I f O u_ J? <; ^.. S Fn I ^E-UBRARY^ ^E-l/NIVER% a v tOS "" R :T* B OF Fsinr WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.. May 1 October 30, 1893. SPRINGFIELD, ILL.; H. W. ROXKC*, PRINTER AND BINDCP, 1895. Illinois Board of ... World's fair Commissioners OFFICERS. President, LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley. Vice-President, DAVID GORE, Carlinville. Director-ln-Chief, JOHN P. REYNOLDS, Chicago. Secretary, W. C. GARRARD, Springfield. Treasurer, JOHN W. BUNN, Springfield. COMMISSIONERS. J. IRVING PEARCE, Chicago. JOHN P. REYNOLDS, Chicago. J. HARLEY BRADLEY, Chicago. WILLIAM STEWART, Chicago. BYRON F. WYMAN, Sycamore. A. B. HOSTETTER, Mt. Carroll. SAMUEL DYSART, Franklin Grove. WARREN D. STRYKER, Plaintield. JOHN. VIRGIN, Fairbury. DANIEL W. VITTUM, Canton. ELIJAH B. DAVID, Aledo. WILLIAM H. FULKERSON, Jerseyville. JAMES W. JUDY, Tallula. SHERIDAN W. JOHNS, Oreana. E. E. CHESTER, Champaign. JAMES K. DICKIRSON, Lawrenceville. DAVID GORE, Carlinville. EDWARD C. PACE, Ashley. B. PULLEN, Centralia. JAMES M. WASHBURN, Marion. LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley. , GEO. S. HASKELL, Rockford. 2125483 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Acknowledgments 524 Agricultural Exhibit 345 Archaeology 227 Architectural Drawings, Maps, etc., Report of Committee on 33 Bartlett, S. P 337 Bureau of Information 658 Bureau of laformatlon, Report of Committee on 657 Clay Exhibit, The 323 Compensation, Report of Committee on fi67 Conrad, Martin, Superintendent 311 Construction and Interior Furnishings, Report of Committee on 20 Cook, John W., President 473 Custodian Illinois Building, Report of 652 Director-in-Chief, Report of 4 Educational Exhibit, Report of Committee on 384 Examination of Some Soils from Illinois, Report on the 93 Exhibit of Live Stock 575 Fish Exhibit 337 Finance Committee, Report of. 671 FINANCIAL STATEMENT Agricultural Committee 746 Construction Committee 699 Education 725 Fish Exhibit 756 General Fund 673 Grounds Committee 709 Horticultural Committee 752 Live Stock Account 745 Maps and Drawings Committee 735 , 738 Natural History 713,720 Printing and Stationery Committee 711 State Institutions, Committee on 706 Statement of Expenditures 757 Statistics 743 vii Vlll Forbes, S. A 327 Forestry 311 Freight and Express Keceipts and Shipments, Report of 661 Funk, LaFayette, President, Report of Geological Keport 65 Geological Section Across the Northern Part of Illinois 117 Geological Section, St. Louis to Shawneetown 155 Glacial Geology 305 Grounds and Exterior Ornamentation, Keport of Committee on 30 Guthrie, Ossian 305 Horticulture and Floriculture, Keport of Committee on 371 Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners v Illinois State Normal University 473 Jenkins, William, Superintendent 389 Letter of Transmittal xiii Leverett, Frank, Ass't U. S. Geologist 77 Lindahl, Prof. J 65 Live Stock, Exhibit of 575 Live Stock, Premiums Paid 648 Live Stock, Report of Committee on 573 Loy, A. 323 McAdams, Prof. Wm 227 Model School Room 386 Natural History and Archaeology, Report of Committee on 59 Nickles, Prof. J. M 155 Officers, List of 1 Page, J. M., Superintendent 658 Parkinson, D. B., Superintendent 439 Premiums Paid Live Stock 648 President, Report of the 1 Printing Committee, Report of the 663 Public School Exhibit 389 Raab, Henry, Superintendent Public Instruction , 386 Reception and Ceremonies, Report of Committee on 654 Report of Committee on Architectural Drawings, Maps, etc 33 Report of Committee on Bureau of Information 657 Report of Committee on Compensation 667 Report of Committee on Construction and Interior Furnishing 20 Report of Committee on Educational Exhibit 384 Report of Committee on Grounds and Exterior Ornamentation 30 Report of Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture 371 Report of Committee on Live Stock 573 Report of Committee on Natural History and Archaeology 59 IX Keport of Committee on Eeception and Ceremonies 654 Report of Committee on State Charitable Institutions 557 Report of Committee on Transportation 666 Report of Custodian of the Illinois Building 652 Report of the Director-in- Chief 4 Report of Finance Committee 671 Report of Freight and Express Receipts and Shipments 661 Report of Printing Committee 663 Report on the Examination of Some Soils from Illinois 93 Reynolds John P., Director- in- Chief, Report of 4 Soils of Illinois 77 Southern Illinois State Normal University 439 State Charitable Institutions, Report of Committee on . 557 State Laboratory of Natural History 327 Stryker, W. D., Superintendent 661 Transportation, Report of Committee on 666 Udden, Prof. J. A 117 University of Illinois 605 "Whitney, Milton 93 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Agricultural Exhibit 357 Asylum for the Feeble -Minded, Lincoln 541 Charitable Institutions' Exhibit 535 Cultivated Timber and Fish Exhibit 333 Department of Geology ' 63 Departments of Geology and Archeology 223 Exhibit University of Illinois 501 Fish Exhibit 335 Geological Section Across Northern Illinois .... 115 Geological Section Across Southern Illinois 153 Glacial and Soil Map of Illinois 75 Grain Inspection and Forestry Exhibit '. 309 Horticultural Exhibit 368 Illinois Building Frontispiece Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville 547 Illinois Clay Exhibit 321 Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee 555 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan's Home, Normal 537 Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, Anna 551 Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, Anna, Annex 553 Illinois State House, Kaskaskia 35 Illinois State House, VandaTa 37 Illinois State House, Springfield, (Third) 39 Illinois State Howse, Springfield, (Present) 41 Institution for the Education of the Blind, Jacksonville 543 Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville. . . . 545 Memorial Hall 669 Northern Hospital for tho Insane, Elgin 549 Picture on Wall of Agricultural Exhibit 343 Public Free Schools' Exhibit 387 Relief Map of Illinois 43 Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 539 Southern Normal University, Carbondale 437 State Laboratory of Natural History, and University of Illinois, Exhibit 325 State Normal University, Normal 471 State Normal University, and Southern Normal University, Exhibit.. 469 University of Illinois. 503 zi LETTER OF TRANSMITTAIj. SPRINGFIELD, ILL., May 7, 1895. To His Excellency, JOHN P. ALTGELD, Governor of Illinois: 3& HAVE the honor to herewith transmit a statement 'H of the transactions of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. In view of the importance of the ex- position to the 1 people, and bearing in mind the liberal appropriation made by the State, it has been deemed but a matter of justice to have each committee present a full and detailed statement of its transactions. It is a matter of congratulation to the members of the Board, and I feel assured will be to the people, that after presenting the most elaborate exhibit of any state, as well as acting host to the people of all nations, we were enabled to return to the State Treasury for unexpended balance and salvage, over $90,000.00. Thanking 3'0ur Excellency, as well as your immediate predecessor, Hon. Joseph W. Fifer, for the kindly manner in which our efforts have been aided, I submit the report, LAFAYETTE FUNK. Ttii REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. )Y virtue of "An Act to provide for the participation of the State of Illinois in the 'World's Columbian Exposition,' authorized by act of Congress of the United States, to be held in the city of Chicago, during the year 1893, in commemoration of the discovery of America in the year 1492, and for an appropriation to pay the cost and expense of the same," "the present members of the State Board of Agriculture are hereby constituted and appointed commissioners, to be known as the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. Said Board of World's Fair Commissioners shall serve until the close of the World's Columbian Exposition, and until the duties of said Commission, in connection with said Exposition, are fully performed as contemplated in this act." This act was approved June 17, 1891. The Board was organized in the city of Chicago, July 1, 1891, by the election of the following officers: PRESIDENT : LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley; VICE-PRESIDENT : DAVID GORE, Carlinville; DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF : JOHN P. REYNOLDS, Chicago; SECRETARY : WILSON COB URN GARRARD, Springfield; TREASURER : JOHN W. BUNN, Springfield; and the appointment of standing committees and the adoption of necessary rules. Standing Committees. CONSTRUCTION AND INTERIOR FURNISHING Messrs. Vir- gin, Pace, Pearce, Pullen, Bradley, Vittum, Judy and Washburn. GROUNDS AND EXTERIOR ORNAMENTATION Messrs. Pul- len, Fulkerson, Dysart, Hostetter and Johns. PRINTING AND STATIONERY Messrs. Dickirson, Haskell, Dysart, David and Washburn. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS, TOPOGRAPHICAL, SURVEY, MAPS AND DRAWINGS Messrs. Dysart, Pace, Chester, Wy- man and Stryker. TRANSPORTATION Messrs. Pearce, Vittum and David, COLLECTION OF EXHIBITS Entire Board of Commis- sioners. INSTALLATION OF EXHIBITS The President, Vice-Presi- dent, and Director-in-Chief. LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT Messrs. Fulkerson, Chester, Vir- gin, Wyman and Johns. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT Messrs. Chester, Bradley, Wash- burn, Dickirsou and Johns. NATURAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Messrs. Pace,. Hostetter, Stewart, Pullen and Stryker. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS Messrs. Washburn, Hostet- ter, Wyman, Judy and Stryker. FINANCE Messrs. Stewart, Pearce, David, Bradley and Fulkerson. RECEPTIONS AND CEREMONIES Messrs. Judy, Haskell,. Vitturn, Virgin and Dickirson. COMPENSATION Messrs. Pearce, Pullen and Vittum. AGRICULTURE AND DAIRYING Messrs. Vittum, Wyman, Washburn, Chester and Fulkerson. HORTICULTURE AND BEE CULTURE Messrs. David, Dick- irson, Stryker, Pullen and Johns. 3 The reports of these committees are herewith pre- sented, and a consideration of them will show the man- ner in which the duties intrusted to the Commission have been discharged. The resignation of Director-in-Chief Reynolds, at the opening of the Exposition, made it necessary that most of the duties formerly discharged by him should be un- dertaken by the President, These, as well as all other duties properly belonging to the office of President of the Commission of the great State of Illinois, acting in the capacity of host of the visiting states and nations, have been discharged with an appreciation of the honors and responsibilities in- volved, to the best of my ability. All of which is respectfully submitted. LAFAYETTE FUNK, President. REPORT OF JOHN P. REYNOLDS, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF. 'HEN, in 1890, the Congress of the United States provided for holding the World's Columbian Ex- position in the City of Chicago, in 1893, the State of Illinois was placed in very peculiar, important, and in some respects unique, relations to that event. The great honor conferred by the selection clearly brought with it obligations and duties which did not seem to rest upon the citizens of any other State in the Union. To determine just what those olligations and the re- eultant duties were, and in what manner to best meet and properly discharge them, at once became a subject of serious consideration with all thoughtful citizens. Invitations to participate in the Columbian Exposi- tion had been extended by the President of the United States to the National Governments of the civilized world, and through him to their respective peoples in- dividually. Similar invitations were extended to the States and citizens of the United States. The event to be thus celebrated the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was already known to all the world as having contributed to the welfare of mankind in a degree beyond all computation as having, in much that stands for substantial pro- gress towards the highest civilization, given a new birth to the human race. Every quarter of the globe had felt and acknowledged its benign influence, and when the great Republic of the new world made the appeal the response came at once spontaneous, enthusiastic and universal. 4 In this State, the Board of Agriculture having in* charge the State Department of Agriculture took the initiative in canvassing the subject of Illinois' partici- pation in the celebration. Conferences were held with Governor Fifer, the heads of the several Department s- of State, of the State Educational and other institu- tions, with representatives of important voluntary edu- cational, industrial and scientific associations, and wiih many intelligent private citizens eminent from their broad views and for their patriotic devotion to the public welfare. In every instance such interviews were both cheering and instructive, resulting in the preparation of "a bill for an act to provide for the participation of the State of Illinois in the World's Columbian Exposition,'' which,, being presented to the Thirty-seventh General Assembly then in session, was passed, and, by the approval of His Excellency, Governor Fifer, became a law in all its essential features June 17, 1891. The purpose, scope and general character of the pro- posed exhibit by this State are succinctly stated in the following paragraphs quoted from the preamble and from sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the act: "WHEREAS, The great importance to mankind of the- event which it is intended thus to commemorate, the location of said Exposition in the chief city of this State, affording to our citizens opportunity for educational improvement and material benefits rarely accorded to any people, the prominent position already attained by this new commonwealth in the ranks of industrial pro- gress and its abundant resources from which to gather additional wealth and honors all appeal to our patriot- ism, State pride, sense of duty and self-interest so urgently as not to be wisely disregarded, demanding that the State of Illinois, following the example of the Federal Government, shall, in its municipal capacity,, 6 participate as an exhibitor in the World's Columbian Exposition in a manner at once creditable to its citizens and of attractive interest to all visitors; therefore "SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly: That, in order that the State of Illinois may participate in the said World's Columbian Exposition, the present mem- bers of the State Board of Agriculture are hereby con- stituted and appointed Commissioners, to be known as the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. Said Board of World's Fair Commissioners shall serve until the close of the World's Columbian Exposition, and until the duties of said Commission, in connection with said Exposition, are fully performed, as contemplated in this act. ****** * "SEC. 2. The said Board of Commissioners is hereby empowered to obtain and cause to be properly installed in said exhibition building or buildings a collective de- partmental exhibit for the State of Illinois, which shall illustrate the natural resources of the State, together with the methods employed and results accomplished by the State, in its municipal capacity, through its several departments, boards, commissions, bureaus, and other agencies, in the work of promoting the moral, educa- tional and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far as such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition in the manner proposed, such collective exhibit to in- clude and to be chiefly composed as follows: "First (a). A model common school-room of high grade, fully equipped and furnished, under the direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. "(J). An illustration of the methods and results of educational work as pursued in the State Normal Uni- versities, the public, technical and art schools, and the high schools of the State. "(c). An exhibit by the University of Illinois of the equipment, methods of instruction, and achievements of that institution in its several departments. "(d). An exhibit of the educational and industrial work as conducted in the State charitable institutions. "( rectioii of the Commission, is outlined in the third article of the second section of the statute creating the Commission. Public Buildings. On investigation, the committee learned that but very few of the original architectural drawings of the several State institutions had been preserved, and to make new measurements of the buildings would be very expensive and impracticable. To make drawings with a reasonable degree of accu- racy, photographic views would have to be depended upon as the basis of the work. By the process of enlarging photographs to any de- sirable size, it was found that the buildings and grounds of the institutions could be shown as correctly, and at much less cost than by drawings. By coloring these views by hand-work, a more natural representation was produced, and a more attractive picture the result. The committee, deeming that plan the most practica- ble means of executing the law, adopted the method, and procured the service of a competent photographer, who visited all the institutions and made photographs of them. From these pictures were made, varying in size from 4% to 6 feet in length, according to the size of buildings and grounds, of all the State institutions, as follows: University of Illinois, at Champaign. State Normal University, at Normal. Southern Normal University, at Carbondale. 3 ffl 34 Northern Hospital for Insane, at Elgin. Eastern Hospital for Insane, at Kankakee Central Hospital for Insane, at Jacksonville. Southern Hospital for Insane, at Anna. Institution for the Education of Blind, at Jacksonville. Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb,, at Jacksonville. Asylum for the Feeble-minded, at Lincoln. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Quincy. Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal. Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Chicago. Reform School, at Pontiac. Northern Penitentiary, at Joliet. Southern Penitentiary, at Chester. Penitentiary for Insane Criminals, at Chester. State House, at Springfield. State Building, World's Fair Grounds, at Chicago. To preserve the form for the future, and to show thfr prosperity of our State as shown in its Capitol buidings since the admission into the Union, it was decided to en- large a photograph that was obtained of the first State House at Kaskaskia, where the first session of the Legis- lature was held in 1819. Also, the second State House, at Vandalia, which was used for twenty years. The third State House, at Springfield, which was used until the present Capitol building was constructed. The pictures were well framed and glazed, and exhibited on the gallery of the building. The collection was an interesting exhibit to visitors from home and abroad. It illustrated the progress, wealth and prosperity of our State by sight. They showed how freely our taxpayers had contributed to the cause of education, and the greatest of all virtues, charity, in caring for its afflicted and unfortunate citi- zens, for its aged and enfeebled soldiers, and in protect- ing society from the destructive liberty of criminals. RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS. 45 Relief Map. The best method of illustrating the topographical features of the State was a subject of much deliberation by the Commission. It was decided that the most intelligent and interest- ing profile of the surface could be made by the Relief Map modeled from a survey of the State. The scale of measurements adopted for the map was two miles to the inch horizontally and 500 feet to the inch vertically. The surface of a large portion of the State being com- paratively level, without sharp elevations, an exagger- ated vertical scale had to be used in order to make a good representative form of the surface as it really exists. No topographical survey of the State had ever been made; hence there were no data in existence for such a work further than that furnished by the base lines of the Government survey and the survey of the different railway lines in the State. Not having the necessary time or means to make a complete topographical survey of the State, the com- mittee decided, in addition to those surveys mentioned, to have made topographical observations by counties, with barometers and levels in the hands of surve3 T ors who traversed the counties in different directions by private conveyance. That work was executed at considerable expense, but the committee feel assured that the important data thus secured will more than compensate the State for the expenditure. C. W. Rolfe, of Urbana, professor of geology in the University of Illinois, was employed to superintend and direct the work, and the committee have reason to be- lieve that it was done with as much care, accuracy and economy as possible under the circumstances. 46 The following is a synopsis of data upon which Prof. Rolfe directed the survey. From the Mississippi River Commission a line of levels from Cairo to Dunleith, a line of levels from Fulton to Chicago, along the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, a series of topograph- ical charts of the Illinois shore of the Mississippi and the low water slope of the Mississippi. From the lake survey a series of geodetic stations be- tween Chicago and Olney. From the Illinois and Michigan Canal low water levels of the Illinois River. From United States Geological Survey a series of to- pographical charts between Chicago and Peoria. From the coast and geodetic survey a Hue of levels from Olney to St. Louis, a line from Centralia to Cairo and low water levels of the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. From United States engineers the preliminary survey of the Hennepin Canal. From the railroads profiles of their lines. Barometric profile made with moving and stationary barometers of such railroads as had no profile. The bench marks of the lines of levels and geodetic stations were connected with the nearest railroads, and were used to correct the profiles of such railroads. The elevations above low water of the railroad bridges over the Illinois and Mississippi rivers were obtained, and the railroad profiles checked by them. The exact relations of the railroads at intersecting points were ascertained, and the profile of the roads checked on each other, using those that had been cor- rected by United States data as master systems. To the outline so established the details of surface in the different counties were added by traverses with barometer and hand level arranged to intersect railroads as often as possible, and practically to bring the observer within sight of every section of land in the county. 4:7 Prominent points either of elevations or depression were visited and observations made upon them. Many cross checks and other means of correction were applied to overcome errors in atmospheric pressure, in- strumental irregularities, and errors of observations. Finally the results thus obtained were expressed by contour lines on the maps with figures showing the ele- vations of the points taken in the several counties. Great care was taken to make the data atlas map of the State more correct in its horizontal features than any heretofore published. The locations of towns and courses of streams were in most cases either verified or corrected. The time allowed for making the survey was one year, and the area covered was 56,000 square miles. It is hoped that future observations will show that the work has been as well done as the limitations of time and funds would admit. From the data thus compiled the committee pro- ceeded with the work of having the relief map of the en- tire State made in plaster, that material being the best known for durability. Miss Louise Barwick of Tracy, Cook County, Illinois, a skilled artist in modeling work, was engaged to model the map in clay preparatory to- making the plaster cast. The work was executed in the following manner: Six wooden squares 2 inches thick were made. These were of sufficient size that when joined together they made a surface larger than the map would occupy, and represented the sea level upon which the map was built up to the points of elevations taken in the survey. The squares were then covered with cloth surfaced so as to retain the finest lines. By means of carbonized paper the contour lines and figures representing the ele- vations and depressions of the surface of the country in the data atlas, heretofore mentioned, were transferee! 48 clearly to those squares. Slender wire nails were driven into the wood as a guide to the modeling. By measure- ments the portion projecting above the wood corres- ponded with the figure on the contour line where they were driven. In making the survey of the State over 90,000 points of observation were noted, and the same number of nails had to be driven to form the lines for the modeler in the clay work, which it was necessary to execute first in order to cast from the clay moulds in which the fin- ished plaster map of the work was made. Three months time was occupied in doing that part of the work. The squares were placed on a platform in a horrizon- tal position carefully joined together, the whole repre- senting the State on a surface 10 by 17 feet. After the whole had been painted a light green in color, the county boundaries were shown by heavy red lines; the lakes, rivers and smaller streams in blue; the rail- roads by black lines, and the names of county seats in heavy black letters. The whole, when completed, making a graphic birdseye view of the State, the like of which no human eye had ever seen before. As an exhibit it was one of the most interesting in the building. It was daily surrounded by the aged and the youthful visitor, who seemed greatly impressed as they gazed on the face of our great State. Teachers, students and children engaged in the primary grades of education, seemed alike deeply interested in studying it. The plain around the entire map, as aforesaid, repre- sented the sea level. The Mississippi river, as the west- ern boundary, was shown slowly rising above that level from 268 feet low water mark at Cairo, until, at the northwest corner of the State, it has an elevation of 615 feet, and the waters of the Wabash river, on the east, 49 reach an elevation of 601 feet, while Lake Michigan, at Chicago, placidly rests at an elevation of 595 feet above the sea. The lowest point of land in the State is at Cairo, and the highest is that of Charles mound, on the State line of Wisconsin, in JoDaviess county, which reaches the height of 1,257 feet above the sea. It was a surprise to a great many visitors, even those who were old residents of the State, when looking at the map, to see a high range of hills crossing the southern portion of the State. The fact, as shown by the map, is, that a spur of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri extends through Union, Johnson, Pope and Hardin counties. The higest of these hills, and the highest point of land in Southern Illinois, is what is known as Bald Knob, in Union county, which has an elevation of 985 feet. In Johnson county, the highest point of observation was 800 feet; in Pope, 823 feet; and in Hardin, 780 feet. There are well founded reasons for believing that there has been a period in the past when this range of hills was much higher, and has been worn away by the influ- ences of time, yet the range at the present time is nearly 200 feet higher than the waters of Lake Michigan at Chicago. There is an erroneous belief existing among non-resi- dents of the State, and many of its citizens who have not traversed it, that much of the surface is a level plain, which will not admit of sufficient drainage neces- sary to ensure the best agricultural results. The map dispels that idea at sight. In addition to the range of hills mentioned, it shows two other great water-sheds extending across the State from the northeast to the southwest, with elevations above the Mississippi, Wabash and Illinois rivers, varying in height from three to five hundred feet, and the remarkable fact that the interior -4 50 streams of the State flow north, south, east and west, with strong currents, into these outlets. It also shows that the State has within its borders the means of creating one of the greatest water powers in the world, with the great lakes as a reservoir to feed the same. The bed of the Desplaines river at Joliet, forty miles from Chicago, is 46 feet lower than the waters of Lake Michigan. Only the outlet has to be made and powers for manufacturing purposes can be made far surpassing that of Niagara, because at Ottawa, eighty miles dis- tant, the Illinois River is 146 feet below Lake Michigan, and this would permit the same power to be used many times. The map shows, as cannot be shown on a flat map, many interesting features of the State, which in future years will without doubt add greatly to its prosperity and wealth, and which will enable it to maintain a dense population. As an evidence of the correctness of the survey of the surface of the State made for this purpose, and the perfection in modeling the form as it exists, the map on exhibition proved a great object lesson to the students of glacial geology. In all such prehistoric investigations, where positive proof of theories are not in existence, the human mind has a wide range in conjecture, and no ideas of one in- vestigator are free from attack by a conflicting mind. As no other State in the Union had made a relief map in the form of this one from actual survey of its surface, students of national reputation, from different States, studied its markings with much care and interest. These markings represent the only data we have of prehistoric periods in the earth's history, in which students of glacial geology are much interested. No one can give any definite information in reference to the lapse of time since the Glacial period, or how long 51 it continued, but this map shows clearly to the eye of a student that there has existed on the surface of the State of Illinois two distinct periods, and that a long interval of time intervened between them. Subsequent to the coal era it appears that there was a period when nearly the entire State was covered with ice and water, a portion of the northwest corner and a part of Calhoun county being of such elevation that they were not covered. The Ozark Hills were the south- ern shore line, but when the Mississippi and Ohio rivers broke through these hills the State was drained and the waters receded to Lake Michigan. The drifts of that era, no doubt, came from the north, and carried with them the specimens of copper and the dark granite boulders found as far south as the hills, from the Lake Superior regions, where the mines of the former and the parent rocks of the latter are now found. The stratified formation of the soil in the southern part of the State indicates that the silts were deposited from water and not from ice, because deposits from the latter are hilly and irregular in outline. The last glacial period, when the great field of ice, over 250 miles wide, which brought with it the immense deluvian deposits that have made Illinois the rich agricultural State that it is at the present time, the map shows, came from a northeast direction, through Lake Michigan. The central part of that flow entered the State at or near where Chicago is now situated, and moved in a southwesterly direction across the State by what is now known as the valley of the Illinois river. A well defined line of deposits exists on each side, varying in depth from 100 to 200 feet, creating the water sheds before mentioned, sloping on either side towards the center and outside, and the whole decreas- ing in height as they approach the western side of the 52 State. These deposits are not in any regular outline like a range of hills or mountains, but dropped, as if it were by chance, where a great iceberg, loaded with a special freight, lodged and dissolved. Great nests of boulders, gravel beds, ridges and mounds of heavy, reddish clay, and deep beds of blue clay, all are found distributed without order of arrange- ment. In them are found the gray granite boulder specimens of rock gravel and the clays which are now found in their natural order on the northern shore of Lake Huron and on the shores of Hudson. Bay. The deposits on the southern line of the drift are near the same depth as on the north line, but much wider and more evenly distributed on the surface. The deposits on the north side are more irregular on the surface, with projecting points in a northwestern direction. If the reader who has not seen this map will examine the direction in which the numerous small streams flow, which have their source near the summit, on a flat map the lines of these elevations can be readily followed. It will be noticed that the northern ridge is thrown out from Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Lake Geneva, source of Fox river, being the highest plateau, with an elevation of 900 feet, whiqh is 300 feet above the water of Lake Michigan. The highest point of the ridge enters Illinois in the northwest corner of McHenry county, with an elevation of 1,000 feet. Woodstock is the highest county seat in the State, being 916 feet. Southward, in Kane county, Briar Hill is 973 feet. Further south, in the same county, Lilly Lake is 934. The line then bears westward into DeKalb county, where, on section 7, township 39, range 5, there is a point 940 .feet. Still further west, in the same county, there is 53 another point on section 19, township 38, range 3, which is 970 feet. Sycamore, the county-seat, being on the northwestern slope, is only 857 feet. Geneva, the county-seat of Kane county, on the southeastern slope is only 720 feet. From the last point named in DeKalb county there is a spur extending northwest into Ogle county, a dis- tance of twenty-five miles. Malta, on the line of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, is 925 feet high, and Holcomb, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- way, 836 feet. The main line of the ridge continues westward through the southern part of Lee county. Paw Paw, in the southeast corner of the county, is 930 feet. Further west, West Brooklyn i's 963 feet, and still further west Sublette, 934 feet. Continuing on in the same course, Ohio, in Bureau county, is 920 feet. From there the elevation descends towards the west- until at Sheffield, the summit of the Hennepin canal sur- vey, it is but 673 feet. The summit of the southern line of elevation enters the State from Indiana in Vermilion county, on the line of the Lake Erie and Western Railway. The station at Cheney ville is 721 feet. Hoopeston, further west, 714 feet; Rankin, same line, 715 feet. Paxton, county-seat of Ford county, is 790 feet. Mel- vin, on Illinois Central Railway, northwest from Paxton, is 808 feet. West, in McLean county, on section 4, township 23. range 6, the elevation is 913 feet, which is the highest point in the central part of the State. Arrowsmith 876 feet, and Bloomington 821 feet. From there the descent towards the southwest is gradual. Springfield is 602 feet. As heretofore mentioned, the de- posits were much greater in area and composed more of clays toward the south. The table lands of Vermilion, Champaign, Piatt and Macon counties were thus built up. 54 The southern line where the deposits cease is through Clark, Cumberland, Shelby and Christian counties. Another attractive feature of the State is the demon- strated fact that the territory covered by the deposits south and east of the Illinois river, comprise the great corn belt of the State, and south of that the fruit coun- try. The composition of the soil is lighter, warmer and so different in color as to be noticeable at sight. Northward the numerous streams, springs and lakes of pure water, the hills and valleys producing the best grains and grasses for the purpose, is the great dairy region of the State. The map points out other great changes that have taken place in the geography of the territory now oc- cupied by the State and by it the fact has first been dis- covered. Looking at the north end we see Rock river coming down from Wisconsin through a broad valley until it reaches a point, a few miles south of Rockford, where it has an elevation of 680 feet. The map shows that there was a time when it con- tinued in its southern course through the Kite Creek bottoms and Inlet Swamp and then southwest by what is now Green river. When the drift came as mentioned extending north- west into Ogle county a dam 156 feet high was built across the channel which caused the accumulated water to break through the hills in a southwest direction where it now flows through a narrow channel where the rocky bluffs are rugged and do not present the time- worn appearance of those north of Rockford. The dif- ference is strongly marked to the observer. On the west side of the State we find the evidence of another great change. When the Mississippi river passes the high rocky bluffs at Fulton, the bluffs on the Illinois side disappear and the flat country known as the Cattail' 55 Swamps and Meredosia Flats commences, which further south extends across to Rock river. When both streams are at high water these flats are submerged. The Mississippi at that point at low water has an elevation of 564 feet and the Illinois river southeast, at Hennepin, Putman County, at low water is only 441 feet. The evidence is very strong that the course of the Mississippi River formerly was in a southeast direction from above Rock Island, entering the Illinois river at or near Hennepiu, and what is now called the Illinois river valley was at a former period the course of the Missis- sippi river. Here again the drift at Sheffield, Bureau county, where there is a deposit mostly sand over 150 feet deep, created a dam higher than the rocks at Rock Island. That obstruction was more than sufficient to force the waters of the Mississippi to seek an outlet over the rocks at Rock Island. It had then to flow nearly in a western direction until it reached Muscatine, where it found its first opportunity to return to its southern course. It will be noticed that the survey of the proposed Hennepin Canal descends from Sheffield to Hennepin 232 feet, and from the same point to the Mississippi only 109 feet, and that a ditch cut through the summit at Sheffield 130 feet deep would bring the waters of both the Mississippi and Rock river into the Illinois river with a rapid current. The evidence mentioned in reference to the change in Rock river is again to be seen in the bluffs of the upper Mississippi and Illinois rivers when compared with those on the present course of the Mississippi from Rock Island to where it rounds the point of Calhoun county into its original channel. The map shows those outlines very plainly, and other points displayed by it will forever in part remain a 56 mystery which will draw upon the imagination of the human mind for an explanation. We see the facts as presented to us, and the concen- tration of human thought for ages is not likely to de- vise any other theory by which the changes could have been produced by the forces of nature. We find in these deposits spoken of small hills of gravel mixed with larger stones, worn smooth by fric- tion against each other in water, deposits of unmixed clays without any other like them for miles away. We find in different localities great nests of boulders on a small area rounded and flattened in varied forms, and no parent rocks like them within hundreds of miles. It seems impossible to even think of any other way of transporting them than by the theory of the present age. The reader may ask how the map shows the difference in time of those glacial periods. Because that portion of the State not covered by the second drift shows a much more uneven surface. The water courses large and small have wider and deeper valleys. The bluffs along them show long ex- posure to the wear of atmospheric influence on their form, while on the portion covered by the second the valleys of the stream are of less depth and narrow, and the bluffs more abrupt and broken in form, and do not show so long exposure to the wear of time. The difference between the appearance of the two on the map is so plain as to be noticed at a glance by one interested in that study. The map teaches many more object lessons to the student of geography of our State, and if one could be placed in every school of the State the value to the cause of education in that one study cannot be estim- ated. 57 According to the requirements of the joint resolution of the last General Assembly, the Relief Map and the data from which it was made were sent, after the close of the Exposition, to the Museum at Springfield, where it will continue to be an interesting study, as it was at the World's Fair. Wall Maps. In compliance with the law, the Commission directed the committee to have Rand, McNally & Co., of Chicago, prepare a series of large maps of the State, compiled and engraved expressly for exhibition at the Fair. First. A sectional map, the scale of which was fixed at four miles to the inch, one section of land thus being one-fourth of an inch square, a scale sufficiently large to locate a quarter section of land, the whole covering wall space 5%x9 feet. For the survey of the State the records of the United States land office were used, and for details of topog- raphy advance sheets of the "United States Geological Survey" were procured. For the location of post offices, cities, towns and vil- lages, the records and maps of the post office department at Washington were used. For the location of the Mississippi river the large scale maps of the Mississippi River Commission were used, and the Geodetic and "Coast Survey" maps were used for determining the shore of Lake Michigan. For locating the lines of railroads within the State, without an exception, the profile of each separate cor- poration was procured from the Chief Engineer's office of the company, all lines being correctly traced through each section of land. The above authentic information was put in the hands of the best draughtsmen that could be obtained, and the map thus made was an entirely new one. After the draw- 58 ing was completed it was engraved by the relief line en- graving process, and the sheets were printed from electro- type plates. Thesubsequentcoloringwasalldoneby hand. Second. Besides the foregoing, a geological map of the State was prepared, the records of the State Geologist supplying the necessary data, and the various forma- tions being carefully colored in accordance with recog- nized surveys. Third. A special map was also furnished, based upon reliable information, showing the general effects of glacial action throughout the State, as well as the char- acter of the soil. This map was prepared on separate sheets and colored by hand. Fourth. A map of special value from an educational point of view was designed to show, by red crosses, the location of each and every schoolhouse in the State supported by public funds 7,000 in all. Fifth. Finally a map was prepared showing the loca- tion of every public building in the State, the name of the institution being plainly written thereon. These maps were all of the same size and, being on so large a scale, made an attractive exhibit. They conveyed to the mind of the visitor a lasting impression of the superficial area of our State, its geological wealth, its glacial history, its educational progress and the distribution of its public buildings. Copies of each of these maps were, at the close of the Exposition, sent to Springfield. The foregoing comprises the work assigned to the committee, and this report is respectfully submitted. SAMUEL DYSART, E. C. PACE, W. D. STRYKER, B. F. WYMAN, E. E. CHESTER. Committee, REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATURAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. %fN accordance with the requirements of this Board, and W in pursuance of the act of the Illinois Legislature creating it, your committee on Natural History and Archaeology begs to submit the following report : Soon after the organization of the Board of World's Fair Commissioners assignments were made by order of said Board to the different interests to be considered, and among said assignments a committee, designated as the Committee on Natural History and Archaeology, was created, consisting of the following named members of said Commission: E. C. Pace, A. B. Hostetter, Wil- liam Stewart, B. Pullen and W. D. Stryker. The scope of their duties comprised, as the name indi- cates, everything on and under the surface of the earth produced by natural causes, also embracing some feat- ures of artificial production. Exigencies arising and interests worthy of attention being from time to time brought to the attention of the Commission, several of them were assigned to this committee, thus constituting probably the most extensive and varied department in the entire exhibit. Taking them in their regular order they stand as follows: First. The Laboratory of Natural History. Second. The Fish Exhibit. Third. The Forestry Exhibit. Fourth. Geology. Fifth. Archaeology. Sixth. Glacial Geology. Seventh. The Clay Exhibit. 59 60 The law constituting the Commission also directed the heads of the different departments of the State Govern- ment to render all assistance that might be required of them by the Commission, and also permitted the use of any material belonging to the State to be used for sup- plementing or completing exhibits in the different, or in certain departments. This was exceedingly favorable to your committee, as it provided not only a consider- able amount of material, but furnished competent per- sons to take charge of and prosecute the work to a successful completion, so that in the purely scientific departments we had the able services of the following well known scientists: Prof. S. A. Forbes, of the University of Illinois, in the Laboratory of Natural History. Piscatorial Exhibit, Col. S. P. Bartlett, of the State Fish Commission. And in the Department of Geology was Dr. Josua Lindahl, Curator of the Museum of Natural History, at Springfield, connected with whom were such distinguished scientists as Prof. J. A. Ddden, of Rock Island; Prof. Milton Whitney, of John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Prof. Frank Leverett, of the United States Geologi- cal Survey, and Prof. J. M. Nickles, of Sparta, Illinois, besides the office force at Springfield. The Department of Forestry, not having a depart- mental head as an appendage to the State government, was placed in the hands of Hon. Martin Conrad, of Chicago, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with the forestry of the State and fully alive to its interests. The Department of Archaeology was presided over by Prof. William McAdams, of Alton, Illinois, a man who has written as much and developed more in this line than probably any other person in the United States. He has spent a lifetime in this work, and the books he 61 has written and the collections he has made will live as monuments long after his sturdy form has crumbled to dust. The collection of glacial float, which is here referred to as Glacial Geology, was collected and exhibited by Mr. Ossiau Guthrie, of Chicago, and whatever of merit or in- terest it may have possessed, to him is due the entire credit. The Clay Exhibit was made under the direction of Mr. D. 0. Loy, of Ashkum, Illinois, a practical clay worker. It was made at a comparatively trifling expense to the State, and in point of beauty of design, quality of work, and variety, probably excelled anything of the kind in the entire Exposition. The entire department was thronged with visitors from the day it was opened, on May 1st, until its close, on the 30th day of October. Probably the most attractive feature of the exhibit was the piscatorial. Every foot of available space around the pool, or "the rustic bridge that spanned the babbling brook," was constantly crowded with people anxious to get a look at the finny inhabitants of the clear, spark- ling pools. This exhibit was no more entitled to atten- tion than others, but as a prominent scientist remarked, "live things catch the eye." Feeling that a short, hur- riedly written report from the different departments would not do justice to this exhibit, your committee has given considerable latitude to the Superintendents, so as to enable them to present reports worthy of the occasion. Particularly is this the case in the department of Archaeology. Nature has filled our forests with mag- nificent spires, and carpeted her lawns with her own made carpets. The lakes and rills have furnished an abode in which the fish may live and multiply even the depths of the earth have furnished evidences of its age and creation but the towering pyramids of earth and 62 the relics of war and agriculture, are the mute and only records left to tell the sad story of a wonderful, intelli- gent and numerous people. This department is, to a certain degree, allegorical, to some extent legendary, and largely speculative. The very mystery that surrounds it clothes it with an in- terest that transcends that which we are able to com- prehend. We reason, ordinarily, from cause to effect, but in this it is reversed, we reason from effect back to cause, and when we stand in the shadow of the mag- nificent temples and pyramids built by this unknown and extinct race of people, we may justly ask ourselves if they had not attained the same degree of intelligence and art as that attained by the ancient Egyptian when he laid the foundation of the pyramids that are now the wonder and admiration of the world. And now, Mr. President and gentlemen of the Commis- sion, we desire to submit this and the reports of the different departments of our exhibit, as the report of the Committee on Natural History and Archeology. All of which is respectfully submitted. E. C. PACE, A. B. HOSTETTER, WM. STEWART, B. PULLEN, J. D. STRYKER. I - o H GEOLOGICAL REPORT. BY PROF. J. LINDAHL. jSfTN compliance with a request from the Hon. Ed. C. fe Pace, chairman of your committee on science, I beg hereby to submit to you a brief report on the geological work done under the auspices of the said committee, together with more elaborate special reports from Mr. Frank Leverett, Prof. Milton Whitney and Prof. J. A. Udden. According to my original plan, as laid before the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, early in 1891, the geological exhibits from this State were to present mainly: 1. An economical series, showing the natural resources of the State, in soils, waters, coals, clays, building stones, metallic ores, and other mineral products utilized in the arts and industries; all of them, as far as prac- ticable, to be submitted to scientific tests, in order to ascertain their chemical and physical properties, and the results of such tests to be stated on the labels, as well as in an eventual catalogue. 