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken 115 Ivory Coast (continued) Literacy: 24% Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 1 1 % of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder in gov- ernment, industry, commerce, and professions Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force Government Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast Type: republic; one-party presidential re- gime established 1960 Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to Yamoussoukro in March 1983) Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdi- vided into 127 subprefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal educa- tion at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 7 December Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature (140-member Na- tional Assembly), separate judiciary Government leader: Felix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY, President Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: legislative and municipal elections were held in November 1980; Houphouet- Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth consecutive five-year term; next round of na- tional elections scheduled for 1985 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party; Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers Member of: Af DB, CEAO, KAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $7.7 billion (1982 est), $871 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 1.8% (1982) Agriculture: commercial coffee, cocoa, wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops corn, millet, yams, rice; other com- modities cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish Fishing: catch 92,050 metric tons (1979 est.); exports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9 million (1979) Major industries: food and lumber process- ing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery fac- tory Electric power: 1,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 225 kWh per capita Exports: $2.45 billion (f .o.b., 1982 est.); cocoa (30%), coffee(20%), tropical woods(ll%), cot- ton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); man- ufactured goods and semifinished products (50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials and fuels (10%) Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-81), $1.7 bil- lion; US authorizations, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $340 million Major trade partners: (1979) France and other EC countries about 65%, US 10%, Com- munist countries about 3% Budget: (1982), revenues $2. 1 billion, current expenditures $1.9 billion, capital expendi- tures and net lending $0.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 397.45 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 657 km of the 1 , 173 km Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, line, all single track 1.000-meter gauge; only diesel locomo- tives in use Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,461 km bitumi- nous and bituminous-treated surface; 31,939 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and im- proved earth; 11,200 km unimproved Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 2 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, includ- ing multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet Airfields: 48 total, 46 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open- wire lines and radio-relay links; 78,400 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 17 FM, and 11 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Aerial Transport and Liaison Group Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,228,000; 1,144,000 fit for military service; 90,000 males reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 1983, $75.4 million; 4.5% of central government budget 116 Jamaica Atlantic ' i Ocean JAMAICA Kingston UR 4^ Caribbean Sea ^NICARAGUA CSee reference map III) Land 10,991 km 2 ; 23% meadow and pasture; 21% arable; 19% forest; 37% waste, urban, or other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,022 km People Population: 2,388,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun Jamaican(s); adjective Jamaican Ethnic divisions: 76.3% African, 15.1% Afro-European, 3 4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese and Afro-Chinese, 0.9% other Religion: predominantly Protestant (includ- ing Anglican and Baptist), some Roman Catholic, some spiritualist cults Language: English, Creole Literacy: 76% Labor force: 703,000(1980); 36.4% agricul- ture, 32.7% services, 16% government, 14.9% industry and commerce; shortage of tech- nical and managerial personnel; 269,000 unemployed (1980) Organized labor: about 33% of labor force (1980) Government Official name: Jamaica Type: independent state within Common- wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Kingston Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, first Monday in August Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minis- ter; bicameral legislature 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader, if any; currently no official opposition because of People's Na- tional Party boycott of December 1983 election; eight non-Jamaica Labor Party members appointed to current Senate by Prime Minister Seaga), 60-member elected House of Representatives; judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice Government leader: Edward Philip George SEAGA, Prime Minister; Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE, Governor General Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Elections: at discretion of Governor General upon advice of Prime Minister but within five years; last held 15 December 1983 Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's Na- tional Party (PNP), Michael Manley Voting strength: in the 1983 general elec- tions 54 seats were uncontested; in 6 contested seats the JLP won overwhelmingly against several fringe parties; the PNP and WPJ boycotted the election; (1980 general elections) approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats) Communist*.- Worker's Party of Jamaica (Marxist-Leninist), Trevor Munroe Other political or pressure groups: Commu- nist Party of Jamaica; New World Group (Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and left- ist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists, pan- Africanists); New Creation International Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coali- tion of students/labor) Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $3.0 billion (1982), $1,360 per capita; real growth rate 1982, 0.5% est. Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tobacco Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, tourism Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1982); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1982), 871 kWh per capita Exports: $767 million (f.o.b., 1982); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); fuels, ma- chinery, transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports US 45%, UK 19%, Canada 6%, Norway 5%; imports US 32%, Venezuela 18%, Netherlands Antilles 12%,UK 10% (1979) Budget: revenue $1.0 billion, expenditure $1.6 billion (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 3. 17 Jamaican dollars=US$l (February 1984) 117 Jamaica (continued) Japan Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth Pipelines: refined products, 10 km Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 35 total, 21 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fully automatic do- mestic telephone network with 119,400 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, and 8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing) Military manpower: males 15-49, 559,000; 413,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion; 33,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually Personnel: 3,200 total Major ground units: 2 active infantry battal- ions, 1 reserve battalion Aircraft:\2 (1 turboprop, 4 prop, 7 helicop- ters) Ships: 1 fast patrol craft, 3 patrol boats Supply: dependent on UK and US Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $43.1 million; about 3% of cen- tral government budget Pacific Ocean (See reference map VIII) Land 381,945 km 2 ; 69% forest; 16% arable and cul- tivated; 12% urban and waste; 3% grass Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fish- ing 200 nm) Coastline: 13,685 km People Population: 119,896,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun Japanese (sing., pi.); adjective Japanese Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other (mostly Korean) Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian Language: Japanese Literacy: 99% Labor force: (1981)57.1 million; 52% trade and services; 35% manufacturing, mining and construction; 10% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 3% government; 2.2% unem- ployed Organized labor: 22% of labor force Government Official name: Japan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Tokyo Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures Legal system: civil law system with English- American influence; constitution promul- gated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet domi- nated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legisla- ture Diet (House of Councilors, House of Representatives); judiciary is independent Government leaders: HIROHITO, Em- peror; Yasuhiro NAKASONE, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, tri- ennially for half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Demo- cratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chair- man; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den Voting strength: (1983 election) Lower House 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP, 9.3% JCP, 7.3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDA, 5% independents and minor parties; Upper House (National Constituency) 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2% NLC, 0.0% SDA, 11.8% independ- ents and minor parties 118 Communists: approximately 470,000 regis- tered Communist Party members Member of: ADD, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter- American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $1,060 billion (1982, at 249.05 yen=US$l); $8,947 per capita (1982); 59% personal consumption, 20% investment, 10% government current expenditure, negligible stocks, and 1 % foreign balance; real growth rate 3.0% (1982); average annual growth rate (1978-82), 4.2% Agriculture: land intensively cultivated rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% self- sufficient in food (1980); food shortages meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats Fishing: catch 1 1.3 million metric tons (1981) Major industries: metallurgical and engi- neering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials Crude steel: 102 million metric tons pro- duced (1981) Electric power: 153,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,435 kWh per capita Exports: $138.