2. A stratigraphical series, representing as nearly as possible the entire succession of strata in the earth's crust within the State, as exposed in natural outcrops or arti- ficial sections in railroad cuts, quarries, and mines; and, 3. A paleontological series, comprising a fairly complete collection of all the fossil species of animals and plants, known to occur within the State. This plan was subsequently so far modified by you that no expenses would be allowed for the purpose of collect- ing and testing the materials of the "economical series," 5 66 66 with the exception of the soils. As a necessary conse- quence, this division of the exhibition gave no approxi- mate conception of the natural resources of the State, a fact so much more to be regretted, as the State of Illinois produces nearly one-fourth of all the limestone quarried in the United States for building purposes, and also nearly one-fourth of all the coal mined in the United States, outside of Pennsylvania. The only systematic exhibit in the economical division was that of the agricultural soils. Much work of high scientific value had been accomplished within the previous years by the United States Geological Survey, in regard to the superficial deposits of Illinois. The work had been done under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin. as chief of the glacial division of the geological survey, mainly by Mr. Frank Leverett, assistant geologist. Prof. Chamberlin cheerfully consented to my request that Mr. Leverett be allowed to accept a temporary engage- ment in the service of the Illinois State Survey during a few months in 1892, for the purpose of preparing a map of the glacial deposits and agricultural soils in Illinois, together with an extensive collection of these materials, and that, in doing this, he be permitted to make free use of all the (thus far mostly unpublished) results of the previous work done by Prof. Chamberlin and assist- ants, as far as such work would have any bearing on the subject in view. Mr. Leverett was thus employed at your expense, and his map and collections of samples of soils, as displayed at the World's Fair, formed a most interesting and highly appreciated feature of the geological exhibits in the Illinois Building. He also prepared a report on his work, which you will find hereafter. A suitable selection of samples of these soils was sent to Prof. Milton Whitney, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., (now Chief of the Division of Agriculture, 67 Soils Division, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.). Prof. Whitney kindly consented to my application, that he would submit these samples to mechanical analysis, and prepare a report thereon for publication in an eventual descriptive catalogue of the exhibits. As, however, the analysis would consume more time than Prof. Whitney could devote to the work, he asked that a laboratory assistant be furnished him at your expense. Prof. J. A. Udden, who had just then completed the work entrusted to him, as will be men- tioned hereafter, agreed to act as such assistant, and he at once proceeded to Baltimore. Prof. Whitney's report will be found hereafter. Outside of the soil exhibit, which was thus accomplished at your expense, the division of economical geology was almost exclusively made up by voluntary contributions from owners of mines and quarries, brick kilns and terra cotta works, etc. Invitations to participate in the ex- hibition had been sent out to fully two thousand parties, including 918 coal mine owners, but extremely few re- sponded. Among exhibits in this division may be mentioned three that were of special interest, viz.: (1) the fluorspar from Eosiclare, Hardin county, the only mines of their kind on this continent ; (2) a large series of lithographic stones from Thebes, Alexander county, the only exhibit of its kind in the whole World's Fair, with the exception of one solitary slab in the Canadian department of the mining building; and (3) some pretty dishes of white and decorated faience, made of clay and silica, from Union county the only article of white table-ware ever made out of purely Illinois materials. As these materials were the only substances analyzed at your expense, I give the results of the analyses. 68 Ball Clay from Mrs. M. A. Kellner's clay pit, Mountain Glen, Union county, 111., (No. 3,011 111. State Mus. Cat.). Analysis by Knut Alinstrom: Silicic acid 51 .71% Titanic acid trace Alumina 32 - 75 Oxide of iron !- 93 Lime - 53 Magnesia Potash - 96 Soda 24 Water and organic matter 11.69 Total 100.00 Earthy Silica from the mine of the Chicago Floated Silica Co., Union county, 111. (No. 3,009 111. State Mus. Cat.). Analyzed by Harald Almstrom. Silicic acid 97 .82% Alumina and oxide of iron 1.08 Lime 0.50 Water and organic matter 0.42 Alkalies and loss.. 0.18 Total 100.00 . The very handsome dishes were manufactured under the direction of my esteemed friend, the Hon. Robert Almstrom, director of the Rorstrand Porcelain Works at Stockholm, Sweden, and I beg to use this opportunity of officially thanking him for his courtesy and painstak- ing labors, by which he has established as a fact the long-doubted possibility of making white earthenware from purely native Illinois materials. The Stratigraphical Division consisted mainly of four diagrams, representing sections across different portions of the State, and accompanied with four sets of samples of the strata out-cropping along the lines of these sec- tions. These sections were as follows: 69 1. The Mississippi River Section. This section was con- structed by using a profile of the bluffs from the north- western corner of the State clear down to Cairo, which profile was furnished by Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the Univer- sity of Illinois. The stratification was indicated mainly in accordance with the "Mississippi River Section," in Vol. I., Qeol. Surv. 111., with such local corrections as were possible from data furnished by Profs. J. A. Udden for Rock Island county, and J. M. Nickles for the south- ern counties. Rock specimens, to illustrate this section, were selected out of the collections in the State museum in Springfield. 2. The Rock Island, LaSalle, Indiana State Line Section. This was constructed by Prof. J. A. Udden, of Augus- tana College, Rock Island, who was employed to survey the line during the summer of 1892, at the same time collecting a complete set of samples from out-cropping strata, which samples were displayed at the Fair, along with the section. Prof. Udden has furnished a report on his work, which you will find hereafter. 3. A section along a line from East St. Louis, on the Mississippi, to Shawneetown, on the Ohio, passing through the greater part of the coal measure series; and, 4. A section along a line through Waterloo, Sparta, Murphy sboro and Olmstead, thus crossing the Ozark highland, with its conglomerate beds, and the tertiary deposits in the extreme south of the State. These two sections (3 and 4) were constructed by Prof. J. M. Nickles, of Sparta, from surveys made by him during the summer of 1892 and in the early spring of 1893. He also collected samples of all the strata exposed along the said lines. To the stratigraphical division belonged also two sets of diamond drill cores, arranged in vertical cases, with grooves for the retention of the core in proper order, and glass fronts. One of these sets contained all the 70 core that had been preserved from a boring at Braid- wood, Will county, to a depth ,of 900 feet; it occupied thirteen cases, five feet high, each with eight grooves. The other set contained one sample of core, one to four inches long, from each stratum penetrated in a boring at Harvel, Montgomery county, to the depth of 775 feet. Each set was accompanied with a diagramatic boring log. In this division may also be counted the large geolo- gical map which was placed on the south wall. It was based on the map issued in 1876 by the Geological Sur- vey of Illinois, as an appendix to volume VI. of the re- ports; corrections were made, as far as possible, from data in notes accumulated by myself in previous years, and by Profs. Udden, Nickles and Nicholson, in the course of their respective work in connection with the World's Fair preparations. The tract of the great up- heaval in Calhoun county had been surveyed in the summer of 1891, by Dr. N. O. Hoist, State Geologist, of Sweden, accompanied by Prof. Udden and myself. The color schedule adopted for this map, as well as for the above four sections, was in close accordance with the suggestions made by the director of the United States Geological Survey, Major J. W. Powell, in his tenth an- nual report. The Paleontological Division consisted of an extensive collection of fossils, selected from the Illinois State Museum and supplemented with specimens from the pri- vate collection of the former State Geologist, the late Prof. A. H. Worthen, which collection you had pur- chased for this purpose on my suggestion. That entire collection was afterwards, as I understand, donated by the State to the University of Illinois, at Champaign. Some other specimens had been borrowed from private parties, as, for instance, the large trunks of ulodendron, etc., which were the property of Mr. P. A. Armstrong, of Morris, III. 71 The specimens exhibited represented with fair com- pleteness all the species of fossils recorded as having been found within the boundaries of this State, together with some such species as, from their occurrence in ad- jacent States, may be expected to occur also in Illinois. The great scientific importance of this collection, as well as its value in exhibiting to the world what the State of Illinois had done in this branch of science, may be realized from the fact that it contained, among other things, more than 1,000 "types" of new species of fossils, which were first made known to the world by the descriptions and figures of those very specimens, published in the eight volumes of reports of the Geolo- gical Survey of Illinois. The collection was arranged systematically, according to zoological and botanical classification. In order to facilitate the study of the fauna or flora of any particu- lar geological age, there wa,s stuck on, in the center of each label, a small, circular tag, bearing the same color pattern as the corresponding geolological terrane on the map and sections above referred to, which was placed close to the paleontological show cases. Wherever it is impossible to display, in a geological museum, two par- allel series of fossils one arranged biologically, one stratigraphically I believe the above arrangment, in- cluding the advantages of both, to be far preferable to a single series arranged according to geological succes- sion in time. The abundant paleontological material at my disposal from the two collections, viz.: the State Museum and Prof. Worthen's private collection, was rather embarrass- ing, as neither of them had been more than partially classified, and that so long ago, that, considering the rapid progress of paleontological science in the last de- cades, a thorough revision was necessary. The specimens 72 were, therefore, first assorted and classified in a prelimi- nary way, and each class of fossils was subsequently submitted to critical examination by an eminent spec- ialist. The corals were thus revised by Dr. Carl Roinin- ger, of Ann Arbor, Michigan ; the crinoids by Mr. Charles Wachsmuth, of Burlington, Iowa; the brachipod by Prof. James Hall, the veteran State geologist of New York; the mollusks by Mr. E. 0. Ulrich, of Newport, Kentucky; the trilobites by Prof. J. M. Clarke, of the New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.; other crustacea3 by Prof. Charles E. Beecher, of Yale Museum, New Haven, Conn.; and all the coal measure plants by Mr. David White, of the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Valuable aid was also rendered, in several instances, by Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, and Dr. C. H. A. White, of the U. S. National Museum. Nearly all of the above gentlemen, besides carefully revising the old labels and determining numerous speci- mens hitherto undetermined, also presented brief reports on the collections examined by them, mainly discussing the geological and geographical distribution, within the State, of the several species or genera contained in the said collection. These reports were written, at my re- quest, for the purpose of being inserted in an eventual descriptive catalogue of the exhibits, and they were turned over to you for such purpose on the day of my resignation. It appears that, in the confusion unavoida- bly accompanying the closing days of the exhibition, all these papers were lost. The State rests under deep obligation to the above dis- tinguished paleontologists, who so cheerfully gave their time and knowledge to a work from which they derived no personal benefit, while it reflected great honor on the State, and will prove a permanent benefit to all who will fitudy these collections in the State Museum or at the State University. 73 During two years from July, 1891, to July, 1893, I was most ably assisted by Prof. Wm. F. Nicholson, who, on your authorization, was appointed my assistant in any or all of the work incumbent on me as curator of the State Museum, or as director of the geological work for the State for the Columbian Exposition. He filled his position with skill. Miss Fannie Fisher, who held the position of secretary at the State Museum until her resignation from that office in July, 1893, rendered excellent service as clerical as- sistant. The extreme delay in completing the installment of exhibits, and particularly in preparing new labels and substituting them for the old ones, was due mainly to the entire lack of adequate office accommodation for the geological department in the Illinois State Building. Yours respectfully, JOSUA LlNDAHL. ATJGUSTANA COLLEGE, KOCK ISLAND, ILL., May 9, 1894. GLACIAL AHD SOIL MAP OF IL BY FRANK LEVERE.TT t 4- UGLND ^Iv... MoRMMic BELTS .^- GRAVtLLY RlD&ES (IM OLDER DRIFT) - BORDER OF OLDER DRIFT ^+* OLDER DRIFT WITHOUT '*"' SILT CAPPIH6. PERVl'OUS SILT (SHWED FOR DEPTH) WHITE CUftY OR IMPERVIOUS SILT - SANDY DISTRICTS S GLA,C>d,L GROOVES GLACIAL AND SOIL MAP OF ILLINOIS. SOILS OF ILLINOIS. BY FRANK LEVERETT, ASSISTANT U. S. GEOLOGIST. Explanation of the Map. f'HE morainic belts mark margins of the ice-sheet at _ points where the onward flow and the wastage were nearly balanced for a considerable period of time. The drift in these belts is massed into ridges and knolls, while between them the surface is usually very level. The principal morainic ridges rise 50 to 75 feet, and occasion- ally 100 feet, above the bordering plains. Some moraines (especially those near Fox river in the northern portion of the State) are made up of a great many small knolls and ridges inclosing basins and small lakes. Other mo- raines (especially those in the central and eastern portion of the State) consist of a single great ridge, seldom less than a mile, and in some instances several miles, in breadth, whose surface is but gently undulating. In the older drift area there are very few knolls and ridges. Such as occur usually contain much gravel and sand, but. in some instances a stony clay constitutes the bulk of the ridge or knoll. A belt of these ridges and knolls follows the west side of the Kaskaskia river, and marks the division line between the white clay soils and the black soil of pervious silt. Why it does so is not as yet known, nor is the origin of these ridges clearly understood. They seem to be a joint product of the ice-sheet and its associated streams of water. The portion of the older drift in northern Illinois, which has no silt covering, is, in part, lower than the districts bordering it, which are covered with the silt. 77 78 The silt depositing waters seem to have been excluded from this district because the ice-sheet still covered it while these waters were at their highest stage. This ap- pears to be the newest portion of the older drift. The several classes of silts found on the surface of the older drift are so fully discussed in the text, that further explanation seems unnecessary/except perhaps the state- ment that, where heavily shaded, the silt is thicker than where lightly shaded. The sandy districts are characterized by ridges and knolls, drifted (in part, at least,) by the action of the wind. An attempt is made to represent this aggregation by unequal shading of the district thus covered. The glacial grooves indicate the direction of the ice movement. They are usually nearly at right angles with the trend of the adjoining morainic belt, or if on the older drift, they are directed towards the margin of the ice-sheet which deposited that drift. The old outlet of Lake Michigan, down the DesPlaines and Illinois, and the width of the channel, is represented in blank, as is also the portion of Cook county covered by the old lake. Natural gas has been obtained from the drift in suffi- cient amount for use, as fuel, in a few dwellings in several different localities in the State, the principal districts being in Bureau, LaSalle, Livingston and DeWitt coun- ties. Being from this source, they are necessarily of low pressure and small volume. The gas accumulates in sand beds between beds of clay, and is derived either from the vegetable material in buried soils in the drift, or from passage upward from the shales underlying the drift. Flowing wells are often obtained from the drift on the plains bordering the morainic ridges. The principal dis- trict is in Irpquois and Ford counties, where several hundred wells have been obtained without entering the rock. In this district, the water supply is apparently from the elevated ridges on the south, and not, as popu- larly supposed, from the Kankakee marsh on the north. For convenience of reference, we ha^e condensed into the form of a tabular statement the origin or mode ofi deposition, and the areal distribution of the several classes of soil. The accompanying map will aid in un- derstanding the distribution. Table of Soils of Illinois. YARIETY. ORIGIN OR MODE or DE- POSITION. ~V . AREAL DISTRIBUTIQN. i J?t &/ % .y Residuary. Decay of the underlying rocks. Driftless portion of the State where- ever the loess as well as the glacial drift is absent. Glacial clay. Glacial. Mainly in the northeastern quarter of the State, where' loess and silts are generally absent. The Shelby- ville moraine -forms the southern boundary, and chiefly the western boundary, but in northern Illinois glacial clays form the soil on the older drift area between the Shel- by ville m'oraine and the loess of the Mississippi Valley. Gravelly. Glacial over- wash. Streams, Lakes. With the glacial clay in the north- eastern part of the State, and along streams leading away from the Shelbyville and later moraines. This variety of soil include* gravel knolls and ridges, overwash gravel plains, terraces and raised beaches. 80 Table of Soils of Illinois Continued. ORIGIN OR VARIETY. MODE OF DE- AREAX DISTRIBUTION. POSITION. Mainly in basins along the Kanka- Glacial drain- kee, Green and lower Illinois rivers ; old lake bottom and raised Sandy. age. Streams, T .olrpa beaches near Chicago ; also on bot- tom lands, and fringing in many JLJuJxCO) ^H7i nHo places the low bluffs of streams, VV 1UU.O. and locally developed on areas of glacial formations. Along the Mississippi, lower Illinois, Silts pervious to water (chief- ly the typical loess). Mainly by slowly flow- ing waters ; perhaps, in part, wind. lower Wabash and lower Ohio rivers; also between the Illinois and the Mississipi from the Green river basin south to the latitude ofPeoria, and in the basin of the Big Bureau Creek, in Bureau county. Silts slowly pervious to water. Mainly by slowly flow- ing waters ; perhaps, in part, wind. Mainly in West Central Illinois, west of a line connecting Alton, Litchfleld, Pana, Decatur and Peoria ; also on the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley loess belt, in the northern part of the State. Silts nearly impervious to water. (Two kinds, name- ly white clays and gumbo.) Nearly still waters; per- haps wind in part. / White clays cover much of southern Illinois south of Shelbyville mo- raine, as far west as the Mississippi loess, east to the Wabash loess and south to the Ohio river loess. Gumbo is found on some bottom lands along the main rivers. Locally over the greater part of the State wherever drainage is imper- Vegetal ac- fect. Peat is rare south of the lati- Peaty and marly. cumulations, and shell de- tude of Springfield, but it abounds in the northeastern quarter of the posits. State, in bogs. Marl deposits are less extensive than peat, but are fully as widespread. 81 1. Sources of Soil Material. The principal sources from which the soils of the State are derived are the glacial drift and the loess, with its associated silts of glacial age. The underlying rocks are indirectly a source of much material since their de- composed surface portions were incorporated in the drift, but they constitute a minor source, so far as direct contribution is concerned. Lakes and streams at- tending the melting of the ice sheet have contributed material in considerable amount, and it is thought that the wind, also, has been influential in distributing fine material over portions of the surface of the State. The present streams are also a source for soils in the districts over which they spread in their flood stages.' We may, perhaps, better appreciate the sources of the soils and the cause for their variation by a brief review of the recent geological events. It is now well known, by the presence of glacial striae and a deposit of glacial drift, that at one time a sheet of ice covered the entire State, excepting a few counties in the southern end ; portions of Jo Daviess, Carroll and Stephenson counties, in the northwest corner, and a nar- row belt in Calhoun and Pike counties, in the western portion of the State. (See Glacial and Soil Map.) When the ice sheet withdrew (because of the excess of wastage over onward flow), the stony clays and other material which it had deposited became weathered at surface into soil. Organic matter was added by life which flourished upon this soil, and in flat tracts it became blackened by humus to an average depth of several inches. After a long period, apparently several thousand years, this soil became extensively covered by silt deposits, known as the loess and white clay, yet it may still be seen be- neath these deposits, its dark color being in striking contrast with the light-colored silt. These silts now form -6 82 the surface over much of western and southern Illinois. A few counties in the northern part of the State are par- tially covered by them. To what extent the central and northeastern portions of the State became silt- covered is unknown, since, as shown below, these portions of the State were subsequently covered by a thick sheet of glacial drift. The loess and associated silts also cover nearly the whole of the unglaciated portion of southern Illinois; the unglaciated districts bordering the Missis- sippi in northwestern Illinois, and the entire unglaciated district in Pike and Calhoun counties in western Illinois. Since the silt deposits are usualty so thick that the soils are derived from them, and not from the underlying rocks, the portion of the State where the soil is derived directly from the undertying rocks is of much less extent than the uuglaciated districts. It embraces only portions of the elevated ridge traversing Union, Johnson and Pope counties, in southern Illinois, and portions of Jo Daviess, Stephenson and Carroll counties, in northwest- ern Illinois (to which should, of course, be added hillside exposures or other points within the glaciated district, where rock comes to the surface.) It is generally thought that the deposits of loess and silt were made by water, though some geologists are inclined to attribute their wide distribution over the up- lands, between streams, to the supplementary agency of wind. That water had a great share in the deposi- tion seems probable, from the fact that the deposits are much thicker along the principal waterways, such as the Wabash, Illinois and Mississippi, than they are in the districts remote from the streams. There is also a change from a porous to a very compact, nearly impervious, material in passing away from the streams, such as would be expected on the aqueous theory, the finer material having been removed along the current and retained in 83 the slack water of the border districts. The analyses of Illinois soils, made by Prof. J. A. Udden, under the direction of Prof. Milton Whitney, show that the loess, or pervious silt, contains no coarser particles than are found in the impervious silt, but that it is less heavily charged with very fine particles. It can scarcely be doubted that the removal of the fine particles is due to a current which followed the present main waterways. We would remark here that these analyses bring out the further important fact that the physical condition of porosity is a very important factor in determining fertility. Prof. Whitney has found this a principle of wide applica- tion in districts which vary greatly in the chemical or mineralogical constitution of the soils. The loess deposits along the Illinois and Mississippi rivers show considerable variation in thickness, the range being from about 20 feet up to fully 100 feet. On the Wabash they are somewhat thinner, being usually but 15 to 20 feet, and in some places much less. Within five or ten miles back from the stream the thickness of the loess decreases as a rule to but 8 or 10 feet, and seldom is greater than 15 feet. In southern Illinois, where this deposit is called a white clay, its thickness is only from 3 to 6 feet. Subsequent to the deposition of the loess and associated silts the ice sheet again invaded Illinois, but fell short by over 100 miles of reaching as far south as in the earlier invasion. The limit of this later invasion is marked by the Shelbyville moraine, shown on the soil map. The amount of drift deposited is much greater than that during the first invasion, the thickness at the border of the later drift area being 100 to 150 feet or more, while in the earlier drift it seldom exceeds 40 feet, and is usually but 15 to 20 feet. The rise to this later drift sheet, in passing north or east from the earlier drift area, is well shown on the topographic map of the State, prepared by Prof. Rolfe. 84 Along some of the valleys which lead away from this newer drift district there are terraces of coarse gravel and cobble which bear clear evidence that they were formed by streams whose sources were in the ice-sheet. These deposits were apparently made in the bed of the glacial stream. At higher levels along the bluffs of these valleys sandy deposits occur, which are thought to mark the flood plain. In some instances the sand ap- pears to have been drifted by wind to higher altitudes than were reached by the water. Such sandy deposits are to be seen along the valleys of the following rivers: Kishwaukee, Green, Illinois, Sangamon, and Embarras. In its retreat this later ice-sheet had periods of halt- ing (because of a balance between wastage and onflow). These were in several instances sufficiently long to build up prominent ridges of drift (moraines). Because of this method of formation, one passes into newer and newer country in crossing these ridges from southwest to northeast, the newest glacial ridge in the State being along the shore of Lake Michigan, north of Chicago. It should, perhaps, be stated that the ice-sheet apparently made some important readvances after beginning a general retreat, for its morainic ridges are far from concentric, and indicate that shiftings in the movement and great differences in the outline of the ice-sheet had occurred. During this retreat, and for a period after the ice had retreated sufficiently for the development of drainage systems to begin, considerable portions of the newer- drift area were apparently occupied by water, either as lakes or as sluggish streams. Deposits bear- ing evidence of the presence of water are found in the Kankakee basin, where a belt of sand several miles in width occurs along the entire length of the river. There are also notable accumulations of sand along the Illinois- 83 Vermilion, extending back several miles from the bluffs of the stream. Much of this newer drift is covered by a thin sheet of loess-like, pebbleless, silty material. It is not nearly so think nor so continuous a deposit as that covering the earlier drift. Where it is thickest, and most closely re- sembles the loess (in Bureau creek drainage area, north of the bend of the Illinois), it attains a depth of about eight feet. It is also notably present in central Illinois, from Peoria southeastward to Bloomington, covering not only plain tracts, but also some of the highest ridges in that portion of the State (those near Bloomington). It has here a thickness of but three to five feet, and is less pervious to water than typical loess. Along the outer portion of the newer drift in central and eastern Illinois, and low-lying districts in northeastern Illinois, there is not enough of this silt to conceal surface boul- ders, while over large districts the pebbly clays of the glacial drift are at the surface, and constitute the soil. This silt is probably, in part, a water deposit, but in certain cases its presence seems difficult of explanation on the theory of submergence, either general or local, and it may be necessary to call in the supplementary agency of wind in explaining its distribution. After the ice sheet had withdrawn from Illinois the outlet of Lake Michigan, for a long time, was south- westward, across the site of Chicago to the Desplaiues river. The lake then, for a time, stood about 55 feet above its present level, and formed a well defined beach at this stage. It covered not only the present site of Chicago, but extended west, slightly beyond the Desplaines river, to Maywood and LaGrange, and south, beyond the Calumet, to Conley's and Homewood, Illinois, and Dyer, Indiana. Blue Island Ridge stood above the sur- face of the lake, and so did an elevated tract southeast 86 of Willow Springs. (See Soil Map). As the lake subsided from this high level to the present, it halted sufficiently long to form well defined beaches at two levels one beach being about 35 feet, and another 15 to 20 feet, above the present level. The low gravel ridges west and north from the Exposition grounds, were formed at the stage when the lake stood about 15 feet above the present level. They do not mark the extreme west shore of the lake, but were formed as bars some distance out from the shore, the west shore at that time being in the western part of Chicago. These bars, however, prevented wave action in the district west of them, and no beach depos- its of consequence occur back of them. While this district was occupied by the expanded lake, soils were forming in the remainder of the State. This district from which the lake has recently withdrawn is, therefore, the young- est part of the State. According to estimates made by Dr. Edmund Andrews, based upon the present rate of transportation of sand past the Chicago piers, Lake Michigan has occupied its present level for less than 6,000 years. This estimate accords well with estimates on re- cession of falls in post-glacial time, made by Prof. N. H. Winchell and Mr. G. K. Gilbert. II. Glasses of Soil. It will be readily understood by anyone that in any given region there may be deviations of more or less consequence from the prevailing type of soil deviations which may affect, to some extent, the value of the soil. Often an exceptionally good farm lies in the midst of an otherwise inferior agricultural district, or a poor farm may lie in a district where the land is of superior quality. Such deviations, even where known, cannot be represented upon a map of the scale here used, nor given individual atten- tion. Only general classification can be made, and 87 approximate boundaries indicated. It is left to those interested in any particular district, to note the excep- tions and fill out the outline. The classification of soils which seems to best serve our purpose is based mainly upon physical characteristics. The following classes are represented: (1). Kesiduary soils, or soils formed from the underlying rock. (2). Stony or glacial clays. (3). Gravelly soils. (4). Sandy soils. (5). Loess or silt rapidly pervious to water. (6). Silts slowly pervious to water. (7). Fine silts nearly impervious to water. (8). Peaty or organic material. (1). Residuary Soils. These soils show variations which correspond in a rude way with variations in the structure of the rocks, from which they are derived, there being in regions underlain by shale or limestone a more compact and adhesive soil than in sandstone regions, while each class of limestone has its own peculiar soil, and soils derived from shales range from stiff clay to a very sandy material. A complete analysis of the nature of the differences displayed by the several classes of residuary soils has not been made. With proper rota- tion of crops these soils constitute a fertile portion of the State, otherwise they become exhausted sooner than soils formed from glacial drift. (2). Stony or Glacial Clay. Under this class is included the weathered surface of the drift-sheet wherever it was unaffected by water action during deposition, or was not subsequently coated by silt, sand, or other material. It includes the greater part of the surface of the newer drift- sheet between the Shelbyville moraine and Lake Michi- gan, and much of the earlier drift-sheet in the districts north of the sandy belts of the Green and Rock river valleys. The soils are very productive, being composed of a varied rock material, a large percentage of which is in a fine state of division. Where the surface of the 88 country is rolling all classes of grains and fruits suited to the 'latitude will flourish. On flat districts corn and grass are exceptionally productive. (3). Gravelly Soils. Gravelly soils are varied in their method of deposition, occurring in lake beaches and along streams, in drift knolls and ridges, and beneath plains not now occupied by streams. In the last-named situation the plains are so related to the drift ridges as to show that they were occupied by glacial waters. The beaches have generally a poor soil, but the gravel terraces along streams, especially those of glacial age, have as a rule a capping of loam several feet thick, which renders them productive. The same is often true of gravelly knolls and ridges. On the whole, the soils underlain by gravel possess more fertility than do the sandy soils. This superiority is, however, due to the capping of loam which constitutes the soil, or, as in the drift knolls and ridges, to an admixture of clay or earthy material with the surface portion of the gravel. The coarse fragments in the gravel can furnish but little sustenance to crops, although, by weathering, the stones may yield rich material to the soils and furnish a greater variety of plant food than could be obtained from a siliceous sand. (4). Sandy Soils. The sandy soils, though much alike in structure, are varied in their methods of deposit. They occur in the beaches along the borders of Lake Michigan, in the valley bottoms of the main streams, on the bluffs and along the borders of the streams which lead away from the newer drift district, in basins within the newer drift district (as the Kankakee and Illinois- Vermil- ion), and to a limited extent in the drift ridges (moraine). There is also an extensive development of sand in north- western Illinois, in the Green river basin and the border- ing districts, as far north as northern Whiteside county. 89 Where the sand is of medium to coarse grade it is usually rather barren, but where fine, as in the eastern portion of the sandy belt bordering the Illinois in Tazewell and Mason counties, it is very productive. Within the districts noted upon the map as sand-covered, there are more or less ex- tensive tracts of wet, mucky land. This, where artificially drained, has often proved very productive. There are districts where the loess assumes a sandy phase, but in these places the sand is very fine, so fine that individual grains can scarcely be recognized, and the fertility is about as great as in the typical loess. (5). Loess or silts readily pervious to water. This class of silt is confined mainly to the borders of the principal streams of the older drift district, though there is a somewhat extensive development within the newer drift area in the Bureau creek basin, as noted above. In southern Illinois the loess graduates into white clay in receding a few miles from the Mississippi, Ohio and Wa- bash rivers; in western Illinois into the slowly pervious silt described below, and in the extreme north it thins out, and the residuary clays come to the surface. The loess is so well known as scarcely to need descrip- tion. In this State it is occasionally fossiliferous and calcareous, but as a rule, fossils are rare, and lime is a subordinate element. The chief material is silica in a fine state of division, but with the silica are rock fragments of various kinds, especially of crystalline rocks. The loess is so porous that roots penetrate readily to a great depth (2530 feet or more). It yields fair crops of all kinds, but is especially valuable for fruits, both orchard and small fruits. The physical condition of porosity seems to be the chief cause for the superiority of the loess and the other pervious silts, over the white clays and finer silts. Nothing has been found to indicate that the former contain a better supply of plant food than the 90 latter, while the fertility of the latter is made certain by the rich growth of such crops as will flourish in a com- pact soil. (6).. Silts slowly pervious to water. This class of silts embraces the rich black soil district of the western por- tion of the State. The southern boundary lies near a line connecting Alton, Litchfield and Pana. The eastern boundary of the main district may be placed at the bor- der of the newer drift. The northern boundary is near the south border of the Green river basin, while the west- ern boundary is found in the loess that borders the Mississippi. Through this district there passes the belt of typical loess which borders the Illinois, a belt only a few miles in width. Aside from this main district, there is considerable silt of this class between the Rock and Mis- sissippi livers, in northern Illinois, capping the earlier drift sheet. On the newer drift, as stated above, silts slowly per- vious to water cover large districts in central and eastern Illinois to a depth of several feet. In northeastern Illi- nois, such a silt capping is not a- common feature. Wherever silts of this class occur the vegetation is usually prairie grass, and there is a blackening of the soil by humus to a depth of several inches, often two feet or more. This class of silts gives rise to a highly productive soil One which will yield fair returns even under most careless methods of farming. Corn and grass are the staple products, but other crops have a fair yield. (7). Fine silts, nearly impervious to water. These silts are of two classes, white clay and gumbo. The first class covers the uplands of much of southern Illinois. The second is common in portions of modern river val- leys, remote from the current and subject to overflow a periods of extreme high water, and has great extent along the Illinois and Mississippi river bottoms. A less 91 compact silt, found in river bottoms, is known as potato land. The white clay is a pale colored deposit scarcely at all blackened by humus. It covers the greater part of the State south from a line running eastward from Litch- field, Illinois, to the Wabash valley, near Terre Haute, Indiana. It is so compact that much of the water stands on the surface until removed by evaporation, while in seasons of drouth scarcely enough water rises from below to supply the loss from evaporation. In the southeastern portion of the State there is, however, a looser soil less easily influenced either by excess or de- ficiency of rain. In that part of the State the surface is hilly and the drift so thin that the rock, in many places, comes sufficiently near the surface to have be- come uncovered by erosion and deeply weathered in post-glacial time. There are extensive districts with very flat surface where the white clay soil is underlain at a depth of a few inches, with a ferruginous crust or ochery clay, which is exceedingly refractory, giving very slow access to air or water. In the greater part of the region, how- ever, this crust is either absent or is so low down that it does not seriously affect the soil. With the exception of corn, which is liable to be injured by autumn drouths, the leading crops of the State do fairly well. Wheat yields as well as anywhere in the State, while orchards and small fruits bring very profitable returns. The soil needs careful attention, but there is every indication that where properly cared for it will become as profit- able for agriculture as the soils which now enjoy a bet- ter reputation. The surface of this white clay district is nearty equally divided between forest and prairie. The former borders the streams and the latter occupies the divides. Here, 92 as well as elsewhere in the State, the causes for the re- striction of the forest are not fully understood. (8). Peaty and Organic Soils. Such soils occur in basins or in poorly drained tracts, where rank vegeta- tion becomes submerged at certain seasons and is thus prevented from atmospheric decay. This class of soils is much more abundant in the northern one-third of the State than further south. Peat bogs occur, however, south of the center of the State. Many bogs are underlain by shell marl as well as by peat. The marl is seldom sufficiently pure or abundant to be used in the manufacture of lime. In many instances the bogs, when drained and the peat given time to ripen and become warm, yield large crops of potatoes and other garden truck. Wheat or other crops requiring mineral food in the ripening of their grains, can scarcely be expected to grow on such soil until it becomes charged with earthy material by natural or by artificial processes. REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION OF SOME SOILS FROM ILLINOIS. BY MILTON WHITNEY. fOILS are derived from the disintegration oi rocks. They consist of minute fragments of the rocks or of the minerals which compose the rock, or of some other minerals which have been formed by the chemi- cal changes constantly going on in the soil. These small particles of mineral matters, although they seem to be very compact and continuous in the soil, have minute spaces between them, into which the water can enter. Soils contain, as a rule, about fifty per cent, by volume, of empty space, that is, a cubic foot of soil will contain about half a cubic foot of space, and will absorb about half a cubic foot of water. Coarse grained sandy soils usually have the smallest amount of empty space and fine grained, heavy clay soils, which really weigh less per cubic foot, have considerably more empty space, and will hold more water. The smaller these spaces are and the more uniform they are in size, the slower will water move through them, but the soil will have greater power for holding water and for drawing water up from below. This is the case in strong clay soils. There is a larger amount of space for water to be held in, and the mineral fragments composing the soil are extremely small, so that there are a large number of them in a cubic foot of soil, and the spaces between them are very small, making the soil very retentive of moisture, be- cause the rainfall can only pass down through it very slowly and it can be drawn up again to the plants with considerable force. It should be noticed here, also, for 93 94 this is probably very important in the consideration of these fertile western lands, that the presence of large amounts of organic matter will have the same effect in making the soil retentive of moisture as a large percent- age of clay, but if, through constant cultivation the organic matter is oxidized and used up, the lands will become more and more sandy in texture and less pro- ductive. Therefore, a heavy clay soil is stronger, more certain and more lasting than a virgin soil, depending for its retentive powers and its fertility upon the ac- cumulation of organic matter. These mineral matters composing the soil contain cer- tain chemical elements required by plants, such, for ex- ample, as potash, phosphoric acid, lime, silica, alumina, etc. All soils, even very barren ones, contain at least a ton of each of these elements in one acre, to a depth of one foot, and they usually contain from two to twenty tons of each of these plant foods. With this vast quan- tity of food material the barrenness of soils cannot be due to the lack of plant food, and the deterioration of lands cannot be due to the loss of plant food, for it would be impossible for crops to remove so much plant food as this in the few years ib takes for a soil to be- come worn out under improper methods of cultivation. The prevailing ideas of plant nutrition have been based mainly upon the chemical composition of soils. When it was found that the chemical composition of a soil and plant did not show what was lacking in the soil for a large crop, it was held that only a small part of the plant food in the soil is at any one time in a form of combination which is available to plants; that the available plant food never accumulates as such in the soil, but quickly reverts to more insoluble forms, which are unavailable to plants. According to this idea the exhaustion of soils by continued cropping is due to the 95 actual loss of available plant food, removed by the crop or converted into an unavailable form by chemical changes in the soil. The chief use of fertilizers is to sup- ply the plant with food which the soil fails to furnish. The reason certain plants do better on certain kinds of soil is assumed to be due to the fact that plants vary greatly in their powers of gathering their food from the soil and air, and that thus a rye plant would do well on a soil too poor to give a good yield of wheat. Our investigations on the Maryland soil seem to show, however, that the texture and the physical conditions of the soils are of more importance Than the chemical composition. It appears that under favorable condi- tions of moisture and temperature plants can readily gather sufficient food material from nearly all soils, but if these conditions of moisture and heat are changed the development of the plant will be greatly changed and it will take up more or less food from the soil. Soils differ greatly in their texture, that is, in the amount of sand and clay which they contain, and, as we have seen, this controls very largely the supply of moisture which they can maintain for the crop, with a given amount of rain- fall. If there are four inches of rainfall a month a coarse sandy soil will allow most of this to run through very quickly, so that there may not be more than 5 or 6 per cent of water held in the soil for the crop, or say about 100 tons of water per acre one foot deep, and when this water is used up the soil has comparatively very little power to draw up more water from below for the use of the crops. With a compact clay soil, on the other hand,- 1he water passes downward very slowly, and the soil will maintain about 18 or 20 per cent of its weight of water for the crop, or about 400 or 500 tons of water per acre one foot deep. In a dry season, also, the clay soil has more power of drawing up water from below and maintaining this supply. If a florist should 96 give a plant four times as much water as he gives another plant of the same kind, the two plants would develop very differently, and he uses this constantly to produce any kind of development he desires. If it is de- sired to have the plants flower or fruit, the soil is kept rather dry and cool. It' it is desired to produce large, leafy plants, the soil is kept much wetter and warmer. To have equal success with different kinds of plants the amount of water must be carefully regulated according to the needs of the plants. Some plants require a much more abundant supply of water than others. This con- trol of moisture and temperature is far more important than the mere chemical composition of the soil. The texture of our various soils being different, they are enabled to maintain a variety of conditions of moisture, and they partake somewhat of these artificial conditions in a green-house, the conditions in each of the soils being best suited to the needs of certain classes of plants. The amount of moisture which a soil can maintain for a crop, under given climatic conditions, will depend mainly, (1) upon the amount of space in the soil in which water can enter; (2) upon the extent of subdi- vision of -this space, that is, upon the number of grains of sand and clay there are in a given volume of soil; (3) upon the arrangement of these grains, for, as al- read3 r remarked, if the grains are symmetrically ar- ranged, so that the spaces shall all be of uniform size, water will move through the soil much slower than if the spaces are of very unequal sizes; (4) upon the amount and condition of the organic matter in the soil. The grains of clay are so exceedingly small that their number vastly exceeds the number of the grains of sand and silt, so that the percentage of clay practically determines the extent of subdivision of the space, and it is thus the most important ingredient of the soil. 97 The mechanical analysis of soils consists of separating out the different grains of sand, silt and clay. Of these the most important is clay, for reasons just given. Be- fore giving the mechanical analysis of the Illinois samples it will be interesting to say a few words as to the origin of these soils, for this has some bearing upon the texture. There is only a small area of the old crystalline rocks in this country. Most of these old crystalline rocks have been disintegrated by the various forces concerned in the decay of rocks, and the material resulting from the disintegration of the rocks has been carried off by water, wind and moving ice, and deposited elsewhere as "sedimentary" material. The Illinois soils are of this sedimentary nature. The older crystalline rocks have long ago been worn away, and have been covered with this sedimentary material. When the original crystal- line rock disintegrates grains of all different sizes may be produced, from coarse gravel to the finest grades of silt and clay. If this material is carried off by water and deposited near by there is likely to be a variety of soils formed, having very different textures. Some will have more of the coarser fragments, and others will have more of the finer material, according to the dis- tance they will have to be carried and the circum- stances under which they are deposited. When the material has to be carried further the deposits are more likely to be of uniform size. In Maryland we have a broad area of these old crys- talline rocks, in what is called the Piedmont Plateau, with mountains on one side, made up of sedimentary material, and still more recent sedimentary deposits of the coastal plain on the other side, which has not yet been consolidated into rock. All of these sediments had been laid down within a comparatively short distance of the old crystalline rock from which the material came. We have representatives of all the geological formations, 98 from the old crystaline rocks down to the most recent quarternary deposits. As these have been laid down near the source of supply from which the material was de- rived, and have not since been modified by glacial action, it happens we have a great variety of soil forma- tions, and it is both interesting and instructive to see how the texture of these soils determines the kind of crop which it is best suited to grow. The mechanical analysis of representative samples from a number of these soil formations is given in the accompanying table, with the crops best adapted to them, for a basis of comparison with the Illinois soils. Mechanical Analysis of Maryland Soils. Diameter. mm. Conventional Names. 472. Earlv Truck. 467. Truck & fruit. 258. Tobac- co. 180. Wheat. 480. Grass. 173. Lime- stone. 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-.01 .01-.005 .005 .0001 Total rait Organic loss Fine gravel.. Coarse sand. . Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt 0.49 4.96 40.19 27.59 12.10 7.74 2.23 4.40 0.76 8.55 35.04 19.26 8.42 11.38 4.13 10.59 1.53 5.67 13.25 8.39 14.95 28.86 7.84 14.55 0.00 0.00 0.48 3.06 50.32 14.19 6.78 20.28 0.00 0.38 1.07 0.78 3.41 43.08 13.81 30.21 0.54 0.32 0.72 0.62 4.03 36.02 14.99 41.24 Fine silt Clay . . icral matter., matter, water 99.70 0.30 98.13 1.87 95.04 4.96 95.11 4.89 92.80 7.20 98.48 1.52 No. Orop. Geological formation. Clay. Per cent Surface area sq. cm. Approximate number of grains per gram. 472 467 258 180 4su 173 Early truck Columbia Columbia Chesapeake.. . Chesapeake... Cabbro 4.40 10.59 14.55 20.28 30.21 41.24 615 1,244 1,902 2,380 3,479 4,575 1,950,000,000 4,767,000,000 6,786,000,000 9,357,000,000 14,457,000,000 19,638,000,000 Truck and fruit. Export tobacco. . Wheat Grass Strong grass and wheat Trenton lime- stone 99 It must be remembered that these are very old soils, that is, they have been under cultivation for probably 200 years, and that the original store of organic mat- ter has been used up long ago. We find that the first two samples are so light and sandy that they will not produce, even under the best system of cultivation, over five bushels of wheat per acre, so that practically wheat cannot be produced on them economically. These used to be considered very poor and barren soils and were almost worthless for agricultural soils, but since the in- troduction of truck farming these soils are the most productive in the State for early vegetables, as crops mature on them much earlier than on any other soil. Fifteen years ago these lands were worth not over $4.00 or $5.00 per acre, but now they are worth from $50 to $200 per acre, depending upon the location and the transportation facilities. The third sample (258) represents the finest type of tobacco land, producing a a mild, bright colored pipe tobacco, which has been cele- brated since the earliest colonial days. If the tobacco is grown on either of the other soils just mentioned, it has a finer texture and a brighter color, but it has not suffi- cient body. If, on the other hand, tobacco is grown on any of the heavier soils, the plants are large, coarse and sappy, they have too much body and do not take on color. The fourth sample (180) with about 20 per cent of clay, represents about the lightest textured land on which wheat can be economically produced with us. The remaining two samples are still heavier in texture and are well suited to both grass and wheat. The grains of sand and clay in these soils seem to have about the same arrangement, for the fertility of the lands is meas- ured by the percentage of clay which they contain. The mechanical analyses of the Illinois soils are given in the accompanying table, arranged in the order of Mr. 100 Leverett's classification of the geological formations from which they are derived. The texture of the boulder clay lands, as shown by the mechanical analysis, corres- ponds very closely with the wheat and grass lands of Maryland, although none of the samples are as rich in clay as the limestone soils of that State. There is this to be considered, however, that there is a larger amount of volatile matter in the Illinois soils, showing that they probably contain twice as much organic matter as the Maryland soils. This would tend to make them more productive than soils otherwise similar in texture. The terrace formations, with the exception of the rich bot- tom lands (1340), are almost identical in texture with the early truck and fruit lands of Maryland. They appear to be too light in texture for profitable wheat produc- tion, as they have not enough body to maintain a sufficient water supply for the crop. There is this con- sideration, however, in regard to the samples, if the lands lie low, so that it is but a short distance from the surface down to the water level, the land may be able to maintain a sufficient water supply, and they may thus be very fertile wheat lands. Or, if there is a hardpan or a layer of compact and impervious clay underlying the lands to prevent the rain water from passing down too readily, they may then become suffi- ciently retentive of moisture to make good wheat lands. There might also be sufficient organic matter in these lands to make up for the low percentage of clay, but this is not apparent from the analyses, and, if it were so, the lands would gradually deteriorate as the organic matter was oxidized and used up by continued cultiva- tion. It is likewise possible that the grains of sand and clay are so arranged as to make these soils more retentive of moisture than the Maryland soils having a similar texture. In this case, also, they might be suffi- ciently retentive of moisture to make fertile wheat lands. 101 This arrangement of the grains could only be determined by experiments in the field, but it does not seem prob- able from our laboratory experiments that the arrange- ' ment of the grains differ materially from the arrangement in the Maryland soil. If there is no hardpan or imper- vious clay underlying these lands, and there is no more organic matter than appears from these analyses, and the grains of sand and clay are arranged in about the same way as with the Maryland soils, these lands should make very fine truck lands, as they would force the vege- tables to an early maturity, which could command a high market price. The question of the ease and cost of trans- portation would, of course, have to be considered. The above remarks apply also to the samples of the river loess. They are lighter in texture than our best wheat lands, although they have rather more organic matter to balance the low percentage of clay. They are more like our fruit and tobacco lands, although the higher percentage of volatile matters indicates that they are rather more retentive of moisture. To determine this would require some special investigations in the field- Of the upland loess there are two types, those which are pervious to water and which are valuable agricultural lands; those which are compact and almost impervious to water, locally known as white clays, which are so very retentive of moisture as to be always wet, are of less agricultural value. The mechanical analysis shows that these two types of land are almost identical in texture, and that the white clays (1,321, 1,842, 1,343, and 1,34:5) have no more clay than the other samples of upland loess, which are considered very fertile lands. The wetness of these white clay lands, therefore, is not due to the fact that they contain more clay, but it must be ascribed to some other cause. They contain no more organic matter, so that it cannot be due to an excessive amount of this material. It must be due, therefore, to 102 one of two causes; either that there is a hardpan or a layer of impervious clay underlying these lands which retards the descent of the water and prevents the excess of rainfall being carried down, or it may be due to a difference in the arrangement in the grains. Our labora- tory experiments do not seem to indicate that there is any material difference in the arrangement of the grains in these two classes of soils, but this can only be de- termined with certainty by investigation of the soils in their natural position in the field. If the pervious char- acter of the white clays is due to a difference in the arrangement of the grains, the lands ought to be under- drained, so that the excess of water may be artificially removed, or the trouble may be greatly alleviated by liming the land, which will tend to make it more loamy and less retentive of moisture. The effect of kainit and of some of the phosphates would probably have a similar effect on the land if applied regularly for a number of years. If the soils are impervious because of a hardpan or a layer of impervious clay three or four feet below the surface, then fertilizers will do very little to correct the evil, unless the lands are systematically underdrained. Of the three miscellaneous or unclassified samples, 1,306 was sent on as representing a sandy type of loess. The mechanical analysis, however, shows that this has no more sand than the other samples of loess, and that it contains, indeed, rather more clay than the average. If this really appears as a sandy type of loess it must undoubtedly be due to the arrangement of the grains of sand and clay in the soil, and this can readily be corrected by the use of fertilizers and manures. Sample 1,325 appears, from the mechanical analysis and a con- sideration of the locality from which it was derived, to be a true loess. Sample 1,339 is undoubtedly a modified drift, if not a lacustrine deposit. 103 The samples represented in this series cannot be con- sidered soils and subsoils in an agricultural sense, but so far as they be classed as such and as far as the data goes, it appears that the subsoils of the glacial drift contain more clay than the corresponding soils. Thus, we have in three samples of soils, 24.31 and 21.70 and 23.37 per cent of clay, respectively, while the one sample of subsoil, said to be very characteristic of the region around Champaign, has 30.90 per cent of clay. This is the rule of the agricultural lands, that the subsoils are richer in clay than the corresponding soils, but this ap- psars to be just the reverse of the conditions in the loess, as the following table shows: No. LOCALITY. SOIL. SUBSOIL. 1,315-6 Virginia City 15.34 6 15 1,317-8 Virginia City 15 15 7 10 1,307-8 Carrollton 23 65 12 52 1,368 Rock Island 12 08 1,370 Gladstone 8 31 Mechanical Analysis of Illinois Soils. Glacial. (Boulder clay). Diameter, mm. Conventional Names. 1334. Charles- ton. 1-18. 1369. Sheldon 6-12. 1333. Mar- shall Co. 1-15. 1327. San Jose. 1-18. 302. Cham- paign. 30-42. 2-1 1-.5 .5-. 25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-. 01 .01-. 005 .005-.0001 Total min Organic m Loss by di Fine gravel 0.13 0.36 1.88 2.10 3.73 44.28 13.21 21.70 0.20 0.71 3.24 4.01 7.30 41.66 13.33 23 37 1.08 1.65 6.45 9.32 12.89 23.44 11.07 24.31 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.57 8.54 44.63 12.64 26.57 1.04 1.98 6.85 6.23 5.82 28.38 15.46 30.00 Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt Fine silt Clay . . .*. eral matter 87.41 12.59 83.82 6.18 91.84 8.16 93.19 6.81 95.64 4.36 atter, water loss rect ignition 100.00 9.65 100.00 8.24 100.00 8.16 100.00 5.77 100.00 104 Terrace Formations. Diameter, mm. Conventional Names tb. 1344. Chris- tian Co. 1-18. tb. 1346. Mason City. 2-24. a. 13:58. Chilli- cot he. 2-18. b. 133.'. Rock- ford. 1-15. c. 134ft. Ameri- can bot- toms. 1-12. 2-1 1-.5 .5-.2S .25-.! .1-.05 .05-.01 .01-. 005 .005-.0001 Total min Organic m Loss by di Fine gravel 0.00 0.00 8.69 54.87 29.06 1.45 1.27 3.66 0.00 0.01 3.30 41.44 34.76 10.93 2.74 3.87 0.16 4.70 47.51 13.55 3.01 16.82 4.89 5.61 0.26 2.62 23.52 20.44 11.66 20.74 6.32 8.29 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.13 7.99 41.28 10.33 30.42 Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt' Fine silt Clay eral matter 99.00 1.00 97.05 2.95 96.25 3.75 93.85 6.15 90.18 9.82 atter, water loss rect ignition 100.00 1.24 100.00 3.64 100.00 3.68 100.00 5.34 100.00 9.82 a. Terrace of glacial age. b. Flood deposit; tb, probably wind deposits. c. Post glacial terrace (bottom land of Mississippi.) River Loess. Diameter, mm. Conventional Names. 1316. Virginia City. 48-120. 1370. Glad- stone. 36-9U. 1368. Rock Island. 1-6. 1347. Du- buqne. 1-15. 1315. Virginia City. 1-16. 1312. Alton. 81-180. 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.! .1.-05 .05-.01 .01-.005 .005-.0001 Total mit Organic loss Fine gravel . . Coarse sand.. Medium sand. Fine sand Very flne sand Silt 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 24.84 60.98 2.80 6.15 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.84 28.17 49.02 5.42 8.31 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.17 22.27 51.53 9.72 12.08 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.74 30.12 41.49 7.96 14.44 0.00 0.00 0.31 2.62 8.22 56.63 9.65 15.34 0.08 0.27 1.32 1.48 25.24 44 79 7.86 15.57 Fine silt Clay . . leral matter. . . matter, water 94.88 5.12 91.82 8 18 95.79 4.21 4.79 5.21 92.77 7.23 96.61 3 39 Loss by direct ignition. . 100 00 8.11 100.00 8.18 100.00 4.21 100.00 5.66 100.00 6.03 100. 00 4 25 105 Upland Loess. a. Soils pervious to water. Diameter, mm. Conventional Names. 1318. Virginia City. 60-120. 1308. Carroll- ton. 24-44. 1317. Virginia City. 4-48. 1307. Carroll- ton. 1-15. 1328. Wyo- ming. 1-15. 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-.01 .01-005 .005-.0001 Total min Organic m Loss by d Fine gravel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.55 76.67 4.84 7.10 0.00 0.10 0.87 1.00 6.17 62.58 8.76 12.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 7.68 61.85 9.60 15.15 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 9.93 48.76 8.39 23.65 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.10 6.55 49.20 11.21 23.94 Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt Fine silt Clay eral matter 97.26 2.74 92.00 8.00 94.29 5.71 93.78 6.22 91.02 8.98 atter, water loss irect ignition 100.00 4.19 100.00 4.16 100.00 5.87 100.00 6.14 100.00 9.52 Upland Loess. b. Soils compact and almost impervious to water. Diameter, mm. Conventional Names. 1321. Green- ville. 2-15. 1342. Cumber- land Co. 1-12. 1345. Jeffers'n County. 2-15. 1343. Moawe- qua. 2-18. 2-1 1-.5 .5-. 25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-. 01 .01- 005 .005-. 0001 Total min< Organic m Loss by dii Fine gravel 0.48 1.92 1.22 0.57 5.08 59.06 11.09 14.12 0.30 1.05 3.42 3.30 6.47 55.48 11.70 14.90 0.00 0.07 0.29 0.40 6.38 56.92 12.18 17.06 0.00 0.08 0.77 0.11 4.88 52.50 12.15 22.10 Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand Silt Fine Silt Clay jral matter 93.54 6.46 96.62 3.38 93.30 6.70 93.39 6.61 atter, water, loss % ect ignition 100.00 5.59 100.00 3.11 100.00 4.49 100.00 5.73 106 Miscellaneous. Diameter, mm. Conventional Names a. 1306. Gallatia. 1-18. b. 1325. Warren. 1-12. c. 1339. May wood. 1-15. 2-1 1-.5 .5-.2S .25-. 1 .1-.05 .05-.OI .01-.0051 .005-.0001 Total mine Organic ma Loss by din Fine gravel 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.30 5.21 57.75 12.78 20.36 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.19 10.10 41.66 11.97 23.60 0.30 0.58 2.14 3.48 4.72 28.12 14.33 36.52 Coarse sand Medium sand Fine sand Very fine sand. . Silt Fine silt Clay . . ral matter 96.42 3.58 87.66 12.34 90.19 9.81 tter, water loss set ignition 100.00 6.01 100.00 13.12 100.00 10.28 a. Sandy type of loess. b. Probably loess. c. Modified drift. Mr. Leverett's Classification of the Illinois Soils. 1. LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS (LITTORAL). . 1339 2. GLACIAL BOULDER CLAY a. True glacial till 1333 1334 1369 1335 302 b. Modified drift 1327 3. TE K RACE FORMATIONS a. Terraces of glacial afire 1338 b. Flood deposits 1344 1332 1346 c. Post-glacial terraces . 1340 107 4. LOESS a. Riverloess 1315 1316 1368 1370 1311 1312 1347 6. Upland loess (including white clays). 1. Allowing slow passage of water.... 1328 1318 1317 1307 1308 2. Compact and almost imper- vious to water 1343 1342 1345 1319 1320 1321 3. Unclassified loess 1306 1309 1310 1313 1314 1336 1337 1349 1365 1366 1374 1375 1376 1377 4. Sandy deposits 1346 5. BURIED SOILS AND UNDETERMINED. 1325 1322 1372 6. UNCLASSIFIED SAMPLES 1323 1329 1331 1341 1348 1344 1324 1330 1326 1364 1371 1373 Total number of samples 58 Classified 46 Unclassified 12 NOTE The samples underscored were analyzed by Prof. J. A. Udden. 108 List of Samples. No. Locality. Depth. Clay. Geological Formation. 1334 Charleston 1-18 21.70 1. Glacial boulder clay, a. True glacial till 1369 Sheldon 6-12 23.37 U ' .1 (I 1333 302 1335 Marshall Co Champaign Eldorado 1-15 30-42 1-12 24.31 30.90 (( it U (I 11 (( U (( ti af*t, anrl almnct im- pervious to water. 109 Mr. Leverett's Classification of the Illinois Soils. No. Locality. Depth. Clay. Geological Formation. 1309 1310 1313 1314 1336 1337 1340 1365 1366 1374 1375 1376 1377 1306 1325 1339 1322 1372 1323 1329 1331 1341 1343 1344 1324 1330 1326 1364 1371 1373 Montgomery Co. ... u u Moweaqua 1-18 18-48 1-18 24-42 1-10 1-12 24-48 1-20 60-72 12 3 | ( t t 4 c < c ( ( ( i ( ( ( . Uncla " Uncla ssifled Ic < t i i t t i i & ^ ssifled ss t c < cs i LIU s. pies. Freeport Marion Madison Co Springfield t< Union Co u tt it u 6 12 u Gallatia 1-18 1-12 1-15 60-84 96-120 4-24 1-12 1-18 36-96 24-40 1-18 1-20 1-36 1-12 1-12 4 20.36 23.60 36.52 Warren Maywood Greenville Taylor vi lie Greenville Red Bud Carrollton Gladstone Montgomery Co Christian Co Rohley Vienna San Jose DeKalb Co Litchfleld. . . ii 110 H 2 M cc S . - a - 92 M fc 32 N 8 8 8 8 O O oo O3 r- i f O oo OO "*f ^_ o o 1 < OS ^ o g'Ej "Sjj ^ CD" t o" r- CO a s rH 00 ^D ^5 ^O C^I ^^ CO C'l ^5 oo co CD" o o" 8 o r-> in o o lO Si 1 " 900 " i i r- CD O5 T CM" ^ o" ^jT "S** 1-1 5 10 co s IH 6 CO i"H OS O O CO U3 CD O OS CD CD o o CO O CO OS 1-1 co no i-" (^ (M co E CM lO t- a I 1 iH i-l CO (M O O -H t- lO o 1 CD CO d Ui~ (M CO C5 CD o os O5 S^ 00 oo o oo S2|S !~| j>~ o" 3D B CM oo O o" i-l O t- * t- o OO CO OO O O 8 8 oo 3 d cN VO ^ o o o co o (M CO t- co 8 o o I |9O**< ITS T t o S2"H co" oo" H* cfl 1 I co j-^ A CM ^^ Q o" a 1 ~ ti a * H D oS cu ^ cs . a ao ,Q oo "*-j i g w a a a> Kn B C8 B 4-3 5 o o au a) 3 ao s a> >. _a g 5 _a 55 -fcj '33 a> a % Q S S t> 55 5 o Diameter mm. 7 ? 8 7 8 "^ ri. r lA r O N i-J 1 1 GS r o .005-.0001 *3 43 111 83 O O lO S o O o o O5 O5 a rH ^^ O o I _j" cT cT ^r 4-1 IO co o oo O . I-( co O5 ^ 3~ of T-l of I 1 I i ^' *" B T ( I 1 a r-t OO OO 8 r- ^^ co ^1 c^ ^^ o -H d co" oT co r2 ^* CO o !-( oo O5 eo" co" O CO O oo vo o co O t o o g oJ t- CO o o CE ,15 CD 06" co" o" S" " 06" -*-* 1 1 ^o o _ CD oo CD *ffi -<* *" CD" oo CO 06" rf3 IO cb_ o (M (M 10 o g tt 1* T*l ^ o o o o oo t- I I t o CO r-N I t o fa S? 1* CD o 'C o Cj in CD a "a '3 42 Cj TD CJD E C t ^ meter. a g T-l IO IT3 1 I* O O CO -i O I r 8 .3 i-T co" *" o" o" ^ f* O*i/5 o <^t 5 3 T o OS CO o i i ,_r co" f^~ co" a 1-1 CD oo CD" CD" O O CO 00 O o o o T3 CO O o I-* 2 o o^ o CO 1 . j^r o" j^r cs t~ CO w^H CO CO * id T}^ co" f^* 10" 8 -^ I ' ' t CD PS ^ ^x 10 O O O CO O _ r- o i o 1 1 ~^i 55 8 cf t eo" r (M i eo" co" "5 ; _i Q C a ^ ' W grt o g B 3 -rt _ v a a ll o O ^ * S | tg 0) [_ ^ CO ^ .S .2 S 4 inesilt 5? fa o S fa t> X fa o S M 3 5 ! ^ ? o r o r o r i o H p 8 114 o 2 - "O c Ed O rH CO O O O o o o ^ i i i i eg o o o m = 1-1 00 (M eg .o 1 . o i ^oc m ^-7 " CD CC S 1 O3 co I-i jf-l (M co m s o II d " ^ S i i 1 m *e CD O 8 n o"5 i i C S CD 1-1 m oo o o o CO Jt-" CO O5 C 1 O S* co 4) r- 1 i i r- o o o m N o f~^ o oo CD O5 1 i-l c" 5 00 11 (_; P 05 o i < CD (M T )T CO QJ W CD oo O (M m CD" " B Conventional Nan : : "2 : S ~ ^ rt : 8 S S S -d " "" CS ^ CU CS W g C c "I - 00 O 4) ^ >> g .E fe Eq O S ^ f> 53 09 03 a rt O k eg |' *5 "7 O o S 1 a 1-1 in o5 ri >n' i' o rt 43 S3 9 <^> 1 O 5 H A GEOLOGICAL SECTION ACROSS THE NORTHERN PART OF ILLINOIS. BY PftOF. J. A. UDDEN. Introductory. |O better line could be chosen for the construction JL^ of a section running east and west, to illustrate the geological structure of the State of Illinois, than the line following the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific Railroad from the Mississippi river to the Indiana line on the east. Most of the State is drift-covered, and exposures of the bed-rock are often few in the uplands, and occasion- ally also scarce in the lowlands. Data for determining the position of the deeper, formations are mostly only to be had in exposures along the water courses and from well- drillers. Most of the deeper borings now made are in- tended for artesian purposes, and are most frequently met with on the lowlands along the larger rivers. Here, only, are found data for the construction of geological sections. A glance at the map of the State is sufficient to show us why the sections constructed by the earlier geologist mostly run north and south. The Mississippi, the Illi- nois, the Wabash, and even Rock river, have their general trend in this direction. But it may also be noticed that eastward from Rock Island county, a line may be extended in such a way as to follow one of three rivers for the greater part of the distance across the State. These rivers are the Mississippi, Green, and Illinois. A closer ex- amination of this line will show that, even where rivers are wanting, the topography along the line is favorable for making geological observations. 118 Beginning at Rock Island, we first follow the south bluff of the Mississippi for a distance of about seven miles. At Port Byron Junction we turn a little to the south and trace our line along the south bluff of an alluvial bottom known as Pleasant Valley, which con- nects the bottom lands of the Mississippi with those of Rock river. Crossing the latter stream at Colona, and also crossing Green river, we proceed, with extensive low- lands on our left, due east, below the gently- marked bluff line on the south of this river, for a distance of thirty-three miles, until we come to Sheffield, where Green river turns to the north. Here the lowlands of this river are succeeded by a wide swale, which turns to the south- east, crossing a great moraine and extending for some eight miles. At this point we strike the branches of Bureau creek and nine more miles southeast, along this creek, bring us down to the Illinois river. For the next fifty- eight miles we may then go nearly due east, under the often steep bluffs on the north side of this river, until we are at a point nearly due south of Minooka. From this point we may still proceed east, for about five miles, on the lowlands between the Kankakee and the Desplaines rivers; but here, if we do not wish to turn either north or south and follow one of the two rivers, we have to ascend the slope of another moraine, and the remaining thirty- three miles take us over highlands, presenting, for the most part, only gentle reliefs and few exposures of the bed-rock. The line here described was chosen by Dr. J. Lindahl as one particularly well suited to exhibit the geological structure of the State, and as one yielding more data than any other line across the State. It follows the route of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad from Rock Island to Minooka. A survey, was made, and all the topographic and stratigraphic data obtainable were secured. A section was then constructed on the scale of 119 one-half inch to the mile, horizontally, and one inch to five hundred feet, vertically. We will here briefly discuss the most important features of this section. The Superficial Features of the Section. Not more than twenty rods southeast from the Union Depot at Rock Island, there is an old quarry in the De- vonian limestone. A closer examination of the beds in this place, reveals below: (a). A ledge of unfossiliferous, compact, white, or slightly dove-colored, limestone. Three feet of this is ex- posed near the east end of the quarry, and about five feet near the west end. It has small crevices which are lined with iron pyrites, and near the top there are nodu- lar masses of a mortar-like composition, consisting of a matrix of carbonate of lime, in which there are a few grains of quartz sand. Occasionally it acquires a brecciated appearance. (5). Next above this there are four ledges, each a little more than two feet in thickness, of a hard and tough limestone, somewhat less fine in its texture and rich in fossil corals. In the upper part it becomes somewhat shaly. (c) . This is followed by about twenty-four feet of beds of shaly limestone and calcareous shale, full of fossil brachiopods and some corals. The quarry is in an outlier of the upper part of the Devonian rocks, which have, for the most part, been carried away by erosion. Proceeding east, the erosion is found to have extended seventy feet below the top of this outlier, a well on Dr. Gordon's property, close to the river, having passed through a black shale to that depth before striking the Devonian limestone. This shale is connected with a coal seam, fire clay, and arenaceous beds, which appear in several exposures in the vicinity and constitute the scattered outliers of the base of the 120 coal measures. The unfossiliferous beds of the Devonian limestone soon appear again, and its surface is a hori- zontal plane twenty feet above the level of the Mississippi for the next three miles to the east. East of Moline, near the old Deere farm, there is another small outlier of the upper ledges of the Devonian rock. The top of the bed "a" is seventeen feet higher than at Rock Island, show- ing a small dip towards the west. At East Moline, the limestone disappears under the base of the coal measures and is not seen again along the bluffs. At Carbon Cliff, the beds "b" have been encountered in some wells at an elevation of 580 feet A. T., showing that there is no extensive tilting of these beds either east or west. The coal measures cover the limestone in the bluffs west of this place with a thickness of nearly sev- enty-five feet, but the erosion in the Rock river valley seems to have just reached the plane of the contact be- tween the two formations, and the outcrops in this part of the valley and in the bed of the river are exposures sometimes of Devonian limestone and sometimes of carboniferous sandstone. This is also true of the low- lands for several miles to the east of Colona. From re- cords of borings and shafts around Colona it appears that the level at which the upper surface of the lime- stone is found is not always the same, but it varies from twenty to sixty feet below the general level of the bottom lands. Five miles farther east the beds "a" of the Devonian limestone have been quarried in the bed of Green river. Their thickness at this place is probably not very great, for only three miles farther north the Silurian limestone forms the bed-rock in Rock river. As we come nearer Geneseo the coal measures become thicker and continuous, their upper surface rising in the series and their base descending in altitude, until we come to Tiskilwa, in Bureau county, or some distance east of this place. It should be remembered, however. 121 that the upper surface of the coal-measures is by no means an even plane, but presents even greater reliefs than the present topography of the land. Thus we find in the valley of Spring creek, east of Geneseo, the drift having a thickness of from 60 to 70 feet, while on the higher land at Atkinson the coal measures come up to within a few feet of the surface, the drift being thicker over the low lands along Green river and its tributaries- than on the low swells approaching the river between the latter. Again, along the extensive lowlands of Mud creek we find the coal measures covered by considerable thickness of drift until we pass Mineral slough and ascend the gentle slope to the east. This excavation of the coal measures under the low- lands has removed the greater part of the two coal seams r which occur at the level of about 100 feet above the base of the series, leaving them only in the low swells which extend northward from the high prairie on the south between the main tributaries of Green river. The gradual increase in thickness of the coal measures eastwards along this section maybe seen from the following table: Thickness of coal measures at Geneseo 60 feet " " Atkinson 130 " " " " " " Annawan 139 " " " " " Sheffield, (estimated) 290 " " " " " " Tiskilwa (partly estimated). 400 " Near the city of Tiskilwa the coal measures disappear under a heavy deposit of drift, the surface of which rises no higher than the general level to the west. The last seen of them is in the Rocky Run, west of Tiskilwa. In this creek there are huge blocks of a ledge of lime- stone belonging to the coal measures. These blocks have not been far removed from their original site. ID several places they bear the marks of ice-scoring, and in one instance the scored blocks were evidently nearly in situ, being but little tilted. 122 For the next ten miles, in the valley of the Bureau creek aud along the Illinois river, there are no outcrops of bed rock of any kind. In the country to the north of our section a number of borings have been made, and the coal measures have been struck at a depth ranging from 440 feet below the surface at Princeton to 50 feet below the surface in the bottom lands a little to the northeast of the city of De Pue. Just a little west of the mining town of Locey ville the coal measures again make their appearance in the north bluffs of the Illinois river, and at Spring Valley, three miles east of this place, they rise to a height of at least seventy-five feet above the level of the river. Proceeding in this direction the drift is noticed to diminish in thickness until we come to LaSalle, where the coal measures rise fully 150 feet above the river, just north of the city. Crossing the Little Vermillion, we see the limestone ledges in the coal measures slowly rising, with a dip to the west of less than 2 for about one mile- But. here the dip increases, and for the next quarter of a mile it varies in different places from 5 and 6 to 12 and 13, averaging perhaps 10. About 500 feet west of the west end of the railroad tunnel the base of the coal measures is seen to come up above the level of the road-bed and ascend at first a gentle slope formed by the upper surface of the Silurian rocks, the uppermost visible member of which is the Trenton limestone. The coal measures are composed of fragmentary material. There are pieces of white and black chert, blocks of sandstone and limestone, etc., imbedded in a clayey base. Upward this changes into the regular coal bearing clays and sand stones. The dip of the Trenton is on the average 18 to the west and, as it runs along the railroad track for a distance of 205 feet, the exposure exhibits the lower 60 feet of the formation. A short distance from the west end of 123 the tunnel, the St. Peter sandstone in its turn rises above the railroad bed. It dips in the same direction, but the tilting is somewhat irregular, measuring in one place 18, and in other places 20, 26, 27, 23, 22 and 19. The average dip is perhaps 22. This sandstone runs along the railroad for a distance of 300 feet with this dip. At the east end of the tunnel the lower part of the formation is concealed and its total thickness cannot be measured, but as its dip is very much decreased in the exposures which are seen close by, to the east, it is not likely that this thickness exceeds 175 feet. For one-half mile to the east of the tunnel the dip is still to the west and the Magnesian limestone rises in the bluffs at a low angle. At about this place, a few rods west of the cement works, the dip changes to the east. The highest point in the low anticline is a few rods west of the cement works. At this place there are exposed nearly 80 feet of the Magnesian limestone. Following the north bluff of the river, we notice the line of con- tact between the Magnesian limestone and the St. Peter sandstone descending until the former disappears and the latter makes up the greater part of the bluff. In the course of a mile and a half the descent is about 75 feet, and at Utica this line is only a few feet above the railroad level, the total descent in eight miles being about 130 feet. A mile and a half east of Utica the coal measures again make their appearance in the bluffs, capping the St. Peter sandstone, first by a very thin rem- maut, and farther east by a thickness of some 60 or 70 feet of shales, near the bottom of which there is a work- able seam of coal, which has been mined by stripping at several points along the section. In some places the coal can be seen to rest almost on the bare Silurian sandstone, and in other places it is separated from this 124 by a few feet of fire clay. At Ottawa the erosion of the river valley extends a little belo\v the contact of the coal measures and the St. Peter sandstone. To the east of the city coal measure clays begin to cover it, and the sandstone soon passes out of sight. The river bluffs, which, between LaSalle and Ottawa, form a low but mostly vertical escarpment, here change their na- ture and present gentler slopes and well rounded con- tours. For the first five miles east of Fox river we find dark shales with thin seams of coal, which are seen suc- cessively at lower levels in the ravines. About a mile west of the city of Marseilles the shales are succeeded by a sandstone, which reaches a thickness of about 50 feet northeast of the city, but afterwards thins out and descends so as to form only an inconsiderable feature in the bluffs. As the strata of the coal measures slowly descend in this part of the section, the drift again ac- quires a greater thickness, having formed an inconspicu- ous capping only for most of the distance between La- Salle and Marseilles. Some distance west of Seneca its total thickness is not less than 100 feet in the uplands, and for several miles it forms nearly all of the bluffs east of Seneca, but as we come nearer to Morris, low out- crops of coal measures again appear in the low lands. These continue with interruptions for a few miles to the east of the city. The drift has been nearly all removed in the lowlands about Morris, and coal has been stripped in several places near the city and at other places mined at a short distance from the surface of the ground. About three miles northeast of this city, a short dis- tance to the north of where the Rock Island road crosses Au Sable creek, the Trenton limestone crops out in the lowland^ but following this creek eastward we find that it runs over coal measure sandstone for two miles, or a little more, perhaps, when this is again followed by 125 a Silurian limestone, which, however, belongs to the Cincinnati series. The railroad here ascends the outer slope of a moraine, near the summit of which is located the town of Minooka. The thickness of the drifb in this moraine is about 130 feet, concealing from our view the bed rock, which, however, again appears in the low- lands along the DuPage river, consisting of limestone belonging to the Cincinnati series, alternating with shales of the same age and often presenting glacial scorings on its upper surface. Following the railroad four miles east of this river the Cincinnati rocks disap- pear under the base of the Niagara limestone which forms the bed rock for the remainder of the distance to the city of Chicago. If, instead of following the railroad in its northeast course from the crossing of Au Sable creek, we proceed eastward along the Illinois river and its headwaters, the DesPlaines and the Kankakee, we find in the lowlands near the junction of the two last rivers that the bed rock consists of occasional outliers of the coal measures, filling depressions in the upper surface of the Cincinnati series of limestone and shales. The remnants of the coal measures become smaller and less numerous as we go east, and about two miles east of the junction of the headwaters of the Illinois there is a low rise in the land, which marks the western limit of the Niagara limestone, under which the Cincinnati series disappears. The con- tact is seen some distance to the north of our section in Jackson creek along the line of the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis railroad. From this point we ascend the slope of a moraine, and for the next five miles the bed-rock is mostly concealed, the drift varying from 130 to 50 feet in thickness. About two miles west of Manhattan the drift is thin and several exposures are seen of the Niagara limestone, some in the upland and some along the streams. This 126 continues for a half mile to the east of Manhattan, where our section runs up against the south bend of still another moraine which covers the rock, sometimes to a depth of 200 feet, for the greater part of the re- mainder of the section. The Stratigraphy of the Section. THE DRIFT. The drift exhibited along the section may properly be divided into three divisions: alluvium., loess and boulder clay. The alluvium varies in its character in different valleys, and must, no doubt, be referred to different sub- epochs of post-glacial history. We shall not discuss the most recent phases which are to be seen along every stream in the State. In Pleasant Valley we find it con- sisting of a fine sand, the surface of which is at least fifteen feet above the highest stage of water known in either the Mississippi or Rock river. It appears to have been deposited at a time when the main channel of the Mississippi followed the lower channel of Rock river, and it may possibly belong to a terrace formation which seems to have been formed during the last epoch of glaciation of this continent. A similar sand occurs near the mouth of Green river south of the town of Colona, and contin- ues in the low banks of sand which skirt the bottom lands of Rock river as well as Green river east and northeast of this place. The loess is best developed in the west end of the sec- tion. Near Rock Island its thickness approaches 40 feet. At this place it is occasionally stratified, exhibiting seams of a fine sand in its lower part. Near the town of Colona it is not as heavy, but mostly a little coarser, especially near the surface. This is particularly the case on top of the bluffs, bounding the highland between Rock river and Green river. On the north side this 127 sandy loess forms an irregular ridge some 20 or 30 feet higher than this highland, and along the bottom land north of Green river is a similar but less pronounced accentuation of the bluff. The formation presents similar features south of Green river, eastward past Geueseo. Proceeding in this direction it becomes thinner, and finally disappears, occuring in isolated places as far as Sheffield. Over the rest of the section the typical loess is absent, but the boulder clay is covered in many places with a layer of silt from 2 to 10 feet in thick- ness. In the neighborhood of Wyanet this silt is some- what sandy, and farther north its appearance is much like the sandy loess in Henry county. In the drainage area, of Bureau creek its appearance is often so very much like that of loess that it cannot be distinguished from it. It seems to cover nearly all of the upland in Bureau county, but along the east end of the section it occurs mostly in isolated places. Under the base of the loess, in the west end of the section, there is often found a silt, sometimes dark and sometimes greenish or whitish in color, and mostly known by well-diggers as "sea mud," "grandmother's garden," or the "forest bed." In it are often found pieces of branches of trees and logs and other remnants of decayed vegetation, snail shells, and remains of large mammals. Below the loess and the forest bed lies the bowlder clay. This is composed of a finely ground mass of clay, sometimes whitish, sometimes bluish, and sometimes of a buff color, containing sand, gravel, pebbles and bould- ers of all sizes and of a great variety of material. The proportion of the fine and the coarse material varies greatly. Generally the boulder clay has no marks of stratification, but in various localities it shows the most perfect sorting and bedding. It varies in thickness from 128 to 450 feet, and along the whole section it displays a tendency to develop its greatest thickness in de- pressions in the bed-rock. To this general rule, there are several exceptions, especially towards the east. As to the nature of the material of which the boulders are composed it may be said that eastward from Shef- field there is a greater proportion of limestone than westwards from this place, in fact the boulder clay in the west end of the section is more thoroughly ground up and contains smaller and fewer boulders. Between Wyanet and Loceyville stratification is a common feat- ure in the boulder clay, and quite often the material is seen to be cemented together so as to form a solid mortar rock, the cementing material being in most cases carbonate of lime, often quite pure but sometimes ferruginous. The mortar rock is known by well-drillers as "hard-pan." In the Bureau creek valley the lower part of the drift is composed of sand and gravel. Below the boulder clay and its assorted materials there has been found in some borings a fine, bluish or reddish silt, somewhat like loess in appearance, and resting on the bed-rock. The Coal Measures. The highest beds in the coal measures series are seen at LaSalle, north of the city. They consist of variously colored shales, alternating with thin seams of limestone and carbonaceous material. A section taken at this place is as follows: 129 SECTION AT LA8ALLE. A. T. (1). 37 feet variously colored shales 580-543 (2). 1 foot blue limestone (weathering rod) 543-542 (3). 2 feet bituminous shale and coal 542-540 (4). 32 " variously colored shales 540-508 (5). 20 " limestone 508-488 (6). 3 " bituminous shale and coal 488-485 (7). flre clay (sometimes absent). .. (8). 17 " shale 485-168 (9). 2 " limestone (several feet concealed) 468-466 (10). shales NOTE: In the following pages these numbers refer to the eleva- tion above the level of the sea in feet, a minus sign ( ) being used when the section is below the sea level. The levels were obtained by aneroid measurements checked to the nearest known level. In the bluff at Locey ville there are exposed some beds which may probably belong to a lower horizon. A sec- tion of the greater part of the bluff at this place is as follows: SECTION AT LOCEYVILLE. A. T. ,(1). 7 feet limestone 527-520 |(2). 26 " bluish shale 520-194 (3). 2 " limestone 494-492 (4). shale (mostly concealed) About a mile west of Tiskilwa in the Rocky Run, the following exposure is seen: SECTION IN ROCKY RUN, TISKILWA. A. T. (1). 40 feet sandy shales 674-634 (2). 4 " shales with nodular seams of ferrugin- ous limestone 634-630 (3). 2 " coal 630-628 (4). Probably several feet of limestone -9 130 A limestone which cannot be far below the base of this section is broken up into huge blocks which are seen in the bottom of the creek. This limestone is prob- ably identical with the upper limestone in the previous section. Near Sheffield the following section is seen: SECTION IN COAL, CREEK, SHEFFIELD. A. T. (1). 12 feet micaceous sandstone thin bedded, often rippled-marked, with ferruginous no- dules, indurated below 683-671 (2). 15 " micaceous sandy sbales above, argillace- ous shales with bands of nodules below 671-656 (3). 1 foot black indurated thin splitting shale 656-655 (4). 5 " coal 655-650 (5). 2 " limestone 650-648 Numbers 4 and 5 in this section are the equivalents of 3 and 4 in the previous section. The same succes- sion is seen south of Mineral, where Mr. W. H. Forrest has sunk a shaft and observed the following section: MINERAL. A. T. (1}. 12 feet sandstone 709-697 (2). 18 i: light colored shale 697-679 (3). 6 " bituminous shale 679-673 (4). 5 " coal 673-668 (5). 1 foot flre clay 668-667 (6). Limestone The beds which are found under the limestone of these sections are not exposed anywhere along the line of the survey, except in the vicinity of LaSalle, but from borings which have been made in various places in Bureau and LaSalle counties they are known to consist of alterna- tions of shales and sandstone, with seams of coal and limestone. In a well which was bored about a mile and 131 one-half southpastof Annawan, on Mr. L. A. Ferguson's farm, strata below this horizon were passed through as follows : ANNAWAN. A. T. (1). Drift (2). 6 feet miner's "slate" 557-551 (3). 3 " coal 551-548 (4). 1 foot fireclay , 548-547 (5). 10 feet shale 547-537 (6). seam of limestone (7j. 16 " sandy shales 537-521 At Atkinson coal is mined at a small depth, from a seam which is probably identical with number 3 in the section of Ferguson's well. In Mr. Riley's mine, south of the city, the succession of the beds is as follows: MR. RILEY'S SHAFT, ATKINSON. A. T. (1). Drift (2). 4 feet shale 648-644 (3). 1 foot concretionary limestone 644-643 (4). 15 feet shale 643-628 (5). 1 foot limestone 628-627 (6). 2 feet shale 627-625 (7). 3 " miner's "slate" 625-622 (8). 3 " coal 622-619 (9). Fire clay The same is seen in a shaft on Mr. James Kay's farm, four miles west of the city. MR. KAY'S SHAFT, ATKINSON. (1). Drift (2). 1 foot limestone 642-641 (3). 17 feet shale 641-624 (4). 2 " miner's "slate" 624-622 (5). 3 " coal 622-619 132 Mr. Johii Mowbray some years ago explored below this coal not far from Mr. Kay's place and found the following beds below it: MR. MOWBRAY'S SHAFT, ATKINSON. A. T. (1). 4 feet pyritiferous flre clay 619-615 (2). 2 " concretionary limestone 615-613 (3). 12 " blue shale 613-601 (4). 2 " sandstone 601-599 (5). 1 foot coal 599-598 (6). 4 feet fine flre clay 598-594 (7). Impure flre clay - The lower part of the coal measures contain a greater percentage of arenaceous material. This is first seen at Geneseo. SECTION IN GENESEO CREEK. A.T. (1). Concretionary (2). Sandstone (partly concealed) - (3). 2 feet black shale 623-621 (4). 1 foot coal and shale 621-620 (5). 3 feet flre clay 620-617 It is also seen in the ravines back of Carbon Cliff. SECTION OF ARGILLO WORKS CLAY PIT. A T (1). Drift . 1_L (2). 10 feet sandstone 645-635 (3). 1 foot coal 635-634 (4). 4 feet flre clay 634-630 . (5). 25 " shale 630-605 In Heagey's mine, south of Port Byron Junction, the succession is as follows: HKAGEY'S MINE, PORT BYRON JUNCTION. A T (1). 50 feet drift 684-634 (2). 14 " sandstone and "cap rock" 634-620 (3). 3 " coal . 620 _ 617 133 Donald and Jamison's shaft, about a mile southwest of this place, was sunk through the following strata: DONALD AND JAMISON'S SHAFT. A. T. (1). Drift (2). 15 feet sandstone 630-615 (3). 8 " dark shale 615-607 (4). 2 " coal ("bone coal") 607-605 (5). 4 " fireclay 605-601 (6). Not reported 601-590 (7). Coal - The arenaceous character of the lower part of the coal measures is, however, best developed east of Ot- tawa. At Marseilles and Seneca there is a sandstone over 50 feet thick, and in the vicinity of Morris the ex- posures of the coal measures along the canal mostly consist of sandstone. This is the equivalent of the famous fossil bearing sandstone of Mazon creek. The character of the material constituting the base of the coal measures is quite varied. Most commonly it consists of sandstone. This is the case farthest east in the DuPage river south of Channahon in the Kankakee river above its mouth, and in Au Sable creek, east of Morris, West of Morris the lowermost of the coal meas- ures are composed of shale overlying a seam of coal, as seen in the following sections: PRENDERGAST AND M'CLARY SHAFT, SENECA. A. T. (1). Alluvium (2). 20 feet sandstone 502-482 (3). 8 " "soapstone" 482-474 (4). 2 " hard black shale 474-472 (5). 10 " sandstone 472-462 (6). 63 " "soapstone" 462-399 (7). 3 " coal ... 399-396 134 CARNEY BROTHERS' SHAFT, % MILE EAST OF MARSEILLES. A. T. (1). Drift. 2 . 4 feet coal 551-547 3 . 57 ' sandy shales and sandstones 547-490 4 . 1 foot black miner's slate 490-489 (5). 69 feet shales 489-420 (6). 3 " coal 420-417 RIVER BLUFF, MARSEILLES. A. T. (1). Drift (2). 60 feet sandstone 580-520 (3). 5 " dark shale 520-515 West of Ottawa, the coal measures may be said to be- gin with a seam of coal resting on the St. Peter sand- stone. At Split Rock they consist, as already noted, of brecciated fragmentary material. In the vicinity of Bureau Junction, where a number of borings have been made, some of the drillers have reported "zinc ore" from the horizon under consideration, but as no com- petent analyist has examined the material, so far as known, nothing definite can be stated as to the nature of the borings so named. At Annawan the lowest strata of the coal measures run as follows: SECTION OF ANNAWAN CREAMERY WELL. A. T. (1). 124 feet drift 629-505 (2). 14 feet dark shale 505-491 (3). 1 foot bituminous seam 491-490 (4). 21 feet shale 490-469 (5). 1 foot limestone 469-468 (6). 1 " coal 468-467 (7). 1 foot flre clay 467-466 (8). Niagara Limestone.. . 135 On the lowlands along Green river coal has been stripped from the top of the Devonian limestone, and this coal was capped by a black bituminous limestone, but some distance to the west of this place a sandstone is found occupying the position of this coal. Along the Mississippi river, near Port Byron Junction, the little remnant left of the coal measures consists of sandstone, in which pebbles are occasionally found imbedded. In the city of Rock Island an outlier of Devonian limestone is capped by a small remnant of a hard con- glomerate, which consists for the greater part of chunks of yellow chert containing Silurian fossils. Though positive proofs are wanting, there are good reasons to believe that this conglomerate belongs to the coal meas- ures. ' A Marked Unconformity. The coal measures are separated from the rocks below them by a marked unconformity. For the greater part of the distance across the State it appears as an uncon- formity without tilting. At Rock Island it displays erosion forms in the underlying horizontal strata, with reliefs of nearly 70 feet, and the lower rocks are studded with caves which are filled with sandstones and shales of the coal measures. Similar appearances have already been referred to above as occurring near East Moline and at Carbon Cliff. In nearly all of these localities the underlying limestone is studded with caves which are filled with sandstones and shales belonging to the coal period. South of Channahon, on the bank of the Du Page river, eroded depressions in the Niagara and the Cincinnati formations were observed to be filled with coal measure sandstones, in which were found, with im- perfectly preserved woody tissue of plants of the coal age, various fragmentary materials of the underlying 136 rock, such as lumps of the Cincinnati shale and small blocks of Niagara limestone, containing casts of the fossils of that age. At LaSalle it appears as an uncomformity produced by tilting with a differential precarboniferous erosion of 900 feet, this thickness having been removed (in ex- cess of the denudation on the west side) from the under- lying rocks on the east side of the monocline at this place. In its general aspect, the unconformity may be said to be connected with a general tilting of the sub- jacent formations, for these are seen to slowly ascend and run out under the superimposed coal measures, both in the east and in the west end of the section. The Rocks of the Devonian Age. To recapitulate what is already stated in the descrip- tion of the superficial features, the exposed Devonian rocks may be given as follows: SECTION NEAR ROCK ISLAND DEPOT. A. T. (1). 20 feet shaly limestone and calcareous shale, containing throughout fossil brachio- pods, and near the top stems of various crinoids 599-579 (2). 6 " composed of three ledges of limestone separated by seams of shale, and con- taining about the same fossils as the beds above 579-573 (3). 7 " consisting of three solid ledges of a strong limestone, containing a less num- ber of brachiopods and more corals 573-566 (4). 5 even grained, sometimes brccciated, limestone, containing no fossils 566-561 Below this there are probably some 70 or 80 feet of limestone, like No. 4 of the above section, but though there are quite a number of exposures of this limestone, no continuous section can be constructed for this local- ity. On Sylvan Island, just north of Moline, there is a typical exposure of these lower beds which may be described as follows: SWAN TROPP'S QUARRY, ON SYLVAN ISLAND. A. T. (1). 7 feet irregularly bedded white and hard lime- stone, but little brecciated and weather- ing into thin layers 577-570 (2). 5 " darkish compact limestone, with a pecu- liar lamination, occasionally presenting a low dome-shaped structure 570-565 (3). 1 foot pure and white, massive limestone 565-564 (4). 4 feet dark limestone, resembling No. 2 564-560 (5). 3 " white limestone, sometimes massive, and sometimes brecciated and composed of good-sized blocks of dark material im- bedded in the white 560-557 From borings made at Rock Island it seems as if there were 40 feet or more of similar rocks below this section. Materials resembling these rocks are reported from the boring at Geneseo, but nothing can be said with certainty as to the occurrence of Devonian rocks at this place. In the boring at Annawan they are, without a doubt, absent, but in several borings in Bureau creek valley and in the artesian well at Hennepin, as well as in the wells at Peru and LaSalle, calcareous shaly beds were encountered on top of the Silurian limestone, which in all probability belong to this age; but here again positive knowledge from fossils is wanting. The thick- ness of these undetermined shales averages 100 feet. 138 THICKNESS AND POSITION OF DEVONIAN ROCKS. (Estimated from borings). A. T. Rock Island, shales and limestone ... 80 feet. 599 519 Moline, limestone 50 " 565515 Carbon Cliff, limestone 80 " 580 500 Searles' Well, limestone (?) 40 " 560520 Geceseo, limestone (?) 40 " 520480 Princeton, shales and limestone (?)100 " 120 20 Hennepin, shales-and limestone (?)100 " 130 30 LaSalle, shales (?)130 " 0130 The Contact Between the Devonian and the Silurian Systems. The contact between the Devonian and the Silurian rocks is not exposed for certain anywhere in Rock Isl- and county. About one-half mile below Hampton there is seen in the bank of the Mississippi some buff-colored limestone, which Professor Worthen refers to as the southernmost exposure of the Niagara limestone along the river in this county. (Geol. Surv. of 111., vol. V., p. 223.) There is no doubt that the top of the Niagara limestone comes near to the surface at this place, for it soon appears in the river above Hampton. But on a closer examination of the rocks at this point they show a greater resemblance to the lowest unfossiliferous layers of the Devonian rocks than to the uppermost of the Silurian strata. The color is the same as that of the latter, but this color is due to weathering of an originally bluish-white limestone, like the Devonian in texture, as can be seen on a freshly broken sur- face of some of the ledges. It may be that the rocks seen farthest to the north at this place belong to the Silurian system. If such is the case, we have here the contact between the two systems. Nothing is exhibited in distinctness. The beds are all apparently horizontal. But there are found in the limestone broken pieces of 139 chert, which have a decided appearance of being trans- ported fragments rather than concretions formed in situ. This is the only evidence of an unconformity be- tween the two systems at this place. If the undetermined shales under the coal measures at Peru and LaSalle belong to the Devonian age, it would seem that we have at this place another evidence of an interval of erosion at this horizon. In the well bored by the Illinois Zinc Company the thickness of the Niagara limestone is considerably less than in the wells farther west. This may be best explained as being due to erosion previous to the deposition of the shales sup- posed to belong to the Devonian age. The Silurian System. The Niagara Limestone. The Niagara limestone forms the uppermost member in this system. Its thickness in the west part of the State is only known from borings, and is found to vary from 275 feet to 400 feet, averag- ing 350 feet. The upper part seen on the Mississippi and on Rock river is yellowish and hard, but rendered some- what porous by the removal of imbedded corals and stems of crinoids, the empty moulds of which remain. It is seen to have an oblique and variable bedding, which persists across the State, being well exhibited in the exposures northwest of Manhattan in Will county. Drill cores taken below the coal measures from Mr. Weise's well in the Bureau valley were from rock belong- ing to this horizon. The lower part of the Niagara formation consists of a bluish white, compact, and evenly bedded limestone which contains, especially in the upper part, bands of gray and white chert. It was identified in drillings from the creamery well at Annawan. 