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 96% manufactures (including 25% machinery, 28% motor vehicles, 13% iron and steel) Imports: $119.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 50% fos- sil fuels, 19% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs, 5% machinery Major trade partners: exports 26% US, 23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe; 12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries, imports 28% Middle East, 23% Southeast Asia, 18% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Com- munist countries Aid: donor bilateral economic commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $38 billion (1970-81) Budget: revenues $148 billion, expenditures $202 billion, deficit $54 billion (general ac- count for fiscal year ending March 1984) Monetary conversion rate: 234.40 yen=US$l (11 January 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 28,634 km pre- dominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge, 7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of total route length electrified; 82% govern- ment owned Highways: 1,113,388 km total (1980); 510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km national expressways, 40,212 km national highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads, 939,760 km municipal roads Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seago- ing craft ply all coastal "inland seas" Pipelines: crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1 ,775 km Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi- cally designated major ports, 1 10 other major ports, over 2,000 minor ports Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft Airfields: 185 total, 165 usable; 125 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 26 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 58.0 million tele- phones (49.5 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations, 58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about 7,800 TV stations (196 major 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; sub- marine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR Defense Forces Branches: Japan Ground Self- Defense Force (army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard) Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,423,000; 26,206,000 fit for military service; about 860,000 reach military age (18) annually Personnel: Ground Self-Defense Force, 156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force, 42,100 (including 11,900 air arm); Air Self- Defense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety Agency, 11,200 Major ground units: 12 infantry divisions, 1 armor division, 2 combined brigades, 1 air- borne brigade, 12 nondivisional artillery battalions, 1 helicopter brigade Ships: 50 destroyers/frigates, 14 submarines, 50 mine warfare, 8 amphibious, 15 auxiliary and over 300 surface craft (an additional 520 patrol and service craft operate under the ju- risdiction of the Marine Safety Agency) Aircraft: 23 F-15, 130 F-4, and 90 F-104 fighter interceptors; 14 RF-4E reconnais- sance aircraft; 65 F-l fighter-support aircraft; 31 C-l, 10 YS-11 transport aircraft; 50 T-l, 70 T-2, 50 T-3, 60 T-33A trainers Missiles: 6 operational NIKE-Hercules groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE in air force, HAWK in ground force) Supply: defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophis- ticated equipment; manufactured equip- ment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces 119 Japan (continued) Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other de- stroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft, including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army ma- teriel; several missile systems are produced under US license, and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists Military budget: actual for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $12.5 billion; 5.5% of total budget EGYPT (See reference map VI) NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con- trol of the West Bank; as stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1 September 1982 peace initia- tive, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, its relationship with its neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties; Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries; pending the com- pletion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet"). Land 90,650 km 2 ; 88% desert, waste, or urban; 11% agricultural; 1% forest Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 26 km People Population: 2,689,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.8% Nationality: noun Jordanian(s); adjective Jordanian Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian Religion: 90-92% Sunni Muslim, 8-10% Christian Language: Arabic official; English widely understood among upper and middle classes Literacy: about 70% Labor force: 463,000 Organized labor: about 10% of labor force Government Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: 'Amman Political subdivisions: five governorates un- der centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952; ju- dicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister exercises executive authority in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to parliament; bicameral parliament with House of Representatives last chosen by national elections in April 1967, dissolved by King in February 1976, and reconvened in January 1984; Senate last appointed by King in January 1984; secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia (re- ligious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for non-Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi- judicial functions in desert areas Government leader: HUSSEIN I, King 120 Kampuchea Suffrage: all citizens over age 20 Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957 Communists: party actively repressed, membership estimated at less than 500 Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $4.9 billion (1982), $1,875 per capita; real growth rate (1982), 4.5% Agriculture: main crops vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs Major industries: phosphate mining, petro- leum refining, cement production, light manufacturing Electric power: 577,600 kW capacity (1982); 1.518 billion kWh produced (1982), 467 kWh per capita Exports: $751 million (f .o.b., 1982); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 14% of total (1982) Imports: $3,241 million (c.i.f., 1982); petro- leum products, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 8% of total (1982) Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (1970-82), $1.2 billion; Western (non- US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-81), $536 million; military US (FY70-81), $951 million Budget: (1982) $1.841 billion total revenue, $1,193 million current expenditures, $758 million capital expenditures Monetary conversion rate: .352 Jordanian dinar=US$l (1982 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495 gravel and crushed stone Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km Ports: 1 major (Aqaba) Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of radio-relay, wire, and radio; 53,000 tele- phones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, and 24 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta- tion, 1 Indian Ocean station Defense Forces Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jorda- nian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 607,000; 429,000 fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18) annually (See reference map IX) Land 181,300 km 2 ; 74% forest; 16% cultivated; 10% built on, waste, and other Land boundaries: 2,438 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: about 443 km People Population: 6,118,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun Kampuchean(s); adjective Kampuchean Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Kam- puchean), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% var- ious other Language: Khmer (official), French Literacy: 48% Government Official name: Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK; supported by resistance forces deployed principally near the western border); People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK; pro- Vietnamese, in Phnom Penh) 121 Kampuchea (continued) Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of Com- munists and non-Communists; PRK is Communist Capital: Phnom Penh Political subdivisions: 19 provinces Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by People's Representative Assembly in Demo- cratic Kampuchea; no information for PRK National holiday: 17 April for both regimes Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and some form of People's Representative Assem- bly in Democratic Kampuchea; People's Revolutionary Council, various ministries, and a "National Congress" held in early 1979 and a second time in September 1979 in PRK Government leaders: CGDK Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, President; SON SANN, Prime Minister; PRK KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice President Suffrage: universal over age 18 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Kampuchea Khmer Communist Party dis- banded December 1981, though chief political figure still former party chairman Pol Pot; in PRK Kampuchean United Front for National Construction and Defense (KUFNCD)and separate Kampuchean Peo- ples Revolutionary Party Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK Economy CNP: less than $500 million (1971) Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops rice, rub- ber, corn; food shortages rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products Shortages: fossil fuels Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1982); 144 million kWh produced (1982), 19 kWh per capita Exports: probably less than $1 million est. (1978); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood Imports: probably less than $20 million (1978); international food aid; Soviet bloc economic development aid value unknown (post-1979) Trade partners: Vietnam and USSR Aid: economic commitments US (FY70- 82), $709 million; other Western (1970-81), $198 million; military (FY70-82) US, $1,260 million; Communist data not avail- able Budget: no budget data available since Com- munists took over government Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$l (December 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge; government owned Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitumi- nous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters Ports: 2 major, 5 minor Airfields: 42 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: service barely ade- quate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; in- ternational service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station; 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: CGDK consists of National Army of Democratic Kampuchea, Khmer Peoples National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist National Army; PRK People's Republic of Kampuchea Armed Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,665,000; 894,000 fit for military service; males eligible for draft at 18 122 Kenya SUDAN Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 582,646 km 2 ; 66% mainly grassland adequate for grazing; 21% forest and wood; 20% arable, 13% suitable for agriculture Land boundaries: 3,368 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zones 200 nm) Coastline: 536 km People Population: 19,362,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 4. 