140 THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE NIAGARA LIM3STONE. (Estimated from borings). A. T. Rock Island 364 feet. 519-155 Moline 349 " 515-166 Carbon Cliff 388 " 500-1 12 Searles'Well 370 " 520-150 Geneseo 383 " 480-97 Annawan (eroded) (?)300 " 466-(?)!66 Princeton 335 " 20315 Hennepin 350 " 30320 LaSalle (probably eroded) 234 " 130 364 Joliet (eroded) 230 " 540-310 Chicago (eroded) 254 " 530-276 The Cincinnati Formation. The Cincinnati formation, which underlies the Niagara, varies in thickness, as re- ported by drillers, from 68 to 250 feet. The exposures in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Illinois river are too much scattered for correlation into a continu- ous section, but in a series of borings taken with more than ordinary care, by Mr. W. Moore, from the artesian well at the Illinois Zinc Company's Works at LaSalle, the following succession was seen: A. T. (1). 16 feet blue shale, occasionally stained with iron 364 380 (2). 5 " light blue shale 380 335 (3). 25 " blueshale 385410 (4). 5 " gray crystalline limestone 410415 (5). 25 " hard brownish limestone 415440 (6). 10 " blue shale* 440 459 (7). 11 " gray limestone 459470 (8). 5 " bluish limestone 470475 (9). 8 " brownish limestone 475483 (10). 18 " dirty brown limestone .'...483501 (11). 12 " shale and limestone 501 513 (12). 29 " lighter limestone and shale.. .513542 141 Number 4 in the above section resembles a limestone belonging to the Cincinnati, which is seen around Goose Lake in Grundy county. It is there crystalline and may almost be called a marble. THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE CINCINNATI FORMATION. (Estimated from borings). A. T. Rock Island, shale 200 feet. 155 45 Molme, shale '. 213 " 166 47 Carbon Cliff, shale 180 " 112 68 Searles' Well, shale, sundy grit below.. 75+ " 150-(?) Geneseo, shale 95 " 97-2 Princeton, shale with limestone near middle 175 " 315 490 LaSalle shale, with two bands of lime- stone near middle 138 ' 364 502 Morris' Driving Park, white shale (eroded?) 70 " 430-360 Blodget, bituminous, calcareous shale. 75 " 505430 Joliet, shale 68 " 310-242 Chicago, shale, with limestone near middle .. ...... . 250 " 276-26 The Trenton Limestone. The Trenton limestone, which follows in downward succession, is quite uniform in its development, averaging 350 feet in thickness and vary- ing less than 70 feet either way. In its upper part it is hard and slightly crystalline and white or brownish in color, while below it is bluish and massive, sometimes slightly brecciated and occasionally containing fine sand. The only exposures along the section have already been noticed. 142 THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE TRENTON LIMESTONE. (Estimated from borings). A. T. Rock Island 440 feet. 45 485 Moline 320 " 47367 Carbon Cliff (not bored through) 241+ " 68-(?) Searl' s' Well, (exact limits unknown,) at least 250 Geneseo 430 " 2 428 Princeton 410 " 490 900 LaSalle 405 " -502907 Marseilles (eroded), a few feet at 410 (?)Peddicord's Well (eroded), perhaps 20 feet at 390 Seneca (eroded) 120 " 400-280 Hoge's Well (eroded?) 200 " 480-280 Morris' Driving Park (eroded?) 170 " 360-190 Blodget 300 " 430-130 Joliet .333 " 242 91 The St. Peter Sandstone. Below the Trenton forma- tion lies the St. Peter sandstone, ranging from 140 to 240 feet in thickness and averaging 200 feet. It is white, friable, pure, siliceous sandstone, remarkably uniform in its lithological character across the whole State, generally accompanied by a few feet of shale above and below, and in the borings at Kock Island, Moline and Geneseo, in the west part of the State, it has been found to contain a shaly stratum in its mid- dle part. 143 THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE. (Estimated from borings). A. T. Eock Island 145 to 200 feet. 465 610 Moline 200 " 367 567 Searles' Well (thickness unknown)... (?) " 315-(?) Geneseo 220 " 428 648 Princeton '. 160 " 900 1060 LaSalle (shaly below at San Bede College) (?)175 ;( 9071082 "Otica (exposed in bluff and eroded).. 40 " 522^82 Ottawa (partly exposed and eroded) . 130 " 483-345 Marseilles (?)200 " (?H?) Peddicord's Well 275 " 350-75 Seneca (?)220 " (?)250-30 Hoge's Well 268 " 274-S Morris' Driving Park Well (?) " 180-(?) Minooka (?) " (?)82-(?) Joliet 211 "' 91 302 The Magnesian Limestone. The Magnesian limestone is the lowermost formation exposed in the State. It is an impure, somewhat thin-bedded limestone, with many seams of siliceous sand distributed through its entire thickness, and sometimes with sand distributed through the mass of the limestone. In the exposures between Utica and LaSalle it often contains concretions of a peculiar texture, which show siliceous sand grains imbed- ded in a siliceous matrix, which evidently is a result of infiltration. In many of the thin seams of clay, which separate the limestone layers, there are marks of sun- cracks, and in the mines of the Utica Cement Works there are disclosed ripple marks of an unusual size measuring by estimate 2 feet from crest to crest of the waves. Westward from Joliet a bed of sand 100 feet in thickness is developed in its upper part, and at Geneseo the upper half of the formation has by the drillers been reported as sandstone. Going from east to west the 144 formation increases in thickness, and at Rock Island it is reported by Professor J. H. Southwell as having a thickness of 811 feet. Tlie Potsdam Series. The greater part of the Mag- nesian limestone and all of the Potsdam series, being known in the State only from borings, the proper boundary between the two are of course somewhat uncertain. If we make it at the point where the sandy, light limestones are succeded by shales and sandstones, with occasional less heavy deposits of limestone, the formation, as far as explored, may be said to consist of two sandstones separated by an intervening shale. There is a noticeable correspondence in the strata reported by the drillers from the deepest wells along the east end of the section, and a strong flow of water has been uniformly met with in a sandstone which occurs at a depth of from 1700 to 2300 feet. Of course it is quite possible that the correspondence in the strata is acci- dental and that the "Potsdam sandstone" of the drillers belongs to an underlying series which may be uncon- formable to the Potsdam. The Structural Features of the Section. These are of the simplest kind and may be regarded as typical of the structure found in the upper Mississippi valley. We see two blocks of horizontal or only very slightly inclined strata separated by a monoclinal fold. The downthrow and the trough limb is on the west, while the upthrow and the arch limb is on the east. The total displacement of the Silurian strata amounts to 1,575 feet, while the carboniferous beds are only displaced about 625 feet. The trend of the axis of disturbance is considerably west of north, the strike of the outcrops of the upturned coal measures being about N. 30 W. The average dip in the displacement at LaSalle is about' 145 22 for the Silurian rocks and about 8 for the rocks of the coal measures. The block of strata west of the monocline is nearly horizontal in an east to west direc- tion from Rock Island to Annawan and from Prince- ton to LaSalle, but between Annawan and Princeton there is a dip to the east of about 25 feet to the mile, or there is a concealed displacement of that extent between these two places. This dip may be partly ac- counted for by the dip to the south, which is found along the whole section. The block of strata on the east of the monocline has a nearly uniform dip to the east of about 12 feet to the mile. Some Points Bearing- on the Geological History of the Northern Part of Illinois. It would be idle to speculate much on the physical geography of this part of the State ab the time of the deposition of the lowest series of rocks exhibited in the section. From the nature of the strata we may suppose that during the age following the Potsdam period there was a subsidence, during which the Magnesian limestones were deposited, following this an elevation causing the accumulation of the St. Peter sandstone, again a sub- sidence during the formation of the Trenton limestone, then again a slight elevation during the Cincinnati period, followed by a subsidence during the Niagara period. This was brought to a close by /an elevation, which first caused irregularities in the bedding of the calcare- ous sediments, and finally raised the top of the lowest sediments above the surface of the water, but probably did not expose them to any extensive erosion. When these lands again subsided the limestones and shales of the Devonian age began to accumulate on top of the perhaps but slightly eroded Silurian rocks. The 10 146 comparative length of the duration of these conditions cannot be estimated, for this was succeeded by an eleva- tion which not only affected northern Illinois but the northern part of all of the Mississippi valley and con- tinued for a time long enough for the removal of several hundreds of feet of the early rocks and for the formation of all the rocks belonging to the sub-carbonif- erous limestone in the southern part of this State. During this period of elevation there commenced at Split Rock a tilting of all previously deposited rocks. The east side was lifted up and the west side was depressed. As a consequence erosion proceeded much faster on the elevated side than on the side where the beds were being lowered, or at any rate, were raised less. By the end of this period of elevation 900 feet of rock were removed from the summit of the incline at Split Rock, which, as yet, remained intact west of La- Salle. Eastward from. Split Rock the denudation was also gradually less effective, presumably on account of the lesser elevation. Thus we find all of the Trenton limestone removed as far as Marseilles and all of the Cincinnati shales carried away west of Morris, and nothing remaining of the Niagara limestone west of the junction of the DesPlaines and the Kankakee rivers, while from Manhattan to Indiana this formation suffered no more erosion than it did in the vicinity of Rock Island. Assuming that the land contours produced at the end of this interval of elevation were as uniform as those of the present, the tilting was equal to the differ- ence of erosion, or 900 feet, and the dip of the inclined strata at Split Rock, which now averages 22, may be supposed to have been at that time considerably less. Then again followed a subsidence of the laud, with the possible exception of that in the eastern part of the State. This time, however, the subsidence was not as 147 deep as during the previous ages, nor as extensive in a northerly direction, for we find the coal measures every- where containing remains of plants, sometimes grown near the place where they are found. The land was kept slowly oscillating, mostly below the surface of the water, and seldom reaching a depth great enough for the accumulation of limestone. The duration of the epriod of formation of coal in northern- central Illinois, though certainly not as long as the time which was taken for the deposition of Silurian strata, cannot be closely estimated on account of the lack of knowledge of the extent to which the coal measures have been afterwards eroded. The 500 feet of strata yet remain- ing were, no doubt, formed in a considerably shorter time than an equal thickness of the older beds, for the reason that the coal measures were formed nearer the land, where sedimentation is more rapid than it is farther out in the open sea, where the Silurian and the Devonian strata were mostly formed. No rocks of the Mesozoic or the Tertiary ages have been observed, and there is little doubt that, since the time of the coal period, northern Illinois has been above water and subjected to continual erosion. The extent of this erosion is partly concealed by the glacial deposits. Borings in the Bureau valley and at Hennepin show that before the incursion of the ice there was at this place a drainage channel cut nearly 200 feet below the present level of the Illinois river, and bounded by slopes which rose to a height? of 300 feet and over. The com- paratively greater depth of the drift in the valleys crossing our section west of Atkinson and west of An- nawan and close to Mineral as well as the northward slope of the surface of the bed-rock all along the sec- tion from Rock Island to the Illinois river, and the deep- ly drift-covered lowlands to the north, indicate a west- 148 ward extension of this drainage channel. The long-con- tinued denudation of which these deep reliefs were, no doubt, a result, was checked by the advance of an ice-field, which extended several hundred miles to the south. This ice-sheet itself, to some extent, planed down the land over which it crept, but in this region the quantity of boulder clay and sand which it deposited far exceeded the material it removed. The occurrence of forest beds and several moraines indicate different stages of advancements and recessions, if not total dis- appearance of the ice, until it finally left the land in its present appearance, minus the drainage channels of creeks and rivers, which have, for the most part, after- ward been carved into the drift. Artesian Water. The universal dip from the north, where the elevation of the surface of the land is higher, renders the condi- tions for obtaining artesian water generally favorable in this part of the State, and a number of flowing deep wells have been made. Theoretically all rocks below the level of complete saturation are water-bearing and will yield water, but practically we find that water is sup- plied in quantities that can be utilized only by rocks which are somewhat porous, as sandstones and porous limestones. In northern Illinois there are a number of horizons which are porous enough to yield water. Many of these are only local in their development, and the supply is in such case limited. Other porous rocks ex- tend over wide areas and are readily supplied with great quantities of water. In the wells, from which the lower part of the section was constructed, the various water- bearing rocks which have been encountered areas follows: 149 (1). The drift. (2). The base of coal measures. (3). The Niagara limestone. (4). The Trenton limestones. (5). The St. Peter sandstones. (6). The sands of the Magnesian series. (7). The Potsdam sandstone. The Drift and the Base of the Coal Measures. The artesian water, which is found in the drift, is al- ways limited to particular localities. Some of the bor- ings north of Bureau Junction have yielded flowing water, which has come from sandy layers in the drift. At Bureau Junction and at Hennepin a flow of water has been reported from a depth which coincides with the lower part of the coal measures. The flow was small and of little economical importance. It is a mineral water. The Niagara Limestone. The upper part of the Niagara formation furnishes a strong flow of water at Peru and LaSalle. The Hen- nepin well also "taps the Niagara. This formation fur- nished a small flow in Mitchell & Lynde's well, at Rock Island, and gives the chief flow in Mr. Wiese's well north of Bureau Junction. The water is more or less salty to the taste, and at Peru it is a strong brine. The head of this water, as near as can be made out, is as follows : HEAD OF NIAGARA WATER. (Of course this head is local). A. T. Bock Island 560 feet Wiese's well 535 " Peru.. ..563 " * 150 The Trenton Limestone. A little below the middle of the Trenton limestone there has been found water in nearly all the wells going through this rock. The yield is generally not very great, and the pressure, lower than thafc of the St. Peter water, with which it otherwise seems to be con- nected. It contains a large amount of sulphur gas, and has in some places been piped off on account of its disagreeable smell. The height to which it will rise is mostly a little below 575 feet west of LaSalle, and not much above 515 along the east part of the section. The St. Peter Sandstone. The St. Peter sandstone is tapped by more wells in the State than any other formation. Its water is less sulphurous than the Trenton water, and along the east part of the section it contains more iron. The quantity of water is large. The head averages at least 580 feet in the west part of the section. Near the outcrops of the formation it is much lower, rising again to the east, viz.: HEAD OF ST. PETER WATER. A. T. Rock Island 580 feet. Peru 592 Illinois Zinc Company 571 Ottawa r>40 Hoge's well 580 Cryder Collin's well 580 Wilmington 586 The Magnesian Sands. In the east part of LaSalle county, in Grundy county, and in the west part of Will county the sandstones of the Magnesian series are bored into whenever the flow of the St. Peter sandstone is not found sufficiently strong. 151 Between Utica and Marseilles nearly all bored wells take their supply from these sands and at Ottawa there are over 100 wells that draw their supply from them. They probably also furnish some of the water in the Prince- ton well. It is the purest of all our artesian waters, containing only a small amount of soluble salts. The head is generally some 30 or 40 feet above that of the St. Peter water, being at Ottawa about 573 feet. The Potsdam. The water which will rise highest, since the rock in which it occurs has the highest outcrop, is the water of the Potsdam sandstone. The rock has a good supply of a somewhat salty water. The saltiness increases with the depth, and it is sometimes difficult to procure a good, large flow without going down so deep as to make the water too salty for general use. If the upper flows are properly piped off, the head is a trifle above 700 feet, as seen below. HEAD OF POTSDAM WATER. A. T. Geneseo (no casing) 670 feet. Minooka (no casing) 660 " Catlin's well (Ottawa) 705 " GEOLOGIC All SECTION ST. LOUIS TO SHAWNEETOWN. BY PROF. J. M. NICKLE8. Introductory. f'HE field work for this section was carried on during _ July and August, 1892. The limited time and small number of exposures of strata and the consider- able intervals by which these exposures were commonly separated made it impossible to ascertain the exact position of each particular outcrop in the vertical series or determine the relations of the various outcrops to one another. This difficulty is increased by the striking sameness in material composing the deposits of the Coal Measures Series in southern Illinois; sandy shales, some- times shading off into sandstone, at other times into clay shales, being predominant, and limestones few and infrequent. Fossils are rare or wanting at all but a few horizons, though in some beds and in some localities abundant. But from the general likeness of the strata and the uniformity in deposition and character of ma- terial, with the preliminary work done years ago by the Geological Survey, under the direction of Prof. A. H. Wortheu, of which I have freely availed myself, it has been comparatively easy to decide to which of the main divisions of the Coal Measures to assign the various outcrops. For the surface contour I am indebted to Prof. J. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, who kindly sent me tracings from the topographical county maps, prepared 155 156 under his direction from the survey undertaken to pre- pare the topographical map of the State, which formed part of the Illinois exhibit at the World's Fair. The diagrams of the sections which are given on the accompanying plate are reproduced, on a smaller scale, from those displayed in the geological department of the Illinois exhibit. Some of the data contained in the fol- lowing pages are shown in the diagrams, but the greater part are precluded from appearing by the necessarily small scale of the diagrams. The line of the sections extends in a southeast-by-east direction from St. Louis, on the Mississippi river, to Shawneetown, on the Ohio river. The line passes diagon- ally through the center of St. Glair county, a little southwest of the center of Washington county, intersects the northeast corner of Perry county, southwest part of Jefferson county, the northern part of Franklin county, the southwest corner of Hamilton county, northeast corner of Saline county, and the center of Gallatin county. All the strata outcropping on the line or in its imme- diate vicinity belong to the Carboniferous Series and the Coal Measures Division. During the reconnaissance, search was made for exposures, and, whenever found, measure- ments of the thickness of the outcropping strata were made, and specimens of the different strata collected. The sec- tions thus made and other data accumulated, logs of coal shafts and drill holes, are given in the following pages, to show the data from which the diagram sec- tions were constructed. But few exposures are found in the vicinity of the line, owing to the comparatively small variation in altitude of the surface, and to the entire region being covered with a sheet of Quaternary deposits, clay, gravel, or loess, to the depth of from 10 to 150 feet, 157 and also to the general softness of the strata, so that even along the streams but few outcrops are seen, and these of limited extent. It is as Mr. Engelmann justly said, in describing the geology of Washington county: "In conformity with the predominating prairie character and on account of the softness of most of the strata, outcrops of rocks are quite scarce, and rocky cliffs are only developed on a small scale." The section is begun with the Belcher well at St. Louis, the record of which will be found in the "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science" (Vol. I., pp. 80-86, 1857). East of the Mississippi river the line of the section crosses first the flood plain of the Mississippi, known as the American bottom, for a distance of about seven miles, in which there are no exposures. The first outcrops are found in the bluffs which rise to a height of from 120 to 200 feet above the plain at their foot; at the time of my examination the bluffs were so over- grown with vegetation that the strata could be seen in but few places. St. Clair County. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. (GEOL. SUR. ILL. I., 298.) Quaternary, marl, clay, sand, gravel, etc 20-150 feet. Lower coal measures, including the conglomerate, about 300 " Subcai boniferous or Mississipian series, comprising the Chester and St. Louis subdivisions, about 300 * SECTION I. Outcrop in Mississippi river bluff, seven miles northwest of Belleville, on the northwest quarter of section 35, town- 158 ship 2 north, range 9 west. Top of section is about 500 feet above sea level. 1. Shale, blue, argillaceous, exposed 8 feet. 2. Shale, yellow, argillaceous 6 3. Limestone, in part nodular with conchoidal fracture 1 f ot. 4. Shale, blue, argillaceous, like No. 1 2 feet. 5. Limestone, like No. 3 3 6. Shale, bituminous, slaty 3 inches. 7. Coal No. 6, "Belleville Coal" 5 feet. Total thickness seen 25 ' 3 SECTION II. Outcrop in bluff at Strowbinger's coal mine, about one- fourth mile southwest of preceding section. Top of sec- tion about 490 feet above sea level. 1. Limestone 3 feet. 2. . Shale, bituminous, slaty 3 " 3. Coal No. 6 7-8 " 4. Fire-clay, from 1 foot 6 inches to 4 ' 5. Limestone, exposed 2 ' Total thickness seen 20 " SECTION III. Section in Chris. Lauf's stone quarry on bank of Rich- land creek, and coal shaft below quarry in Belleville. Top of section is about 510 feet above sea level, 1. Clay, loess, quarried for the manufacture of brick, tile, etc 15-25 feet. 2. Limestone, brownish, fossiliferous .... 3 " 6 inches. 3. Fire-clay 7 " 4. Limestone, granular, fossils, few, indistinct. 6 " 5. Limestone, fine-grained, bluish, bottom of quarry 6 " 6. Limestone, one eight feet ledge, several two feet ledges 21 " 7. Shale, bituminous, the "slate" of the miners. 2 " 8. Coal No. 6, "Belleville Coal" 7 " Total thickness. . . 77 feet 6 inches. 159 SECTION IV. Record of a well bored at Belleville, near the northwest corner of section 3, township 1 north, range 8 west, in 1889, taken from the Belleville News-Democrat of March 8, 1889. Top of well is about 530 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay 26 feet. 2. Sand and gravel 2 " 3. Yellow clay 34 " 4. Limestone 58 ' 5. Coal (No. 6) 7 " 6. Fireclay 2 " 7. Shale and sandstone 16!i ' 8. Gray sandstone 14 " 9. Black shale 3 " 10. Sandstone, white 10 " 11. Clay shale 8 " 12. Sandstone, reddish 47 " 13. Sandstone, white 10 " 14. Sandstone, gray 12 " 15. Shale 27 " 16. Sandstone, soft 14 " 17. Sandstone, hard 15 " 18. Sandstone, gray 58 " 19. Sandstone, dark , 21 " 20. Limestone 25 " 21. Sandstone, brown 19 " 22. Limestone . : 13 " 23. Sandstone 16 " 24. Limestone, hard 21 " 25. Shale 100 " 26. Limestone 93 " 27. Shale 86 " 28. Sandstone 10 " 29. Conglomerate 30 " 30. Shale 56 " 31. Sandstone and shale 70 " 32. Shale.black 20 " 33. Sandstone and shale 25 " 34. Chertyrock 20 " Total depth , 1141 feet. 160 No 20, in the above, marks the uppermost limestone, or No. 1, of Worthen, of the Chester group. The divid- ing line between the lower coal measures and the con- glomerate is not easily drawn; perhaps No. 12 above may be regarded as the top of the conglomerate; this gives the conglomerate a thickness of 204 feet. Per- haps this is too great a thickness, and it may be better to regard No. 17 as the top; this would make the con- glomerate 94 feet thick. No. 34 probably marks the summit of the St. Louis group. If so, the thickness of the Chester group, under St. Clair county, at this point, is 584 feet. Prof. A. H. Worthen (Geol. Surv. 111. I, 305.) says: "This group (Chester), which is at least 600 feet thick in the southern part of Kandolph county, has already thinned out, before reaching the southern part of St. Clair, to an aggregate of less than 100 feet, and includes only the lower sandstone and a thin bed of limestone, which probably represents also the lower limestone division in Eandolph County." The section above would indicate that the Chester group does not thin to the north as rapidly as has been supposed. If the interpretation given above is correct, and it seems the best explanation of the record, it goes to show that the study of surface exposures, few in number, without the knowledge given by the drill, is misleading; and illustrates how really small is our knowledge of the geology of Illinois, and enforces th necessity for a new geological survey of the State, or if not a new survey, then a continuous organization which shall accumulate and utilize the facts developed by the drill and other exploitation. 161 As correlated with the Chester group of Randolph county, the beds in the record above have their equiva- lents as follows: No. 20 Limestone No. 1. No. 21 Sandstone No. 1. No. 22 Limestone No. 2. No. 23 Sandstone No. 2. No. 24 Limestone No. 3 No. 25 Lyropora shale. Nos. 26 and 27 Limestone No. 4. Nos. 28 to 33 Basal sandstone, or Aux Vases sandstone, of the Chester group. SECTION V. Yan Court's coal shaft, at O'Fallon, 111. Top of shaft about 520 feet above sea level. 1. Soil 1 foot 6 inches. 2. Yellow clay 29 feet. 3. Yellow sandstone 16 " 4. Blue slate, mixed with sandstone. . , 29 " 5. Blue slate, mixed with iron ore 35 " 6. Fire clay 4 " 7. Conglomerate 1 foot 6 inches. 8. Red shale and marl 4 feet. 9. Gray limestone 6 " 6 " 10. Clay shale 6 " 6 " 11. Sandstone 8 ' 12. Bluish shale 4 " 6 13. Black-spotted limestone 6 " 6 " 14. Gray limestone 1 foot 6 15. Shale 46 feet 6 16. Coal 7 " 6 Total .depth 207 feet 6 inches. The coal, No. 16, in the above record, is undoubtedly Coal No. 6, or the "Belleville Coal." This would show that the shale above the coal, which is almost wantingf in Section III, preceding, and is much thicker but inclu- -11 162 ded in No. 4, in Section IV, thickens very much east- wardly. At Belleville, Coal No. 6 is about 420 feet above the sea level, and at O'Fallon, about 320 feet above the sea level. SECTION VI. Shaft of the great Coal Pit at Summerfield, 111. Top of shaft is about 500 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay 35 feet. 2. Sandstone 3 " 6 inches. 3. Shale 11 4. Sandstone 12 5. Hard limestone 5 * Cinches. 6. Sandstone 12 " 7. Shales 81 " 8. Conglomerate 4 9. Gray shale 18 " 10. Shale, blue, black, etc 24 ' 11. Hard limestone 5 ' 12. Fire clay and black shale 25 ' 13. Clay, shale and sandstone 8 ' 14. Gray limestone 8 ' 15. Gray shale 19 " 4 inches. 16. Coal 4 8 Total depth 276 feet. No. 5 (above) is the well marked horizon which has been called by various names in the geological reports of the State Shoal creek limestone, Curlew limestone, Carlinville limestone and is regarded as marking the boundary between the Lower and Upper Coal Measures. No. 16 is coal No. 6. At Summerfield it lies about 230 feet above sea level; hence, in a distance of about nine miles from O'Fallon to Summerfield, the elevation of Coal No. 6 has declined ninety feet, about, or a fall of ten . feet to the mile. This, however, is probably not the full amount of the dip, as the general dip of the strata is not directly to the east. 163 SECTION VII. Outcrops along Jack's Eun, one-half mile east of Free- burg, on section 29, township 1 south, range 7 west. 1. Shale, arenaceous, exposed 6 feet. 2. Sandstone, soft, micaceous, massive layer 2-3 " 3. Sandstone, thinly stratified, in part shaly 15 " 4. Shale, argillaceous, greenish 5 " Total thickness 29 feet. These strata lie some forty feet above the Belleville- quarry rock, according to Worthen's report on St. Clair county, and correspond to Nos. 7-10 of Section VI, and Nos. 10-12 of Section Y. A well was bored to the depth of 480 feet at Freeburg, some years ago, but investiga- tion developed the fact that no record of the strata passed through had been preserved. SECTION VIII. Boring at Lementon, on the Cairo Short Line (St. L., A. & T. H. R. K.), on section 8, township 2 south, range 7 west. (Geol. Sur. 111., VII, 31). Surface about 460 feet above sea level. 1. Soil 3 feet. 2. Yellow clay 14 " 3. Sand and gravel 1 foot. 4. Blue clay 20 feet. 5. Carbonaceous clod 1 foot. 6. Clay shale 24 feet. 7. Bock (not defined) 1 foot. 8. Clay shale 7 feet. 9. Black shale 9 " 6 inches. 10. CoalNo.5 Ifoot 6 11. Fire clay and shale 34 feet. 12. Hard rock (limestone ?) 1 foot 6 inches. 13. Black shale 3 feet 6 " 14. Coal (No. 3, Worthen) " 2 " 15. Fire clay and shale 9 " 164 16. Brown shale 4 feet. 17. Black or blue shale 9 ' 18. Hard blue shale 1 foot. 19. Sandstone 9 feet. 20. Brown shale 1 foot. 21. Sandstone 1 22. Coal (No. 2. Worthen) 1 " Total depth 156 feet 2 inches. SECTION IX. Boring from the bottom of coal shaft of White Oak Coal Co^, near Marissa, 111. (Geol. Sur. 111., VII, 31). Top of shaft approximately 500 feet above sea level. 1. Strata above Coal No. 6 141 feet. 2. Coal No. 6 6 " 3. Fire clay 7 " 11 inches. 4. Limestone 2 ' 10 5. Fire clay 1 foot. 6. Limestone feet 1 1 inches. 7. Clay shale with iron ore concretions 50 " ]0 " 8. Black shale 5 " 6 " 9. Clay shale 33 " 10. Blue shale, containing nodules 18 " 3 " 11. Limestone 1 foot 3 " 12. Black shale 6 feet. 13. Coal 1 foot 3 " 14. Fire clay and coal . 2 fet 7 " 15. Fire clay 5 " 4. " 16. Coal " 10 17. Fireclay -. . 11 " 6 " 18. Variegated shale 1 foot 6 19. Sandy shale 8 feet 9 20. Dark limestone " 3 " 21. Micaceous sandstone 15 " 6 " 22. Sandy shales with clay partings in lower part 50 " 1 " Total depth 372 feet 1 inch. Nos. 13-16 of the above represent one of the lower seams, perhaps No. 3. Coal No. 5 does not appear to be developed at this point. 165 Washing-ton County. The geological formations which outcrop at the surface, with their estimated thickness, are given by Mr. Henry Englemann in the Geol. Sur. 111., Ill, 148, as follows: Upper sandstone formation 200-250 feet. (Worthen considers the thickness here given an over- estimate, and thinks 100 feet to be a much nearer ap- proximation). Shoal Creek limestone 7 feet. Slaty division 15-50 " Lower sandstone formation 270 " The Quaternary, which covers the county as with a blanket, varies from ten to fifty feet, and at some points is still thicker. But few outcrops embracing any consid- erable vertical thickness, were met with. SECTION X. Outcrops on Williams creek, on the south half of sec- tion 22, township 2 south, range 4 west. Top section about 470 feet above sea level. 1. ' Shale, bluish, somewhat marly, exposed 3 feet. 2. Sandstone, soft, massive, micaceous 4 " 3. Shale, argillaceous, bluish 2 " 4. Interval not exposed, probably shale 7 " 5. Shale, argillaceous 6 ' 6. Sandstone, thinly stratified, soft, micaceous 2 " 7. Sandstone, massive, micaceous, exposed 2 " Total thickness 26 feet. No. 5, in the above, presents a peculiar appearance. Undoubtedly a coal measure stratum and in situ, it showed, irregularly distributed on the face of the expos- ure, two large, exceedingly hard limestone boulders and one sandstone boulder, and a large number of pebbles, the whole reminding one of some deposits of the drift formation. Is this debris of an ancient iceberg or glacier 166 a carboniferous glacial period? Unfortunately, hut a few feet were exposed, so that nothing definite could be ascertained. SECTION XT. Outcrop on Elkhorn creek, on northeast quarter of sec- tion 32, township 2 south, range 4 west. Elevation above sea level of the top of the section, about 460 feet. I. Sandstone, soft micaceous, forming an overhanging bluff, probably underlaid by shale, exposed thick- ness 20 feet SECTION XII. Outcrops on Elkhorn creek and its branches, in the vi- cinity of Oakdale, on sections 14 and 15, township 3 south, range 4 west. Top of section about 520 feet above sea level. 1. Sandstone 8 feet. 2. Shale, black " 8 inches. 3. Shale, sandy 1 foot. 4. Limestone, impure, with carbonaceous material disseminated feet 4 " 5. Clay, shale, greenish and grayish 3 " 6. Limestone, impure, hard, splintery, lo- cally termed " bastard," quarried for foundations 1 foot 3 inches to " 8 " 7. Clay shale 2 " 8. Not exposed, probably clay shale, about 5 " 9. Sandstone, micaceous 20 " 10. Clay shale 5 " II. Sandstone and sandy shale 25 " Total thickness 70 feet 8 inches. Top of the above section is about seventy feet below the top of the Lower Coal Measures. Judging from the depth beneath the surface of Coal No. 6, at Coulterville and at Nashville, at Oakdale Coal No. 6 will be found at a depth of about 340 feet below the surface. 167 SECTION xm. Coal shaft at Nashville, 111. Record kindly furnished by Col. L. H. Krughoff. Top of shaft about 510 feet above sea level. 1. Yellow clay 15 feet. 2. Sand 8 " 3. Pale yellow clay 7 " 4. Blue clay 8 " 5. Blue shale 4 " 6 inches. 6. Limestone, Shoal creek 6 " 6 " 7. Black shale 4 " 8. Coal No. 9 2 " 9. Clay shale 6 " 10. Sandstone 8 " 11. Sandy shale 47 " 12. Limestone " 4 inches. 13. Blue shale 14 " 14. Conglomerate of clay, gravel and lime- stone 2 " 15. Black shale 1 foot 6 16. Fire clay 4 feet. 17. Clay shale 8 " 18. Sandy shale 25 " 19. Soft sandstone 22 " 20. Blue shale 26 " 21. Coal No. 7 1 foot 2 22. Firo clay 1 " 8 23. Conglomerate of sand and limestone 4 " 6 24. Sandy shale 63 " 25. Blue and black shale 43 " 26. Fireclay 1 foot 8 27. Blue shale 3 feet. 28. Fire clay 4 " 6 " 29. Soft rock, mixture of sand and limestone 5 " 30. Fire clay 1 foot 6 " 31. Hard limestone 15 feet 10 " 32. Black shale 3 " 8 " 33. Blue shale, with boulders and lime rock. . 3 " 34. Sandy shale 5 " 35. Sandstone 9 " 3ft Fireclay \ 1 f o " 37. Blue shale... 2 feet 168 88. White shale feet 6 inches. 39. Limestone 4 ' 2 40. Dark blue shale 2 ' 6 41. Fossiliferous limestone " 10 42. Dark blue shale 7 ' 6 43. Black limestone 4 ' 6 44. Dark gray limestone 3 ' 6 45. Black shale 2 " 8 46. Coal No. 6 6 " Total depth 420 feet. If No. 46 is really the No. 6 coal, which seems to be the general opinion, the general section of the Coal Meas- ures given in Geol. Sur. 111., VI., 2-4, does not give suffi- cient thickness of strata between Coal No. 6 and the Shoal creek limestone. In 1889 a drill hole was put down at Nashville to the depth of 1,000 feet, or some- what more, but if a record was kept, about which there is some dispute, repeated efforts have failed to obtain it. SECTION XIV. Outcrop on Locust creek, about the middle of section 24, township 3 south, range 3 west. Top of section about 410 feet above sea level. 1. Clay and gravel (Quaternary) 20 feet. 2. Shale, soft, micaceous, sandy 8 " Total thickness 28 feet. SECTION XV. Outcrop on Watering creek, on the northeast quarter of section 18, township 3 south, range 2 west. Top of section about 420 feet above sea level. 1. Clay and gravel (Quaternary) 2. Limestone " 4-6 3. Shale 10 " 4. Sandstone layer, soft 1 foot. 5. Shale, argillaceous 10 feet. 6. Sandstone, hard " 8-10 ". Total thickness 22 feet 4 inches. 169 SECTION XVI. Outcrop on Beaucoup creek, on the northwest quarter of section 35, township 2 south, range 2 west. Top of section is about 470 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay (Quaternary) 2. Shale, argillaceous, bluish 1 foot. 3. Coal No. 9 feet 6 inches^ 4. Shale, black, carbonaceous 3 " 6 " 5. Shale, argillaceous, partly nodular 7 " Total thickness 12 feet. A short distance below where the section was taken, fragments of the Shoal Creek Limestone were found in the bed and on the banks of the creek, but no outcrops could be found showing the limestone in place. Hence 1 could not determine how great a distance intervened between the Coal No. 9 and the Shoal Creek Limestone at this point. SECTION XVII. Outcrops adjacent to Little Muddy river, on the west half of section 27, township 3 south, range 1 west. Top of section about 510 feet above sea level. 1. Sandy shale and thinly stratified sandstone 20 feet. 2. Sandstone, even-bedded, layers from three to twelve inches thick, has been largely quarried 4 ' Total thickness. . 24 feet. Perry County. The line of the section passes diagonally through the northeast township of the county. The few surface out- crops are near the dividing line between the Upper and Lower Coal Measures. A bed of sandy shale, about 15 feet thick, was seen near Little Muddy river, on the north- east quarter of section 3, township 4 south, range 1 west, the same bed as No. 1 in Section XVI. 170 SECTION XVIII. Outcrop on northeast quarter section 13, township 4 south, range 1 west. (Geol. Sur. 111., Ill, 96). Top of section is about, 485 feet above sea level. 1. Gray shale, with nodules of iron 3 feet. 2. Hard, bluish-gray limestone (Shoal Creek) 5 3. Shale 4 " 6 inches. 4. Coal No. 9 1 foot. 6. Clay shale 6 feet. Total thickness 19 feet 6 inches. Jefferson County. The line of the section cuts diagonally the southwest corner of Jefferson county. The very few surface exposures represent the lowest strata of the Upper Coal Measures, the Shoal Creek Limestone being but a short distance beneath the surface. SECTION XIX. Outcrop on Little Muddy river and adjacent hillside, near the line between sections 30 and 31, township 4 south, range 1 east. Top of section about 480 feet above sea level. 1. Sandy shale 10 feet. 2. Interval not exposed, probably shale 10 " 3. Sandstone, soft, ferruginous, partly massive, partly evenly stratified 8 " Total thickness 28 feet. Franklin County. The surface of the northern part of the county tra- versed by the line is rolling, but presents no great variation in altitude, hence outcrops are few, and but limited in vertical extent. The Quaternary varies from 10 to 30 feet in thickness. All the outcrops belong to the lower part of the Upper Coal Measures. On a small branch in section 5, township 5 south, range 2 east, an exposure of three feet of micaceous 171 sandstone was seen. No other exposures were met on the Big Muddy river or its affluents in the northwestern part of the county. Two miles north of Ben ton, on the west half of section 6, township 6 south, range 3 east, an outcrop of about thirty feet of soft, brownish, ferruginous sandstone, with some sandy shale interstratified, has been quarried for building purposes. About two and one-half miles northeast of Benton, in the northeast quarter of section 9, township 6 south, range 3 east, an outcrop of soft, ferruginous, micaceous sandstone, of about 20 feet, underlaid with two or more feet of clay shale, with concretions, usually of small size, of kidney iron ore, and with the fragmentary remains of fossil plants, occurs on a small branch. A little far- ther on, near the center of section 36, township 5 south, range 3 east, the wagon road cuts through sandstone and sandy shale, exposing about six feet. In a small run in township 7 south, range 4 east, on section 12, probably was seen an exposure of clay shale, with concretions of kidney iron ore. These were all the outcrops examined in Franklin county. The only boring at all near the line, of which I could learn, and it too shallow to give much informa- tion, is the following section. SECTION xx. Boring at Parrish, 111., near the line of the St. Louis & Paducah R. R. Surface about 450 feet above sea level. Data furnished by Mr. J. N. Bryant. 1. Soil and clay 3 feet. 2. Sandstone 11 " 3. Carbonaceous shale 3 " 4. Coal(No.8?) 1 foot. 5. Clay shale 30 feet. 6. Sandstone 12 " Total thickness ,60 feet. 172 Hamilton County. But one small exposure was discovered in the south- western corner of Hamilton county, about one-half mile east of the county line, on section 6, township 7 south, range 5 east, where about six feet of a micaceous sand- stone outcropped. Saline County. The geological formations outcropping, are: Upper Coal Measures. Lower Coal Measures. Chester Group. The exposures of the Chester are in an axis of uplift in the southeastern part of the county, several miles southwest of the line, known as the Eagle mountains. The few outcrops discovered belong to the Upper Coal Measures. About one-half mile north of Gallatia, some 25 feet of shale are exposed, with about three feet of the underly- ing sandstone. SECTION xxi. Boring at Ledford, on -section 29, township 9 south, range 6 east, about ten miles southwest of the line of the section. Surface about 420 feet above sea level. These strata belong to the Lower Coal Measures. 1. Loess 13feot. 2. Hard sandstone 6 " 3. Gray shale 2 " 4. Sandstone 7 " 5. Gray shale 2 " 6. Hard sandstono 6 7. Hard, dark shalo 2 " 8. Hard sandstone 3 " 9. Sandstone and shale ) " 10. Soft sandstone 17 11. Coal No. 6 5 12. Soft sandstone 45 Total thickness . mfeet. 173 Gallatin County. The geological formations of this county are Lower Coal Measures and Chester Group. The latter occupies the hilly or mountainous country in the southwestern corner of the county. Along the line only Coal Measure strata appear at the surface. SECTION XXII. Outcrop on east bank of the North fork of the Saline river, on the northeastern quarter of section 22, town- ship 8 south, range 8 east. Top of section 390 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay 2. Shale, arenaceous, ferruginous 3 feet. 3. Shale, dark blue, argillaceous, contains nod- ules of kidney iron ore 30 " 4. Shale, arenaceous, micaceous 12 " 5. Limestone, chert-like, splintery, much cracked and seamed at the surface 3 " 6 inches. 6. Shale, black, friable, exposed 4 " Total thickness. . . 52 feet 6 inches. SECTION XXIII. Strata at north end of Equality, at Peter Brightness coal mine, on section 17, township 9 south, range 8 east. Data from Mr. Brightner. This section overlies the next (XXIV) at some interval, which I had no means of de- termining. 1. Sandstone 30 feet. 2. Fire day 1 foot. 3. Limestone "bastard," very hard 4 feet. 4. Black shale " 6 Inches. 5. CoalNo.7 4 " 6. Fireclay 2 " Total thickness.. 41 feet 6 inches. 174 SECTION XXIV. Outcrops at Equality, on southeast quarter of section 17, township 9 south, range 8 east. Top of section about 430 feet above sea level. 1. Sansdtone, ferruginous, micaceous 10 feet. 2. Argillaceous shale 15 ' 3. Coal (No. 6?) 1 foot 6 inches. 4. Shales and sandstone 40 feet. Total thickness . . , 66 feet 6 inches. SECTION XXV. Record of the Shawneetown Gas and Oil Co.'s well boring, made 1887-8. As a churn drill was used, the thickness assigned the various strata is only approxi- mately correct. Surface about 350 feet above sea level. 1. Clay, sand and gravel 110 feet. 2. Hard, flinty rock 2 " 3. Soft, black slate 10 " 4. Soft sandstone 10 " 5. Fire clay 1 foot 6 inches. 6. Shale 80 feet. 7. Coal No. 7 7 " 8. Shale 78 " 9. Coal No. 5 5 " 10. Clay shale ; 130 " 11. Sandstone 15 " 12. Shale, lower part producing a limited amount of gas 96 " 13. Sandstone 20 " 14. Shale 30 " 15. White sandstone, with some oil 50 " 16. Shale 10 * 17. CoalNo.l 2 " 18. Slate 25 " 19. Clay shale 37 20. Black shale 10 " 21. Soft blue sandstone (wait water) 55 " 22. Sandy shale 60 " 175 23. Soft white sandstone 20 feet. 24. Sandy shale 15 " 25. Clay shale 25 " 26. Sandy shale 40 " 27. Shale 30 " 28. Hard white sandstone 30 " 29. Softshale 5 " 30. Hard sandy shale 40 " 31. Shale 60 " 32. Hard sandstone (salt water) 190 " 33. Soft shale 10 * 34. Shale 15 " 35. Hard sandstone (salt water) 50 " 36. Shale 10 " 37. Hard sandstone 70 " 38. Limestone 30 " 39. Hard sandstone 10 " 40. Soft sandstone.. 20 " Total depth 1513 feet 6 inches. Nos. 1-27 may be regarded as Lower Coal Measures proper; Nos. 28-37 as the Conglomerate. The dividing line is seldom well marked, and may be drawn somewhat higher or somewhat lower in the series without doing any violence. No. 38 marks the highest limestone of the Chester Group. This makes the thickness of the con- glomerate 480 feet at this point very much greater than has been hitherto thought. Prof. A. H. Worthen, in the Geological Survey of Illinois, volume VI, pp. 2-5, where an exhaustive section of Coal Measures strata is given, says that the thickness of the coarse sandstone or conglomerate forming the base of the Coal Measures, usually range from 20 to 110 feet. Possibly only Nos. 35-37 should be regarded as Conglomerate; this gives a thickness of 130 feet. In this event, there is a vastly greater accumulation of strata between the Conglom- erate and Coal No. 1 than is given in Prof. Worthen's section above referred to. 176 SECTION XXVI. Outcrop on bank of Ohio river, in front of Shawnee- town. (Compare Geol. Sur. 111., VI, 198). Strata all dip to the south, at an angle varying from 10 to 25. Estimates of thickness are somewhat doubtful approxi- mations. The vertical thickness of the strata is given, not the amount of space occupied horizontally. The sec- tion crosses the upturned edges from north to south. 1. Black shale, with concretionary bands of clay iron- stone interstratified 15 feet. 2. Hard, black, bituminous shale. 6 " 3. Coal 2 " 4. Bluish shale, with irregular beds of thin, fine-grained sandstone interstratified 12 " 5. Shale, gray or dove-colored 10 " 6. Arenaceous shale 6 " 7. Argillaceous shale 30 " 8. Sandstone, hard, fine-grained 20 " 9. Shale and sandstone, layers alternatirg 10 " 10. Shale, arenaceous, micaceous 3 " 11. Sandstone, fine-grained 10 " 12. Shale, bluish, arenaceous, micaceous 4 " IS. Sandstone, ferruginous 30 " Total thickness 158 feet. 14. Interval not exposed. 15. Sandstone, soft, ferruginous, horizontal, exposed, 5 feet. The indications are that there is a fault between Nos. 13 and 15, but the limited examination 1 could make, and the insufficient exposure, furnished me no da.ta for establishing the surmise. These strata belong to the lowest part of the lower Coal Measures, in part to the basal sandstone known as the Conglomerate. 177 Geological Section in Southern Illinois through Water- loo, Sparta, Murphy sboro and Olmstead. Introductory. This line essentially parallels the Mississippi River at a distance from it of from 15 to 20 miles. Beginning with the Lower Carboniferous it crosses the southwestern border of the Lower Coal Measures, again issues upon the Lower Carboniferous and leaves the State after pass- sing through the Tertiary in Pulaski county. The line changes direction at Sparta and Murphy sboro, bending each time more towards the south. Monroe County. Monroe is one of the most interesting counties in the State to the geologist and paleontologist. The outcrop- ping strata over a large part of the county belong to the Lower Carboniferous, or Subcarboniferous, for which term Mississippian is now being substituted, a formation abounding with a wealth of fossils often exquisitely pre- served. In the extreme northern part the county is crossed by an axis of disturbance, bringing to the sur- face some of the lower formations; entering from Mis- souri the uplift causes quite a dislocation near Salt Lick Point, and disappears southeastwardly. The following table of geological formations, having surface outcrops, is taken from the Geol. Sur. 111. V., 270. Coal measures 40- 50 feet. Chester group 100-350 ' Upper St. Louis limestone 140-150 Lower St. Louis or Warsaw beds 120-130 ' Keokuk limestone 150 ' Burlington limestone 75-100 ' Kinderhook group 80-100 ' Trenton limestone, (in part) 120 ' 12 178 No boring could be found which would give an idea of the underground geology. An artesian well was put down at Waterloo some years ago, but no record seems to have been kept. The time at my disposal was too limited to enable me to make much exploration of the surface outcrops. SECTION xxvn. Outcrops along Fountain Creek on sections 27 and 34, township 2 south, range 10 west. Stra,ta dip to the west at a low angle. Top of section about 540 feet above sea level. All strata belong to the St. Louis group. 1. Limestone, in layers from four inches to four feet thick, with occasional shaly or marly partings between layers, fossiliferous, some layers weathering cherty 15 feet. 2. Limestone, cherty fossils numerous, mainly bryozoa and brachiopoda 5 " 3. Limestone, quarried for building purposes .. 12 " 4. Marl layer with a peculiar assemblage of small fossils, mainly gesteropoda, pen- tremites and bryozoa, varying in thick- ness from 2 inches to 10 inches, averaging " 6 inches. 5. Limestone 4 " 6. Marly or shaly layer contains most abund- antly an undescribed species of stenopora " 4 inches. 7. Limestone, fossiliferous 5 " Total thickness , 41 feet 10 inches. SECTION XXVIH. Outcrop on small branch flowing into Prairie du Long creek, on west half of section 21, township 3 south, range 8 west. Top of section about 450 feet above sea 179 level. All the strata belong to the Chester group, but the exact position in the series has not been determined. 1. Limestone layers with shaly partings 8 feet. 2. Limestone layer 2 " 3. Limestone layers with shaly and marly part- ings 5 " 4. Limestone layer 1 foot. 5. Shale and marl with thin slabs of limestone intercalated. 9 feet. 6. Limestone layer " 8 inches. 7. Limestone layers with shale partings 4 feet 6 " 8. Blue marly shale 1 foot 3 " 9. Limestone layers 4 feet. Total thickness 35 feet 5 inches. All the limestones in the above sections are fossiliferous, but the shales and marls much more so. Brachiopods, pentremites and fragments of crinoids are common, but the bryozoa are by far the most numerously represented, the genera Fenestella, Archimedes and Rhombopora leading in representation. More examples of the rare Coelocomus granosus, Ulrich, have been obtained from this locality than from any other though it is a widely distributed form. My studies in the Chester Group confirm the earlier observations of Prof. Worthen, that the different beds of the Chester so much resemble each other lithologically and in their fossil contents, that the identification of the various beds, either by their fossils or lithological characters, is impossible. It may be that long-continued, painstaking, patient collection and study of the fossils will serve to discover some distinctive or particular horizons, so that eventually we may be able to say just where in the series any given outcrop belongs; but at present, unless continuous outcrops showing relative superposition give the clue, we are unable to place any given outcrop in its proper place. 180 Randolph County. The geological formations seen at the surface in this county are the Lower Coal Measures, including the Conglomerate, the Chester Group and the St. Louis Group. The line of the section cuts the northern and eastern parts of the county, and all the outcropping strata passed over belong to the Chester and Lower Coal Measures. It is in this county that the Chester has its typical development; for comparison with what follows, Prof. Worthen's tabular presentation is given. (Geol. Sur. 111., I, 284). Chester Group. 1. Gray, compact, siliceous limestone No. 1 25-30 feet. 2. Shale and shaly sandstones, partially exposed ... 80-'.: ' 3. Shaly limestone No. 2 15-18 " 4. Massive brown sandstone 40 5. Limestone No. 3 40-45 6. Green and blue argillaceous shales, with plates of limestone 45-70 7. Arenaceous and argillaceous limestone No. 4 20-^0 8. Massive and shaly sandstone 15-20 9. Compact and granular gray limestone No. 5, with intercalations of blue, green and purple shales, about 150 " 10. Massive quartzose brown sandstone 120 " I have, in this report, adopted the numbering of the limestone beds as given above, though afterwards, in the reports of the Geological Survey, in the chapters describ- ing the geology of Johnson, Massac, Pope and Hardin counties, the beds are differently numbered. Whether detailed study will bear out this division into five different successive limestone beds, each with an un- derlying sandstone except No. 3, I am not prepared to say. There may also be some doubt whether these sand- stones are continuous over wide areas. 181 SECTION XXIX. Strata displayed in hillside northwest of court house at Chester, 111., from top of hill to river level (ten feet of water in the channel). 1. Not exposed, elsewhere shown to be sandstone in lower part 73 feet. 2. Limestone 1 foot. 3. Green, blue and purple shales 12 feet. 4. Limestone, regularly bedded 10 " 5. Limestone, irregularly bedded, partly nodular and argillaceous 42 " 6. Green , blue and purple shales, partly marly, highly fossiliferous in places (Lyropora shale) 53 " 7. Compact gray limestone 27 " 8. Not exposed, elsewhere seen to be limestone mainly. . 46 " Total thickness 264 feet. Nos. 4 and 5, above, are the Limestone No. 3 of the general section; No. 7, above, is the Limestone No. 4; and No. 8, above, is probably Limestone No. 5, in which case there is no sandstone at this place between Lime- stones Nos. 4 and 5. To No. 6 of the section above, I have given the name of Lyropora shale. It forms an easily recognized horizon, in which the bryozoan Lyro- pora, to whose stony supports, with the fenestration between lost or broken away, the name "frog mouths" has been popularly applied, is very characteristic. I have not yet succeeded in ascertaining whether the Lyropora is restricted to this shale and the underlying limestone, but at any rate it is rare, or wanting in strata higher in the series. SECTION xxx. Boring made with diamond-core drill at Red Bud, 111., in 1888. Data generously furnished by Mr. Geo. Saxe- meyer. Surface about 450 feet above sea level. 182 1. Soilandclay 8 feet. J. Limestone 14 6 inches. 3. Clay shale U 4. Sandstone 2 ' 6 5. Clay shale 7 6. Clay shale and sandstone mixed 6 ' 11 7. Sandy shale 19 ' 6 8. Limestone 1 foot. 9. Sandstone feet 10 10. Limestone 2 11. Clay shale 2 " 4 12. Limestone, with shale partings 25 ' 7 13. Green and brown shale 10 14. Limestone and shale mixed 2 ' 3 15. Green and red shale 7 16. Limestone, fossilifcrous 3 ' 6 17. Red clay shale 1 foot. 18. Sandstone 6 " 9 " 19. Clay shale 13 " 20. Sandstone and sandy shale 15 " 3 " 21. Clay shale 15 " 9 22. Sandstone and sandy shale 12 " 23. Clay shale. 15 " 24. Sandy shale 3 " 25. White sandstone, coarse, siliceous 63 " 6 " 26. Hard limestone 198 " 6 " 27. Limy sandstone 18 " 28. Limestone 28 " 29. Sandy limestone 12 " 30. Limestone 64 " Total depth 580 feet Expressed in geological terms, the preceding section reads : NOB. 1. Quaternary 8 feu 2. Chester Group Limestone No. 4 14 " 6 inches. 3-7. Sandstone and shale.. 47 feet. 8-17. " Limestone No. 5 55 " 9 " 18-25. " Sandstone (Aux Vases). 134 ' 3 " 26. St. Louis limestone 198 " 6 " 27-30. St. Louis (Warsaw Division) 122 " Total thickness.. . 580 feet. 183 SECTION XXXI. Outcrop of Chester Group strata on the Okaw or Kas- kaskia river, on the northwest quarter of section 16, township 4 south, range 7 west. Top of section about 380 feet above sea level. 1. Limestone in ledges measuring 9, 8, 15 and 10 inches 3 feet 6 inches. 2. Marly shale, with abundance of characteris- tic fossils 1 foot. 3. Limestone, exposed 1 " 8 " Total thickness 6 feet 2 inches. Natural Gas at Sparta. 1. BRIEF HISTORY. A period of depression had fallen upon Sparta and the adjacent country. Something must be done to pull out from the slough of despondency into which all things had fallen. To Mr. W. B. Taylor was due the suggestion which led to the formation of a stock company, in December, 1887, to bore into the earth. The drill was started January 28, 1888, in the west end of the city of Sparta. Various delays and ill luck at- tended the drillers, but at length on the eighth of June, at a depth from the surface of 845 feet, most unex- pectedly, gas with strong pressure and in large volumes burst forth. The discovery was as grateful as it was unexpected. For a time, in the absence of any means of holding it in or utilizing it, the gas was suffered to flow out unchecked, and many millions of feet went to waste. Meantime the large burning flame, twenty feet in height, aroused the surrounding country to a wonder- ful degree. But soon mains were laid, and the citizens were industriously piping their houses and putting gas burners into their stoves, and proceeded to enjoy nature's most impressive gift to man. Exploitation continued with the degree of success* usually attending the drilL 184 A second well, one-half mile west of the first, gave no gas. A third well, one-half mile distant, in a south- easterly direction, gave an abundant supply. And now the usual cupidity came into play with the attendant wastefulness. An adjoining landowner put down a well as near No. 3 as he could get. Of course it was success- ful, but as it was draining the same territory it simply decreased the life of its predecessor. The following table shows the continuation of the exploitation, and the accompanying chart the location of the wells. 2. TABLE SHOWING EXPLOITATION. Number of Well. When Bored. Kesult. Present Condition 1 Jan.-June, 1888 Strong flow of gas Produced but lit- 2 Aug.-Sept., 1888 No gas tle after 1890; abandoned in 1893. 3 4 Sept.-Oct., 1888 Oct.-N.ov., 1888 Very strong flow of gas Strong flow of gas .... Quit suddenly, June, 1894. Still yielding 5 6 Dec.-Jan., 1889 Feb.-Mar. 1889 Scarcely any gas Small flow of gas ; rock close textured. slightly. Never used. Never used. 7 April, 1889 Scarcelv any gas. .... Never used. 8 June, 1889 A little gas; rock close textured Never used. 9 Sept.-Oct., 1889 Strong flow of gas . .... Has ceased to 10 Sept.-Dec., 1890 Abandoned before reaching gas rock with loss of tools. yield. 11 Oct.-Nov., 1891 Strong flow of gas Still producing. 12 November, 1891 Strong flow of gas Ceased producing 12a Nov.-April, 1892 Abandoned at 480 feet with loss of tools suddenly. 13 December, 1891 Strong flow of gas Producing. 14 December, 1891 Strong flow of gas Producing. 15 Jan.-April, 1892 Medium flow of gas Producing. 16 April-May, 1892 Strong flow of gas Producing. 17 January, 1893 Strong flow of gas Producing. 18 Mar.-April, 1893 No gas ; rock close textured. 19 20 May-June, 1 893 Dec.-Jan., 1894 A moderate flow of gas Medium flow of gas . Producing a little. Producing. 21 April.-May, 1894 No gas ; rock close textured. 22 June-Aug., 1894 185 Diagram Showing Location of Wells. Sketch showing location of wells at Sparta. Productive gas wells \ N n-producing wells * Scale : 2 inches = 1 mile. \ and (7h es fer ff Wesr 3 West: 186 3. RKCORDS OF BORINGS. Logs of the wells, showing the thickness of the strata passed through and kind of material, were kept of wells Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8, which will be given hereafter. None are very reliable, though No. 8 seems most worthy of confidence. No records have been preserved of later wells. In the earlier wells, the gas sand was penetrated from four to seven feet, but in the later wells, Nos. 12 to 20, the rock has been penetrated deeper, from ten to forty feet. Sometimes the flow has been increased by going deeper, other times not. Had records of all the wells been preserved, an interest- ing chapter might have been written upon the topography prior to the glacial period. The depth of drift deposits varies from 34 feet, in No. 1 and 57 feet in No. 2, to 99 feet in No. 3, 116 feet in No. 5, 65 feet in No. 7, 70 feet in No. 8, 104 feet in No. 11, 109 feet in No. 13, 107 feet in No. 14, 120 feet in No. 16, 315 feet in No. 17, 94 feet in No. 15. These figures, even if not all accu- rate, indicate a very uneven surface under the drift, pos- sibly the bed and banks of an ancient water-course. 4. ROCK PRESSURE AND FLOW. The confined pressure of the wells had never been ac- curately determined. No. 1 exceeded 200 pounds, but how much was never known. No. 3 reached 350 pounds on a steam gauge, the limit of the gauge. The later wells, Nos. 12, 13 and 14, had an initial pressure of from 180 to 200 pounds. This accords with experience in other fields, that the pressure lessens as the field is opened up. But one measurement had been made of the open or flow pressure on No. 4, at an early date, by Mr. D. McConathy, of Louisville, Ky. This showed between four and five pounds through a two-inch pipe, which would 187 represent a production of something over a million feet per day. This is, however, a maximum under the best conditions. 5. LIFE OF WELLS. No. 1 was greatly weakened by No. 3, which has probably produced a larger amount of gas than any other well. Nos. 3, 4 and 9, all within a few feet of each other, supplied the town for considerably more than two years ; after which they still continued to yield, but had to be helped by additional wells. No. 3 has lasted about five and a half years; No. 4 is still yielding slightly, but shows signs of exhaustion. Seven years will represent the extreme life of a well in this area, under the best conditions. As the field is drained, the later wells cannot be expected to last as long or be nearly as productive as the early ones. During the winter of 1890-1, during the cold spells, the wells were allowed to flow freely, i. e. t without any back pressure. The next winter showed them greatly weakened. 6. PRODUCTION AND COST. The following data, for which, with many others, I am indebted to Mr. D. P. Barker, the obliging secretary of the Sparta Natural Gas and Oil Co., were furnished to the agent of the Census Bureau. They cover the year 1889: Total production of gas 80 ,-830, 000 cubic feet. Waste from leakage and other causes 4 , 000 , 000 " Consumed for domestic fuel (400 fires) 54,000,000 " Consumed in steam establishments (3) 22 , 830 , 000 " Gas sold for $3,842.30 Tons of coal required for equivalent work. 3,340 Value of coal displaced, at $1 . 50 per ton . . $5 , 010 . 00 The Gas Company furnished about two-thirds of the gas consumed, hence the total production of the field, for the year, would aggregate in the neighborhood of 188 120,000,000 cubic feet. As this was the year of maxi- mum production, the total output of the field since its opening has fallen not far short of 500,000,000 cubic feet. This from a territory less than one mile square. The amount of money expended by the Gas Company and private parties in developing the gas, has amounted, in round numbers, to |60,000, composed of the follow- ing items: Drilling, casing and equipping wells $30,000 Pipe lines 15,000 Labor, repairs and miscellaneous items 15,000 In addition, the piping of some 200 houses, paid for by the owners, at an average cost of $25, amounts to $5,000. To offset this amount of $65,000 which has gone after the gas, there is an income of $40,000 from the sale of gas. This corroborates experience in some other fields, that the gas involves an actual money loss. However, the convenience, comfort and cleanliness of gaseous fuel, fully compensate for its increased cost. When at its best, the gas supplied some 600 domestic fires, five steam establishments, and one brick-burning plant. 7. WELLS. The wells have all been put down with a cable rig. Two attempts were made with a pole rig, but were fail- ures. The time required to drill to gas rock has varied, but after some experience in handling the strata was acquired, it was no uncommon thing to go the 845 or 865 feet in two weeks. Most of the wells have been cased as follows : Eight inch drive-pipe to work, varying from 30 to 116 feet; next, five and five-eighths inch pipe to about 500 feet, to shut out water from the shales and sandstones resting upon Limestone No. 2; lastly, four and one-quarter inch pipe, with packer nearly to the gas' 189 rock. In the earlier wells, the gas sands could seldom be drilled deeper than three or four feet. Later, some of these wells were deepened. In the later wells, the drill has usually been sent down from 14 to 40 feet after the gas was encountered. 8. EXTENT OF THE FIELD. The area exploited at Sparta, covers less than two square miles. Although drilling in other parts of south- ern Illinois was stimulated by the discovery at Sparta, at no other place has gas been found in commercial quantities. Hence not enough is known to determine the extent or capacity of the field. That all the wells but one drilled without a small, w T ell defined area, have proved failures, seems rather inexplicable. The records of the borings are not accurate enough to determine, in so small an area, what is the structure of the gas sand and adjoining strata, whether we have to deal with a quaquaversal or dome, or with an anticline. The sand- stone, which serves as the holder for the gas, varies in porosit}', being most porous in the strongest wells, and quite dense in those which have yielded little or no gas. Further exploitation may prove differently, but it looks as though we had here a small but once bountifully filled pocket, which is now (August, 1894,) rapidly nearing exhaustion. SECTION XXXII. Borings at Sparta, 111. Surface from 520 to 545 feet above sea level. I have attempted, in the following table, to correlate the record of such of the gas wells as were kept by the drillers. The borings were made with a churn drill, the results of which are always inaccurate, and are made up with less or more of guess-work usually more. In 190 this case the records are further corroded by the fact that the drillers were drillers, and not geologists or min- eralogists. The men had no interest except to reach the gas sand as quickly as possible, and so, besides, being unable to always discriminate the strata, they were un- interested and careless. The record of well No. 3 is espec- ially inaccurate. The drillers gave a depth of 886 feet to the gas sand, while 864 feet of casing were put into the gas sand. Of the logs given, that of No. 8 seems the most accurate. The drilling was stopped whenever gas was found in quantity. If gas failed to come, the drilling was con- tinued, as in wells Nos. 2, 5 and 8, until the water became salty. Below salt water, the drillers stoutly maintained, gas could not be found; they had all learned their lesson in the Ohio and Indiana field. That the con- ditions in this field might be different, was to them mani- festly impossible. However, it is very improbable that more gas can be found by going deeper. 191 ^J O t _ Q lM I-l !"H i i M O >> B T! i cp B ^ i -d o e>- I '. I *~ CP _CD gj" CD 1 O O flj tj> CO 5to "2 "Jo CO 8 m O 'o CD i CD | 02 r^ "_ "_ /. / H QJ O CM 1 CN CO U3 t- "S OS 1 1 I-H CO Tl CP . ^ . . . 6 fc B * I t3 estone. . *~ cp' cp' aj o "* S 5|l| cp | CO CP 5 o o | "g a^g-g a 02 H O3O0205 3 jJ *^" ^ CO 10 CN .j cp o CM rH > : cC- o ^ cS ^j O *" CP J "2 B (-" g 9 a 3 O a a Jj kj CO Q_J, CO M ^3 r*H CP i CP ^ d o a ^8 -g 1 02 h-3 O02 H "ap co co 3 CO od

o at CP "g CO CO co i-H T"1 9 a o a ^3 EJ ^ . CP o fc LJ J3 O ^ a I J J3 -00 <% H 1 * pa 0202 1 i 11 02* cp ~ cp SECTIONS. r-T > a ^ 3 CM ^3 10 ~ CO i i co -O cp | CO 1-1 4< "~I CD CO WOETHEN' 1 | | DDT) 11 li o o Limestone i : 11 CD 3 !> 192 - = 3 I I ^o CM O * O CO 10 IQ S C fc *^ 5 "8 m ; g II M ^ C3 ^3 'S u O Qj ^ CO ^ _M JE PQ O s .a a o 11 o PH i-5 O J PQ jj to CM CO f c n S ^ t 1 CO 4J .0 "o o fc T3 i! 8 I o PQ c 2 ; 1 : M o Q! *c5 QO fe PQ O . -a o w 0? C3 u a "3 o C 3J Ej o PH J O h^ CO SO 94 O CM C ^ M *; S CM 1 ^ : ; * "8 ^J C3 1 1 o p^ PQ O o CD t>- 5 ^ cfc II 1 o PH O (J GC o 4J O 00 -* * = * * 00 in' OP i i i i ^ ^> -2 pT| J 0^3 ^ O fc |~ OJ >> *' : c la |3 11 * .2 o :f3 H ^ W 05 DO |zj : x ^ * PQ W 1 -3 CP m cp CB. a -i-j J3 . _d g-3 i o ^ ^j !O 00 00 irt O CM ' CD 03 *"H (^ 11 i s . 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"o 3 "a o c *" g s "co ,'"* a C CD s - "* CO fl T C> CD "3 E .5 S X ~ 3 '*^ fei 1 M ^ S~" ni y ^ a * 196 > -o c 3 5s M 1 * | B * ^ c-i . ^; o * oo ^< o oo toio i 'tM cc > | Sx : : : ITS : : : 4 : : fe O rH *^ -2"o3 " ~CC^ S^"^fe-2 1 ^ PH d ^j|a|3 "38 ^^^| |lSl3J'82| -gs *||-31 00 v >- T ( ^1 r-( O * I ,Q U o O fe H w , 03 g 03 g -^2 | ifSls ?| CO h^ '- CC h5 CO h^ CO j c 6 tJ 2 fc >. i 1 1 'S 05 _ ^ CO 03 73 cy = 1^ M O i i >^ O CQ IM H ^* a *^ M M O 73 S *" ^4" ia ." 11 -* 5 | -9 M era sl L^ > 03 M ? a "3 "2 O c5 ^ s i i r~ w 197 In the following table are given some figures compiled from the preceding logs, showing thickness of forma- tion, etc.: Well No. 1. Well No. 8. Well No. 2. Well No. 3. Well No. 5. Elevation of top of well above sea level. 545 545 535 525 520 Depth of well 850 948 1025 891 981 Depth from surface to gas sand 845 845 822 886 894 Depth to gas sand from top of first limestone beneath surface 781 775 765 787 778 Thickness of strata between the top of the first limest'one and the top of Coal No. 6. . 54 49 44 50 50 Thickness of Coal Measures (including conglomerate) from top of first limestone beneath sui face 334 340 331 394 340 Thickness of Chester to base of Limestone No. 4 332 307 287 191 266 Thickness of Chester to top of gas sand 447 435 434 393 438 Thickness of Chester Lime- stone No. 5 to gas sand 80 100 109 103 142 Total of Limestone No. 5 penetrated 80 203 312 103 229 198 It seems probable that well No. 2 penetrated into the basal sandstone of the Chester Group, but from the re- cord it is impossible to exactly mark the beginning. In the record of No. 3, I am unable to locate the base of the Coal Measures. As I have placed it, the thickness is too great. To regard the "limestone 11 feet," which I have placed in the Conglomerate as Limestone No. 1 of the Chester, does not give nearly enough thickness. SECTION XXXIII. From a comparison of the records of the wells and Prof. Worthen's sections, I have constructed the follow- ing ideal section, as it may be termed, to show what a fairly accurate record of drilling would disclose: 1. Soil and drift, about 40 feet. 2. Sandstone, at top more or less decomposed 30 " 3. Limestone 10 " 4. Coal (No. 7) 2 " 5. Fire clay and shale 15 " 6. Limestone, with shale pai tings 22 " 7. Shale 0-3 " 8. Coal (No. 6) 6 " 9. Fire clay and shale 6 " 10. Limestone 8 " 11. Shale 4 " 12. Coal (No. 5) 4 " 13. Shale 8 " 14. Limestone, with shale partings 16 " 15. Shale 14 16. Coal (No. 3?) 2-4 " 17. Shale 35 18. Coal (No. 2?) 3 19. Sandstone and shale (Conglomerate) 180 " 20. Limestone (No. 1 of Chester Group) 20 " 21. Shale 15 22. Sandstone 40 " 23. Shale 17 24. Limestone (No. 2 of Chester Group) 15 " 199 25. Shale 20 feet. 26. Sandstone 40 " 27. Shale 18 " 28. Limestone (No. 3 of Chester Group) 30 " 29. Soft shale (Lyropora shale) 65 " 30. Limestone (No. 4 of Chester Group) 30 " 31. Sandstone 30 " 32. Shale and limestone 30 " 33. Shale 15 " 34. Sandstone (gas) 7 " 35. Shale , 20 " 36. Limestone 14 " 37. Shale 40 " 38. Sandstone and sandy shale (Aux Vases sandstone). 120 " Total thickness. . . 1046 feet Nos. 2-19 are Coal Measures, No. 19 being the basal sandstone (Conglomerate). Nos. 20-38 represent the en- tire thickness of the Chester Group, which, in this section, is made 636 feet. Prof. Worthen's section, referred to before, gives 613 feet. Between Coat No. 6 and Coal No. 5, Prof. Worthen gives 30 to 40 feet of shaly sandstone. This must have been a mistake in stratigraphical correlation, as none of the borings bear this out, and the miners in the county state that the interval between Nos. 6 and 5 is only from 15 to 20 feet. All the mines of the county, with one or two exceptions in the neighborhood of Percy, work No. 6, though No. 5, while not so thick, is uni- versa'ly considered a finer coal. Probably Prof. Worthen identified a lower seam as No. 5. In his description of Randolph county, he considers that but two seams ap- pear developed in this county. The drill indicates the presence of three, and perhaps four, seams. 200 SECTION XXXIV. Log of Isabella Thompson coal shaft, south of Eden r on the northwest quarter of section 8, township 5 south r range 5 west. Top of shaft 497 feet above sea level. Shaft put down July to September, 1888. 1. Soil and clay 3 feet. 2. Yellow clay 17 " 3. Blue clay 3 " 4. Quicksand 4 " 5. Silt 2 " 6. Gravel 4 " 7. Silt 3 " 6 inches. 8. Quicksand and gravel 6 " 6 9. Silt, veiy pure and pale 8 " 10. Silt, coarser, mouse-colored 3 " 11. Hardpan or concrete 4 " 12. Sand, fine, gray, close, firm 6 " 13. Hardpan, sand and clay mixed 6 " 6 inches.. 14. Silt 2 " 6 " 15. Boulder clay 6 " 3 " 16. Fine gravel 4 " 17. Boulder clay 1 foot 9 ' 18. Laminated clay 5 feet. 19. Nodular limestone, bluish gray 6 " 10 " 20. Clay shale " 10 21. Coal (No 7?) 1 foot 7 " 22. Light, argillaceous sandrock 1 " 8 " 23. Fireclay 3 feet 2 " 24. Blue clay shale 5 " 11 " 25. Buff -colored limestone "... 2 " 26. Blue-banded limestone 1 foot 11 " 27. Clay shale 3 feet 6 " 28. Clouded gray and buff limestone 3 " 6 " 29. Fire clay parting " 4 " 30. Bluish gray slate 3 " 1 " 31. Black limestone 2 " 32. Buff and black spotted limestone 1 foot 1 " 33. Gray and black lime bands 1 " 34. Brownish gray limestone 3 feet 10 " 35. Black slate 1 foot 8 " 36. CoalNo.6 6 feet 6 " Total depth . 140 feet 5 inches 201 The section condensed, is: 1. Soil and drift 90 feet. 2. Limestone and shale 7 " 8 inches. 3. Coal (No. 7 ?) 1 foot 7 4. Fire clay and shale 10 feet 9 " 5. Limestone 22 " 3 " 6. Black slate 1 foot 8 " 7. Coal No. 6 6 feet 6 Total thickness 140 feet 5 inches. The elate above Coal No. 6 is variable, ranging in thickness from to 3 feet. The coal varies from 5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet 4 inches, being thickest where the black shale above it is thickest. SECTION XXXV. Boring at Coulterville, 111. Record from Mr. J. Q. A. Nisbet, through the kindness of Mr. J. P. McCJurken. Surface 545 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and drift ( 30 feet. 2. Slate 50 " 3. Clay shale 20 " 4. Black slate 40 " 5. Clay shale 15 " . 6. Shale 45 " 7. Clayshale 20 " 8. Slate 75 " 9. Limestone 15 " 10. Coal (No. 6) 7 " 11. Clayshale 30 " 12. Slate 25 " 13. Black slate 13 " 14. Coal 8 " 15. Slate 20 " 16. Limestone 7 " 17. Black slate 10 " 18. Limestone . . 6 '* 202 19. White slate 20 feet. 20. Limestone 10 21. Clay shale 25 ' 22. Limestone 20 ' 23. Clay shale 15 ' 24. Brown slate 20 " 25. White sandstone 55 ' 26. Slate 40 " 27. Sandstone 215 " 28. Slate 10 " 29. Limestone 10 " 30. Slate 15 " 31. Limestone 20 " 32. Slate 40 " 33. Bedrock.... 10 " 34. Limestone 40 " 35. Bedrock 30 " 36. Limestone 20 " 37. Slate 25 " 38. Red slate 25 " 39. White sandstone, salt water 17 " Total depth 1117 feet. If the record is at all correct, No. 14 above is probably Coal No. 3. If so, it shows unusual thickness at this point. It can hardly be No. 5, as it is too far below No. 6. As best I can interpret the record, Nos. 2-28 are Lower Coal Measures, Nos. 24-28 being the Con- glomerate, giving it a thickness of 340 feet ; Nos. 29- 39 are the Chester Group, No. 29 being the Chester Limstone No. 1, No. 31 the Limestone No. 2, No. 34 the Limestone No. 3, No. 36 the Limestone No. 4, and No. 39 the horizon of the gas sand at Sparta. This in- terpretation makes the Coal Measures and Conglomerate much thicker here than at Sparta, and the Chester Group much thinner, but the total distance between Coal No. 6 and the gas sand horizon only about 75 feet greater than at Sparta. 203 SECTION XXXVI. Boring on Rurey farm, on northeast quarter of section 6, township 6 south, range 5 west. Record kindly fur- nished by Mr. C. E. Kingsbury. Surface about 450 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and drift 23 feet. 2. Slate and sand 4 " 3. Gray slate, with one foot of coal 37 " 4. Sandstone 6 " 5. Sandstone, dark 25 " . Sandstone and slate . f 30 " 7. Sandstone 159 ' 8. Slate 16 " 9. Limestone 15 " 10. Slate 15 " 11. Limestone ,. 70 " 12. Slate 30 " 13. Shale 16 " 14. Black shale 22 " 15. Limestone 112 " 16. Slate (52 " 17. Limestone 10 " 18. Slate 15 " 19. Limestone 73 " 20. Slate 7 " 21. Limestone 28 " 22. Slate 10 " 23. Slate and sandstone Ifi " 24. Sandstone 6 " 25. Sandy shale 16 " 26. Slate 5 " 27. Sandstone 22 " 28. Limestone and shale 10 " 29. Shale 62 " 30. Sandstone 5 " 31. Shal 5 " 32. Sandstone 150 " 33. Limestone 207 " Total depth 1289 feet. 204 Expressed geologically, the section reads: Nog Feet. Feet. 1. Quarternary 2-5. Lower Coal Measures (proper) 72 6-8. Conglomerate 205 9. Chester Group Limestone No. 1 15 10. " Shale 15 11. " Limestone No. 2 70 12-14. " Shale 68 15. " Limestone No. 3 112 16-18. " Lyropora shale 87 19. " Limestone No. 4 73 20. " Shale . . . .^ 7 21-31. " Limestone' No. 5 185 32. " Aux Vases Sandstone 1 50 782 33. St. Louis Limestone 207 Total thickness 1289 The horizon equivalent to the Sparta gas sand is some- where in No. 29. The Chester Group is 782 feet thick, or about 150 feet more than is indicated by the borings at Sparta. SECTION XXXVII. Well bored at Stellville with diamond core drill. Record given me by Mr. C. E. Kingsbury, who has taken an active part in promoting and keeping records of drillings. Sur- face about 450 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and quicksand 60 feet. 2. Sandstone 48 ' 3. Limestone " 5 inches. 4. Sandstone 2 " 7 " 6. Coal " 5 6. Clay shale 8 " 7 " 7. Sandy shales and sandstone 5 " 6 " 8. Sandstone, with dark streaks 2 " ' 9. Sandstone and sandy shale 7 " 10. Soft clay shale 9 " 2 " 11. Striped sandv shale 1 foot 6 " 12. White sandstone and striped sandy shalo. . 3 feet 6 " 13. Limestone " 4 " 205 14. Striped sandy shale 1 foot. 15. Dark clay shale 9 feet. 16. White sandstone 1 foot. 17. Dark sandy shale 4 feet. 18. Gray sandstone 1 foot 3 inches. 19. Limestone 1'eet 4 20. Sandstone and sandy shale " 6 " 21. Dark shale 8 " 22. Sandstone 3 " 6 " 23. Hard rock " 5 ' 24. Striped sandstone 10 ' 6 ' 25. Hard rock , " 6 " 26. White and gray sandstone 11 " 6 " 27. Limestone u " 1 " 28. Sandstone 3 " 29. Dark, coarse sandstone " 3 " 30. White sandstone 34 " 2 " 31. Sandstone, with dark nodules 1 ' 32. White sandstone 12 " 33. Dark, coarse sandstone 1 " 34. Conglomerate " 2 35. Coarse sandstone.. 47 " 10 Total depth oOO feet. The greater part of this accurate section is Conglom- erate, with a few overlying strata of the Lower Coal Measures proper. I am unable to draw this line in the record. Possibly No. 7 may be considered the top of the Conglomerate. Even an examination of the strata themselves is not always sufficient to decide, as the sand- stones and shales of the two formations are very much alike. In fact, we may very much doubt the utility of attempting to separate the formations in the Illinois coal field, though in the Appalachian coal field the dividing line is easily drawn. 206 Perry County. The line of the section passes diagonally through the southwestern corner of Perry county. No exposures were seen near the line of the section. A very careful and accurate boring made on the line of the Wabash, Ches- ter & Western Railroad, in July, 1887, at Galum creek, about four miles northeast of the line, is here given, to give some idea of the character of the strata comprised in the lower Coal Measures along this portion of the line. The record has been previously published in Geol. Sur. 111., VIII, 56. SECTION XXXVIII. Boring at Galum creek, on section 35, township 5 south, range 4 west. Surface about 440 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay 17 feet 6 inches. 2. Black shale 1 foot 10 3. Daik blue limestone 8 feet 8 " 4. Black shale 2 " 6 " 5. Coal No. 6 5 " ]() " 6. Fireclay 1 foot (i 7. Limestone 1 " 3 ' 8. Soft white shale 2 foot 3 " 9. Light gray limestone 2 " 10. Sandy shales 7 " 10 " 11. Hard white limestone 6 " 7 " 12. Hard gray shale 2 " 13. Hard blue limestone . " 6 ' 14. Coal No. 5 : 4 " g 15. Fireclay 11 "' 1 " 16. Limestone " 9 " 17. Shale 2 " 18. Sandy shale and sandstone 52 " 6 " 19. Blue shale, with limestone nodules 5 " 3 " 20. Fossilferous limestone. .'. 1 foot 4 " 21. Black shal 8 feet ;> " 22. Coal No. 4 3 " 1 23. Gray clay shale... 1 foot 8 U. Coal feet 2 25. Dark shale, with sulphur nodules 2 " 4 26. Gray shale with pyrites " 9 " 207 27. Gray shale feet 10 inches. 28. Black shale, with limestone nodules 6 " 2 " 29. Limestone " 1 inch. 30. Shale 13 " 10 inches. 31. Blackshale 2 " 9 32. Coal No. 3 2 " 2 33. Gray shale 8 " 6 " 34. Limestone " 9 " 35. Shale a: d sandstone 3 " 9 " 36. Shales, with bands of sandstone and lime- stone 15 " 7 " 37. Shale 9 " 8 38. Coal No. 2 1 foot 6 39. Green clay shale feet 6 " 40. Limestone " 11 " 41. CoalNo.2, 2 " 6 42. Fire clay 1 foot 7 " 43. Gray shale feet 8 " 44. Sandy limestone " 8 " 45. Gray shale " 9 " 46. Dark shale " 5 " 47. Soft coal and rock mixed " 9 " 48. Brown and gray shales, with limestone nodules 7 " 6 " 49. Shale 12 " 9 50. Sandstone 4 " 6 " 51. Black shale, fossilferous 1 "11 " 52. Coal No. 1 3 " 5 53. Blackshale " 5 " 54. Dark sandy shales 8 " 7 " 55. Gray shale, with limestone nodules 1 foot 9 " 56. Shale 13 feet 5 57. Coal 1 foot 7 " 58. Dark shale, with limestone nodules 2 feet 2 " 59. Sandy gray shales 6 " 9 " 60. Shale, with streaks of coal 5 " 5 " 61. Shale 28 " 9 62. White sandstone, with streaks of coal 1 foot. 63. Coarse sandstone 14 feet 8 " 64. Pebbly conglomerate 1 foot. Total thickness 344 feet. No. 63 marks the top of the Conglomerate Division of the Lower Coal Measures. 208 Jackson County. This is another very interesting county from a geologi- cal standpoint. The outcropping formations are given in the following table taken from the Economical Geology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 505. Lower Coal Measures, including conglomerate 500-COO feet. Chester Group 800 St. Louis Group 250 Eeokuk Group 150 Burlington Limestone 100 Hamilton Group 40-75 Corniferous limestone 20-30 Onondaga limestone 60 Oriskany Gi oup (Clear Creek limestone) 250 Lower Helderberg limestone 200 Along the line of the section the outcropping rocks are Lower Coal Measures exclusively. The Chester Group occupies a large area in the western and northwestern parts of the county, and the lower formations a rather email area in the southwestern part of the county. SECTION xxxix. Outcrops along the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad between Bi-yden and Ava, on sections 28 and 29, town- ship 7 south, range 3 west. Top of section about 550 feet above sea level. 1. Heavy-bedded sandstone 35 feet. 2. Shale with iron concretions 25 " 3. Interval not exposed, estimated at 10 " 4. Shale 3 " 5. Shaly sandstone 4 " 6. Sandstone 4 " 7. Shale 4 8. Sandstone thinly bedded 4 " 9. Sandstone ledge 2 " 10. Shale . . 4 209 11. Sandstone, heavy bedded with traces of plants 11 feet. 12. Shalo 4 " '13. Sandstone, thinly bedded 3 ' 14. Sandstone 5 " 15. Coal 8 inches to 1 foot. 16. Shale with remains of plants feet. 6 inches. 17. Sandstone 3 " Total thickness 122 feet 6 inches. The section is near the top of the Conglomerate and may embrace a few strata belonging to the Lower Coal Measure proper. I was unable to determine the exact horizon. SECTION XL. Boring at Murphysboro, 1888. Record kindly fur- nished me by Mr. W. H. Hull. Surface about 430 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and drift 98 feet. 2. Black shale 27 " 3. Coal No. 2 6 " 4. Blue shale 20 " 5. Gray sandstone 48 " 6. Gray sandy shale 67 " 7. White sandstone 163 " 8. Blue shale 118 " 9. Limestone (?) 30 " 10. Light blue shale 20 " 11. Dark shale 25 " 12. Limestone 3 " 13. Dark blue shale 10 " 14. Gray limestone 18 " 15. Dark blue shale 13 " 16. Limestone 54 " 17. Bituminous shale 2 " 18. Light blue shale 20 " 19. Gray sandy shale 16 " 20. Dark blue shale 4 " 21. Dark sandy shale 23 " 14 210 22. Gray limestone 5 feet. 23. Dark limestone '10 24. Dark blue shale 25 ' 25. Limestone 14 26. Dark blue shale 11 27. Dark sandy shale 13 ' 28. Gray sandstone 15 ' 29 Dark limestone. 12 " 30. Dark blue shale 44 ' 31. Dark limestone 4 " 32. Gray limestone 30 " 33. Dark limestone 22 ' 34. Blue shale 15 " Total depth 1005 feet. No. 9 is certainly an error, it should be sandstone. Expressed in geological terms the above section reads: Nos. Feet. 1. Quaternary 98 2-6. Lower Coal Measures 168 7-11. Conglomerate 356 12-14. Chester Group Limestone No. 1 31 15. Shale 13 16. Limestone No. 2 54 17-21. Sandy shale 65 22-23. Limestone No. 3 15 24. Lyropora shale 25 25. Limestone No. 4 14 26-28. Sandstone and shale 39 29-34. Limestone No. 5... .127 383 Total thickness . . 1005- SECTION XLI. Boring made with diamond drill in 1892, near Mur- physboro, on the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of section 34, township 8 south, range 2 west. Record furnished by Mr. J. D. Peters, the accomplished superintendent of the St. Louis Iron & Steel Co. Surface elevation about 445 feet above sea level. 211 J. Clay and sand 86 feet. 2. Shale... 30 " 6 inches. 3. Dark blue shale, with concretions 33 " 5 " 4. Coal No. 2 6 " 4 5. Dark blue shale 15 " 6. Gray sandstone 20 " 7. Blue sandy shale, with black partings 3 " 8. Gray sandy shale, with black partings 13 " 9. Dark sandy shale, with black partings 30 " 10. Bituminous shale 9 " 11. Gray sandy shales, with black partings 7 " 12. Brown sandstone 69 " 13. Dark shales, with sand partings 35 " 14. Light sandstone 5 " 15. Dark shale, with sand partings 21 " 16. Light sandstone 46 " 17. Dark shale, with sand partings 3 " 18. Sandstone 6 " 19. Light sandy shale 5 " 20. Light sandstone 51 ' 21. Sandstone, with traces of coal " 1 inch. 22. Light sandstone 34 " 11 inches. 23. Dark sandy shale 3 " 24. Dark blue clay shale 67 " 6 ' 25. Sandstone, with shale partings 1 foot 6 " 26. Dark blue clay shale 3 feet. 27. Sandstone, with shale partings 45 " 28. Sandstone 9 " 29. Limestone 1 foot. 30. Blue clay shale, with sand partings 5 feet. 31. Limestone 33 " 32. Dark blue clay shale 16 " 33. Limestone 26 " 34. Clay shale 9 " 35. Light sandy shale 23 " 6 " 36. Soft coal and shale mixed 1 foot 6 " 37. Sandstone feet 6 " 38. Soft coal and shale mixed 1 foot 6 " 39. Light sandy shale 15 faet. 40. Sandstone, with streaks of coal 42 " 41. Limestone 1 foot. 42. Dark clay shale 5 feet. 43. Limestone . . 2 " 212 44. Dark clay shale 5 feet. 45. Limestone 1 foot. 46. Dark clay shale 3 feet. 47. Light limestone 11 48. Dark clay shale 5 ' 49. Light sandy shale 2 ' 60. Limestone 5 ' 51. Dai k clay shale 14 ' Total depth 881 feet. Expressed geologically, the section reads: Nos. Feet. 1. Quaternary 86 2-12. Lower Coal Measures 237 13-28. Conglomerate 336 29-31. Chester Group Limestone No. 1 39 32. Shale 10 33. Limestone No. 2 26 34-40. Sandy shale 93 41-45. Limestone No. 3 14 46-49. Lyropora shale 21 50-51. Limestone No. 4 19 222 Total thickness . .881 SECTION XLH. Outcrop on hillside east of Makanda, 111., on the west half of section 27, township 10 south, range 1 west. Top of section 725 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay 10 feet. 2. Conglomerate Sandstone 150 " 3. Shale and thin ledges of sandstone .. 36 " 4. Concealed to level of railroad track 52 ' Total thickness 248 feet. About a mile and a half southeast of Makanda and not far from the county line, near the top of the conglomerate hill, occurs a bit of picturesqueness, which locally had received the name "Giant City". It consists 213 of a seri s of chasms or clefts varying from a foot to twelve feet wide, and in depth from a few feet to thirty or more, intersecting each other at various levels and varying angles. Whether this unusual structure is due to erosive or other agencies, the limited examination I could give failed to disclose. At Moore, two miles south of Makanda on the Illinois Central Railroad, the conglomerate sandstone is quar- ried; the vertical face of the quarry, all white sandstone of excellent quality, measured 87 feet. Some of the layers are slightly stained with iron. Union County. The line of the section passes not far from the middle of the county, cutting diagonally the townships in range 7 west. The conglomerate ridge crossing the northern part of the county gives it an almost mountainous aspect. Bald Knob, the highest elevation in southern Illinois, is about five miles west of the line. The forma- tions outcropping are very much the same as in Jackson county, but do not run quite so high up in the series. The following formations were identified by the geolog- ical survey of the state. Conglomerate sandstone 200 feet. Chester Group 800 St. Louis Group 200-250 Kinderhook 80-100 Chemung (black slate) 40-60 Hamilton Group 60 Corniferous 25 Onondaga 60- 90 Oriskany (Clear creek) 200-250 Lower Helderberg 250 No deep wells have come to my knowledge which would throw any additional light upon the above. A well 566 feet deep was sunk at the Southern Illinois Insane 214 Asylum, but no record was found. A few samples pre- served showed the drill to have passed almost entirely through limestone, probably all of the St. Louis Group, stopping in the Warsaw division. If this interpretation is correct, though it is little more than guesswork, the St. Louis Group is thicker than indicated in the table of formation above. The line of the section crosses successively the Con- glomerate, the Chester and the St. Louis, the other formations being confined to the western side of the county. SECTION XLIJI. Outcrop three and one-fourth miles south of Makanda, 111., not far from the center of section 9, township 11 south, range 1 west. Top of section about 530 feet above sea level. 1. Thin bedded flaggy sandstone with fossil plants 7 feet. 2. Shale 5 " 3. Heavy bedded limestone, (Chester No. 1,) with charact- eristic fossils, exposed 18 " Total thickness 30 feet. This section shows the conformable superposition of the Conglomerate upon the Chester Group. From the southwest quarter of section 16, township 11 south, range 1 west, for about two miles to Cobden, the railroad cuts through the sandstone, called No. 2, in the geology of Union county, by Prof. Worthen, lying immediately under the limestone No. 1. The thickness of the sandstone could not be measured as the exposures are not continuous. The sandstone which is mostly micaceous, lies in ledges from four to six inches thick. SECTION XL1V. Outcrops (not continuous) north and northeast of Anna, 111., on sections 8 and 17, township 11 south, range 1 west. Top of section about 625 feet above sea level. 215 1. Limestone in ledges from one to twelve inches in thickness, with thin shale part- ings especially near the bottom ; charact- eristic Chester fossils abundant 30 feet 2. Shale, somewhat marly, dark green, purple, and chocolate in color, with numerous finely preserved bryozoa, also brachiopods usually crushed and pentremites 20 " 3. Limestone heavily bedded 20 " 4. Sandstone and sandy shale, only partially exposed 5. Interval not exposed 6. Limestone 6 " 7. Green shale, destitute of fossils 1 " 8. Limestone with few fossils 8 ' 9. Sandy layers, only partially exposed 10. Interval not exposed 11. Limestone becoming leached 12. Crystalline limestone 2 " 8 inches. 13. Oolitic limestone " 5 " 14. Crystalline limestone 2 " 8 " 15. Crystalline limestone, with characteristic St. Louis Group brachiopods and pentre- mites 15 " 16. Oolitic limestone 5 " Nos. 1-9 belong to the Chester Group, Nos. 11-16 to the St. Louis Group. As the outcrops were not con- tinuous there was no way of determining the thickness of the basal sandstone of the Chester, immediately over- lying the St. Louis. Pulaski County. The area of this county is occupied almost entirely by two formations, the St. Louis Group and the Tertiary. No records of deep wells or borings were discovered. The St. Louis consists of limestones presenting the usual char- acters. The Tertiary consists mainly of clay, micaceous sand derived from decomposed coal measure strata, and a ferruginous, pebbly, conglomerate. 216 SECTION XLV. Outcrop in hillside east of Pulaski, III., near the center of section 15, township 15 south, range 1 west. Top c>f section about 455 feet above sea level. 1. Soil, loam and clay 59 feet. 2. Pebbly conglomerate 8 ' 3. Clay shale, bluish and drab 30 " 4. Sand 1 foot. 5. Impure lignite " 2-4 inches. 6. Drab clay 1 7. Sand, very fine and white 12 feet. 8. Concealed to level of railroad track, prob- ably sand 4 ' Total thickness 115 feet 4 inches. SECTION XI/VI. Outcrops in the vicinity of Caledonia, 111., on section 23, township 15 south, range 1 east. Top of section about 400 feet above sea level. 1. Soil and clay (quaternary) 25-30 feet. 2. Pebbly conglomerate 8-12 3. Clayshale 35 4. Sandy marl, greenish and brownish 18 5. Ferruginous sandstone 2-3 6. Bluish marl 3 7. Purplish marl or variegated clay 6 8. Impure lignite 2 Total thickness 109 feet. The beds underlying No. 8 were covered by the high water of the Ohio river which was about 32 feet above low water mark on the day when the above section was measured. In both the preceding sections the different deposits succeeded each other in the same order. Whether this is true of all the tertiary deposits in this end of the State, or whether there is an indiscriminate commingling of the various kinds of material, my field-work was too limited to determine. 217 In sinking the piers of the Illinois Central bridge over the Ohio an Exogyra, costata was found in excavating showing that the Cretaceous exists under the bed of the Ohio; but no outcrop of Cretaceous has ever been re- corded in Illinois. In the course of this work one thought has forced itself upon me again and again. If only the State could be induced to undertake a series of borings and keep care- ful and exact records of the strata penetrated, our knowl- edge of the geology of Illinois would gain a wonderful expansion. There can hardly be a doubt but thac such an undertaking would be in the highest degree beneficial even from a utilitarian and economic standpoint, while from a scientific standpoint the results would be incal- culably valuable. ADDENDA. In the prosecution of the work the following additional sections were collected, which have not been previously published. SECTION Shaft of coal mine and boring of Centralia Mining and Manufacturing Co., at Centralia, Marion county. The record of the shaft is given in Geol. Sur. 111. VI, 5; since publication a boring with a diamond core drill was made from the bottom of the shaft. For convenience of refer- ence and comparison with the next section, the entire section is here given: 1. Hard pan ............................... 2 feet 6 inches. 2. Yellow clay ............................. 9 " 6 3. Clayshale ......... . .................... 11 " 4. Blue slate .............................. 47 " 5. Shale .................................. " 8 6. Limestone ............................. 1 foot 6 " 7. Coal ................................... feet 8 " 8. Blue slate .............................. 24 " 6 " 9. Clayshale .............................. 2 " 218 10. Limestone 5 feet 6 inches. 11. Hard sandstone 5 ' 12. Coal ' 2 " 13. Soft sandstone 6 ' 14. Coal " 6 15. Sandstone 2 " 6 " 16. Coal " 2 " 17. Clay shale 4 " 18. Limestone , 2 ' 19. Sandstone 12 " 2 " 20. Blue rock 1 foot 6 " 21. Fire clay 2 feet. 22. Clay shale 15 " 6 " 23. Blue slate 29 " 24. Limestone (Shoal Creek) 11 " 25. Shale 6 " 6 " 26. Coal " 4 " 27. Clay shale 4 " 28. Sandstone 10 " 29. Slate 50 " 30. Limestone 1 " 31. Shale 2 " 32. Clay shale 3 " 33. Sandstone 24 " 34. Blue slate 79 " 35. Coal.... 1 " 2 " 36. Coal shale 3 " 37. Conglomerate of limestone 8 " 38. Light colored slate 10 " 39. Sandstone ;'6 " 40. Dark colored slate 43 " 41. Black slate with carbonate of iron " 6 " 4>. Coal " li " 43. Clay shale with sulphite of iron 3 " 44. Soft stratified rock, a mixture of limestone, kidney ore and fire clay 11 " 45. Sandstone with sulphite of iron 1 foot. 46. Deep black slate 1 " 47. Fireclay 1 " 6 " 48. Gray limestone 2 feet. 49. Variegated shale 8 " 50. Coal 2 " 61. Marble limestone 8 ' 52. Blue shale.. 2 " 219 63. Gray limestone 4 feet 6 inches. 64. Blackshale 2 " 6 " 55. Gray limestone 4 " 56. Blackshale 12 " 57. Blue limestone 7 " 58. Bituminous shale 2 " 6J " 59. Coal (bottom of shaft 276 feet) 7 " 60. Sump, fire clay 10 " 61. Sand, shale and lime mixed 3 " 62. Lime shale 1 foot 2 " 63. Coal and slate " 4 " 64. Clay shale 62 feet 6 " 65. Black slate '.. 5 " 66. Coal 2 " 2 " 67. Dark clay shale : 2 " 10 " 68. Limestone 1 foot 4 " 69. Clay shale 11 feet 8 " 70. Gray slate 7 " 71. Sandy shale 14 " 72. Clay shale 3 " 3 " 73. Black slate " 9 " 74. Coal 1 foot 3 " 75. Soft brown fire clay 3 feet 9 " 76. Conglomerate limestone and shale 1 foot. 77. Sandy ehale 9 feet. 78. Dark clay shale 4 " 79. Black slate 80. Coal 81. Gray shale 82. Coal 83. Sandy shale 5 84. Dark shale 85. Black slate 86. Coal 87. Gray shale 88. Sandy shale 89. Gray shale with limestone partings 3 90. Coal 91. Gray sandstone 5 92. Sandy shale 2 93. Clayshalo , 3 94. Coal 95. Fireclay 3 96. Clay shale 2 " 8 " 4 " 1 foot. foot 1 Inch. 5 " 11 inches. 2 " 1 foot 2 1 " 3 1 " 7 " 4 feet. 3 " 6 " " 6 " 220 97. Black slate * . : 1 foot 3 inches. 98. Coal 1 " 3 " 99. Brown clay shale 4 feet 6 100. White fire clay 1 foot. 101. Fireclay 3 feet 6 102. Limestone 1 foot 6 " 103. Clay shale . . 2 feet. 104. Black slate 1 foot 7 " 105. Coal 6 feet 1 1 106. Dark shale 1 foot 6 " 107. Sandy shale 14 feet. 108. Sandstone 16 " 109. Gray shale 4 " 110. Clay shale 25 " 6 " 111. Conglomerate of sand and boulders 6 " 6 " 112. Sandy shale 2 " 113. Clay shale 12 " 8 114. Coal " 4 " 115. Fireclay " 2 116. Clayshale 3 " 7 " 117. Sandstone 18 " 3 " Total depth 886 feet. SECTION XLVm. . Log of Pittenger & Davis' coal shaft at Centralia, 111. 1. Hard pan 3 feet. 2. Red clay 10 " 3. Red clay and gravel 2 " 4. Blue clay 10 " 5. Clay shale, 5 " 6. Coal " 10 inches. 7. Fire clay 2 " 6 8. Blue shale 8 " 9. Blue limestone 2 " 6 10. Blue shale 6 " 11. Limestone " 6 12. Fire clay 2 " 6 " 13. Sandy shale (i " 14. Blue shale 5D " 15. Limestone " 8 16. Coal ..... ... " 8 221 17. Fireclay 5 feet 18. Blue shale 50 " 19. Sandy shale 10 " 20. Sandstone 75 " 21. Blue shale 5 " 22. Limestone (Shoal creek) 10 " 23. Black slate 3 " 24. Coal " 6 inches. 25. Fireclay 2 " 6 26. Clay shale 6 " 27. Blue shale 53 " 28. Conglomerate limestone 1 " 6 " 29. Black shale 3 feet. 30. Limestone " 6 " 31. Fireclay 2 " 6 " 32. Fire clay and boulders 4 ' 33. Sandyshale 4 " 34. Clay shale 6 " 35. Sandyshale 10 " 36. Blue shale 78 " 6 " 37. Coal 1 foot 2 38. Fireclay 1 " 8 " 39. Conglomerate rock 2 feet. 40. Sandstone 2 41. Clay shale l foot 6 42. Limestone 1 43. Blue shale 10 feet. 44. Sandstone 36 45. Blue shale 46. Sandyshale 2 ' 47. Sandstone, with carbonate of iron 14 48. Sandy shale 5 ' 49. Dark colored shale 37 50 Fire clay 1 ' 6 51. Conglomerate rock 1 6 52. Clay shale 8 53. Blackshale ' 6 64. Bed fire clay 6 ' 55. Conglomerate rock 1 6 56. Gray limestone 5 57. Shale 3 ' 58. Variegated shale 1 6 59. Fireclay 4 0. Dark colored shale 5 222 61. Coal 3 feet 4 feet. 62. Fireclay 1 " 3 " 63. Limestone 5 64. Shale 1 " 6 65. Gray limestone 2 ' 66. Blue shale 3 " 67. Gray limestone 1 ' 68. Blue shale " 69. Coal " 70. Black rock 12 " 71. Dark blue rock 3 " 72. Black shale 1 " 8 73. Coal 6 " 4 74. Sandstone not penetrated Total depth 637 feet 6 inch. SECTION XLIX. Boring at Highland, Madison county, 111., for the High- land Prospecting Co. Data kindly furnished by Mr. George Roth. 1. Soil and drift 66 feet. 2. Limestone 4 '' 6 inches. 3. Black slate 3 " 4. Fire clay 7 " 5. Clay shale 16 " 6 " 6. Black shale 6 " 7. Brown Limestone 28 " 8. Shale 55 " 9. Sandstone 73 " 10. Blue clay shale 10 " 11. Fireclay 10 " 12. Red rock 2 " 13. Limestone 22 " 14. Shale D ' 15. Sandstone 12 " 16. Shale 12 " 6 " 17. Sandstone li " 18. Shale 20 " 19. Sandstone 39 " 20. Shale 20 " 21. Sandstone ... 40 '' 223 22. Black shale 6 feet. 23. Sandstone 6 " 24. Black shale 35 " 25. Coal 1 foot 10 inches. 26. Fire clay 10 feet. 27. Shell sandstone 5 ' 28. Coal 1 foot 2 " 29. Fireclay 4 feet 6 " 30. Black shale 55 '' 31. Sandstone 25 ' 32. Black shale 25 " 33. Shale 75 " 34. Limestone 4 ' 35. Shale 30 " 36. Sandstone i9 ' 37. Shale, 27 " 38. Brown limestone 6 ' 39. Shale 4 " 4.0. Limestone 8 41. Red stone 2 " 42. Shale 4 " 43. Sandstone 8 " 44. Shale 3 " 45. Brown sandstone 20 ' 46. Bed stone 12 " 47. Shale 6 " 48. Brown sandstone 19 ' 49. Green sandy shale 15 50. Green sandstone 18 61. White sandstone 92 " 6 " 52. Limestone 75 Total depth 1089 feet inches. 15 ARCHEOLOGY. BY PROF. WM. MOADAMS. f'HE Stone Age in the region now occupied by the _ State of Illinois began long ages ago. There seems to be some evidence, possibly, of indigenous man who inhabited caves and cliff shelters about our rivers and streams. At least there seems to have been a very prim- itive people but little above the wild beasts with which they fought for the possession of these shelters, Cave Men fighting for their Homes. Their bones are found buried together in the debris of ages ago. What the weapons of these early people were, we can only conjecture, may be only a stone or the por- tion of the branch of a tree. Accident, or perhaps the 227 228 dim promptings of some brighter savage mind may have brought the two together, and the branch was fastened to the stone. It is singular that primitive man all over the world should have used similar weapons. The spear followed the stone axe, and in course of time came the bow and arrows. Of course from the beginning to the end of the Stone Age there was great improvement from the very rude to the more finished specimens. In order that the student may have a comprehensive view of the Stone Age of Illinois, he must understand that the age was a very long one, probably several thousand years, and that in all this time smelting was unknown here, and no metal was used except a comparatively small quantity of native copper. But the objects manufactured from stone in the region of Illinois were so varied, and had such a wide range of application, that we think there is not another place in the world that can show such a variety of forms. From the more primitive and rude of our specimens to the more elaborate productions of our Stone Age is a long way, and perhaps no people went farther, for we are able to show from the mounds of our State as fine, polished, chipped stone implements as we have seen from Europe. In preparing the Archaeological Collection for the World's Columbian Exposition, we were allowed by the Commission ample opportunity to visit different parts of the State to observe and study various private collec- tions. From some of these collections we obtained, by pur- chase or otherwise, some very choice objects. We also made an interesting series of photographs of these col- lections. We also had opportunity to do some exploring in the mounds. A selection from these, as well as from those we had collected for the State in previous years, made one of the choicest and most representative col- lections we have ever seen exhibited. 