1 % Nationality: noun Kenyan(s); adjective Kenyan Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba, 6% Kisiii 5% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and Arab Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 26% indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim Language: English and Swahili (official); nu- merous indigenous languages Literacy: 47% Labor force: 5.4 million; about 1.1 million wage earners; 47% public sector, 18% indus- try and commerce, 17% agriculture, 13% services Organized labor: about 390,000 Government Official name: Republic of Kenya Type: republic within Commonwealth Capital: Nairobi Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nai- robi area Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law and Islamic law; constitution en- acted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education at Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ ju- risdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure one-party state National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 Decem- ber Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature (National Assem- bly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12 appointed by the Presi- dent; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 1 1 justices, has unlimited original juris- diction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI, President Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: Assembly at least every five years; present National Assembly and President elected September 1983 Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National Union (KANU), Kenya's sole legal political party; Daniel arap Moi, president Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National Assembly Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: labor unions Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $6.3 billion (1982), $316 per capita; real growth rate, 3.5% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main cash crops coffee, sisal, tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food crops corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process- ing, oil refining, cement, tourism Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1982); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1982), 100 kWh per capita Exports: $953 million (f .o.b., 1982); reexport- ing of petroleum products, coffee, tea, sisal, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash, wattle-bark tanning extract Imports: $1,791 million (f.o.b., 1982); ma- chinery, transport equipment, crude oil, paper and paper products, iron and steel products, and textiles Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US, Zambia, Uganda Budget: (1980/81) revenues $1.6 billion; cur- rent expenditures $1.9 billion; development expenditures $563 million External public debt: $2.9 billion (1982 est.) debt service payment 23% of exports Monetary conversion rate: 13.721 Kenya shillings=US$l (September 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June 123 Kenya (continued) Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) Communications Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 55,350 km total; 6,750 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria sys- tem is within boundaries of Kenya Pipelines: refined products, 483 km Ports: 1 major (Mombasa) Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 225 total, 200 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: in top group of Afri- can systems; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; 198,300 telephones (1.2 per 100 pop!.); 11 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV stations; At- lantic and Indian Ocean satellite service from 1 station Defense Forces Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, 82 Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,816,000; 2,349,000 fit for military service; no con- scription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1980, $168.6 million; about 8% of cen- tral government budget Pacific Ocean Gilbert li KIRIBATI Christmas I. TUVALU FIJI WESTERN SAMOA (See reference map X) Land About 690 km z Water Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 1,143 km People Population: 61,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.6% Nationality, noun Kiribatian(s); adjective Kiribati Ethnic divisions: Micronesian Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant Languages: English (official), Gilbertese Literacy: 90% Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unem- ployment rate 4.9% Government Official name: Republic of Kiribati Type: republic Capital: Tarawa Branches: unicameral legislature (35- member House of Assembly); nationally elected President Government leader: leremia T. TABA1, President Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese Na- tional Party, Christian Democratic Party Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, GATT (de facto), ICAO Economy GDP: $36.0 million (1979 est), $630 per cap- ita Agriculture: limited; copra, subsistence crops of vegetables, supplemented by domes- tic fishing Industry: formerly phosphate production; supply exhausted by mid-1981 Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1981); 6 million kWh produced (1981), 102 kWh per capita Exports: $20 million (1979); 88% phosphate, 11.6% copra Imports: $15 million (1979); foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment Aid: Western (non-US) commitments (ODA; 1979), $46.0million; Australia(1980-83), $8.1 million committed Budget: $15.2 million (1979) Monetary conversion rate: 1.0392 Australian$=US$l (23 February 1983) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 483 km of motorable roads Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands Ports: 3 minor 124 Korea, North Civil air: 2 Trislanders; however, no major transport aircraft Airfields: 15 total; 12 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast sta- tion; 1,400 telephones (2.33 per 100 popl.) CHINA Sea of Japan ^P'yongysng, #>*. <; SO \ KOREA (See reference map VIII) Land 121,730 km 2 ; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17% arable and cultivated; remainder waste and urban Land boundaries: 1,675 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; mili- tary 50 nm) Coastline; 2,495 km People Population: 19,630,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Korean(s); adjective Korean Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; reli- gious activities now almost nonexistent Language: Korean Literacy: 95% est. Labor force: 6.1 million (1980); 48% agricul- tural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor Government Official name: Democratic People's Repub- lic of Korea Type: Communist state; one-man rule Capital: P'yongyang Political subdivisions: nine provinces, three special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, and Chongjin) Legal system: based on German civil law sys- tem with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 9 September Branches: Supreme People's Assembly theo- retically supervises legislative and judicial function; State Administration Council (cabi- net) oversees ministerial operations Government leaders: KIM Il-song, Presi- dent; RANG Song-San, Premier Suffrage: universal at age 17 Elections: election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessar- ily followed last election February 1982 Political party and leader: Korean Workers' Party (KWP; Kim Il-s6ng, General Secretary) Communists: KWP claims membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of population Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN (observer status only), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy CNP: $16.2 billion (1982), $786 per capita Agriculture: main crops corn, rice, vegeta- bles; food shortages meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domes- tic needs Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, tex- tiles, food processing 125 Korea, North (continued) Korea, South Shortages: complex machinery and equip- ment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, electric power Crude steel: 3.5 million metric tons produced (1979), 187 kg per capita Electric power: 5,500,000 kW capacity (1982); 36.9 billion kWh produced (1982), 1, 800 kWh per capita Exports: $1.41 billion (1981); minerals, met- allurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures Imports: $1.645 billion (1981); petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain Major trade partners: total trade turnover $3.1 billion (1981); 51% with non- Communist countries, 49% with Communist countries Aid: economic and military aid from the USSR and China Monetary conversion rate: .94 won=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km dou- ble track; about 2,940 km electrified; govern- ment owned Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly naviga- ble by small craft only Pipelines: crude oil, 30 km Ports: 6 major, 26 minor Defense Forces Branches: North Korean People's Army (con- sists of the army, navy, and air force) Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,532,000; 2,774,000 fit for military service; 221,000 reach military age (18) annually Personnel: army 700,000 (reserves 230,000), navy 33,500 (reserves 40,000), air force 51,000, security forces 38,000, civilian militia 1,760,000 Major ground units: 9 corps headquarters, 2 armored divisions, 3 motorized infantry divi- sions, 35 infantry divisions, 5 armored brigades, 4 infantry brigades, 100, 000 special forces, 2 tank regiments, 5 infantry regi- ments, 250 artillery battalions, 80 multiple rocket battalions, 5 FROG battalions, 5 river- crossing regiments Ships: 21 submarines, 4 frigates, 18 missile boats, 32 large patrol craft, 333 fast attack craft, 30 coastal patrol boats, 99 landing craft Aircraft: 70 11-28 bombers, 20 SU-7 fighter/ground attack, 290 MIG-15/-17, 700 MIG-19, 160 MIG-21,250transports, 60 heli- copters, 190 jet trainers, 4 SAM brigades with 250 SA-2 in 40 sites (See reference map VIII) Land 98,913 km 2 ; 67% forest; 23% arable (22% cul- tivated); 10% urban and other Land boundaries: 241 km Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm and 3 nm in Korea Strait (12 nm fishing zone) Coastline: 2,413 km People Population: 41,999,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Korean(s); adjective Korean Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chi- nese minority (approx. 