229 In our history and description of the objects in the State exhibit in the beautiful cases in the Illinois Building at the World's Columbian Exposition, we may digress occasionally for the sake of comparison or analogy, as well as for suggestions germane to the subject. We shall do this with a confidence which more than thirty years' work in field-investigations has given us. Stone Objects Used as Tools. The Stone Age of Illinois is represented by a great variety of forms both in flint and granitic rocks that were used as tools and not as weapons. One of the most common of the ancient tools is the grooved axe. Of these there are a great variety of forms, especially in the valley of the Illinois river. One of the most common of these is shown in the engraving. Grooved Stone Axe. 230 They were evidently designed to chop with the sharp- ened edge as well as to use the poll or rounded end for hammering. They are made mostly of some varieties of granite found among the drift rocks so very plentiful in the glacial deposits of central and northern Illinois. No doubt a stone was selected from the drift gravels as near as could be found of the right shape, and the edge as well as the groove and pattern of the implement was formed by a continued and persistent picking with the point of another hard stone. Many times we have found these axes plainly showing the pick marks. Often one is found that shows that it had been broken and it has been repaired or formed in a new shape by picking. Sometimes one is seen that had been used until it was quite smooth and the edge quite blunt and fresh pick- marks on the smooth surface plainly show it was under- going a change in shape. Another very common form has one side of the instru- ment made straight, and this edge is often slightly hol- lowed out so as to fit up against the end of the haft. Grooved Stone Axe. Oftentimes this form is made with great care and nicety, out of the most obdurate greenstone or some of the dioritic granites. Some of the finest grooved axes we have seen are of this form. One of granite in the State Collection is most excellently fashioned and weighs 231 about sixteen pounds. We saw another splendid axe of this form that weighed twenty-three pounds it is sixteen inches long and nine inches wide it is also of granite. Both specimens were found on the bank of the Illinois river near Peoria. We had in our possession still another fine axe of this form, nearly the same size of the preceding, but the sides both above and below the groove were nicely hollowed out so as to be quite thin. It weighs about fifteen pounds, is of granite, and was found on the bank of the Mississippi in Madi- son county, near Alton. This is the finest grooved axe we have seen. In the State Collection is an excellent grooved axe of this form made of hematite. This beautiful specimen, which was found in Calhoun county, is polished over its entire surface. It weighs twelve pounds. It is not uncommon to find axes made of iron ore. Another form of grooved axe, of which we have seen several in the State, has an extremely long bit like a more modern, but obsolete, post axe for making a mor- tise. They are rare. Still other forms of grooved axes found in the State are flat on one side like an adz, and we have seen a few with the bit hollowed out like a gouge. Stone Gouge. Ordinarily, the grooved axes weigh five or six pounds, but some are very much larger and some much smaller. 232 As before remarked, I am inclined to think none of them were weapons. Besides what are termed axes, there are several varie- ties of grooved implements known as hammer stones. In some of them the groove is lengthwise, but in most of the specimens it is lateral. Along the Illinois river we have found a number of large grooved stones, oval in shape and weighing fifteen or twenty pounds. These are generally called anchors and were possibly used in fishing. Hafted Weapon. Among the grooved stones is another form, generally nearly as large as a goose egg, which was possibly an- ciently used as the head of a weapon. They were gen- erally made with much nicety and frequently of quartzite. Near the mouth of the Illinois river in Jersey and Calhoun counties, where quartz geodes are numerous, we have seen hundreds of .these balls, some grooved, others not, that have been worked out of solid geodes. Grooved Hammer Stones. 233 We have seen a few stone axes with the groove in the middle, and a bit or edge on both ends. One of these from Jersey county was a most beautiful stone imple- ment, and had probably been a weapon. They are not common, and we have seen less than a dozen in the State. Besides the grooved implements there is a large variety of axes and implements without grooves. Celt, or ungrooved Axe. The ungrooved axe is known generally as a celt. The celt is very common in Illinois. They were probably used by being inserted in a club or handle. Some of these were doubtless weapons, but many were tools for various purposes. Most of the celts, like the grooved axes, were made from glacial pebbles and rocks found in the beds of streams. They are mostly of granitic rocks and rarely of quartzite. Some of the larger specimens are made with great nicety, and very many of the smaller ones are nicely shaped. Most of them were probably made by the picking process. In fact we have had a num- 234 ber of specimens in which the pick marks still remain as though purposely left as far as the object was to be in- serted in the handle. In the State Collection are some fine specimens of Illinois celts. In the great "American Bottom" there is common a pe- culiar form of very large celt, often weighing fifteen pounds or more, that has a blunt edge as though it had been used in the manner of a pestle. A few of these large celts are found along the Illinois river. One fine specimen shown at the World's Columbian Exposition we obtained near Peoria. Two other large specimens in the State Collection were found on the bank of Cahokia creek, in Madison county. It is not uncommon to find small celts made of hematite along the Illinois river. In the collection was one fine celt of quartzite, and we have seen a few others all from the Illinois river. They have been made with great labor, and must have been highly prized. One of these exquisitely wrought quartzite celts we took from an ancient mound in Calhoun county. They possibly all belonged to the ancient mound-builders. Celt. There is another form of celt or battle axe that was first chipped from a choice piece of flint or chert, and then the chipping scars or marks all ground off, making a polished flint implement of exquisite beauty. One of these we took from an ancient mound in Jersey county. 235 It was eleven inches long. Another we took from a mound in Madison county. All we have seen were taken from mounds in Illinois. Ground Flint Battle Are. Another rare form of these battle axes as shown in the State Collection at the Fair, is made of a variety of black diorite or horn-bleudic granite, and paddle-shaped, with a long handle. We took these from ancient mounds in Madison, Jersey and Woodford counties, in Illinois. One of these splendid stone implements was over a foot in length, and the others but little shorter. We have seen none of these, except from Illinois. These imple- ments belong to the older mounds, but not from the same class of mounds to which the grooved flint celts belong. Both the grooved axes and celts of Illinois differ materially from those found in the Eastern States, and in any large collection from Illinois, one can easily sepa- rate types that quite possibly belong to different peoples that have succeeded each other in course of time. So also do the stone axes of Illinois differ from those of Mexico, as well as from those of the cliff-dwellers and Pueblos. It might be remarked, too, that they differ from the stone axes of Europe, especially from those of Northern Europe. We have no perforated stone axes 236 like those of Sweden and Denmark. We have never yet seen in the Mississippi valley, or in the United States, any of the peculiar type of the stone axe of the Vikings or Northern Sea Hovers. Perforated Ceremonial Stone Object While we have no representative of the European per- forated stone axe, we have a numerous class of drilled and perforated ceremonial stones that can, however, hardly be classed as weapons. Whether our later Indians used any of these ceremonial stones we have little evi- dence. They nearly all belonged, quite possibly, to the older mound-building races. These beautiful relics are, for the most part finely and symmetrically shaped and well polished. They were too small to have been weapons, and were doubtless made with great labor and almost inconceivable patience, for some sort of ceremonial pur- pose. Ceremonial Stone. In the State Display at the Fair were a number of these objects of pink quartzite that were very gems of the strange productions of the stone age. While the greater part of the finer of these objects are of quartzite, 237 some are made of a striped or variegated slate. That anybody without tools could simply grind and rub down a piece of such obdurate stone as quartzite or jasper into a symmeterically formed object of a known design, is remarkable chiefly as showing their patience as well as skill. Time, of course, was without limit. That they should drill holes in these hard objects is not so remark- Perforated Ceremonial Stone. able as is the working them into shape. One might take a reed or hollow cane, and with sand and water by continual turning, make an impression on almost any stone except the diamond. The incentive to manufacture these objects is, of course, unknown to us, but must have been a most powerful one. Possibly they were carried to designate some peculiar position the wearer held in the tribe or nation. They may have had a religious significance, for it seems to be well established that some of the mound building races had very much better and more definitely organized religious ideas than have our modern Indian. At any rate these peculiar ceremonial stones stand to- day as the highest examples of stone carving, or rather of stone working, of the ancient inhabitants of this region, or of the continent. Another class of stone objects very common in Illinois, and of which there was a splendid assortment in the State Display, are the discoid al stones and the objects of kin- dred shape. They have been made of many varieties of 238 rock, and we. have seen a few of baked clay, but they are most commonly made of the same glacial granites of which the axes are formed. Occasionally one is seen of quartzite, and we have collected a few of pure quartz. In these objects there is a great variety of forms and sizes. The common form, however, is a disk with depressed sides. Discoids. 239 The most of these discs have been made with a great amount of labor, especially those from the granite and quartzite rocks. They are more common in Illinois than perhaps in any other region. We have had as many as a hundred at a time. There has been much discussion as to their uses, and we may as well admit that the purpose for which they were made is unknown to us. There is a very large and peculiar variety found in Ten- nessee and other Southern States that is thought to have been used to play some kind of game; but the great major- ity of those found in Illinois are much smaller and so dif- ferent from those from Tennessee, that the idea of their being gaming stones has been abandoned. They have been called medicine-stones or cups in which medicines have been mixed, but still we have many fine specimens that have a perforation in which the two depressions are joined. Some of those from Illinois are exquisitely made of granite, quartz or jasper. We have seen a num- ber that were no larger in circumference than some of our small silver coins, and those the size of a silver dollar are quite common. On several occasions we have found them in mounds, and generally in pairs of opposite colors. Several were shown in the Illinois collection that had in the center of the depression, deeply carved on both Discoids. sides, the figure of a cross, thus, (X). Those thus figured were made of white limestone, and were found buried in the' mound with the remains of children. 240 It may be well to remark that we have never found a discoidal stone in any of the more ancient mounds, nor in the mounds of the Cahokia type. They are not un- common, however, in the mounds of later date along the Illinois river. Why the ancient stone-workers should not have made discoids out of hematite, which was so common, and which would have made such fine ones, is a question which has occurred to us. Plummets and Pendants. There is another class of stone objects very common in Illinois, and of which we had a fine assortment in our State Exhibit, which are called plummets or pendants. Like the discoids, there has been much discussion as 3 the uses of these objects. They are plentiful in the [lliuois river valley. They are usually from two to three 241 or four inches in length, and pear-shaped, some having a crease about the smaller end, or sometimes a perfora- tion. They are mostly made of hematite, and these are generally the most artistic in finish; but we have found them made of granite, quartzite and of limestone. What the ancient people did with these objects we cannot even conjecture, but of .one thing we are certain, they put oftentimes a great amount of labor on their manufacture. Many of those of hematite were elegantly shaped and highly polished. Many of these pendants had a slight crease about the smaller end, as if for suspension, but nearly always the depression was so slight that one was inclined to wonder what kind of a thread that would go in eo small a crease would suspend such a heavy object. But perhaps they were not suspended. Other specimens have a perforation at the smaller end. While the majority of these objects are of hematite, there are many others along the Illinois river of various kinds of stone. We Perforated Pendant have collected some made of granite. One especially nice one of granite, about five inches long with a perforation at the smaller end, we found near some ancient mounds of the Ohio type, on the Illinois river. 16 242 One beautiful specimen of these perforated plummets, made apparently of quartz crystal, was taken from a mound of the Cahokia group. In this mound was also a perforated tube made from a large quartz crystal that still had some of the six-sided faces upon it that quartz crystals have. But for this we might have committed the very grave error of pronouncing the specimen to have been made of glass. We have never found a hem- atite plummet in the mounds we class as very ancient. They are not uncommon in the mounds along the Illinois river. In a large mound at the mouth of the Illinois river we examined a number of plummet-like stones of limestone, with a crease about the smaller end, that were square at the base and pointed like a pyramid. They were made of white limestone, had been polished and were about three inches long. All our theories in regard to the use of these plummets or pendants we have finally discarded as unsatisfactory. Besides the plummet-shaped objects, there were many other objects of stone with one or more perforations for suspension or attachment to the person or dress. These are often found, like the axes and other stone implements, in the fields where the plow turns them to the surface. There is a common type in a sort of tablet shape. 243 After much discussion it is not satisfactorily settled among antiquarians whether these objects were tools to use in the manufacture of something, or whether they were simply ornaments. There is in the State Collection several of these perforated objects made of a sort of striped slate, and quite attractive as aboriginal objects, of stone. These objects are not nearly so plentifully found in Illinois as in Indiana and Ohio. Almost every collec- tion in Indiana contains some of these objects of striped slate. We have not found them in any of our ancient mounds. One curious form of objects of this class found quite often in Ohio and Indiana, but very rarely in Illinois, is a sort of hollo\ved-out stone, somewhat like a miniature boat. These have near each end a perforation as though for the purpose of attachment. We have seen but few of these in Illinois and all were found along the Illinois river. Those shown in the State Exhibit were found along the Mississippi bluff in Madison county. Another form of stone implements quite common to Illinois, and of which some fine specimens were shown in the State Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibition, were mortars and pestles. The depression in many of these mortars is shallow and not very large, and quite often the stone, which is usually an oblong, glacial boulder flattened on two sides, will contain a depression on either side. We have never found in Illinois any mortars worked out in the shape of a bowl, like those from Cali- fornia, about Los Angeles and elsewhere. 244 Pestles are common, but in many instances so much more elaborately made than the stone mortars that it is possible that wooden mortars were used, or a natural depression in ledge or ledge rock taken advantage of. Along the bluffs of the Mississippi, in Madison county, we have found some fine pestles all made of limestone, and generally a foot or more in length and three or four inches in diameter. Some of these long pestles are made very round and true with much care and labor. The common pestle, so familiar as a relic in Ohio, with a short hand-hold and a wide, flaring base, is very rare in the State of Illinois. A large Mound in the American Bouuiii, Madison County. Hi. Under the head of pestles or rubstones might possibly be classed a form in the shape of a very short cone, with a flat base. We have found numbers of these on the Illinois river. They are usually made of hematite and are symmetrically made and highly polished. They are gen- erally called rubstones. We have seen numbers of them made of other hard stones besides iron ore. 245 Quite a variety of relics of stone are met with that from their remarkably smooth appearance would suggest their being used as rubbing stones. Still others have been made for purposes now not known. Occasionally one finds a curious tube made of stone. Some of these tubes are doubtless pipes. One of the finest pipes we have seen in Illinois, with the figure of a bird carved upon it, is simply a tube. There are other tube-shaped objects not uncommon that were used most probably in some part of observ- ances either of a religious character or by the medicine men. One of the prettiest objects, and which we placed in the latter class, we obtained under the bluff in the vicinity of the Great Cahokia Mound. It was a tube some four inches long and flattened on one side. It was found in one of the mounds near by. When we first saw it we thought it to be of glass, and of course of modern manufacture, but on closer examination we discovered it to be made out of quartz crystal and the original faces of the crystal could still be traced near one end. The hole bored through this crystal was about three-quart- ers of an inch in diameter. From a mound on the Illi- nois river we took another tube-shaped object made of gypsum, the hole through this, however, was tapering and we always thought it to be some kind of pipe. Pipes. There is no class of objects of ancient production more interesting than the aboriginal pipes. It would seem that all the skill and ingenuity in stone carving among the ancient ppople of Illinois are shown in the manufacture of their pipes. We call them pipes because we think they smoked them, but I have doubts if any of these objects were ever used as we use a pipe for the narcotic influence of tobacco. We have taken 246 many pipes from mounds and handled many scores of others from mounds, but have yet to see a real mound pipe that seemed to show any evidence of much use, in the way of tooth marks or wear in the bowl such as one of our modern types exhibits after any extended use Those from the mounds generally have a new appearance, even to the markings in the boring of the cavity for the bowl. It is possible, it is true, that new pipes might have been buried with the body of the departed, but in the surface tinds we have failed to see an ancient pipe with a burned and worn bowl. In the very fine collec- tion of ancient pipes in the Illinois Exhibit not one showed much sign of continued use in any way. We are inclined to think the ancient pipe was simply an object to perform religious ceremony by making smoke which was connected with some worship, fire and smoke being representative of their divinity. Pipes, we believe, more than any other stone implements, are typical of the people who used them. In the State Exhibit were four good stone pipes taken by us from a large mound on the Illinois river. In the mound was a great number of skeletons, but we would have been greatly surprised if we had found in that mound a single curved base pipe like those of Ohio. Yet in the same vicinity on the bank of the Illinois, we explored another large mound and in the basin of burned clay we found a pipe of the type we expected to see, almost exactly like those found by Morehead in the Hopewell mound. There are several types of mounds in Illinois, but there are more types of pipes, because there are some types of pipes that were made and used by people who did not make mounds, and others by people who did not follow the custom of placing such things in the grave. 247 The finest pipes in Illinois of ancient patterns are those of the curved base. One of these taken from a mound on the Illinois river represents a raccoon sitting on the base of the pipe. Mound Pipe. A hole in the animal's back represents the bowl, which is connected with the small hole through the base to form the stem. The figure of the animal is very spirited, the holes for the eyes being filled with with a globule of of white metal, probably native silver. The rings on the raccoon's tail were well delineated. The pipe was smooth and polished, made of a piece of red catlinite and between three and four inches long. Another and larger pipe of the same material and from the same vicinity was made to represent an eagle standing in an attitude of pride on the base which formed the stem. Another beautiful pipe we took from a mound had the figure of a turtle resting on the bowl, and in still another the bowl of the pipe was made to represent a frog. Another fine pipe from a mound on the bank of the Mississippi had carved in bold relief on the top of the base the life-sized figure of a lizard. A few we have seen had for a bowl a repre- sentation of a human head. Curved Base Pipe to be Used Without a Stem. And it is worthy of remark that in all the delineations of the human head we have seen from this class of an- cient mounds, there is a head dress quite unlike any 248 costumes of our modern Indians. The mound builders' head dress was arranged in folds of some fabric. Mound Pipe. The bowls in all these beautiful and artistic pipes are very small, and as before remarked, show no signs of use. They were doubtless used, however, in some sort of ceremony by the owner. Nor were the ancient pipes made to use with a stem, this was formed by the base of the object and the perforated end of the base wa& placed between the lips. The mounds from which these pipes were taken seem to be related to those of Ohio with which the earthworks and enclosures are connected. A colony of this ancient people seems to have extended up the Illinois, possibly some distance above Peoria, as we have seen one of their mounds in the bottom some miles above that city. And there were also colonies of these people on the Missis- sissippi, but not near the northern end of the State; we have seen no signs of them in either Iowa or Wisconsin. The great city and center of population of that age was in Madison and St. Glair counties in the "American Bot- tom" on the Mississippi river. We shall speak of them farther on in our description of their agricultural imple- ments, for they seem to have been decidedly a people with fixed abodes and devoted to agriculture. The second class of pipes is of very great interest, more, perhaps, on account of their elaborate carving, however, is very different from the preceding. They are very large and probably on this account have been called "Calumet Pipes" by the Smithsonian savants. These large stone 249 pipes were smoked with a large stem if one was used, and were made to represent b rds, mammals, amphibians and sometimes the human figure. Mound Pipe. , They were probably pipes of ceremony on great or im- portant occasions. Some of the most beautiful pipes of this class we have ever seen were in our exhibit at the World's Fair. One was the figure of a bird, possibly an eagle or a hawk, for it had a hooked bill. It was eight or nine inches in height and boldly carved from a piece of black stone, probably a variety of steatite. One peculiarity of this splendid pipe was that the bowl was a straight tube, the perforation contracting in the middle, the lower part being used evidently for the in- sertion of a stem. With this pipe was found another somewhat longer, but without ornament, and of the same material. The perforation in this also was con- tracted to a small aperture in the middle of the tube. These pipes were plowed up together in a field in south- ern Illinois. We obtained a contracted tube pipe some- what like the latter, but smaller, in Calhoun county, and have seen a few others found in the vicinity of Peoria, on the Illinois river. Mound Pipes. Another fine and very large pipe shown in the State Collection was also from the southern part of the State. It also seemed an attempt to represent some bird. It was more than a foot in length and made of some hard light colored stone. 250 Since we have found none of these peculiar torms of pipes in any of our mounds we are inclined to think them comparatively modern, and used by the later grave- making people and not connected with the mound build- ing nations. There is another class of pipes found in considerable tiumbers in Illinois that are of exceedingly great interest. They have been called ceremonial pipes and are some- times of large size and show considerable skill in the carving. Some splendid specimens of this type were shown in the State Collection. One of the most interest- ing of these is the representation of the human figure in a crouching attitude not very unlike the sphinx in Egypt. The face is not a bad one and it is interesting to note the attempt to portray a head dress, evidently of some fabric. The figure holds in its right hand a sort of mace, or implement terminated by a round knob or ball. Two funnel shaped holes, one extending down- Sphynx Pipe from Mound. wards from the back and the other inwards from the posterior parts meet at their smaller ends. The upper bole is supposed to be the bowl of the pipe. This is the best specimen of this type of pipe we have seen in the United States. It is beautifully carved from a block of red catlinite, and stands somewhat over eight inches high. It was found in a small grave mound, if mound it might be called, for it was more of a rock covered grave than a mound, on a branch of the Piasa creek in Macoupin county. In the same grave was a most elaborate piece of pottery, and a very large flint spear head. Another most elaborately carved and beautiful pipe of this type we found ourselves in a very small mound or rather a simple burying place but a few inches below the sur- rounding surface, on top of the bluff east of the Great Oahokia Mound. The object is in the shape of a huge frog, being some eight inches or more in height. The position of the animal is one of rest. The legs and feet are well delineated, the eyes projecting and full, and the general appearance of the object quite spirited. As in the preceding pipe, the right hand holds a sort of mace or knobbed instrument evidently some sort of symbol indicative of position or other meaning. 252 This remarkable pipe is also carved from a piece of red catlinite and buried with it were some splendid pottery vessels and ornaments of shell aud copper. Some of the ornaments had first been made of wood and then covered with copper. On the bank of the Mississippi in an ancient bury ing- place covered with huge flat rocks, we found another one of those sphinx pipes representing the crouching form of a man holding with both hands on its knees what seems to be the figure of a fish. From the wide open mouth protrudes what seems to be another fish. It is also of red catlinite and the carving very fine. It is not quite so large as the frog pipe just described. This singular pipe is the nearest approach to some sort of idol or divinity we have observed among these so- called pipes. In Calhoun county, which is remarkable for tfce number and variety of its relics, we have found quite a number of these large frog pipes. But few of them are made of catlinite. Some are of limestone and we have seen a few of sandstone. We are inclined to think they belonged to some of the more recent nations or tribes who have in- habited the vicinity. We do not know of one of these pipes having been found in. one of our typical mounds or those related to Cahokia or the Ohio earthworks. One thing peculiar in these pipes is the manner in which the stem was fitted on them, if indeed they were smoked with a stem. The aperture for the stem is a single short funnel-shaped hole, usually the same size as the bowl. How a stem could be made to stay in "its place we cannot conceive. There is another type of pipe more common than any we have yet described. These are mostly made of stone and sometimes show excellent workmanship. Occasion- ally one is found of baked clay. They are all made to 253 be smoked with a small stem. There is a great variety of shapes; many were simply a bowl like our cob pipes, while others had a projecting base. Some are made of baked clay. Some are of catlinite and many of lime- stone. We have never seen a pipe made of any of the granite Crocks or any very hard material. Nor did we ever see a copper pipe nor any of metal, except a modern one. Neither have we found in any of the mounds or ancient graves any sign of a wooden pipe, nor a pipe of bone. There are in the southern part of the State, among the graves of the pottery-making tribes, many pipes of pottery, mostly of rude character, that have the same peculiar funnel-shaped cavities for both bowl and stem. These are seldom, if ever, seen on the Illinois river. The same question arises, how did the smokers make the stem stay in the funnel-shaped aperture? Many of the pipes just described are found in graves, and mounds that contain them are abundant along the Illinois river. In one large mound on the bluff several miles above the mouth of the Illinois river, in Jersey county, we found several of these pipes shown in the State Exhibit. The mound was nearly a hundred feet in length at the base, and nearly forty broad, and nearly twelve feet high. The material of which the mound was composed was the light buff colored, marly clay called loess and not hard to dig, although where it is below the reach of the rains, it is very dry and compact. It was a burial mound and had evidently been made through a succession of interments. We judged that perhaps a hundred or more bodies had at different times been de- posited there. The greater number of the remains were 254 about the sides of the structure, as though a body had been laid down without any apparent form or special position, and covered over with several feet of earth. There were men, women and children, and many of them had met violent deaths, some having been tomahawked and others killed with arrows. Quite a number of them had worn ornaments of sea shells, and fine strings of these were about the remains of both men and women, and even some children. There were a few stone imple- ments and a number of pipes of the type we have just Mound Pipes. described and of which there is a considerable number in the State Collection. As this fine mound stood in a cul- tivated field and the owner wished to level off the land, we witnessed its almost entire demolition, having first photographed it from different sides before its deface- ment. There was a considerable number of relics which we preserved carefully, including those of the crania, which were sufficiently well preserved, and such as showed wounds or other peculiarities. We derived much informa- tion from this mound. There were no signs of copper or any metal, not even ores; no mica or obsidian or objects from a distance, except some small sea shells, to give any indication of commercial relations with other and distant tribes or nations. Not a single pipe or ornament was made of catlinite, and they had a degenerate modern ap- pearance, both in shape and workmanship. There was nothing that might suggest a connection with the peo- ple who made the Great Cahokia Mound or the earth- works of Ohio. Still they had a large mound and per- haps held some sort of ceremonies there in remem- brance of some still ^unforgotten religion, either that 255 of their fathers or of some friendly nation from whom they had learned to revere some sort of divinity. We can even imagine the sadness, the tears and despair as this remnant of the ancient people lit their pipes in sacred reverence around this mound in their death wail. That they had enemies that had slain their wives and children around their firesides was plain enough from the gruesome evidence of the cruel holes the merciless weapons left in the skulls of the women and children. And the remains of some of the men showed plainly how they had fallen. One stalwart young man had a flint arrow head entirely through the center of his backbone and the weapon remained there still. The ver- tebral cord had been cut asunder. Another skeleton of a middle aged man had in the region of the vital organs no less than six arrow heads. We were much interested in these arrow points of the enemy, for they were different in shape from those com- monly found in the vicinity. Mound Pipe. The pipes and other objects found in this mound tell a good story. The once powerful mound-building races of the valley had become, by pestilence or otherwise, but a remnant, may be nearly or entirely extinct and those later mound builders were merely remnants of their allies or subjugated tribes that had learned to follow the cus- toms and religion of a more advanced people. This weak remnant of the mound builders had probably escaped the dire calamity by plague or other scourge that had swept from the face of the earth that wonderful people who had built up the Cahokia, the grandest monument the world has seen. 256 The burial mound on the Illinois river just described we believe to be modern and among the later erections of the mound building races. But while we thus qualify the time of its erection, it is in fact old enough, for the evidence of the trees in the forest which covered the ground and the decayed stump which still stood on the apex of the mound itself, bore evidence that it was not new, and had been built long before the caravels of Co- lumbus had sought the shores of the New World. Many of the later aboriginal pipes, either of stone or clay, approach in general character the pipes now com- mon among civilized races, being furnished mostly with necks to which to attach the stem. There are very many modifications in the style of the more modern pipe, but there is almost always discoverable the type form. There is another form of pipe found in Illinois, mostly along the Illinois river. This pipe seems to have been made to be used by more than one person at the same time. There is a large, round bowl with four, five or six places to insert stems. One very pretty pipe of this kind we obtained in Cal- houn county and another one from Woodford county, above Peoria. These were both of burned clay. But we have a very nice one of sandstone from Randolph county. One other form of pipe, which is rare, however, and we are done with this most interesting class of relics. This is a pipe in the form of a stone axe. One very nice one of these we have seen in Dr. Zeller's collection at Spring Bay, near Peoria. Four or five of the Doctor's best relics were obtained for our State Ex- 257 hibit. Another very nice axe-shaped pipe we saw in the collection of Mr. Harry Mann, at Chester, in Randolph county. The other we have in our own collection. It was found in Jersey county. The Chester specimen is made of argillaceous stone, perhaps a slate. Oar own specimen seems to be of a species of rather hard steatite. These specimens do not look modern, but they may be. It would be interesting to know whether, if they are ancient, they had suggested the iron pipe tomahawks, the handle of which was the stem to a pipe in the poll of the weapon, or whether these stone axe pipes had been suggested by the French iron tomahawk. These stone axe-shaped pipes are small, being not more than three inches long. Sculptures or Idols. Although many of the articles described by us may be called sculptures in view of the manner of their produc- tion, in this paper we will confine the sculptures to those objects representing the human form that seemed to be intended for other uses than those of a pipe. It seems that the mound builders and aborigines had but just begun to make images or representations of the human form that might be called "idols." Very few have been found in the Mississippi valley. A few of these objects now in the Smithsonian collection, have been found in Tennessee. They are mostly a foot or more in height and have a sitting posture very much like the stone idols from India. As might be expected, these early images are rather rude attempts at sculpture. One of the best speci- mens of these ancient images we have seen in the United States was found in a mound in southern Illinois and was a prominent object in the State Collection at the World's Fair. 17 258 It is something over a foot in height and extremely heavy, weighing nearty fifty pounds. It has been carved from a massive piece of fluorspar. The face, though rather rude, is not a bad one. There is apparently no attempt, as in some of the pipes, to delineate any head- covering or dress of any kind. There is an incised line from the neck down the sides inclosing the back in a sort of scroll. The whole figure is smooth and well finished. The right hand rests on the upright knee. We have seen idols or images, very similar to this and carved from calcite or a similar stone, from India. Con- sidering the scarcity of these objects among our relics of the stone age, this is an extremely interesting speci- men. We have seen a few others, somewhat similar, from Tennessee and that region. They were made of limestone or sandstone. We somehow have the impression that these objects were the work of some medicine man among some of the southern tribes of later date and are com- paratively modern. Objects of Copper. During the stone age, copper was introduced among the aborigines and many objects, especially of an orna- mental nature, were made of it. It is probable that the age of stone was far advanced, possibly at the very height of the advancement of that era before much use was made of copper. The copper used was a native metal and not in the form of ore but soft and malleable, yet still they treated it as a stone and knew nothing of smelting. Copper implements such as axes or celts, for the cop- per axe is never grooved, chisels, knives, and the points of arrows and spears, together with ornaments of various kinds, are found in Illinois. A few of these ob- jects are found on the surface where they evidently have 259 been lost. The great majority of the copper objects, however, are taken from mounds, where they have either been buried with the dead or in some ceremony. While we have found copper objects buried with human remains in mounds, the greatest number of these ob- jects we have known were not especially buried with a dead body but seem to have been offered or placed in a great fire built upon a rude altar of clay. Copper objects of elaborate and beautiful workman- ship were quite possibly common among the ancient mound builders who at one time flourished in Illinois and Ohio. Among the later mounds so common along the Illinois river it is rare to find it, although many other ornaments are common. Copper objects have been quite frequently found among the mounds of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but they ag, many of them, different in form and lack the finished workmanship of the copper ornaments from Illinois and Ohio. Among weapons of copper the copper axe or celt was common. It was usually the shape of the stone celt but much thinner. It was doubtless inserted in the war club. Copper Axe. One of the finest copper axes we have seen was shown in the State Exhibit. It had exidently been hammered out of a piece no longer than was represented in the 260 weapon. It could very plainly be seen how the edges had been turned over and beaten down to get the de- sired shape and neat square edges along the sides. The bit or cutting edge was neatly flared out at the corners. This elegant specimen was nearly a foot in length, and was taken from a mound in Calhoun county. Although we have seen several large specimens in Illinois, the most of them are small, usually not more than three or four inches long. In a large mound in Calhoun county we found lying close together several very small ones not more than two inches long. We thought it possible that several small ones were sometimes fastened in the same weapon. We have never seen a grooved copper axe nor one with a hole in it in which to put the haft. Some copper tools from Wisconsin have a part of the side turned over, to assist in fastening the handle, evidently. A few knife-shaped objects of copper have been found in the State. One very good specimen of this kind in the collection of Judge James Shaw of Mount* Carroll was found along the Illinois river. Copper needles or long slim tools are not uncommon. Some of them are round, similar to pieces of wire. One of these from a mound in the American Bottom in Madison county is eighteen inches long. Many of these tools are flac and pointed. A fine specimen of this kind, more than a foot in length, is with the preceding one in the State Collection. This specimen shows very plainly how it has been made of two pieces by being hammered together in the middle. It is from a mound in Pike county. In one mound we found over a score of these tools oxidized together in a mass. Occasionally a spear- head of copper is found, some good specimens of these being in the State Collection from the Illinois river as well as some smaller points, probably for arrow heads. I have, however, found no specimen like these in the mounds. 261 Copper was used by the mound builders more for ornaments than for weapons and tools. They made quite a variety of ornaments, but certain forms seem to have obtained and were followed as strictly as our own more permanent fashions. A common fashion seems to have been to wear orna- ments in the ears. These were nearly all made after a similar pattern, a sort of large button very much like our sleeve buttons. Two disks were joined together with a shaft or shank, mostly hollow. \ Copper Ear Buttons. These hollow shanks were most deftly and neatly fastened to the disks by having the edges turned over and beaten together. Of course, when worn they were doubtless very smooth and bright. In Madison county in some of the mounds of the Cahokia group we have found some of these disks made of bone and covered with a thin sheet of copper. In the State Exhibit were some fine specimens of these bone ear buttons covered with copper. We have found some beautifully neat ones made of both bone and horn, elk and deer antlers, I judged, and the outer and larger disk covered with cop- per. In the ashes on the altars in the Hopewell mound in Ohio, Morehead found many hundreds of these ear but- tons, made most elaborately, the outer disk in some in- stances with ornamental figures in relief. In a few in- stances some of these elegant ornaments had the outer copper disk covered wth native silver. 262 The outer disks of these buttons are generally an inch and a half in diameter, although I have found them two inches or more. Many of those found by Morehead and on exhibition in the Anthropological Building were corroded and oxidized, and some half melted in the mass in the ashes, but very many were entire and one could examine their workmanship and the manner of their manufacture. The enormous number of these ear ornaments found in the Hopewell mound shows very plainly that orna- ments of this kind must have been highly prized and quite commonly worn. We also learn that however highly prized they were, some wonderful occasion arose in which they were taken from the person and cast into the fire at the erection of that great mound. We would not, in fact, know that the ancient mound builders had any material wealth or had any sort of tastes above the Indian, had made any material ad- vancement above a mere savage, or had any knowledge of the country or anything like commercial relationship. But here were cast into these religious fires on the base of this great mound hundreds and thousands and tens of thousands of beautiful pearls, some of which as we saw them lying in ruins in the ashes, or in piles in the cases, were of a beauty, except for those cruel flames, to have been the envy of Egypt's beautiful queen when she sought with love's prodigality to give Marc Antony the most costly drink ever mortal had, by having her choicest pearl crushed to powder and mixed with his draught of wine. The pearls that were cast into the fire on that memorable day in the history of that people who made the Ohio mound, would, if unscathed by the flame and the burial of centuries, have been the envy of the richest king or queen in the world. With the pearls were the richest obsidian relics the stone age has pro- 263 dnced in such profusion and of such size and beauty, yet obsidian was not to be obtained nearer than the Rocky Mountains or Mexico. There was copper from Lake Superior, mica from North Carolina, fossil shark teeth from South Carolina, shells from the distant ocean, all things from distant parts of the continent, and very difficult to obtain either by travel or commercial intercourse, a most remarkable collection for any people of the Stone Age to have, and still more remarkable for them to cast such things into a seething flame. What Indian village, that white man ever knew, contained such a collection of things as were here cast into the flames? That an ancient people lived in Illinois who had some connection with the copper mines of Lake Superior, and may have worked them, is quite probable, else they had some commercial relations with a people who did get copper there. Besides the copper ornaments for the ears, there were many others. A not uncommon ornament seems to have been a sort of breast-plate, or thin piece of copper, gen- erally square, with holes pierced for fastening, and what is most singular, it was seldom, in Illinois, a smooth, plate, like some of these from Ohio, but was corrugated 264 very much like a piece of zinc from a modern washboard. We have found a few smooth ones, but the corrugated ones seem to have been fashionable. We have found these thin plates, in a few instances, five to seven inches square. Then there were both wristlets and ankle rings of cop- per, and some rings that were possibly for the nose. Head ornaments were numerous, and we have found several crescent-shaped objects, quite evidently to go over the head as a bright ornament. Some excellent specimens of these crescent-shaped orna- ments for the head, were in our State Exhibit. These latter ornaments of copper, we may as well state, we have not found in the same mounds with ear-rings or the copper spools. These may be of later date. In a mound of more advanced type, in the American Bottom, in Madison county, we have found some re- markable copper ornaments in the shape of turtles. The objects were between two and three inches across. Both the carapace and plastron of the turtle were rep- resented in a very faithful way, showing all the sutures as they occur. The sutures were made by pressing up a ridge from underneath, the plastron was fastened to the carapace a good deal after the manner that tinners do the same thing now, the edges of the pieces were put together and turned over. Whether the head and legs of the animal had been attached we had no means of telling. There were a number of these copper turtles in connec- tion with other copper objects as needles, copper axes and some remarkable objects of chipped and ground flint. There was a flint or rather a sort of white, translucent chert celt that was a gem in its way, being first chipped out and then ground off. The whole deposit on this altar, for it seems not to have been with a human body 265 unless it was burned, was a most remarkable one. There were hundreds of sea shells, some of them very large specimens of Pyrula and Cassus. Some of the shells were entire and others had been cut out so as to form a sort of vessel. Some of the copper objects had been made first of wood and then covered with a thin sheet of copper, made to fit even the slightest depression or crevice. The copper had preserved the wood. The salts of copper are a great preservative and we have found many interest- ing specimens of their fabrics, some of which had a warp and woof like some of our more modern woven goods in a rude way. We have found this fabric of different grades of vegetable fibers and of hair and fur, but not of wool. A not uncommon copper ornament was a long bead or thin cylinder of metal, made by bending a thin sheet of copper over a round rod until the edges met. These long cylinders were worn on a plaited string of hide or twisted string of some vegetable fiber. We have several times found these cords or strings preserved in the cop- per tube. Copper beads made by bending over a short piece of copper until the edges met were not uncommon and sometimes a mound builder beau or belle wore a mass of these arranged over his person in strings. Although we find only the beads, it would be unfair to suppose they wore nothing else. In my vicinity public improvements make constant inroad into the old structures of the mound builders. One large mound lay where an extra switch of the Chicago and Alton Railroad was wanted. The presi- dent of the road owns the land and frequently spends 266 some of his leisure time there. While they were demol- ishing the mound where they wanted the switch he was present with a party of lady and gentlemen friends. They were much interested in what might be found, and when a skeleton was laid bare and we had found there was nothing with it but a very fine and peculiar pipe, the president of the road startled me with a little extempore speech which drew the attention of everybody near : "Professor, do you suppose this old mound builder went around with no dress upon him but this pipe?" His wife got his eye presently in the silence and I think it spoiled all his ethnological investigations for the fu- ture. The copper objects of the mound builder are of exceed- ingly great interest to the ethnologist. The Mississippi valley had no Bronze Age like that of Europe. Our ad- vanced race of mound builders, although the most elab- orate workers of copper, did it by hammering, although in some instances there would seem to be evidence that dies or instruments for stamping had been used. How they could beat out the copper in such thin sheets as they sometimes used without the metal becoming so hardened as to make it difficult is unexplained. We have seen no evidence that the cutting edges of their axes were hardened, however. One can without difficulty make an impression on the edges of their cutting imple- ments with a steel knife blade. We have thought that the patina or coating of oxidi- zation with which the copper objects are covered might be made the subject of some data as to their age. At the World's Fair in Chicago, we had good oppor- tunity to study this matter. Some of our mound copper has a coating of patina equal if not greater than copper 207 objects from Pompeii and Herculaneum, and similar to other Koman coppers of that and perhaps some older dates, but some of the copper objects of Assyria, espe- cially from about the ruins of ancient date, showed a thicker patina. Without going into a discussion of this interesting subject, we would say that the evidence in this way, and we think it most decidedly worthy of consideration, would seem to date some of our copper- working mound builders back between two and three thousand years, to say the least. In the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania, in the gallery of the Manufactures Building, was a most interesting series of objects brought home from ancient Assyria and that region, by an expedition sent there by the University. The party did considerable excavating about some of the more ancient ruins, and obtained quite a number of pieces of pottery, clay tablets and stones, all of which had inscriptions on them in cuneiform writing. These can now be read, in fact the interpreta- tion of these inscriptions in English was placed beside the inscriptions. The date ascribed to some of these objects was in a number of instances as old as thirty- eight hundred (3,800) years before Christ. Among these relics were some objects of copper that looked so much like copper objects we have taken from mounds in Illi- nois, that we were surprised. We have in our own collection some of these ancient copper objects from the region of ancient Nineveh, that are quite possibly between five and six thousand years old. We are inclined to believe we have copper objects from the mounds of Illinois that are quite if not more than half of this age. 268 Implements of Bone. Besides implements of stone and copper, the "aborigines had many objects, principally tools, made of bone. These were commonly in the shape of a sort of needle, awls and other pointed implements. We have found very few bone objects that would seem to have been weapons. The tone cavern at Grafton, with mound on top of bluff, and an old pictografic circle over the cave entrance. The bones of birds were very often used and those of small animals. We have found in cave dwellings and cave shelters more of these remains than in mounds. In some of the 269 dry open cavernous places, both along the Mississippi and the Illinois rivers, bone implements and the remains of animals are very numerous, especially in the dry ashes and accumulated earth, which many of the caves contain. Bone Fish Hook. The bones of deer, as well as those of elk, with por- tions of the horns of those animals, are common, but we have, strange as it may seem, found no bones of the buffalo. This is all the more remarkable since the larger and more solid bones, as well as the horns of these ani- mals, would, apparently have been fine material for im- plements of various kinds. We think it remains to be ex- plained why, in all our researches in our ancient mounds, we have met with no remains or other evidence to show the presence of the buffalo. A Sun-Worshiper's Mound. The teeth of many animals were used as ornaments. They generally were perforated, to be worn on a cord or a string as a necklace. The claws of bear, as well as the talons of rapacious birds, were used in the same way. The bones, and even the scales of some fish, were often utilized in the manufacture of implements or ornaments. 