20,000) Religion: strong Confucian tradition; perva- sive folk religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority (23% Christian popula- tion); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (reli- gion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents Language: Korean; English widely taught in high school Literacy: over 90% 126 Labor force: 14.7 million (1981); 45% services and other; 34% agriculture, fishing, forestry; 21% mining and manufacturing; average un- employment 4.5% (1981) Organized labor: about 13% of nonagricul- tural labor force Government Official name: Republic of Korea Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive Capital: Seoul Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 4 special cities; heads centrally appointed Legal system: combines elements of conti- nental European civil law systems, Anglo- American law, and Chinese classical thought; constitution approved 1980; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 August Branches: unicameral legislature (National Assembly), judiciary Government leaders: CHUN Doo Hwan, President; CHIN lee Jong, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: under new constitution of October 1980, President elected every seven years in- directly by a 5,000- man electoral college; last election February 1981; four-year National Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of 276 representatives, 184 directly elected and 92 chosen through proportional representa- tion Political parties and leaders: major party is government's Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Chun Doo Hwan (president) and Jung Nai Hiuk (chairman); opposition parties are Democratic Korea Party (DKP), Yoo Chi- Song (president); Korean National Party (KNP), Kim Chong Chul (president); several smaller parties Communists: Communist activity banned by government Other political or pressure groups: Korean National Council of Churches; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; large, potentially volatile stu- dent population concentrated in Seoul Member of: ABD (Afro- Asian League Con- sultative Committee), ADB Asian Development Bank, Asian Parliamentary Union, APACL Asian People's Anti- Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Con- ventions of 1949 for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC Inter- national Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WACL World Anti- Communist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; official observer at UN; does not hold UN membership Economy GNP: $70.8 billion (1982, in 1982 prices), $1,800 per capita; real growth 5.6% (1982); real growth 4.5% (1978-82 average) Agriculture: 25% of the population lives on the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fish- ing constitute 16% of GNP; main crops rice, barley; food shortages wheat, dairy prod- ucts, corn Fishing: catch 2,644,074 metric tons (1982) Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, ship- building Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber, and certain food grains Electric power: 10,020,380 kW capacity (1982); 42.1 billion kWh produced (1982), l,024kWh per capita Exports: $21.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear, steel, ships, fish Imports: $24.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin- ery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains Major trade partners: exports 29% US, 16% Japan; imports 25% US, 22% Japan (1982) Aid: economic US (FY46-88), $10.4 billion committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion ex- tended; military US (FY46-82) $8 billion committed; other Western aid, ODA and OOF (1980-81), $707 million Budget: $13.0 billion (1984) Monetary conversion rate: 800 won=US$l (15 December 1983) f Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Highways: 46,800 km total (1980); 9,290 km national highway, 37,510 km provincial and local roads Freight carried: rail (1980) 49 million metric tons; highway 145 million metric tons; air (1979) 14 billion metric tons (domestic) Pipelines: 294 km refined products Ports: 10 major, 18 minor Civil air: 41 major transport aircraft Airfields: 128 total, 118 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 24 with run- ways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international services; 3.4 million tele- phones (9.1 per 100 popl.); 79 AM, 46 FM, and 256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or greater); 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval Marine Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1 1,648,000; 7,854,000 fit for military service; 450,000 reach military age (18) annually 127 Korea, South (continued) Kuwait Personnel: army 540,000 (reserves 1,100,000), navy 29,000 (reserves 25,000), marines 20,000 (reserves 60,000), air force 33,600 (reserves 55,000) Major ground units: 3 army headquarters, 6 corps headquarters, 20 infantry divisions, 3 airborne divisions, 1 mechanized infantry di- vision, 2 special forces brigades, 2 AAA brigades, 2 SSM battalions with Honest Johns, 2 SAM brigades, 1 army aviation brigade Ships: 1 1 ex-US destroyers, 8 frigates, 3 ex-US Auk corvettes, 1 1 FAC with SSM; 8 ex-US large patrol craft; 28 coastal patrol craft, 8 minesweeping vessels, 24 ex-US landing ships Aircraft: 7 combat wings, 2 transport wings, 18 FGA squadrons (250 F-5A/B/E/F, 70 F-86 F, 6 A-10), 4 AD squadrons (70 F-4D/ E), 1 COIN squadron (13 OV-10, some A-37), 1 recce squadron (10 RF-5A), 2 ASW squad- rons (20 S-2A, 10 helicopters), 1 SAR helicopter squadron (26 UH-H/UH-1B/H), 5 transport squadrons (34 aircraft), 192 trainers Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $4.3 billion; about 33.2% of central government budget Iraq Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone SAUDI ARABIA (See reference map VI) Land 17,818 km 2 (excluding neutral zone but in- cluding islands); nearly all desert, waste, or urban; insignificant forest; 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 459 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 499 km People Population: 1,758,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 6.2% Nationality: noun Kuwaiti(s); adjective Kuwaiti Ethnic divisions: 39% Kuwaiti, 39% other Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian, 9% other Religion: 95% Muslim, 5% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other Language: Arabic (official); English widely spoken Literacy: about 71% Labor force: 630,000 (1983 est); 74% serv- ices, 11% industry, 11% construction; 70% of labor force is non-Kuwaiti Organized labor: labor unions, first autho- rized in 1964, formed in oil industry and among government personnel Government Official name: State of Kuwait Type: nominal constitutional monarchy Capital: Kuwait Po/ttica/suWitnsions:3governorates, 25 vot- ing constituencies Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; constitu- tion took effect in 1963; popularly elected 50-man National Assembly (the 15 cabinet members can also vote) reinstated in March 1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts not yet determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 25 Febru- ary Branches: Council of Ministers; legislature National Assembly Government leader: Jabir al- Ahmad al-Jabir Al SABAH, Amir Suffrage: nativeborn and naturalized males age 21 or over; law requires 20 years resi- dency after naturalization Elections: National Assembly elected in Feb- ruary 1981 Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited, some small clandestine groups are active Communists: insignificant Other political or pressure groups: large (300,000) Palestinian community Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO 128 Laos Economy GDP: $27.6 billion (1981), $25,850 per capita (1983) Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for food; approx. 75% of potable wa- ter must be distilled or imported Major industries: crude petroleum produc- tion average for 1981, 980,000 b/d; effective refinery capacity approximately 0.5 million b/d; other major industries include petro- chemicals, retail trade, and manufacturing; water desalinization capacity 387.6 million liters per day (1981) Electric power: 3,387,300 kW capacity (1982); 10.385 billion kWh produced (1982), 6,687 kWh per capita Exports: $10.75 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est), of which petroleum accounted for about ! Imports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); major suppliers Japan, US, FRG, UK Budget: (1982/83) $14.9 billion revenues, $11.1 billion expenditures Monetary conversion rate: .2911 Kuwaiti dinar=US$l (December 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 2,875 km total; 2,585 km bitumi- nous; 290 km earth, sand, light gravel Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined prod- ucts, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km Ports: 3 major (Ash-Shuwaikh, Ash- Shuaybah, Mina al-Ahmadi), 4 minor Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 1 total, 6 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent interna- tional and adequate domestic tele- communication facilities; 214,800 telephones (15.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, about 438,000; about 266,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $939 million; 8.1% of central gov- ernment budget CHINA (See reference map IX) Land 236,804 km 2 ; 60% forest; 8% agricultural; 32% urban, waste, or other; except in limited areas, soil is poor; most of forested area is not exploitable Land boundaries: 5,053 km People Population: 3,732,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Lao (sing., Lao or Lao- tian); adjective Lao or Laotian Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung (Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and other Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other Language: Lao (official), French, and English Literacy: 28% Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80-90% ag- riculture Organized labor: only labor organization is subordinate to the Communist Party Government Official name: Lao People's Democratic Re- public 129 Laos (continued) Type: Communist state Capital: Vientiane Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdi- vided into districts, cantons, and villages Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 2 December Branches: President; 40-member Supreme People's Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally Communist but Council contains a few nomi- nal neutralists and non-Communists; National Congress of People's Represen- tatives established the current government structure in December 1975 Government leaders: SOUPHANOU- VONG, President; KAYSONE PHOMVI- HAN, Chairman Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections for National Assembly, originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have not yet been held Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Communist), party chairman Kaysone Phomvihan, includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other parties moribund Other political or pressure groups: non- Communist political groups moribund; most leaders have fled the country Member of: ADB Asian Development Bank, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mekong Com- mittee, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy CNP: $320 million, $90 per capita (1982 est.) Agriculture: main crops rice (overwhelm- ingly dominant), corn, vegetables, tobacco, coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food shortages (due in part to distribution defi- ciencies) include rice Major industries: tin mining, timber, green coffee, electric power Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation system, trained personnel Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1983); 900 million kWh produced (1983), 246 kWh per capita Exports: $26 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); elec- tric power, forest products, tin concentrates; coffee, undeclared exports of opium and to- bacco Imports: $88 million (c.i.f., 1979 est.); rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment Major trade partners: imports Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam; exports Thailand, Malaysia Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF (1970-81), $300 million; US (FY70-79), $276 million; military US assistance $1.119 billion (1970- 75) Budget: (1979est.) receipts, $54.7 million; ex- penditures, $174.2 million; deficit $119.5 million Monetary conversion rate: 35 kips=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 14,100 km unimproved earth and often im- passable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primar- ily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m Pipelines: 370 km under survey Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor Airfields: 67 total, 54 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: service to general public considered poor; radio network pro- vides generally erratic service to government users; approx. 10 AM stations; 1 TV station; over 2,000 est. telephones; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA, which consists of an army with naval, aviation, and militia elements), Air Force, National Police Department Military manpower: males 15-49, 890,000; 475,000 fit for military service; 43,000 reach military age (18) annually; no conscription age specified 130 Lebanon (See reference map VI) Land 10,360 km 2 ; 64% desert, waste, or urban; 27% agricultural; 9% forest; 400,000 hectares un- der cultivation Land boundaries: 531 km Water Limits of territorial wa ters (claimed): no spe- cific claims (fishing, 6 nm) Coastline: 225 km People Population: 2,601, 000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun Lebanese (sing., pi.); adjective Lebanese Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other Religion: 55% Christian (Maronite, Greek Orthodox and Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant), 44% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a) and Druze, 1% other (official estimates); Mus- lims, in fact, constitute a majority Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken; Armenian, English Literacy: 75% Labor force: 650,000(1981); 75% industry, commerce, and services, 17% agriculture, 8% government; moderate unemployment Organized labor: about 65,000 Government NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil war between its Christians then aided by Syrian troops and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the domestic political groups gener- ally held for about six years, despite occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's move toward supporting the Lebanese Mus- lims and the Palestinians and Israel's grow ing support for Lebanese Christians brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no progress was made toward national reconcili- ation or political reforms the original cause of the war. Continuing Israeli concern about the Pal- estinian presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Is- raeli forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and mounted a summer-long seige of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of the PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multi- national force made up of US, French, and Italian troops. Within days of the departure of the multi- national force, Lebanon's newly elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated. In the wake of his death, Christian militia- men massacred hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the return of the multinational force (MNF) to ease the security burden on Lebanon's weak army and security forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units withdrew. Lebanon continues to be occupied by Is- rael in the south and by Syria in the north and east. Israel and Lebanon signed a withdrawal agreement on 17 May 1983. The agreement was never implemented and was subse- quently voided. A partial Israeli withdrawal and government attempts to extend its au- thority have led to renewed factional fighting. The following description is based on the present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system. Official name: Republic of Lebanon Type: republic Capital: Beirut Political subdivisions: 5 provinces Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and civil law system; constitution mandated in 1926; no judicial review of legis- lative acts; legal education at Lebanese University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November Branches: power lies with President elected by unicameral legislature (National Assem- bly, formerly Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet appointed by President, approved by legisla- ture; independent secular courts on French pattern; religious courts for matters of mar- riage, divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and president of legislature is a Shi'a Muslim; each of nine reli- gious communities represented in legislature in proportion to national numerical strength Government leader: Amin Pierre GEMAYEL, President Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for women over 21 with elemen- tary education Elections: National Assembly held every four years or within three months of dissolu- tion of Chamber; security conditions have prevented parliamentary elections since April 1972 Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, con- sisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still involved in occasional clashes 131 Lebanon (continued) Lesotho Communists: the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000 Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $4.1 billion (1980 est.) Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, pota- toes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self- sufficient in food Major industries: service industries, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism Electric power: 891,500 kW capacity (1983); 1.171 billion kWh produced (1983), 450 kWh per capita Exports: $886 million (f.o.b., 1981) Imports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1981) Budget: (1982) public revenue $657 million, public expenditures $1.292 billion Monetary conversion rate: 5.99 Lebanese pounds=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 82 km 1 .050-meter gauge; all single track; most not in use Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km im- proved earth Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 mi- nor Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m; major military airfields are Riyaq, Kleiat, and al-Fidar Air Strip Telecommunications: rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of radio relay, ca- ble; approx 150,400 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 3 FM, 5 AM, and 15 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine cables; Atlantic Ocean satcom antenna built but not operating Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 614,000; 378,000 fit for military service; average of about 31, 000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $272 million; 26% of central government budget Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 30,460 km 2 ; 15% cultivable; 13% arable; largely mountainous Land boundaries: 805 km People Population: 1,474,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pi.); adjective Basotho Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600 Europe- ans, 800 Asians Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous be- liefs Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and Eng- lish (official); also Zulu and Xhosa Literacy: 55% Labor force: 426,000 economically active (1976); 87.4% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; 1 50,000 to 250,000 spend from six months to many years as wage earners in South Africa Organized labor: negligible Government Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho 132 Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II; independent member of Commonwealth Capital: Maseru Political subdivisions: 10 administrative dis- tricts Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal education at National University of Lesotho; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 4 October Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremonial King and a Prime Minis- ter who leads Cabinet of at least seven members; Prime Minister dismissed bicam- eral legislature in early 1970 and subse- quently ruled by decree until 1973, when he appointed Interim National Assembly to act as legislative branch; judicial 63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for Afri- cans, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate ju- risdiction Government leaders: MOSHOESHOE II, King; Dr. Leabua JONATHAN, Prime Min- ister Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified allegedly because of election irregu- larities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified date Political parties and leaders: Basotho Na- tional Party (BNP), Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhehle Voting strength: (1965 election) National As- sembly BNP, 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats Communists: negligible, Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970 Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $569.0 million (1980), $424 per capita; real growth rate, -2% (1983) Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, bar- ley Major industries: none Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1983); 38 million kWh imported from South Africa (1983) Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $102 million est. in 1982); $37 million (f.o.b., 1982), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, tourism Imports: $420 million (c.i.f., 1982); mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, petroleum, oil, and lubricants Major trade partner: South Africa; member of Southern African Customs Union Budget: (FY81/82) revenues, $143.5 million; current expenditures, $144.7 million; devel- opment (capital) expenditures, $76.6 million Monetary conversion rate: the Lesotho maloti exchanges at par with the South Afri- can rand; 1.22 maloti=US$l (30 December 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Bailroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and in- cluded in the statistics of the Republic of South Africa Highways: approx. 4,221 km total; 508 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or sta- bilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km unimproved earth Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a few landlines, a small radio-relay system, and minor radio- communication stations; 5,920 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV station planned; Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Police De- partment Military manpower: males 15-49, 335,000; 179,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $13.2 million; 4.7% of central government budget 133 Liberia Atlantic Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 1 1 1,370 km 2 ; 40% forest; 30% jungle and swamp; 20% agricultural; 10% other Land boundaries: 1,336 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 579 km People Population: 2,160,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun Liberian(s); adjective Liberian Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5% descendants of repa- triated slaves known as Americo-Liberians Religion: 75% traditional, 15% Muslim, 10% Christian Language: English (official); more than 20 lo- cal languages of the Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20% Literacy: 24% Labor force: 510,000, of which 160,000 are in monetary economy; non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; 70.5% agriculture, 10.8% services, 4.5% industry and commerce, 14.2% other Organized labor: 2% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Liberia Type: highly centralized military rule since coup on 12 April 1980 Capital: Monrovia Political subdivisions: country divided into 10 counties Legal system: constitution suspended; mar- tial law imposed; laws previously in force remain until repealed or amended by decrees issued by People's Redemption Council; draft constitution promulgated March 1983 by constitutional commission National holiday: National Redemption Day, 12 April; Independence Day, 26 July Branches: executive and legislative powers held by military People's Redemption Coun- cil, assisted by appointed Cabinet; judicial powers vested in People's Supreme Tribunal and lower courts Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon DOE, Head of State, Chairman of the Peo- ple's Redemption Council, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Suffrage: under suspended constitution, uni- versal 18 years and over for property owners Elections: military has set 12 April 1985 as the date for return to civilian rule; election scheduled for 20 January 1985 Political parties and leaders: political activi- ties suspended; before coup True Whig Party dominated; Progressive People's Party headed by Gabriel Baccus Matthews had re- cently been legalized; unauthorized ' Marxist-oriented Movement for Justice in Af- rica, led by Togba Nah Tipoteh (in exile) Communists: no Communist Party and only a few sympathizers Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $800 million (1982), $385 per capita; 5% real annual growth rate (1982) Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava, coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live cattle and beef are necessary for basic diet Fishing: catch 13,484 metric tons (1979 est.) Major industries: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, dia- monds) Electric power: 375,000 kW capacity (1983); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 955 kWh per capita Exports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); iron ore, rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, cof- fee, cocoa Imports: $400 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); ma- chinery, transportation equipment, petro- leum products, manufactured goods, foodstuffs Major trade partners: US, FRG, Nether- lands, Italy, Belgium Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-81), $377 million; US authorizations (including Ex-Im) (FY70-82), $304 million; Communist (1970- 79), $23.0 million; military commitments US (FY70-82), $32 million Budget: (FY83-84) revenues $306 million, current expenditures $100 million, develop- ment expenditures $113 million Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June 134 Libya Communications Railroads: 499 km total; 354 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 145 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and fi- nancial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government Highways: 8,524 km total; 804 km bitumi- nous treated, 2,055 km gravel, 4,731 km improved earth, and remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: no significant waterways Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 83 total, 81 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: telephone and tele- graph service via radio-relay network; main center is Monrovia; 7,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, and 5 TV stations; Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia, Liberia National Coast Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 467,000; 252,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1983, $23.2 million; 5.5% of central gov- ernment budget fSee reference map VII) Land 1,758,610 km 2 ; 93% desert, waste, or urban; 6% agricultural; 1% forest Land boundaries: 4,345 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed and northern limit of jurisdiction fixed at 3230'N and the unilaterally pro- claimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli) Coastline: 1,770km People Population: 3,684,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 5.2% Nationality: noun Libyan(s); adjective Libyan Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some black stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities Literacy: 50% Labor force: 1.5 million, of which about 550,000 are resident foreigners Government Official name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Type: republic; major overhaul of the con- stitution and government structure in March 1977 established a system of popular con- gresses, which theoretically controls the ruling General Secretariat Capital: Tripoli Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely controlled by central gov- ernment Legal system: based on Italian civil law sys- tem and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Law School at University of Libya at Ben- ghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Sep- tember Branches: paramount political power and authority rests with the Secretariat of the General People's Congress, which theoreti- cally functions as a parliament with a cabinet called the General People's Committee Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (no official title; runs country and is treated as chief of state); Miftah al-Ista 'UMAR, Secretary of the Gen- eral People's Congress (chief of state in theory but not treated as such) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: representatives to the General People's Congress are drawn from popularly elected municipal committees Political parties: none Communists: no organized party, negligible membership 135 Libya (continued) Liechtenstein Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab So- cialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: roughly $26.5 billion (1983 est), $7,600 per capita Agriculture: main crops wheat, barley, ol- ives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported Major industries: petroleum, food process- ing, textiles, handicrafts Electric power: 3,841,600 kW capacity (1983); 10.095 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,885 kWh per capita Exports: $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum Imports: $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac- tures, food Major trade partners: imports Italy, FRG; exports Italy, FRG, Spain, France, Japan, UK Budget: (1983 est.) revenue $14.0 billion; ex- penditures $13.2 billion, including development expenditure of $8.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: .2961 Libyan pound = US$1 (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bitu- minous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth Pipelines: crude oil 3,893 km; natural gas 938 km; refined products 443 km (includes 217 km liquid petroleum gas) Ports: 4 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi, Misratah), 2 secondary, 15 minor, and 6 pe- troleum terminals Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft Airfields: 116 total, 104 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways, 6 with runways over 3,659 m, 22 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahariyya (including Arab Army, Arab Air Force, Arab Air Defense Command, Arab Navy) Military manpower: males 15-49, 891,000; 524,000 fit for military service; about 38,000 reach military age ( 17) annually ; conscription now being implemented (See reference map V) Land 160km 2 Land boundaries: 76 km People Population: 27,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun Liechtensteiner(s); adjective Liechtenstein Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5% Italian and other Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Prot- estant, 10.2% other Language: German (official), Alemannic di- alect Literacy: 100% Labor force: 11,368; 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5% industry, trade, and building; 41.6% services; 4.0% agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horti- culture Government Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy Capital: Vaduz Political subdivisions: 11 communes 136 Legal system: principality has its own civil and penal codes; lowest court is county court (Landgericht), presided over by one judge, which decides minor civil cases and sum- mary criminal offenses; criminal court (Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five judges, is for major crimes; another court of mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes (three judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court (Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof ) are courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases (five judges each); an adminis- trative court of appeal from government actions and the State Court determine the constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Branches: unicameral legislature (Diet) with 15 deputies elected to four-year terms, he- reditary Prince, independent judiciary Government leaders: FRANZ Josef II, Prince; Hans BRUNHART, Head of Govern- ment (Prime Minister) Suffrage: unversal adult male Elections: every four years; last election 1982 Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive Cit- izens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer; Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser; Action Sleeping Beauty (Aktion Dornroschen) Voting strength: (1982) VU 53.4% (8 seats), FBP 46.4% (7 seats) Communists: none Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU, WIPO; considering UN membership; under several post- World War I treaties Switzerland han- dles Liechtenstein's customs and postal, telephone, and telegraph systems and repre- sents the principality abroad on a diplomatic and consular level whenever requested to do so by the Liechtenstein Government Economy Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy based primarily on small-scale light industry and some farming; metal industry is by far the most prominent sector; high-frequency installations, boilers for central heating, hardware, small machinery, canned goods, furniture and upholstery, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, vacuum installations, optical and measuring instruments, oil tanks, artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles are the principal manufactures, intended almost en- tirely for export; industry accounts for 52% of total employment, service sector 44%, and agriculture and forestry 4%; livestock raising and dairying are the main sources of income in the small farm sector; the sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $10 million annually provides for 10% of state ex- penditures; companies incorporated in Liechtenstein solely for tax purposes provide a further 30% of the state budget; low busi- ness taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules have induced be- tween 20,000 and 30,000 holding companies, so-called letter box companies, to establish nominal offices in the principality; economy is tied closely to that.of Switzerland in a cus- toms union; no national accounts data are available GNP: approximately $16,900 per capita (1980) Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes Major industries: high technology, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharma- ceuticals, food products Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1983); 150 million kWh produced (1983), 5,770 kWh per capita Exports: (1981) $441 million; 40.5% EC; 32.2% EFTA (23.8% Switzerland); 27.3% other Major trade partners: exports (1979) $466 million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzer- land), 26% other Budget: (1980) revenues $124 million, expenditures $124 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.15 Swiss francs=US$l (third quarter 1983) Communications Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and in- cluded in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads Civil air: no transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving about 20,020 telephones (77.0 per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Switzerland Branches: Police Department 137 Luxembourg FRANCE (See reference map V) Land 2,586 km'; 43.9% arable; 33% forest; 27% meadow and pasture; 15% waste or urban; negligible inland water Land boundaries: 356 km People Population: 366,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 0. 1 % Nationality: noun Luxembourger(s); adjective Luxembourg Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker res- idents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protes- tant and Jewish Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak English Literacy: 100% Labor force: (1981) 161,700; one-third of la- bor force is foreign, comprising mostly workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Bel- gium, and FRG (1981); unemployment 1.0% (1981 average); 45% services, 42% industry and commerce, 12% government, 0.5% agri- culture Government Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxem- bourg Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Luxembourg Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3 districts (Lux- embourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons Legal system: based on civil law system; con- stitution adopted 1868; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 23 June Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers compose Council of Government headed by President, which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicameral legislature (Chamber of Deputies); the Coun- cil of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; ju- dicial power exercised by independent courts; coalition governments are usual Government leaders: JEAN, Grand Duke; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister - Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: every five years for entire Cham- ber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979 Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary presi- dent) and Jean Spautz (party president); Socialist Workers, Robert Krieps (party presi- dent); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independ- ent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Force Voting strength: (1979) Chamber of Depu- ties Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Communists, 2; So- cial Democrats, 1; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1; Chamber of Deputies will be enlarged to 64 sets in June 1984 elec- tion Communists: 500 party members (1981) Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron and steel in- dustry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Social- ist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Eu- rope, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $3.4 billion, $9,289 per capita (1982); 60.0% private consumption, 17.1% govern- ment consumption, 24.9% investment, 2.0% stockbuilding, 4.9% net foreign balance; - 1.7% real GDP growth (1982) Agriculture: mixed farming, dairy products, and wine Major industries: iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita; 6.4 metric ton capacity (1981) Electric power: 1,496,500 kW capacity (1983); 933 million kWh produced (1983), 2,550 kWh per capita Exports, imports, major trade partners: Luxembourg has a customs union with Bel- gium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's principal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with FRG, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium) Budget: (1982 prov.) revenues $1.31 billion, expenditures $1.35 billion, deficit $39.5 mil- lion; (1983 proj.) revenues $1.226 billion, expenditures $1.338 billion, deficit $13.1 million (1982) 138 Macau Monetary conversion rate: 56.33 Luxem- bourg francs=US$l (23 December 1983); under the BLEU agreement, the Luxem- bourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxem- bourg Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 270 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 160 km double track; 162 km electri- fied Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km lim- ited access divided highway Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River Pipelines: refined products, 48 km Port: (river) Mertert Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: adequate and effi- cient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000 telephones (54. 8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Army Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000; 80,000 fit for military service ,-fUjHONG KONG MACAU PHILIPPINES] (See reference map VIII) Land 15.5 km 2 ; 90% urban; 10% agricultural Land boundaries: 201 m Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm; fishing, 12 nm Coastline: 40 km People Population: 309,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Macanese (sing, and pi.); adjective Macau Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% Portu- guese Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, of whom about half are Chinese Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese popula- tion Labor Force: 30% manufacturing, 27% com- merce, 26% services, 8% transportation and communications, 5% agriculture, 3% con- struction, 1% utilities (1960 data) Government Official name: Macau Type: overseas province of Portugal, referred to by both Lisbon and Beijing as sovereign Chinese territory under Portuguese adminis- tration Capital: Lisbon (Portugal) Political subdivisions: municipality of Ma- cau and two islands (Taipa and Coloane) Legal system: Portuguese civil law system Branches: 18-member Legislative Assembly, with Governor and 5 appointed, 6 nomi- nated, and 6 elected representatives Government leader: Rear Adm. Vasco Fer- nando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA, Governor Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign residents over 18 Elections: conducted every four years Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Dem- ocratic Center; Group to Study the Devel- opment of Macau; Macau Independent Group Communists: numbers unknown Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local in- terests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave Chinese veto power over administration of the enclave Economy GNP: $640 million (1980 est.) Agriculture: main crops rice, vegetables; food shortages rice, vegetables, meat; de- pends mostly on imports for food requirements Major industries: textiles, fireworks Electric power: 1 16,956 kW capacity (1982); 295 million kWh produced (1982), 1,020 kWh per capita 139 Macau (continued) Madagascar Exports: $737.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and clothing Imports: $731.4 million (c.i.f., 1982, food- stuffs Major trade partners: exports 22% Hong Kong, 13% FRG, 11% France; imports 36% Hong Kong, 33% China (1981) Budget: (1982) expenditures $140.4 million Monetary conversion rate: 7.8 patacas=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Highways: 42 km paved Ports: 1 major Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station Telecommunications: fairly modern com- munication facilities maintained for domestic and international services; 13,000 telephones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; in- ternational HF radio communication facility; access to international communica- tions carriers provided via Hong Kong and China Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Portugal Military manpower: males 15-49, 84,000; 48,000 fit for military service Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 595,700 km 2 ; 58% pasture; 21% forest; 8% waste; 6% other; 5% cultivated; 2% rivers and lakes Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm (fishing 150 nm; exclusive economic zone 150 nm) Coastline: 4,828 km People Population: 9,645,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Malagasy (sing, and pi.); adjective Malagasy Ethnic divisions: basic split between high- landers of predominantly Malayo- Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on the one hand and coastal tribes collectively termed the Cotiers with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimi- saraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there are also 10,000-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles Religion: more than half indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim Language: French and Malagasy official Literacy: 53% Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domes- tic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% services, 6% transpor- tation, 2% miscellaneous Organized labor: 4% of labor force Government Official name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar Type: real authority in hands of President Ratsiraka, although Supreme Revolutionary Council is theoretically ultimate executive authority Capital: Antananarivo Political subdivisions: 6 provinces Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and traditional Malagasy law; constitu- tion of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law establishing provisional government institu- tions; new constitution accepted by referendum in December 1975; legal educa- tion at National School of Law, University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June Branches: executive a 19-member Su- preme Revolutionary Council (made up of military and political leaders); assisted by cabinet called Council of Ministers; unicam- eral legislative Popular National Assembly; Military Committee for Development; regu- lar courts are patterned after French system, and a High Council of Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its constitutional va- lidity Government leader: Adm. Didier RATSI- RAKA, President Suffrage: universal for adults (18 and above) 140 Elections: referendum held in December 1975 gave overwhelming approval to govern- ment and new constitution; elections for Popular National Assembly held in June 1977 and in August 1983; only one political group- ing allowed to take part in the election, "The National Front for the Defense of the Revo- lution," which presented a single list of candidates; a presidential election in Novem- ber 1982 returned President Ratsiraka with an 80% majority; the challenger, Monja Jaona, received 20% and was later arrested after leading demonstrations to protest elec- tion fraud Political parties and leaders: seven parties are now allowed limited political activity un- der the national front and are represented on the Supreme Revolutionary Council: Ad- vance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier Ratsiraka; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), Pastor Richard Andriamanjato; Movement for Na- tional Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny; Malagasy Christian Demo- cratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert Andria- morasatu; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM), Manandafy Rakotonirina; National Movement for the In- dependence of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja Jaona; Socialist Organization MONIMA (VS MONIMA), Jaona Reman- indry Voting strength: number of registered voters (1982) 4.8 million; in 1977 local elections, President Ratsiraka 's AREMA captured ap- proximately 89.5% of the 73,000 available positions on 1 1,400 local Executive Commit- tees; AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about 45 seats; in the 1983 legislative election AREMA won 117 out of the 137 seats in the Popular National Assembly Communists: Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal group of Communists has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of which is non-Communist Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, VVFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.2 billion (1980), about $360 per cap- ita; real growth rate 0% (1978-81) Agriculture: cash crops coffee, vanilla, cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, raphia; food crops rice, cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts, and peanuts; ani- mal husbandry widespread; imports some rice, milk, and cereal Fishing: catch 53,520 metric tons (1979) Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil re- finery Electric power: 170,000 kW capacity (1983); 700 million kWh produced (1983), 75 kWh per capita Exports: $432.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee, vanilla, sugar, cloves; agricultural and live- stock products account for about 85% of export earnings Imports: $522.5 million (c.i.f., 1982); con- sumer goods, foodstuffs, primary products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), capital goods Major trade partners: France, US, other EC; trade with Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade Budget: (1981) revenues $310 million (est), current expenditures $372 million (est.), net lending $236 million External debt: $1.3 billion, debt service pay- ment 30% of exports Monetary conversion rate: 442.9 Malagasy francs=US$l (31 August 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 884 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,694 km paved, 81 1 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder improved and unimproved earth (est.) Inland waterways: of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des Pangalanes Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Ma- junga, Tulear) Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 158 total, 124 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio- relay links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 37,100 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, no FM, and 24 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces (includes Navy and Air Force) Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,135,000; 1,306,000 fit for military service; 88,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $62.1 million; about 15% of central government budget 141 Malawi (See reference map VII) Land 118,484 km 2 ; 34% of land area arable (of which 86% is cultivated); nearly 25% forest; 6% meadow and pasture; 38% other Land boundaries: 2,881 km People Population: 6,829,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Malawian(s); adjective Malawian Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Asian, Eu- ropean Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Cath- olic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous beliefs are also practiced by some members of these groups Language: English and Chichewa (official); Tombuka is second African language Literacy: 25% Labor force: 331 ,536 wage earners employed in Malawi (1978); 48% agriculture, 15% per- sonal services, 11% manufacturing, 10% construction, 10% commerce, 5% miscella- neous services; 6,000 Europeans permanently employed Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized Government Official name: Republic of Malawi Type: one-party state Capital: Lilongwe Political subdivisions: 3 administrative re- gions and 24 districts Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution adapted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July Branches: strong presidential system with Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with Chief Justice and at least two justices Government leader: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA, President Suffrage: universal adult over age 18 Elections: President Banda designated Presi- dent for Life in 1971; parliamentary elections last held June 1983, next scheduled for 1988 Political parties and leaders: Malawi Con- gress Party (MCP), post of secretary general unfilled since death of Dick Matenje in May 1983 Communists: no Communist party Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, EC (as- sociated member), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,