270 Shells from the Sea. Sea shells, from their natural beauty, have at all times been very attractive to primitive nations. Indications are not wanting that most of the primi- tive people of North America looked upon the shells from the sea with superstitious reverence. Excepting the native pearls, the sea shells were the prettiest ornaments the old mound builders wore. Although there were beautiful shells in our rivers and streams, these were seldom used in the manufacture of ornaments. Immense numbers of beads were made with great labor and much skill, but they were made almost without exception from Mound Shell. heavy sea shells. The form given these beads was vari- ous. The most common shape was that of a neat disk or button with a perforation through the center for placing them on a string. We have found some beauti- ful ones in the Cahokia mounds made pear-shaped, others were round, still others were in the form of cylinders, an inch or more in length. Something of this form was the wampum of which the belts of ceremony were made by the eastern Indians and of which it is said, some are still preserved by the Six Nations. We have found some pretty strings of beads which were made of curved pieces of shell and fixed to go upon a string by having the perforation enter at one end and come out at the side 271 In many instances whole shells were used by having a perforation so they could be strung. The Marginella was often used in this way and must have made a neat ornament. But the prettiest shells thus forming a neck- lace were the Natica, and immense numbers of these must have been brought from the coast, for we have seen hundreds in one string from mounds along the Illinois river. Sometimes small specimens of Strombus and Oliva were pierced and formed bracelets for the body or neck. Once we found a very pretty necklace of quite young Pyrulas and these instead of being pierced, had a crease about the extension of the lip so they could be sus- pended. Some beautiful specimens of this kind were shown in the State Collection, in fact our display of mound beads was unrivaled. One extremely pretty string of beads was made of fresh water pearls. This was taken from a mound in Calhoun countj'. In the State Display were some splendid specimens of very large sea shells from. -the mounds. Shell Vessel. The large shells were generally Pyrula or Cassus. A Pyrula with reversed whorls seems to have been the favorite form. One of these from a mound in Madison county is sixteen inches in length. The largest Cassus we have ever seen we found in a mound in Jersey county, near the mouth of the Illinois river. The mound 272 was a conical one in shape and about twelve feet in height. It was situated on a not very high bluff, the upper part of which was of clay. We made a very large excavation in the center of this mound and at the base of it found a huge sea shell of the Cassus. It was nearly eleven inches in diameter. The shell was filled with ashes in which still were some remains of human bones. The inside whorls had been removed from the shell and it formed a very neat and pretty vessel. The curl of the lip at the extremity made a sort of hook so it could be hung on the limb of a tree. The shell containing the ashes was the only relic of any kind the mound seemed to contain. In another mound in Calhoun county, we found a huge Cassus with the columella and whorls removed and so large as to contain a human skull, which sat within it, and of which the following cut is a true representation. Mound Skull Most of these large sea shells seem to have been used in sacred observances and were often placed in the mound with ashes of the dead or with the body. Many ornaments and objects were perhaps insignia of rank or of religious significance. A not uncommon form of these was a sort of gorget in the shape of a disk to 273 be suspended from the neck or fastened on the breast. These gorgets are sometimes elaborately engraved with characters or figures of exceeding interest since the his- tory of these people is so utterly unknown to us. Fre- quently they bear the figure of a most ancient cross, strangely similar to forms figured by ancient people of other and foreign lands. Shell Beads. In the State Exhibit were several very fine specimens of these engraved gorgets from Illinois mounds. One had elaborately engraved upon it the figure of a spider with a cross upon its back. We have seen several of these. One very fine specimen had the figure of a cross engraved without the figure of the spider being en- graved upon it. Gorgets from Mounds. Still another fine specimen had the figure of a person holding a bird similar to a turkey by the neck, with his left hand, while in his upraised right hand was a hafted stone axe very well shown. 18 274 The figure of the person was on one knee and from his waist hung a very peculiarly ornamented apron. It may be as* well to remark here that in the State Display was a beautiful gorget made of a piece of slate covered on one side with copper and on the copper in relief was- a six pointed star. Shell Gorget from Mound in Illinois. Where the aborigines got so many of these sea shells, as well as mica, obsidian and copper, can only be ac- counted for by either supposing they traveled to distant parts of the country or had some sort of traffic or com- mercial relations with people who lived about Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains or Mexico, and the region about the sea coast. We think we have not studied these questions with sufficient thoroughness to answer them yet. Farther exploration in some of our larger mounds is needed, for more history and evidence. We would rather see some great find like Morehead's, made in the Hope- well mound, than read the theories of a dozen persons, especially if those persons have not made researches and studied the question in the field, and in the mounds themselves. 275 Pottery and the Manufactures from Clay. Illinois, being situated in a sort of geographical center, especially about the mouths of the Missouri and Illinois rivers, was, in the long ages past, often invaded or visi- ted by tribes and peoples from every direction, for there were many tribes over such a wide extent of country- In this region there are hundreds of mounds made by different tribes of mound builders, who had different customs, and agreed only in the custom of mound mak- ing, making them in different ways, for different pur- poses, and placing different objects in them. Many of the tribes, however, who have lived here or sojourned for a time, were not mound builders at all. But still there are evidences of their occupation, and many objects which they they have left. This fact proves to be a great difficulty in the study of our antiquities, and gives gen- erally to the beginner or casual observer many errone- ous ideas. Over the State of Illinois are the remains of pottery which some people have left there. And we know, from Catlin's observations among the modern Indians, that there were some tribes whom he saw such as the As- sinaboins that did not make or use pottery at all. Most of the whole or nearly entire pieces we obtain, are generally from mounds or graves, and, quite possibly, not many tribes had the custom of putting pottery in mounds or graves ; so that our study of the work of our primitive people in clay is very narrow, and almost wholly confined to a few tribes, who placed it in the graves or in mounds with the dead. Our great mound builders like those of Cahokia and the mounds on the Illinois, where we find the beautiful pipes and elaborate copper objects seldom, if ever, put any of their speci- mens of pottery in their mounds; and we only judge that many of these people had pottery by seeing the 276 sherds about where they lived. There are thousands and thousands of peculiar sherds in this region that we re- cognize at once by peculiar marks on the outer face, and of these which we have seen, never yet a whole vessel. All this must be borne in mind when we treat of our ancient pottery. Figures on the Exterior of a Burial Vase. In the Illinois Exhibit at the World's Fair, there were a hundred pieces of this ancient pottery nearly all en- tire. Many people will no doubt be surprised when I tell them that very few pieces of this fine collection of pot- Figures on the exterior of a Burial Vase along the Mississippi. tery came from mounds, but from ancient burial places and graves. About the southern part of the State and in the American Bottom, and also a little way up the Illinois river, there lived a tribe of aborigines that were 277 great potterj^ makers. They selected some peculiar clay, and after mixing it with pounded shells and other in- gredients, so kneaded the matter into a tough, plastic mass that after a vessel was made of it, it required but little burning or baking to make it fairly serviceable. But we are indebted, for our possession of these things to-day, to a peculiar custom this tribe or people had (for there were several tribes of them), of placing in the graves of their dead articles of pottery containing water, and perhaps other liquids, together with food, quite evi- dently in accordance with some religious belief that the spirits of the departed needed nourishment in this or an- other world. Primitive people in Europe, including our own forefathers, and, in fact, all over the world, have had a custom something like this. In southeast Mis- Burial Vases. souri, Arkansas, and in some of the other southern states, some tribes with this peculiar burial custom made mounds, and often put pottery in them ; but there were other tribes in Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri and southern Illinois, that buried their dead with the pottery vessels in shallow graves, and often made large cemeteries, with thegraves quite close .together. There are a few of the pottery mounds in southern Illinois, but their cemeteries are common, especially about the rich bottom lands of the Mississippi. These pottery-burying tribes perhaps never had extensive settlements far above the mouth of the Illinois river. 278 When a member of these pottery-making people died there were prepared the vases and vessels to put in his grave. Sometimes several, often only one or two, prob- ably depending upon the prominence of the deceased, or the grief of the family. Some of the most beautiful vases we have found, had been buried with children, probably prepared by some fond mother's hand. Burial Vases. The vessels intended for water, quite evidently had in many instances long, narrow necks, generally contracted above a wide, round base, while those for food, which are most numerous, are in many instances more shallow dishes. There .are, however, a very great variety of forms, in fact excepting the long neck water bottles in which form there is more of a general sameness, there are hardly any two just alike. Some made to represent animals and birds are not uncommon, and we have found fishes and reptiles with the carapaces of turtles and valves of shells. Quite a common way of representing fowls and birds was to form a dish or bowl and place the head, fastened at the neck, on the edge of the bowl. There is always on the opposite side of the bowl a projection supposedly repre. senting the tail of the fowl. We have seen a number of these burial vases with human heads as an ornament on the rim, and sometimes the entire human form is attempted, but these generally present an appearance more grotesque than otherwise. Burial Vases. These singular vessels are generally neatly made, and some are even elegant in design and finish. Some of the better made ones are covered on the outside with red or colored clay, which has been rubbed very smooth and polished. We have never seen a glazed one, nor have we found among the burial vases one that seemed to have been designed and used for a cooking vessel. The majority of them were doubtless made on purpose to put in the grave. We were working at our investigation, one beautiful day in the early spring, in a field at the base of the rgreat Cahokia mound, when our probe struck something which proved to be one of these burial vases. Further investigation revealed the fact that we had found one of the pottery-makers' old cemeteries; at least from the presence of a few human remains we judged that it had once been a burial place, but with the exception of one very peculiarly shaped human skull, the bones had almost completely decayed long before. The next day, beneath the grateful shade of the great temple mound which towered a hundred feet above us, we took from that ancient tomb, which was not two rods square, over one hundred perfect vessels. It was a magnificent collection representing men, birds, beasts 280 aud fishes. On a small scale it was a most interesting and artistic reproduction in clay of the animated nature of the region. Some of these vessels were in the State Ex- hibit at the World's Fair. A pottery-making and pottery, burying tribe of people had placed these singular ob- jects in the earth there, but what connection they had with the great mounds that towered all about us, we could not tell. Burial Vases. Near by on the ground I had noticed the remains of a broken hoe of steel, and near this were the remains of a basket and a plow handle. I knew these things had no connection whatever with the mounds nor the pottery. These had been tools that belonged to the man who owned the farm and raised potatoes for the market. On the top of one of the large mounds in the same field, we one day picked up a little crucifix of pewter. The little- ring just above the Savior's head, by which it was sus- pended, was broken. One glance at the object and its presence there was accounted for. It had probably been, 281 made in France, and a long time ago it had probably been brought here by some Jesuit priest, and the piou Frenchman or modern Indian, to whom it had been given or sold, had lost it here on the mound. But it had no connection with the mound's history in any way. There was nothing at all hard about any problem pre- sented here by the presence of the crucifix in the field. But with the pretty burial vases we have just been ex- huming it is very different. All over the fields about the great mounds on the Cahokia, and on the sides of the structures themselves, are found, almost without numbers, pieces of pottery. And we are interested to note that a majority of these sherds are not of the same kind we have just dug up in the field. They were not like our burial vases. Could Burial Vase from Cahokia. they be pieces of cooking vessels, or is it remains of pottery of another people? Another interesting fact we noted in this connection was, that in making an excava.- tion in one fine mound of the Cahokia group and in the same field in which is the Great Mound, we found pot- sherds like those in the field from the very top to the 282 bottom of the structure, showing that when the mound was being made, in gathering up the material from the surface pieces of pottery were there then. That there are fragments of pottery in the earth com- posing a mound does not conclusively prove that the people who made the mound also made the pottery. Yet many very harmful and seriously erroneous theories in archaeological matters have been formed on no greater evidence. Iron has been found, glass has been found and a crucifix, and the Indians learned to make pottery from the French. Things like this have been written about and spoken of by people occupying positions in which they ought to be better posted. It puts us in mind of a conversation between two colored men: "What time is it?" asks Snow meeting Sambo. "How do you know I got a watch?" questions Sam. "I see de chain hanging down," retorts Snow. "Look a heah, niggah, if I had a halter round my neck would you think I had a horse inside of me?" says Sambo. We have found some very fine pieces of pottery on the Illinois river, near its mouth, but it grows very rare as you ascend the stream. The pottery used by the primitive people of Illinois for domestic and culinary purposes we know but little of, although oftentimes good sized pieces are found about the sites of ancient towns and the kitchen middens where some ancient family has lived. It is very rare to see one of these entire. From the fragments it would seem that frequently vessels of good size were made by covering the inside of woven baskets, the whole being placed in a hot fire until the basket was burned and the pottery well hardened. From the many ancient village sites in sheltered places in the vicinity of good springs of water 283 and the great quantity of pieces of earthen vessels cov- ered up by the debris accumulated for ages, it is quite evident that many of our primitive tribes and peoples used at times earthen vessels for cooking food. Some quite possibly were set on stones in some way, but almost all these old vessels of every kind had round, instead of flat bottoms like our modern vessels. We have found remains of culinary vessels, too, that showed how they were, evidently, fixed for suspension by having projections either on the outside or inside of the rim. Sometimes, too, there were ears or holes in the edge of the rim. Burial Vase from Cahokia. Quite possibly many of our primitive people made or used salt. About the salt springs in the southern part of Illinois, and at the salines near St. Genevieve, Missouri, the remains of the earthen vessels, used in salt making are exceedingly numerous. While exploring the region about the salt springs of St. Genevieve county, Mo., we found two of the earthen salt pans so common in fragments, about the Illinois salines. The two large pans had been used presumably by some aboriginal mother as ai coffin for her dead child. Tue body of the child had been placed 284 in one and the other turned over it. The whole had then been buried on the top of a hill. These well made ves- sels were in the shape of shallow pans, some three feet across and not moie than seven or eight inches in depth. They were on the bottom about an inch and a half in thickness and made of clay and pounded shells. These are the only entire specimens of the vessels for salt mak- ing we have seen. About these ancient salt works are excellent opportunities to see how the larger pieces of pottery were manufactured in various ways. Ancient Pottery from Illinois. The most recent specimens of aboriginal pottery we have observed are found in what are termed stone graves. Some not very ancient tribes seemed to have had a cus- tom of burying their dead in shallow graves, on the bluffs as well as in the lowlands. These graves were made by setting upright thin flat stones forming a box like enclosure in which the body was laid and covered over with one or several large flat stones. The whole covered with a thin layer of earth. At the head of each one of these graves was usually placed a piece of pottery, more or less rude in character. Some of these we have found have never been burned, but were, apparently, simply sun-dried. These stone graves have been fre- quently found along the Illinois River, but were more numerous below the mouth of the Missouri and in the southern part of the State. They were evidently the fag- end of the pottery-making and pottery-burying tribes. 285 In all the cemeteries and burial places of pottery tribes but little is found of them except their work in clay. Oc- casionally there is a pipe, mostly the same material as the burial vases. We know little of their stone imple- ments, except that they' did not approach the finished work in this line of the mound builders. It is doubtful if they had any copper, or any commercial relations of much extent, and they were never powerful tribes or very numerous, except it may have been in the southern States. As before remarked, the Stone Age of Illinois shows a great multiplicity of forms in the relics found in the soil, more so, perhaps, than any other region, mainly on ac- count of its geographical position, for there comes into the State such a multitude of rivers and water ways from every direction, and these water ways were mostly Ancient Pottery from Illinois. the paths the ancient people followed. In the south we have the Ohio, with its southern branches of the Ten- nessee and the Cumberland, and then up the great Mis- sissippi, the Missouri and the Illinois, together with many smaller streams. Tribes have been either driven from their homes from every direction into Illinois, and quite possibly lived here for a time, or until driven away again or become extinct. That we have the remains of one extinct tribe \\e know from modern history, for our own Illini or Illinois tribe was annihilated by the Iro- quois or Six Nations from New York regions. This was witnessed bv white men. 280 But what became of the most advanced of all our primitive inhabitants, the mound builders, that great nation which built the great pyramids on the Cahokia and the people who made the enormous earth works of Ohio? Burial Vases from Mounds in Illinois. The mounds on the Cahokia creek are the work of a great nation, for here in the midst of a level plain rises a pyramid over a hundred feet in height and covering sixteen acres of ground. And this mighty pyramid for it is pyramidal in shape is surrounded by nearly a hundred others of great size, and made only with a pro- digious amount of labor. 287 These are the greatest ruins on the continent. Is it not very singular that a nation of such vast num- bers and organizations, both civil and religious, with the sustenance necessary for the accomplishment of such an undertaking, should disappear without a trace of his- tory, without even a legend or story concerning them among the red Indians we know so well, and who seem, probably, to be their successors? A great plague or epidemic, that swept every soul of them into the grave, might account for some such total annihilation. But we only surmise this, and do not know actually, and perhaps never will, unless we find some sort of evidence in their graves. Flint Implements. There is one other class of relics of the Stone Age in Illinois of which our State had one of the finest and best exhibits at the World's Fair in Chicago. This was the flint objects. We have purposely left our description and history of these for the last, for they represent the Stone Age not only from its beginning until the end, but they embrace such a variety of forms, made and used by such different peoples, that there is presented some- thing from all grades and classes of the various tribes and nations that have lived in this region from the beginning of the Stone Age to the end. The chipping or making of a flint point of the more primitive and ruder kinds was a simple affair, and the merest beginner could chip off something that might answer for a rough point. This was the beginning, but that the manufacture of the finer flints became in a manner, in the later periods, what we might term an art, no one can well dispute who looked at the Illinois Col- lection of hundreds of the most beautiful objects of this kind ever exhibited. 288 The grades of flints vary from very low to very high and perhaps there is no place in the United States where there a collection of these relics could be made in such variety and beauty as in Illinois. In the Illinois Collection there were probably twenty thousand from which those exhibited were selected. Among such a number of varieties and forms it could be expected that only some of the more decjded of the various types could be described. 289 Collectors are generally quite ready to class chipped stone objects of certain forms found so plentifully in Illinois, as arrow and spear heads. If the object is notched or fixed for hafting it has been an arrow .point; if it seems to be a little too large for an arrow point it is called a spear point. The fact is that quite prob- ably the great majority of these objects were neither arrow nor spear heads. In our explorations among the mounds for some thirty years we have seen the remains of very many of the aborigines who had been killed or wounded by arrows. These arrow heads are frequently found still sticking in the bones. In almost every instance these points are very small. We once found a skeleton that had six arrow points still in the frame. They were in the State Exhibit. Not one of these was more than an inch in length. In the Smithsonian collection at Washington are a large number of arrows obtained from various Indian tribes and pointed with stone; none of these 19 290 points are over an inch and a half in length. In fact it seems to be well enough shown that the aboriginal arrow point was comparatively small. In one skeleton from a mound on the Illinois river, one of the vertebra of the back-bone had been pierced by an arrow head which still remained in the bone. It was a small, sharp flint not quite an inch and a half long. It was without notch or tang. It is quite probable that many of the larger objects we call arrow heads were tools of some kind and notched or otherwise shaped to be fastened to a handle. Flint Tooli. Some of the Indian tribes still use these tools. We have seen hundreds of these among the Utes, Cheyennes and Arapahoes. At the time of the discovery of gold at Pike's Peak we saw many of our Indian tribes in that region. Firearms had not yet been introduced among these Indians, and many of their weapons as well as most of their tools were of the primitive order. Their 291 knives were mostly made of flint and very much re- sembled the larger so called arrow heads so common in Illinois. These flints were fastened to a short handle, either with a thong or sinews, or by being fitted and fastened with pitch or gum or even glue. We have ourselves seen Indians cut leather easily enough with these hafted flint knives. There are some forms of these tools that are followed quite persistently and some of them are made with great skill. It is easy to imagine that among the aborigines, as with other people, there were some persons who had a genius for making objects and working the flint much more skillfully than was common. Flint Drills. Quite a common form, of which we had some very fine examples in the State Exhibit, are called drills, and their form does suggest some such sort of use. They are gen- erally long slender points with a heavier base for fasten- ing to some handle for the tool. Some of these pretty 292 flint drills are marvels of skillful work in chipping, and are found especially about the water courses. We have collected them in JoDaviess and Carroll counties in the extreme north, as well as in Alexander county, in the southern end of the State. In Calhoun and Jersey coun- ties they are more plentiful, however. One of the most beautiful ones we have seen came from Union county; it was nearly six inches long. Some of the most delicate ones we have observed we took from a mound in St. Charles county, Missouri. They were very small and marvels of minute delicate chipping and pointed at both ends. It is quite probable that in the manufacture of these more delicate tools much depended on the artist's selec- tion of his material, and not only this, but it must be in condition; that is, must not be too dry or weather toughened. Beveled Edge Flint Much might be written about the material of which the arrow points and tools were made. We call it flint, which name has obtained and possibly will have to be kept, but it is really not flint. We have no flint in this country like the flint of Europe, and of which our old gun flints were made. Flint is a silicious formation in chalk beds, 293 which we do not have. Our arrow points and flint ob- jects are made of nothing more than a kind of cherty limestone. Some of this chert, which is the proper name, is more or less silicious and of different colors, but still it is limestone, and most of our flint points will burn into lime, unlike the flint of Europe. Chert, which is our flint, abounds wherever the sub-carboniferous rocks are found. The aborigines, without doubt, however, had certain localities where they obtained a certain quality that suited their purposes. Sometimes in the mounds we have found masses of tnis material evidently stored away for future use. Some small tools, sometimes called bunts or scrapers, are common. Scraper. Some of these, after being hafted, might have been used in scraping skins, or in smoothing the surface of other objects. Some cutting implements were, quite probably, simple flakes fresh from off some special chert core. These sharp- edged flakes were quite common. We have found many of them in the mounds. 294 Among the common implements are some very pretty leaf-shaped tools that were used for certain purposes; perhaps some of these were used for cutting or scrap- ing something not so very hard. We collected some of these leaf-shaped objects for the State Exhibit that were simply exquisite in shape and general finish. Some of them are three or four inches in length. 10 295 Spear heads, like the arrow points, present a great variety of forms and are only distinguished from them by their much greater size. Great skill is often shown in the making of these spear heads, and like those of the drill, the material was evi- dently selected with care. The principal qualities were doubtless that of toughness combined with qualities for successful chipping. Although somewhat brittle they are not so easily broken as one would suppose. We have picked them up, sometimes five or six inches in length, on the surface of plowed fields where they must at times have met with rough usage in the cultivation of the land, they were still entire to the extreme fine point. A spear was always a formidable weapon and was doubtless a favorite one with our aborigines. Especially was it a favorite arm with the Indians on horse back before they had fire arms and we have seen them slay many a buffalo with spears pointed with a rude but sharp piece of iron or steel obtained from the whites. Flint spear heads are most numerous about the rivers and streams of Illinois where they were doubtless 296 U8ed in fishing. While it is somewhat rare to find flint implements in a mound we have on a few occasions found some rare and beautiful objects of this kind. In a mound in Calhoun county we found one very fine point, possibly a spear head, that was some ten inches in length. While spear heads and objects of this kind were made of our common white or colored chert there is occasionally one of harder material. In the State Exhibit were two or three very fine objects of this kind made of chalcedony or quarzite. I obtained them in Carroll county in the northern part of the State. There was also another very fine spear head of translucent quarzite from Union county in the southern part of the State. Spears and ceremonial objects of obsidian like those found by Morehead in the Hopewell mound in Ohio, are also very rare in Illinois, and are only found in mounds. Among the surface finds we have seen but two or three small specimens. Spears of copper were seldom used by the primitive people of Illinois and are very rare. There were two fine ones, however, in the State Exhibit, both found in Illinois. We have seen a few flint implements shaped somewhat like a dagger and possibly intended, as is thought by some, to be used as a weapon by being held in the hand. Flint Tool. One very fine specimen somewhat of this form in the State Exhibit, I obtained from Calhoun county; it is six or seven inches long. We also have one from Jersey county. I doubt if they were weapons or flint daggers. All of this form we have seen are small and I shall be inclined to place them in the list of tools. 297 There is another very interesting form of flint objects generally classed as arrow points; some of these are notched in a peculiar manner and all of them seem to be worn smooth about the neck of the notch as if they might have had a string about them and the string had worn the notch smooth by suspension or otherwise. There were quite a number of these in the State Exhibit. There is still another form, called by some, knives, which we can hardly accept, however. Some of these flint objects are made with great skill in the chipping. They are pointed at both ends and sometimes, although not in every instance, the edges are beveled. Flints in a War Club. Many of the tools have their edges thus beveled off in a very skillful manner. It is the general impression among collectors that these objects are arrow points made with the beveled edges so that they would twist or whirl in passing through the air. They were probably tools of some kind. We have seen among the Ute Indians tools somewhat similar with short handles. 298 There are a great many other forms of flint imple- ments found in Illinois, the description of which, if ac- companied with illustrations, would be of much interest. There is one class of flint implements in which Illinois is particularly rich and in which there are some forms that might be said to be peculiar to the State. These are agricultural implements. Whether Illinois had in- digenous men, we only think possible, but have not the evidence to make it conclusive. Paleolithic objects may be numerous in our present age, but in the age beyond, the glacial, there seems to be no sign of man whatever. But it seems to be established that in our State there were very early inhabitants and as the evidence from our caverns and cave shelters seem to show they were the veriest savages, possibly cannibals. After or among these somewhat vague people comes somehow an im- proved state of affairs with the inhabitants. Somebody brings or finds a very primitive kind of religion and ceremonials are instituted, mounds are built. Finally these mound builders became a great nation with an established religion and an organized government. They lived in large communities on the rich bottom lands, and their numbers and manner of life made it necessary that sustenance should be provided in other ways than that of savages or in the manner of our Indians. They became tillers of the soil and had cornfields and were not dependent on the chase or hunting. These people became so numerous and strong and so well organized that they were able to erect enormous temples or places on which to have their ceremonies or religious obser- vances. That there were other nations or tribes of people in the land is quite evident from the fact that in some places these mound builders had defensive works, as is shown in Ohio. In Illinois, where their largest temple and town was situated, this did not seem neces- 299 sary. The "Great American Bottom," as it is called, an extraordinarily fertile tract of low laud on the Mis- sissippi, seventy-five miles long and five to ten miles wide, was their central dwelling place, with colonies about them for a hundred miles or more; some of the fine bottoms on the Illinois were occupied by their col- onies, and here are found their great religious mounds, and the rich bottoms on the Illinois, like the American Bottom are probably to this day destitute of forests where these people cultivated corn, vegetables and other edibles. From some of these mounds have been taken the most advanced work of the stone age we have seen, and the only chipped and ground implements we have met with. Their agricultural tools were of stone and made with a degree of skill that is unrivaled in the chipping of flint tools. Some of the flint hoes when fastened on to a handle in a firm manner were in fact no mean implement with which to dig about the corn and growing crops. A Hafted Spade. The large flat, slightly ovoid, instruments, always wider at one end and known as spades, were tools with which to dig the soil. Some of these have seen so much use, 300 probably in a sandy soil, as to have a very nicely pol- ished surface about the larger end, the smaller end having doubtless been fastened to a handle. One splendid speci- men in the State Collect ion was seventeen inches in length. We obtained it in Randolph county; another fine speci- men from Madison county was sixteen inches long: sev- eral others from Madison and St. Clair were but little smaller. Flint Spade 17 Inches Long. One fine specimen from Union county was polished over its entire surface, showing that both ends had been used in digging. There were two varieties of the large spades that seems to have been followed persistently. From certain evi- dence it would seem to be quite probable that certain 301 persons or families were more skillful and followed the business of making especial forms of stone implements. Across the Mississippi river from Chester, Illinois, there are a number of mounds in Perry county, Missouri. A farmer here plowing over one of these mounds in his field, felt his plow strike something, and upon looking to see what it was, found buried there sixty-three flint spades. None were less than a foot in length, all precisely of the same form, and not one of them showed any signs of being used. They were possibly new when buried there. We were able to secure most of this find, every one of which was perfect and a gem of its kind. We think one person had made all these objects. In the northern part of the American bottom, in the vicinity of Alton, the common form of the large spade found has a broader edge and straighter sides, showing the handiwork of another family of artists which followed a peculiar out- line in their chipping. Agricultural implements of a smaller kind are very common in the Illinois river valley, but not exactly of the form of the larger one. Occasionally a specimen of our more southern and larger forms is found as far up the river as Peoria but they are comparatively rare there. Notched Hoe. The notched hoes or spades with notches for fasten- ing to a handle are very much desired by collectors. 302 They are not so common as the spade and probably were much more difficult to make, They are peculiar to this region or at least very rare elsewhere. Like the spades, there are two distinct forms of the type one with straight sides and a broader edge, the other more circular in outline. Occasionally these notched hoes are found very much worn, showing that they had doubtless been used for many years, for the attrition of the soil must have affected their flinty surfaces but very slowly. And then one is occasionally found so bung- lingly and rudely made, that it is very plain that an attempt had been made to evade an infringement of the other fellow's patent. v> C C ~ '^IS^ W r* , ^^-^ '^^ ( 9,^, ^^^^^^^ll A Cahokia Mound 50 feet high. When we speak of the use of these implements in the cultivation of corn, how do we know they had corn? We have found it in their mounds on more than one occa- sion, sometimes in a charred condition and otherwise. 303 In excavating to the bottom of one of the CahoMa mounds, we found, besides the grains of corn and some cobs, bundles of cornstalks bound together with cords or strings. We have some charred specimens of this corn, as well as pieces of the cords and strings, as was shown in the exhibit. Corn Cob from Mound. The corn we have found in the mounds was a rather small ear with eight rows. The rows were in pairs and between each pair of rows of grains was an interstice or furrow. The grains must have been of good size, for even the charred grain we have found were of fair size. At the bottom of an excavation in one of the Cahokia mounds not only were the remains of corn but seed of melons like pumpkins and squashes. Some of these seeds too were of large size. In the bottom of this mound we found a number of strings and cords that seemed to have been made of some kind of vegetable fiber. We have found, in several instances, some of their fabrics, too, preserved by being in contact with copper. In some of the cloth, both of hair and vegetable fiber, could be seen the warp and woof. All the fabric we have seen, however, was coarse in texture, more like our bags or sacking material. That these old mound people who once lived on the rich lands of Illinois had made a very material advance- ment from the state of semi-savage or barbarian life of our modern Indians there can be but little question. We have but to point to the huge mounds in Madi- son and St. Clair counties of which our modern Indians know absolutely nothing and which no modern Indian that we have any knowledge of had a capacity to make, or ability to erect through insufficient organization, want of numbers, manner of life and disinclination to 304 engage in physical labor. We are aware that an effort has been made to show that all our mound builders were simply the ancestors of our present red men. We do not think it has been shown, but space prevents us from going into this discussion. That our red Indians are indigenous to the country is probably true. But that another race or races lived here and were much farther advanced than the Indians and finally suddenly and totally disappeared we believe also is true. That this advanced race of mound builders had cus- toms, religious or otherwise, which they learned in some way from other countries we believe also. We believe that when the mounds of Illinois are fully explored we shall have sufficient proofs and have a his- tory of great interest. GLACIAL GEOLOGY. BY OSSIAN GUTHRIE. NTIL a very recent date, the glacial geology of Illinois seems to have been almost entirely over- looked, or, if not overlooked, misunderstood. Recent researches, however, have developed the fact that the prairies of Illinois not only owe their existence to glacial action, but afford one of the richest fields on the globe for the study of glacial phenomena. Four great glacial streams invaded the area now in- cluded within the boundaries of the State of Illinois. Two of these came directly south from the Lake Super- ior region, bringing native copper and rocks or boulders of every variety found on the northern peninsula of Michigan and in eastern Wisconsin. These streams en- tered the domain of the State from the north, and scat- tered their promiscuous cargoes along and west of the Illinois valley. The pathways of these streams, or glacial rivers, are easily identified. One scattered red porphyry in great profusion, but scattered a comparatively small quantity of copper. The other distributed copper in considerable quantities, or more profusely than any other stream, but no red porphyry, and both are distinguish- able from the two Lake Huron streams, which invaded the State from the east, by the absence of three distinct varieties of conglomerate which are found together and in profusion along the pathways of these streams. One of the streams above referred to, left Lake Huron at Saginaw Bay, passed diagonally across the State of Michigan, entered the Kankakee valley near South Bend, 20 s* 306 and followed thence along that valley to the Illinois, which valley it followed to the Mississippi river, scatter- ing the red jasper or Huron conglomerate and two other distinct conglomerates, all of Canadian origin, all along its tortuous pathway. The other stream passed south through Lake Huron, out of the west end of Lake Erie, and thence along the Wabash valley. This line seems to have been the one of least resistance, and consequently, the pathway of the larger glacial stream, for, in addition to supplying the Wabash valley proper, it sent out a broad sheet, or series of inferior streams, in a southwesterly direction, to the valley of the Illi- nois. This statement seems to be amply, supported by the fact that the three Canadian conglomerates are scattered in profusion all along this line on the islands in Lake Huron, and thence along the line to Lake Erie, along the Wabash, and thence diagonally across Illinois to the Illinois river valley. All doubt upon this subject, if any there was, seems to be removed by the Guthrie Collection in the Illinois State Building at the World's Fair relating to the glacial geology of the State. This collection contained about 1,000 specimens, almost every one of which was either glacial-marked, or was a frag- ment from a glacial transported boulder. Every speci- men or variety in this collection is to be found in the drift of Illinois. The glacial streams which invaded the area embraced within our State lines, had swept over an estimated area of over 700,000 square miles, and gathered together probably a greater variety of rocks and other material than any other glacial body had ever delivered upon an equal area. The glacial collection of Mr. Guthrie, and the geologi- cal and relief maps of Illinois, especially prepared for the World's Fair, and made from the most reliable data ob- tainable, seemed to be in perfect accord. These features 307 of the Illinois Exhibit, which, as before stated, had hereto- fore either been neglected or misunderstood, were visited by many eminent scientists, whose admiration of the exhibit was universal. Recent exposure of glacial grooves on the floor of the DesPlaines valley at Lamont, by the Drainage District Trustees of Chicago, and the cutting through of the rock barrier at Momence, have furnished the most conclusive proof of the correctness of the conclusions above ex- pressed. FORESTRY. BY MARTIN CONRAD, SUPERINTENDENT. I OT WITHSTANDING the fact that Illinois has al- Li4 ways been known as the Prairie State, early data prove conclusively that, although unevenly distributed, fully one-fourth of its area was covered with forests when the white men first entered the territory. There was probably no county entirely without tim- ber, but the real forests were confined to the southern portion of the State, the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and Illinois, together with nearly one-half of the delta formed by these rivers. Many counties throughout this section presented an unbroken forest, chiefly of deciduous trees, rich in vari- ety, and of a quality unsurpassed on this continent. The growth on the margins of the smaller streams, areas between forks of creeks, or wherever protected from fire, including the "oak openings" peculiar to the broad roll- ing prairies, consisted almost entirely of burr, black and red oaks, which had expended their force in growing lateral branches to such an extent that, viewed from a distance the park-like groves, devoid of all undergrowth, recalled the scenes where grew: "The Baldwins and the Jonathans, The Gillyflower and the Wine," at the old homestead, where "oak openings" and prairies were alike unknown. There were also "oak openings" of quite opposite development, since the wood consisted of large burly roots, or "grubs", which had been expanding their gnarled deformities for many years, 311 312 evidently by sending up shoots every spring, only to be as regularly razed in the autumn, by the annual holo- caust that destroyed everything of an arboraceous na- ture, with the exception of these under-ground "grubs" and mature trees whose heavy barks proved an efficient shield against the recurrent seas of flame. Despite the scientific theory that fire was a prime factor in the for- mation of our prairies, the groves that dotted the land- scape, and the presence of these trunkless living roots in the ground, go far to prove the contrary, since the former had attained mature growth, while the latter evidently sustained saplings of no mean proportions before the fire era. The settlement of the State, through which the forests yielded to the axe, brought with it by way of compen- sation the gradual cessation of these fires, and thus gave the "grub patches" that survived the plow of the hus- bandman, an opportunity to spring up and expand in- to beautiful groves, while the openings that appeared to Col. George Rogers Clark, "like islands in the sea," are being gradually supplanted by vigorous young for- ests, until the erstwhile characteristics so peculiar to arborescent growth on our prairies have nearly all dis- appeared. Taking this spontaneous extension of the natural growth of the prairies into consideration, together with the fact that many forest trees have been planted where formerly were only grass and weeds, it has been stated with considerable plausibility that the forest area has not been impaired; but this unfortunately is not borne out by the facts, as it is safe to say that there has been no increase since 1880, when it was estimated that there were twenty-three counties in the northern part of the State with seven per cent woodland; twenty-one counties in the district extending from the Illinois river, below Ottawa, to the Mississippi with fifteen per cent; seventeen 313 counties east of this with six per cent; in the district south of this, comprising seventeen counties, twenty- four per cent; thirteen counties in the Kaskaskia dis- trict foot up twenty-one per cent; and the remaining eleven counties averaging twenty-seven per cent making a decrease, as will be seen, of about ten per cent, from the original wooded area. This loss is almost entirely due to marketing the mer- chantable timber in the southern part of the State where the production of lumber and cooperage stock has been an important industry for many years. Owing to the ex- haustion of the best grades of mature hard woods, the business is rapidly diminishing, and as the present supply is chiefly on lands not available for cultivation, the re- maining area is not liable to furthur encroachments, and hence it follows that the problem of to-day is no longer a question of off-setting the destruction of forests at one end of the State, by cultivation in the other, but rather, that henceforth there will be a more uniform develop- ment, which is destined not only to restore the original area, but also to equalize the supply, so that every local- ity in the entire State shall be blessed with woodland shade and shelter. The State of Illinois is three hundred and eighty-five miles in length, ranging from the latitude of Boston to that of Richmond, Va., and while the climate may not vary in an equivalent degree, the prolific soil produces an indigenous sylva ranging from the black cypress of the semi-tropic South to the tamarack of the far North; making a variety more than twice as great as that of all Europe. A proper exhibit of this great forest wealth was not decided upon until the middle of August preceding the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition, and it is needless to say that thereupon every effort was put forth 314 to make a creditable showing within the limited remain- ing time. In pursuance of this decision, a Superintendent was appointed and was afforded every facility to make the exhibit worthy of its surroundings in the magnificent Illinois Building, and through the valuable assistance of Commissioner Washburn and other members of the Board, the formal opening of the great Exposition found an artist- ically arranged exhibit of indigenous woods on appropri- ate rustic shelving, each specimen thoroughly finished, duly labeled, and the whole catalogued, as follows: Indigenous. Genera. Species. Common Name. Anon Anac Betu Bign< Capri Conif Corni Cupu Eben Hami acess Asimina triloba Papaw ... ardiace .... Khus Sumac ace Betula rubra Red Birch >niacete Catalpa speciosa Catalpa (West Black Haw . . ern) foliaceee eree Viburnum prunifolium Juniperus Virginiana Red Cedar Cupressus fastigiata Cypress . icero Nyssa aquatica Tupelo . ... ' ' capitata Yellow Gum ' ' uniflora White Sweet Black Gum Grum ' ' svlvatica Cornus florida Dogwood .... iferre Fagus f erruginea Beech Ostrya Virginica Hornbeam . . Castanea vesca Chestnut.. . . Quercus obtusiloba. . . . Post Oak . . . alba White Oak... aquatica Water Oak . . f alcata Spanish Oak. . tinctoria Black Oak rubra ..... Red Oak prinoides... . Chinquapin Of Burr Oak ik .. macrocarpa Michauxii Basket Oak . nigra Black -Jack Oa Overcup Oak. Scarlet Oak . . k. lyrata coccinea Phellos bicolor Willow Oak... Swamp Oak. aceee Diospvros Virginiana Persimmon unelacere .... Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . Sweet Gum, E ed 315 Indigenous Concluded. Genera. Species. Common Name. Juglandacese Juerlans nicrra . Black Walnut i < i < < Lauracets ' ' cinerea Butternut Gary a olivseformis Pecan ' ' alba White Hickory, Shellbark.. Big Shellbark ' ' sulcata ' ' tomentosa Black Hickory ' ' porcina Pignut Hickory. . . Sassafras ofiBcinale Gercis Canadensis Sassafras Red Bud Leguminoseae .... > < Magnoliaceee Oleacese Robinia pseudacficia Gleditschia triacanthos Gymnocladus Canadensis . . Liriodendron tulipifera. . . . Magnolia acuminata Black Locust Honey Locust Kentucky Coffee-tree ... . Tulip-tree, Yellow Poplar. . Cucumber-tree Fraxinus sambucifolia Black Ash ' ' Americana White Ash < Forestiera acuminata . . Privet Platanaceaj IPlatanus occidentalis Sycamore Rosacese IPrunus serotina Wild Black Cherry " . . ICratsegus coccinea .. , Red Haw. . Rutacece jPtelia trifoliata Sapotace Salicaceea . .'Prunus Americana jWild Plum.. . jPyrus angustifolia Crab Apple. Amelanchier Canadensis 'June Berry. Water Ash . Pricklv Ash. Sapindacese Simarubacese Tiliacese Urticaceea . . iXanthoxylum Americanum. Bumelia lycioides jlronwood Populus alba jSilver Poplar, S. Maple Populus monilifera Populus grandidentata Salix nigra Acer nigrum Acer dasycarpum Negundo aceroides Acer saccharinum Acer rubrum , .ZEsculus glabra Simaruba glauca Tilia Americana ILind Basswood Ulmus Americana i White Elm , ' ' racemosa iHickory Elm , ' ' fulva. Slippery Elm , ' ' alata iCork Elm, Wahoo Elm Morus rubra Red Mulberry , Cottonwood. Poplar, White Black Willow Black Sugar Maple. Soft Maple, White .. Box Elder White Sugar Maple , Soft Maple, Red Buckeye Paradise Tree. . . Celtis reticulata. Hackberrv Elder, Hazel, Spicewood, Wild Grape, etc., etc. 316 Owing to the limited time in which the collection had to be made, several kinds were unavoidably omitted, among which may be mentioned White Pine (Lake Co.), Yellow Pine (Union Co.), Birch, Wahoo, and other varie- ties, which were well represented, however, in the exten- sive display of cultivated wood, arranged and finished in the same uniform manner and catalogued as follows under the head of: Cultivated Timber. Species. Name. Years. Height, feet. Diam- eter, inches ANONACE2E. Asimina triloba Pawpaw BETTJLACEJS. White Birch 18 50 9 BIGNONIACE.E. Catalpa speciosa Western Catalpa.. 10 22 5J OAPKIFOLIACEJE. Viburnum prunifolium Black Haw OONIFEK.E. Larix Europea European Larch. . . . 34 52 16 Pinus svlvestris Scotch Pine 27 45 11 Pinus Austriaca Austrian Pine . . 22 35 12 Juniperus Virginiana Red Cedar 46 28 74 Larix Americana American Larch . 36 50 12 Abies balsamea Balsam Fir 25 38 10 Tsuga Canadensis Hemlock . . 22 33 74 Picea pungens White Spruce 19 36 8 Pinus Banksiana Gray Pine .... .... 19 38 6 Pinus resinosa Norway Pine .... 20 36 104 Abies excelsa Norway Spruce 25 40 94 Thuja occidentals .... Arbor-vita) . . 26 34 9 Pinus strobua White Pine.., 32 50 18 317 Cultivated Timber Continued. Species. Name. "Years. Height, feet. Diam- eter, inches OUPCJLIFEB^:. Ostrva Virginica Hop Tree . 19 35 34 Quercus lyrata Burr or Over-cup Oak. . 50 41 11 alba White Oak 58 51 lOi falcata Red Oak 54 66 10* nigra Black Oak 54 62 11 palustris .... Pin Oak.. 54 80 13 lyrata . Over-cup Oak 61 65 11 p. discolor Swamp White Oak 42 60 12i prinus palustris .. Chestnut Oak 43 40 6 Fagus ferruginea Beech.. 33 40 9 Castaiiea vesca American Chestnut .... 37 60 16 Carpinus Caroliniana Water Beech 36 20 14 EBENACE^E. Dyospyros Virginiana JUGLANDACE.E. Juglans cinerea Butternut 40 46 10 Carya alba Shellbark Hickory 59 60 Carya porcina.. Pignut Hickory 47 45 Juglans nigra Black Walnut 39 60 12 LEGUMIKOSE^!. Gymnocladus Canadensis Ky. Coffee Tree 47 55 10 Glfditschia triancanthos Honpy Locust 46 51 18 Robinia pseudacacia . Black Locust 14 60 7 Gleditschia aquatica .. Water Locust 12 40 4 Kobinia fragilis Yellow Locust 34 40 6 SIMAKTTBACE.E. Ailanthus glandulosa Ailanthus OLEACE.E. Fraxinus platycarpa Water Ash 51 72 9 ' ' Americana ' ' quadrangulata . . White Ash Blue Ash 21 50 47 45 10 9 PLATANACEJB. Platanus occidentalis . . Sycamore. . . 30 55 10* 318 Cultivated Timber Concluded. Species. Name. Years. Height feet. Diam- eter, inches ROSACES. Pyrus Americana 32 25 9 Amelanchier Canadensis . . . June Berry Cratsegus coccinea White Thorn Eed Haw. 29 15 41 Prunus serotina .... Wild Black Cherry 39 55 12 Prunus Pennsylvanica Choke Cherry Pyrus angustifolia Wild Crab Apple 28 71 RTJTACE.E. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Prickly Ash SAUCACE.E. Populus monilifera Cotton- wood. .... 52 82 8i Populus grandidentata .... Poplar . . ... 32 9 Salix amvgdaloides Water Willow 8 4i Populus tremuloides Quaking Asp. 24 6 Salix sericea Silky Willow 33 66 9 Salix viminalis Basket Willow Salix vitellina Yellow Willow.. 18 55 9i Populus balsamifera.. . Balm of Gilead .... 16 60 11 Populus alba Silver Poplar . . 33 60 loi SAPINDACE.E. .iEsculus glabra Horse Chestnut 40 35 6i Acer dasy car puna... Soft Maple 26 60 11 Acer saccharinum . Rock or Sugar Maple 30 50 fiJL Acer nibrum .... Red Maple 32 52 10 Negundo aceroides. Box Elder SAPOTACE.E. Bumelia lanuginosa Iron Wood . . 46 45 74 TILIACEJS. Tilia Americana. Basswood. 33 58 13 URTICACEa. Celtis reticulata Hackberry 3*) 45 10 Maclura aurantiaca . Osage Orange 22 30 6i Ulmus Americana White Elm 42 62 10 Ulmus fulva . . Slippery Elm 33 58 11 Morus rubra Mulberry 21 25 6 319 The material for this exhibit was chiefly collected by Commissioner Samuel Dysart, with A. R. "Whitney, the veteran nurseryman, as his able assistant. The data as to age and dimensions of each tree were also supplied by those old settlers, which go far towards establishing the results of timber culture on open prairies. To amplify the products of cultivated timber, a com- plete farm wagon was exhibited, constructed of twenty- five kinds of wood, all of which were grown from the seed, on a prairie farm in Lee county. This highly fin- ished collective showing of what can be produced on a single farm, served as a center piece to the general ex- hibit, and being so far as known the first vehicle on this continent made of cultivated timber, proved the leading attraction of the entire department. Aside from this wagon the display consisted of seventy- three specimens, which could have been greatly aug- mented in number had time permitted to canvass the State. The difficulty seemed to be that the dweller of the prairie planted the rarer specimens for shade and ornamentation, and hence could hardly be expected to part with such trees just as the object and reward were developing into beautiful perfection. It is a pleasure, however, to record the fact that wherever duplicates could possibly be spared, not a single owner was in the least disposed to take advantage of the situation, but invariably made personal sacrifices to further the aims and purposes of the Commission in making a forestry display worthy of the greatest agricultural State of the Union. The history of forests and forestry in Illinois is thus briefly brought down to the Columbian year, and after striking the balance between the present and the past, we find, upon adding all other aborescent growth, that the leaf surface of the State has suffered no loss, and being 320 evenly distributed, its beneficial influences upon climate, water supply and soil, are thereby greatly augmented. The loss is in forest area, quality and financial results, and to retrieve this deficiency in the shortest possible time, tree planting should be confined to fruit-bearing timber trees, which would restore the income without loss of area, and yet more than double the commercial value of trees ordinarily cultivated . Of the trees indigenous to the State, will be found the black walnut, pecan, butternut and hickory, all of which, when once established, will thrive without care, will grow rapidly, and are naturally free from insects enemies; the product, therefore, must be nearer a clear gain than any- thing else raised on the farm. That little or no atten- tion has been paid to this promising branch of arbori- culture is a most singular and surprising fact, especially since it opens an entirely new field, in which the propaga- tion, improvement and origination of new varieties of fruit by engrafting or budding, may be practiced with unquestioned success and with the absolute certainty of remunerative results. The product is a delicacy equal to the fruit of the orchard, commanding a price at all times so liberal as to justify unusual care in its cultivation ; and the timber of the tree itself is invariably the most valuable and costly in our market. In conclusion, we can only dedicate the important task of re-afforestation to the farming community. Others may suggest, but upon the tillers of the soil devolves the duty of conserving by practical means the forestal interests of the great State of Illinois. With unbounded faith in their devotion to this work, we behold with pro- phetic vision, future generations blessing the memory of those who rebuilded "God's first temples." THE CLAY EXHIBIT. BY A. O. LOY. [ ; HE Illinois Clay Exhibit, as shown by the illustra- $j& tion, consisted of a space 21x21 feet. The space was enclosed with a rustic fence made from tile and terra cotta, covered with ferns, vines and flowers. The pyra- mid, which stands in the center of the space, is sixteen feet in diameter, octagon in shape, veneered with fine pressed brick of many colors, shapes and sizes, and deco- rated with tile, terra cotta, lawn vases, window boxes, flower pots, rustic statuary, etc., with growing plants, vines and flowers. A rule of the National Commission provided that no manufactured goods should be shown in State buildings. This exhibit was not intended for a display of manufac- tured goods, but a place built from manufactured clay goods on which to show Illinois clays. Claysof many kinds and qualities, in glass jars, are placed on the shelves of the pyramid. Among the collection are clays suitable for the manu- facture of paving, common, pressed, ornamental and fire-brick; terra cotta of many colors; sewer pipe, fire- proofing, drain tile, pottery, flower pots, rustic statuary, white granite and encaustic tiles. Over 80,000 persons are employed yearly in the fac- tories of this State. Seven hundred million brick were manufactured in the vicinity of Chicago in 1892, while in other cities in the State, millions of building and 323 324 paving brick of the finest quality were made. We have large terra cotta works in the State; also sewer pipe and fire-brick factories. We have five hundred drain tile factories, many of which are run twelve months each year, and are even then unable to supply the demand. There is an unlimited quantity of clay in our State, which, for quality, will compare favorably with the clays of anv State in the Union. STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY. BY S. A. FORBES. [HE exhibit of the zoology of the State of Illinois < was made at the Exposition by the aid of the Illi- nois State Laboratory of Natural History, an institu- tion devoted to a survey of the zoology and crypto- gainic botany of Illinois with special reference to educa- tional and economic ends. With this establishment the office of the Illinois State Entomologist is no\v closely associated, the Director of the Laboratory being, in fact, the official Entomologist also, and the exhibit of this office was consequently made as a feature of the Labora- tory display. The Natural History Exhibit was selected and arranged with a view to displaying the results and methods of investigation actually accomplished and in progress under State authority, due regard being had to a popu- lar attractiveness of the material and its effectiveness for display. The exhibit was thus limited to specimens of the birds, fishes and insects of the State. The entomological exhibit was made in connection with a model entomologist's office, which contained five hundred and forty square feet in one room, with an annex twenty feet long by eleven feet wide for an in- sectary. Into these rooms was put a select and care- fully arranged equipment for first class work in all de- partments of technical and economic entomology, includ- 327 328 ing furniture, a section of the laboratory library and of the library catalogue, record books with examples of the records, specimens prepared and arranged in the various ways useful for reference, apparatus for collecting and experiment, microscopes, a drawing equipment and the like, making of the whole a model establishment which, it was believed, might be profitably studied by any eco- nomic entomologist, foreign or American. In the insect- ary, apparatus for the breeding and rearing of insects of injurious habit was placed, as well as for the culti- vation of the plants subject to insect injuries upon which experimental methods might be demonstrated. The special exhibits made in this department included a collection of sixteen hundred species of common Illinois insects, so selected as to present a correct general idea of the insect life of the State; separate collections of in- sects injurious to corn, to wheat, to the apple, and to the strawberry in Illinois; a special exhibit of the food of one robin for one year; a set of insects ascertained to have been eaten by birds; a similar series eaten by fishes; a set of butterflies arranged with a view to illus- trating the geographical distribution of insect species in Illinois; and a set of Illinois insects illustrating the work of the laboratory in supplying entomological material to the high schools of the State. The ornithological exhibit was made in four series: (1) A collection of the game birds of the State mounted as dead game; (2) a series of biological groups mounted in various naturalistic attitudes, with natural accessor- ies indicating haunts, habits and the like; (3) a general collection of all the birds of the State grouped according to their distribution within the State at different seasons of the year, and (4) a set of the eggs of birds breeding in Illinois. 329 Our ichthyology was illustrated by one hundred and fifteen species of fish from various parts of the State, collected by the laboratory force and exhibited in alcohol. To this general account the following detailed state- ment may be added. Ornithological Exhibit. Winter Residents of Southern Illinois 108 sp^cimons. throughout Illinois 141 ' ' Stragglers in Illinois 24 " Summer Residents throughout Illinois 207 ' ' Winter Residents of Northern Illinois 44 " Summer " " " 59 Southern Illinois 38 " Migrants passing through Illinois 77 " Common Game Birds of Illinois mounted as dead game .... 53 " A Group of Wild Turkeys mounted with natural acces- sories 6 A Group of Prairie Chickens mounted with natural acces- sories 4 A Group of Crossbills mounted with natural accessories. . . 8 " A Group of Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers, with nest and eggs. 4 ' ' Little Green Herons, with nest and eggs 2 " Total number of birds exhibited 775 " One hundred and twenty-five clutches of birds' eggs, representing as many species of birds nesting in Illinois, were also shown, the total number of eggs in these clutches being five hundred and twenty-five. 330 Entomological Exhibit. Pinned Specimens. Vials. Drawings. Illinois Iiisocts injurious to Apple 240 160 57 ' ' Corn 150 85 22 " " Wheat 53 48 9 " " Strawberry Insects in food of birds 52 195 20 24 13 ' ' ' ' fishes 91 9 Geographic distribution of Illinois Butterflies. 184 Illinois Insects as furnished to High Schools o;' Illinois 459 Common Insects of Illinois : Dermaptera 4 Orthoptera... . ... 215 Platy ptera 12 Odonata 73 Plecoptera 8 Hemiptera.. . 566 Neuroptera 20 Mecaptera 4 Trichoptera 3 Coleoptera 2,602 Diptera. 541 Lepidoptera 1,058 Hymenoptera 1 016 Totals 7,606 287 101 In addition to the above there were exhibited about 3,000 specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, twenty boxes each, from the standard collection of the State Laboratory. Twenty-four racks of vials of alcoholic specimens were shown with these. The special exhibit of the food of the robin for one year consisted of 5,481 pinned specimens of insects, 80 tubes, each fifteen inches in length, containing alcoholic specimens, and 38 shorter tubes and vials of alcoholic specimens, besides vials and tubes containing fruits and seeds. The furniture of the Entomologist's office, comprised two office desks, four plain work tables, three tables with specimens cases, a table for reference books and record 331 books, two wall cases for specimens, a large book case, two reagent cases, one typewriting machine and desk, one letter press and stand, a small printing press and case of type, a sink, and four chairs. In the book case was displayed a section of the library of the State Laboratory of Natural History, the books selected being entomological, and including serial publi- cations, periodicals, monographs, reference books, pam- phlets, etc., to the number of about five hundred volumes. A complete set of the publications of the Laboratory and of the State Entomological Eeports was also furnished. Under the head of working apparatus, there were ex- hibited in this room one compound microscope and ac- cessories, two dissecting microscopes and accessories, two large microtomes, a complete outfit for collecting insects, sets of bottles, vials and reagents for preserving insects, apparatus for inflating larva?, and that used in mounting and preserving insects. In the insectary, adjoining the office room, were sixty large and small breeding cages, with glass fronts and gauze sides; forty glass ja.rs of various sizes and shapes to be used as breeding cages, and two gauze-covered cages suitable for outdoor use. These were arranged on shelves, and on a table covered with sand. There were also in this room a work table with an Arnold steam sterilizer, large culture jars, funnels, and other apparatus used in the culture of fungi causing insect disease. The zoological display was made in accordance with detailed plans prepared by Professor S. A. Forbes, Di- rector of the State Laboratory of Natural History, and approved by the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com- missioners. The execution of these plans was confided, under the general supervision of the Director of the La- boratory, to Mr. C. F. Adams, of the University of Illi- nois, for the birds, and to Mr. H. E. Summers, for the insects. 332 The material for the ornithological exhibit was chiefly obtained by special collections made for this purpose during the winter of 1891 and the spring and summer of 1892, by parties sent out by the Laboratory, and mounted by Mr. Adams himself. As it was quite impos- sible to make a complete collection of the birds of the State within so short a time, the deficiencies remaining were supplied by selections made from the museums of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, and of the State Board of Agriculture, at Springfield, and by purchase of skins from taxidermists. The entomological exhibit was likewise provided in part from special collections made by Laboratory em- ployes, and by assistants especially engaged for the purpose, and in still greater part from the cabinets of the State Laboratory of Natural History and of the University of Illinois. The beautiful colored drawings distributed through the entomological exhibit, to illustrate species too small to be well seen by the naked eye, were made at the State Laboratory for the purpose by Miss Lydia M. Hart, the special artist of the establishment. The ichthyological collections were all made during the season of 1892, by assistants sent from the Laboratory, Mr. J. E. Hallinen, a student of the University, doing the greater part of the field and laboratory work. FISH EXHIBIT. BY S. P. BARTLETT. flSH culture and fish protection are, like a number of other interests fostered by the State, the out- growth of the needs of the people, and only when the waters were found to be gradually but surely becoming depleted, was the attention of our law makers attracted in that direction. Previous to 1878, fish laws were prac- tically unknown in our State and fish were taken by anybody in any way. The demands of the various mar- kets for that character of food increasing, induced hun- dreds along the rivers and lakes to embark in market fishing as a business, and the result was, that, without thought for the morrow, the product of the waters was taken, regardless of season or condition, and as the fish were most easily taken during the spawning season, millions found there way to our own and foreign mar- kets at that season. This continuing from year to year made a marked decrease in the supply of fish, particu- larly in the inland lakes and streams, until about the time mentioned above (1878-9), people began to realize that a few years of such wholesale destruction would en- tirely deplete our waters of the better varieties of our native food fishes. As an illustration of the condition of the waters at that time one case in point might briefly be cited. The Fox and Rock rivers once produced plentifully the chan- nel cat fish. In 1878, few if any specimens of this par- ticular fish were ever taken in these rivers. The black 22 ^ 338 croppie, or strawberry bass, also, was almost extinct, and all varieties of fish scarce, and had it not been for the magnificent breeding grounds in which those rivers head, there is but little doubt but that they would ulti- mately have been utterly depleted. It is but fair to add, however, that the dams along both of these rivers for years unprovided with fishways, had much to do with the scarcity of fish, the rivers being entirely dependent on the resources of the spawning grounds, and cut off by these dams from the natural supply from the greater rivers into which they emptied. This has since been corrected by the enactment of the Fish way law. In 1878-9 the Legislature undertook to make the first fish laws for the protection of fish. Hon. L. B. Crocker, of Mendota, championed the cause, making a very hard- fight to obtain even a recognition in the way of an at- tempt at protection, and the whole interest was fought from every section of the State, the majority of the people holding that it was an interference with the vested rights of the people to take fish when and where they pleased. The Fish Commission originated during the same session, and with an entirely new field to de- velop, took up their work. Each successive legislature gave additional encouragement, in the way of better laws and better appropriations for the Commission, in its work of distribution and protection, until almost every stream in the State has reached its normal con- dition as to supply of native food fishes, with an addi- tion of other varieties. Perhaps the extent and value of the work of the Fish Commission was not fully appreciated by the majority of the people of the State who were not personally cogni- zant of its practical results. An opportunity of demon- strating these results publicly was offered when the bill which made the appropriation for State exhibits at the 339 World's Fair was passed. It contained among its pro- visions a clause which made it obligatory on the part of the Board of Fish Commissioners to make an exhibit of live fish under the supervision of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, which was a recognition of the interest gratifying in the extreme to the Board of Commissioners. The greatest latitude was given the Fish Commission by the World's Fair Board through its Com- mittee on Natural History, and the result was an ex- hibit of live fish under conditions that, so far, has never been equaled. The use of the ordinary aquarium was proposed, but upon figuring the expense necessary to handle and 'care for them in that way. and the unsatis- factory results heretofore obtained by that method of exhibit, it was thought desirable to introduce newer features and put the fish under as nearly natural condi- tions as possible. In order to accomplish this, experi- ments were made in the keeping and care of fish in shallow ponds, so arranged as to give a full view of the fish, and at the same time to furnish surroundings as nearly natural as practicable. Plans for such an exhibit were proposed by the Commission to the Committee, and as before stated, sufficient latitude was given the Com- mission to reproduce, in working order, the plans sub- mitted. The space assigned them was one of the most desirable in the State Building. The plans were shown Mr. J. B. Mora, a French architect, who suggested a beautifully elaborated scenic finish, which was adopted by the Board, and the contract was let to Mr. Mora to arrange the exhibit according to such plans. The exhibit differed from anything of the kind ever made before for the purposes of a live fish exhibit, and consisted of a miniature mountain, down the sides of which fell, in cas- cades, pure filtered water into the several pools formed at various heights along; its sides, until all the water 340 met at its base in a beautiful miniature lake. This lake was crossed by a rustic bridge, from which the observer could see all the fish in any of the pools. Around the edges of the lake and pools were planted various aquatic plants usually found in such places. The mountain itself, covered with cedars, shrubs and flowers, as a whole pre- sented one of the most attractive exhibits of the Build- ing, if not of the Fair. In the lake a full carload of fish could be comfortably cared for. The fish used in the ex- hibit were placed there in March and taken out in Novem- ber. The loss was but a small per cent, of the whole, showing a wonderfully healthful condition, particularly when it is considered that the water was filtered, thus depriving it of a very considerable amount of the natural food supply usually obtained from water in its natural state. The freedom from fungus, the greatest enemy of fish in aquaria, was particularly noticed; in fact, a more complete demonstration of the value of surface area in aquaria exhibits could not have been made. The exhibit as a whole was a great educator, showing as it did to thousands the fishes of this State utilized by the Commission. The greater portion of the people of the State have but little knowledge, as a gen- eral thing, of what our waters contain. Few, perhaps, had ever seen a number of the varieties under conditions so nearly natural. The live fish exhibit was, in every sense, a gratification to those who were responsible for it, and was, without doubt, appreciated by those who saw it. The Fish Commission, as first organized, consisted of the following named members: N. K. Fairbank, President, Chicago, 3 year term. S. P. Bartlett, Secretary, Quincy, 2 year term. J. M. Briggs, Kaukakee, 1 year term. 341 At the expiration of Mr. Briggs' term, Mr. S. P. Mc- Dole, of Aurora, was appointed to succeed him. His term was for three years. He, in turn, was succeeded at the expiration of his time, by Major George Breuning, of Centralia. In July, 1898, the entire Commission was changed, and the following named gentlemen were ap- pointed to succeed the old Board : Mr. Richard Roe, President, East St. Louis. Mr. George W. Langford, Secretary, Havana Mr. O. D. Sickler, Geneva. ' t g * S a d M g & AGRICULTURAL, EXHIBIT. fHE Illinois Agricultural Exhibit, occupying space on _ the first floor in the northwest corner of the Illinois State Building, and on the first floor, near the center, of the Agricultural Building, was given a wide scope, when the law provided for "a full and complete collec- tion of all the cultivated products in the several branches of agriculture, in illustration of the widely different con- ditions of soil and climate under which rural husbandry is practiced in the various parts of the State." Your Committee found it no easy task to provide for all these requirements in making a representative and attractive exhibition in both these buildings, which should maintain the credit of this agricultural state. Early in 1891 were laid plans for an agricultural ex- hibit by the State Board of Agriculture, and in August of the same year the Committee on Agriculture of the Commission began the work of securing an exhibit as described by the law quoted above. Each member of the Commission was requested to col- lect from the district in which he resided whatever he could that was of merit of the products of the farm. This resulted in securing a very valuable collection from a number of counties. It was determined to offer prizes to be competed for at the State Fair in 1892, for the best collection of farm products. The said products were to become the prop- erty of the State Board of Agriculture and the Illinois Commission. It was finally decided to offer three series of prizes, one for each of the three great divisions of the State, northern, central and southern. These prizes were 345 346 $250, $150 and $100 for the best displays by counties, from each grand division, and $50 for each county dis- play which did not secure one of the above prizes. At no time in the history of fairs in this State have such displays in quantity, quality and variety been brought before the eyes of the visiting people. Probably State pride had much to do with this immense contribution of the wealth of farm production, representing a variety and profusion of products such as could only be pro- duced in the wide range of climate and varied soils this State affords. As many of these products as were of easy preserva- tion were retained for use in making the renowned Illi- nois Agricultural Exhibit. Your Committee, having at least a faint idea of the value to the many visitors from all nations at the great Columbian Show of presenting to their view a picture of a typical Illinois farm home, determined to bring out the same in a form as yet never undertaken, by making it entirely of grains and grasses. This required weeks and months of patient toil by the skillful hands of Illinois men and women, and an immense amount and a great variety of material. This picture, 24 by 32 feet, with a four-foot frame, with its draped curtain, requir- ing 125 varieties of grains and grasses, when completed (without the use of painter's brush) evidenced the fact that the Committee planned more wisely than it knew; for during the entire Columbian Exposition possibly no single exhibit was inquired after oftener or received more of written and verbal commendation. Early in 1893, contracts were let for building the pa- vilion, shelving and other necessary structures for the display in as artistic form as possible of the immense amount of material that had already been stored in the building and that was waiting shipment from other 347 points. These structures again were decorated with such material as only Illinois soil, sunshine and rain could produce, bringing out an effect that prompted many expressions of surprise and delight; for which effect much credit is due the artist employed to design and super- intend the construction of this feature of the exhibit. The receipt of the products of the farm and garden of the crop of 1893 began soon after the opening of the Fair, and was continued during the entire exhibition, both from plantings made at stations about 25 miles apart through the length of the State, and from collec- tions in nearly every county of the State. The plantings demonstrated the fact that the season of maturity pro- gressed from south to north at the rate of about 12 miles per day; that the yield per acre of corn and pota- toes increased from south to the central, and diminished from central to the northern parts of the State; that oats increased in yield from south to north, while the reverse was true of winter wheat. Selected ears of corn grown in the southern division of the State weighed 17% ounces two months after harvesting, in central Illinois 14 ounces, and in northern Illinois 11% ounces. The height of selected stalks diminished from 16 feet and 4 inches in the southern to 14 feet and 2 inches in the central, and 12 feet and 2 inches in the northern division. A portion of the decrease in growth of cereals and veg- etables from south to north must be attributed to the fact that the rainfall from May 1 to September 1 was unusually light (7.03 inches at the Agricultural Experi- ment Station), and as most of this was in May and but little of it later in the season, the northern portions of the State were at a disadvantage on account of their crops maturing later. To the ordinary visitor the exhibit of non alcoholic products of Indian corn was a source of great surprise. 348 This consisted of thirty different articles especially adapted for the use for which each was intended. For this attractive display many thanks are due the Chicago Sugar Refining Co. Article 2 of the act creating the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners provided among other things for "an exhibit illustrating the entire system of the in- spection of the several varieties of grain as established by the State Railroad and Warehouse Commission and practised by the State Grain Inspection Department." In March, 1893, the Commission placed this exhibit under the care of the Agricultural Committee and im- mediately under the direction of Mr. Geo. P. Bunker, Chief Inspector; they proceeded to erect, in space immedi- ately adjoining the Agricultural display, a diminutive car for the purpose of showing the practical workings of the system of grain inspection, an inspector's office, a series of shelves and boxes for showing the various grades of grains as inspected, and a desk on which was placed a complete set of inspectors' books, showing the manner of keeping the record of the 246,726,243 bushels of wheat, corn, oats, rye and barley inspected in, and the 107,917,- 619 bushels inspected out of the Chicago market in the year 1892. This exhibit was not only attractive in its general ap- pearance, but was one of much interest to farmers, dealers in grain and others interested in our cereal productions. This wonderful accumulation of grain in one city is evi- dence that not all exchanges on the Board of Trade are fictitious. Illinois has many great things to boast of in compari- son with her sister States, but if she was judged alone from her wealth in agriculture as shown in the extent, variety and quality and in the manner in presenting the 349 agricultural display to the eyes of an admiring public, the verdict must be one that would not lessen the pride of any citizen of this greatest of States. While no time or expense was spared to make it the best of all the grand displays of the products of the farm and garden at the Columbian Exposition, yet a hand- some sum was left in the hands of the State Treasurer to the credit of the committee in charge. Appended will be found a list of articles that were placed on exhibition and used in decoration of the crop of 1892. A list of the products grown in 1893 would be largely a duplication of this with the addition of every variety of vegetable known to this climate in its sea- son, and such miscellaneous products as cotton, tobacco, co\v peas, hemp, etc. Native and Cultivated Plants of Illinois, EXHIBITED IN THE ILLINOIS BUILDING AND IN THE ILLINOIS PAVILION IN THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Grass Family: Graminese. Common Name. Botanical Name. 1. Fresh Water Cord Grass Spartina cynosuroides 2. No name Paspalum setaceum 3. Crab or Finger Grass Panicum sanguinale 4. Old Witch Grass Panicum capillare 5. Panic Grass Panicum autumnale 6. " " Panicum agrostoides 7. " " Panicum mattatum 8. " " Panicum Tirgatum 9. " " ! 'anicum latifolium 10. " " Panicum scopariura 11. " " Panicum depauperatum 12. " " Panicum dichotomum 13. Barn Yard Grass Panicum Crus-galli 14. Fox Tail Setaria glauca 15. Green Fox Tail Setaria viridis 16. Millet or Hungarian Setaria Italica 17. Hedge Hog or Burr Grass Cenchrus tribuloides IS. White Grass.. Leersia Virginica 350 Native and Cultivated Grasses of Illinois Continued. Common Name. Botanical Name. 19. Bice Cut Grass Leersia oryzoides 20. Catch Fly ' Leersia lenticularis 21. Indian Kice, Water Oats Zizania aquatica 22. Beard Grass, Blue Stem or Blue Joint Andropogon furcatus 23. Little Blue Joint Audropogon scoparius 24. Indian Grass, Wood Grass . . Chrysopogon nutans 25. Johnson Grass Sorghum Halapense 26. Canary Grass Phalaris Canariensis 27. Keed Grass Phalaris arundinacea 28. Kibbon Grass Phalaris picta 29. Triple Awned Grass Aristida gracilis 30. " " " Aristida oligantha 31. " " " Aristida tuberculosa 32. Porcupine Grass Stipa spartea 33. Mountain Kice Oryzopsis melanocarpa 34. Drop Seed Grass Muhlenbergia sobolifera 35. " " " Muhlenbergia glomerata 36. " " " Muhlenbergia Mexicana 37. " " " Muhlenbergia sylvatica 38. " " " Muhlenbergia Willdenovii 39. " ; Muhlenbergia diffusa 40. " M. diffusa crossed with M. Mexicana 41. No name Brachyelytrum aristatum 42. Timothy Phleum pratense 43. Meadow Fox Tail Alopecurus pratensis 44. Hush Grass Sporobolus asper 45. Sporobolus heterolepis 46. Sporobolus cryptandrus Sporobolus vagineeflorus 48. Bed Top Agrostis arachnoices 49. ' Agrostis vulgaris var. alba 50. Thin Grass Agrostis perennans 51. Hair Grass Agrostis scabra 52. Wood Reed Grass Cinna arundinacea 53. Blue Joint Calamagrostis Canadensis 54. Reed Bent Grass Calamagrostis longifolia .. 55. Wild Oat Grass Danthonia spicata 56. Muskit Grass Boutelouaoligostachya 57. Muskit Grass Bouteloua hirsuta 58. Muskit Grass . .Bouteloua racemosa . 351 * Native and Cultivated Plants of Illinois Concluded. Common Name. Botanical Name. 59. Dog's Tail or Wire Grass Eleusine Indica 60. Sand Grass Triodia purpurea 61. No nam^ Diplachne fascicularis 62. Reed Grass Phragmites communis 63. No namo .Arundo Donax 64. ' ' .Koeleria cristata 65. " Eatonia obtusata 66. ' ' Eragrostis reptans 67. Eragrostis major 68. " Eragrostis pilosa 69. " Eragrostis Purshii 70. " Eragrostis pectiuacea 71. Orchard Grass Dactylis glomerata 72. Low Spear Grass Poa annua 73. Wire Grass, English Blue Grass. Poa compressa 74. False Eed Top Poa serotina 75. June Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass.Poa pratensis 76. Spear Grass Poa sylvestris 77. Fowl Meadow Grass Glyceria nervata 78. Eeed " " Glyceria grandis 79. Fescue Grass Festuca Myurus 80. " Festuca tenella 81. " Festuca nutans 82. Taller or Meadow Fescue Festuca elatior 83. Wild Chess Bromus Kalmii 84. Cheat or Chess Bromus secalinus 85. No name Bromus ciliatus 86. Common Darnel or Eye Grass.. . .Lolium perenne 87. Couch or Quick Grass Agropyrum repens 88. No name . .Agropyrum tenerum 89. Squirrel Tail Grass Hordeum jubatum 90. No name Hordeum pratense 91. Wild Eye Elymus Virginicus 92. " Elymus Canadensis 93. " Elymus striatus 94. Bottle Brush Grass Asprella Hystrix 352 Sedge Family: Cyperacese. QBASS-LIKE OK BUSH-LIKE HERBS, WITH FIBROUS BOOTS, MANY OF THEM COMMONLY CALLED SLOUGH GBASS. Common Name. Botanical Name. 95. Sedge Oyperus diandrus 96. " Cyperus Schweinitzii 97. " Cyperus strigosus 98. " Cyperus ovularis 99. Spike Rush Eleocharis ovata 100. " Eleocharis palustris .' 101. " Eleocharis rostellata 102. " Eleocharis acicularis 103. Sedge Fimbristylis capillaris 104. Bull Rush, or Club Rush Scirpus pungens 105. Great Bull Rush Scirpus lacustris 106. River Club Rush Scirpus fluviatilis 107. Rush Scirpus atrovirens 108. Wool Grass Eriophorum cyperinum 109. Twig Rush Cladium mariscoides 110. Nut Rush -. Scleria triglomerata 111. Sedge Carex lurida 112. " " Schweinitzii 113. " " flliformis 114. " " filiformisvar.latifolia 115. " " trichocarpa 116. " " stricta.. 117. " " " var. decora 118. " " grisea 119. " " laxiflora 120. " " Richardson! 121. " " pubescens 122. " alopecoida 123. " gravida 124. " viilpinoidea 125. " rosea 126. ' sparganioides 127. " " siccata 128. " tribuloides 129. " " " var.reducta 130. " " scoparia 131. " " foenea 132 - " " var. perplexa 353 Sedge Family: Cyperacece Concluded. Common Name. Botanical Name. 133. Sedge ; Carex straminea 134. " " var. brevier. Rush Family: Juncaceae.. 135. Sedge Juncus Balticus 136. " setaceus 137. " " tenuis 138. pelocarpus 139. " ' acumiuatus 140. " " nodosus... Miscellaneous Plants. 141. Common Cat Tail Typha latifolia 142. Colorado Blue Grass Triticum glaucum. . . . 143. Wooly Beard Grass Erianthus brevibarbis 144. Golden Rod Solidago nemoralis . . . 145. Bed Clover. Trifolium pratens. . . . 146. Tall Red Top , Triodia cuprea. 147. White Clover Trifolium repense 148. Alsike Clover Trifolium hybridum. . 149. Alfalfa Clover Medicago sativa 150. Crimson Clover. . . .Trifolium incarnatum. Medicinal Plants. Common Name. Botani"al Name. 1. Borage Borrago officinalis 2. Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum. . , 3. Burdock Arctium Lappa 4. Heal-all Brunella vulgaris 5. Catnip Nepeta Cataria 6. Cockscomb Celosia cristata , 7. Chamomile Anthemis nobilis , 8. Castor Oil Bean Bjcinus communis 9. Elderberry, Blossom Sambucus Canadensis 10. Elderberry " 11. Jamestown Weed Datura Stramonium , 12. Hoarhound Marrubium vulgare 13. Horse-mint Monarda punctata , 14. Common Hop Humulus Lupulus 15. Pokeberry Phytolacca decandra 16. Ground Ivy Nepeta Glechoma 23 354 Medicinal Plants Concluded. Common Name. Botanical Name. 17. Indian Balsam, Cudweed Gnaphalium 18. Indian Turnip Ariseema triphyllum 19. Red Lobelia, Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis 20. Mustard Brassica.. , 21. Molucca Balm Moluccella leeris (Cult.) 22. Milkweed Ascelpias 23. Mullein Verbascum Thapsus. . , 24. Motherwort Leonurus Cardiaca 25. Pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides 26. Peppermint Mentha piperita 27. Poppy Papaver somniferum 28. Meadow Swept Spirtea 29. Scouring Hush Equisetum hyemale 30. Sage Salvia officinalis (Cult.) 31. Smartweed Polygonum Hydropiper 32. Sweet Basil Ocimum basilicum 33. Stinging Nettle Urtica dioic 34. Snakeroot Liatris spicata 35. Staghorn Sumach Rhus typhina 36. Plantain Plantago major 37. Tansy Tanacetum vulgare 38. Witch Hazel Hamamelis Virginica 39. Wormwood Artemisia Absinthium 40. Willow (Root) Salix 41. Yellow Dock Rumex crispus 42. \arrow Achillea Millefolium 43. Summer Savory Satureia hortensis (Cult.) 44. Sheep Sorrel Oxalis corniculata var. Stricta. 45. Strawberry Fragaria Virginiana 46. Parsley Caruve petrosf linum 47. Coriander Coriandrum sativum 48. St. John's Woi-t Hypericum perforatum 49. Blessed Thistle Cnicus syngenesia 50. Sassafras Sassafras offlcinale 51. Dandelion Taraxicum offlcinale 52. Raspberry .* Rubus 53. Ragweed Ambrosia 54. Marigold (Calendula) Ambrosia officinalis 55 - Ba ln Monarda 56. Ramie Boehmeria nivea 57. Fennel Anthemis cotula 58. Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa. . . 355 Wheat. 1. Gold Dust. 34. 2. Early Ripe. 35. 3. Velvet Chaff. 36. 4. Democrat. 37. 5. Red Fultz. 38. 6. [m proved Fultz. 39. 7. Swamp. 40. 8. Martin's Amber. 41. 9. Hickman. 42. 10. Walker. 43. 11. May, 44. 12. Mediterranean. 45. 13. Herman Amber. 46. 14. Michigan Amber. 47. 15. Turkey. 48. 16. Poole. 49. 17. White Cap. 18. Currilli Prolific. 50. 19. Sheriff. 51. 20. Hicks. 21. Witter. 52. 22. Miller's Prolific. 53. 23. Wisconsin Triumph. 24. Wyandotte Red. 54. 25. Ohio Early Ripe. 55. 26. New Longberry Wa- 56. bash. 57. 27. Fairfield. 58. 28. Miami Valley. 59. 29. Nigger. 60. 30. Finley. 61. 31. Longberry. 62. 32. New Monarch. 63. 33. German Emperor. Jones' Winter Fife. Hybrid Clauson. Oregon Swamp. Red Turkish. Saskatchewan. Rio Grande. Hundred Fold. Prince of Wales. Holboru Wonder. Carter's Queen : Earliest of All. U. S. Spring. Stand Up. Stand Up (as Spring). Miller's Delight. Miller's Delight, (Spring.) Pride of the Market. Pride of the Market, (Spring.) Anglo Canadian. Anglo Canadian, (Spring.) Bird Proof. Cross Bred Salvador. Red Wonder. Reliable. Golden Velvet White. Golden Velvet Red. Odessa. Mammoth Chili. Minnesota Spring. Hunter's Winter White. 356 Wlieat Continued. 64. Empress of India. 96. 65. Ruff. Chaff Chaddam 97. Winter. 98. 66. Bromick Red Winter. 67. Square Head Red. 99. 68. Mealy. 100. 69. Crate. 101. 70. Improved Rice. 71. Extra Early Oakly. 102. 72. Oregon. 73. Big English. 103. 74. Bearded Monarch. 75. McGhus White. 104. 76. Hybrid Mediterran- 105. ean. 77. Red Prussian. 106. 78. Ontario' Wonder. 107. 79. Martin's Amber. 108. 80. Lehigh. 109. 81. Golden Cross. 82. Theiss. 110. 83. Deitz Longberry Red. 111. 84. Golden Prolific. 85. Lebanon. 112. 8G. Tasmanian Red. 113. 87. Tuscan Island. 88. Fulcaster. 114. 89. Deitz. 115. 90. Hindoostan. 116. 91. Diehl Mediterranean. 92. Walker's Winter. 117. 93. Rudy. 94. White Russian. 118. 95. Red Sea. Red Clauson. Adams' Prolific. Rocky Mountain Winter. Alabama May. Canadian Winter. Champion White Win- ter. Kissingland Red Win- ter. Cone's or Rivett's Red Winter. Kimer Red Winter. Velvet Chaff Ruff Winter. Imperial White Winter. Defiance Red Winter. Bremen Winter. Royal Prize Red Win- ter. White Swan Winter. Mainstay White Win- ter. Hungarian White. King of Wheat, White Bearded. Hallit's Red Winter. Spalding Red Winter. French Imperial Spring. Okanagan Valley Vel- vet Chaff. Red River Valley Spring. 359 Wheat Concluded. 119. Golden Drop Spring. 137. 120. Senegambia Spring. 138. 121. Assinaboin Spring. 122. Saskatchewan Spring. 139. 123. Denmark Royal 1. 140. 124. Ladoga Spring. 141. 125. Triumph Winter. 142. 126. Calcutta Royal Club 143. Winter. 127. Canadian Red Fife 144. Spring. 145. 128. Hedgerow Spring. 129. Limbo Winter. 146. 130. American Bronze Win- ter. 147. 131. Black Sea Winter. 148. 132. Blue Stem Spring. 149. 133. Hindoostan Winter, 150. 134. Ontario Red Winter. 151. 135. Manistee Winter. 152. 136. Red Chaff Winter. Indian White Winter. Improved Mediterran- ean Winter. Bhima Varta Winter. Rochester Red Winter. Japan Amber Winter. Odessa Club Spring. Early Red Russian Winter Australian Spring. Silver Chaff Red Win- ter. Champion White Win- ter. Never Fail Winter. Tasmanian Winter. Champion Winter. Red Turkey Winter. Red River Club Spring. Argentine Winter. Oats. 1. Pringle's Progress. 12. 2. White Wonder. 13. 3. Second Premium. 14. 4. White Swede. 15. 5. Early Lackawanna. 16. 6. White Bonanza. 17. 7. Calgarry Gray. 18. 8. Welcome. 19. 9. Badger Queen. 20. 10. Clydesdale. 21. 11. Bickett's Colombia. 22. Canada White. Early Dakota. White Victoria. Hopetown. White Belgian. Prize Cluster. Hargett's White. Centennial. Swedish. Egyptian. Texas Rust Proof. 360 Oats Concluded. 23. American Banner. 52. 24. Baltic White. 53. 25. Japan. 54. 26. New Dakota Grey. 55. 27. " White Schonen. 56. 28. Probestier. 57. 29. American Triumph. 58. 30. Wide Awake. 59. 31. Prolific Side. 60. 32. Improved American 61. 33. New Bed Rust Proof. 62. 34. Texas Red. 63. 35. Race Horse. 64. 36. Black Prolific. 65. 37. Black Tartarian. 66. 38. Black Russian. 67. 39. Imported White Rus- sian. 68. 40. Black Highlander. 69. 41. Virginia Winter. 70. 42. Canadian Black. 71. 43. White Russian. 72. 44. Giant Yellow French. 73. 45. Golden Giant Side. 74. 46. Hungarian Hybrid. 75. 47. James Bickerdike. 76. 48. Dakota Gray. 77. 49. Pride of Grant Co. 78. 50. Scottish Chief. 79. 51. Thousand Fold. 80. Early Archangel. Surprise. Royal Victoria. Victoria. Black Scotsman. Peerless. Norway. Golden Cluster, Barley Oat. French Hybrid. Black Mexican. Early Ohio. Hermit. Bohemian. White Siberian. Early Dakota North- ern. Pringle's Progress. Prize Winner. French Hybrid Side. Black Highland. New Flying Scotchman. American Cross Black. Early Blossom. Triumph White. English Winter White. White Tartarian, Waterloo White. Tarry White. French Hybrid Queen. 361 Barley. 1. Royal Empress. 10. 2. Six Rowed Winter. 11. 3. Prolific. 12. 4. Spratt. 13. 5. Black. 14. 6. Four Rowed. 15. 7. Golden Drop. 16. 8. Black Hulless. 17. 9. Goldtholpe. 18. Peerless. Golden Madeira. White Hulless. Beardless. Manshury. New Early Mentury. Winter. Short Ear Six Rowed. Golden Mellow. Rye. 1. Excelsior Winter. 5. Prolific Winter. 2. Giant Winter. 6. Black. 3. Saint Johns. 7. White. 4. Dakota Wonder White 8. Spring, Common. Spring. 9. Winter, Common. Potatoes. 1. Early Ohio. 17. 2. Blue Dakota. 18. 3. Burbank. 19. 4. Early Rose. 20. 5. Snow Flake. 21. 6. Mammoth Pearl. 22. 7. Magnum Bonum. 23. 8. Peerless. 24. 9. Mammoth Prolific. 25. 10. Rural New Yorker. 26. 11. Ohio Junior. 27. 12. Boston Market. 28. 13. Empire State. 29. 14. Pink Eye. 30. 15. Late Puritan. 31. 16. Everett. 32. Six Weeks. Green Mountain. New Queen. Rural No. 2. Mayflower. Beauty of Hebron. Rose Seedling. White Beauty. North Pole. Mills Prize. White Pearl. Polaris. Early New Zealand. Brownell's Best. The Vaughan. Seneca Beauty. 362 Potatoes Concluded. 33. Mammoth Iron Clad. 34. Early Market. 35. Blue Peerless. 36. Early Wisconsin. 37. Mills Prize. 38. Chas. Downing. 39. Big Elephant. 40. Mount Vernon. 41. Dominie. 42. Lord Murray. 43. Chicago Market. 44. Utah King. 45. White Victor. 46. Shaker Russet. 47. Rose Seedling. 48. Crown Jewel. 49. Shacton. 50. Gem of Salt Lake. 51. Late Rose. 52. Green Mountain. 53. Irish Dude. 54. Dakota Red. 55. Premium. 56. Koshkouong. 57. Champion. 58. Blue Victor. 59. Northern Spy. 60. Alexander's Prolific. 61. Arizona. 62. American Wonder. 63. Signal. 64. Crane's Juneeating. 65. Empire State. 66. Perfection. Corn. 1. Learning. 2. White Rice. 3. Queen's Golden. 4. Evergreen. 5. Crosby's Early. 6. Quaker. 7. Pfissler. 8. Oreana. 9. Clark's 100 Day. 10. Murdock. 11. Kellar's Early. 12. Bloody Butcher. 13. Indiana White. 14. Illinois White Dent. 15. Mevris White. 16. Tanley's. 17. Rubyf 18. Monarch W r hite Rice. 19. Red Flint. 20. Egyptian. 21. Mixed Rice. 22. Early Rose. 23. Yellow Dent. 24. 90 Day White. 25. Leeper. 26. Early Missouri. 27. Blue River. 28. North Star. 29. Queen of the Field. 30. Kentucky Horsetootb. 363 Corn Co n ti n u ed . 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. White Flint. 61. Yellow Flint. 62. Flour Corn. 63. Pomeroy's. 64. Iowa King White. 65. Mammoth Kentucky. 66. Early Mastodon. Sidney. 67. Improved Sidney. 68. Forsythe White. 69. Saint Charles. 70. Eighty Day. 71. Golden Beauty Dent. 72. Primm's Dent. 73. Arlen's Yellow. 74. Helm's Improved 75. White. 76. VanDerhoof's Ivory 77. Dent. 78. Miller's Best. 79. Bickbel's Pride Yel- 80. low. St. Clair Co. 81. Stewart's California. 82. Burlingame. 83. North Star. King Philip. 84. Golden Beauty Dent. Wilson W T hite Prolific. 85. Champion W r hite 86. Pearl. 87. Harrison. 88. Reading. Sidney. 89. Ohio White. Forsyth's White. Early Taman. Hess. Strawberry. Mississippi Straw- berry. Hickory King. Reid. Thomas. Kobell. Mad dock. Dawley. Early 'White. Calico. Blush. White Monarch. Early Minn. Red Rice. Live Evergreen. Wilson's White Pro- lific. Harrison Dent. Champion White. Early Dakota Flint. Yellow. Early Dakota Flint, White. Kentucky White Cap. Long John White. Riley's Favorite White. Crawford's Early White. Macedoii. 364 Corn Concluded. 90. Pride's Prolific. 95. 91. Riley's Early. 96. 92. Pride of the North. 97. 93. Clark's. 98. 94. Edmond's Favorite. 99. Mammoth Red. Early Red. Blue Corn. Squaw. Arlen's Yellow. Beans. 1. Navy. 18. 2. Butter. 19. 3. Black Wax. 20. 4. White Pea. 21. 5. Early Valentine. 22. 6. German Wax Pole. 23. 7. Large Lima. 24. 8. Red Lima. 25. 9. Black Lima. 26. 10. Burpee's Bush Lima. 27. 11. Black Bunch. 28. 12. Yellow Bunch. 29. 13. Green Six Weeks. 30. 14. Henderson's Bush 31. Lima. 32. 15. Washington Lima. 33. 16. Golden Cluster Wax. 34. 17. Giant Lima. 35. Castor Oil Bean. Lucus. White Field. California Wax. String Bean. Yankee. San Domingo. Prolific. 1000 to 1. White Tree. Catalpa. White Marrow. Refugee. White Kidney. Sickle. Early Yellow Kidney. Pisum. Japanese. Grass Seeds. 1. Kentucky Blue. 2. Perennial Rye. 3. Yellow Oat. 4. Timothy. 5. Orchard. 6. English Blue. 7. Creeping Bent. 8. Tall Meadow Oat. 9. Cockfoot. 10. Red Top. 11. Lawn. 365 Clover. 1. Crimson. 2. White. 3. Medium Red. 4. Mammoth Red. 5. Alsike. 6. Sweet. 1. German. 2. Golden Wonder. Millet. 3. Common. 4. Hungarian. 1. Black. 2. Gray. Buckwheat. 3. Silver Hull. 4. Japanese Hull. Pop Corn. 1. White Rice. 2. Yellow Rice. 3. Red Rice. 4. Speckled Rice. 5. Wee Bit. 6. Rat Tail. 7. Wisconsin Eight Rowed 8. California Yellow. 9. White Pearl. 10. Queen's Golden. 11. Blue. 12. Hybrid. 13. Premium Pearl. 14. Monarch White Rice. 15. Mapledale Prolific. 16. Silver Lace. 17. Golden Tom Thumb. 18. New Australian. 19. Red Husk. 20. Child's Favorite. Sweet Corn. 1. Minnesota. 6. 2. Stowell's Evergreen. 7. 3. Corys. 8. 4. Black Mexican. 9. 5. Old Colony. Late Mammoth. Red Sugar. Perry Hybrid. Shoe Peg. 366 Peas. 1. Gladiator. 7. 2. Chelsea. 8. 3 Evolution. 9. 4. Champion of England. 10. 5. McLean's Little Gem. 11. 6. Alaska. White Marrow Fat. Early Philadelphia. Early Kent. American Wonder. Stratagem. Nuts. 1. Chestnut. 7. Butternuts. 2. Horse Chestnut. 8. Large Black Walnut. 3. Walnut. 9. Chinquapins. 4. Peanut. 10. Hazel Nuts. 5. Acorns 11 varieties. 11. Hickory Nuts. 6. Pecans. Vegetables. 1. Kohl Kabi, White. 2. Kohl Rabi, Purple. Cabbage. 1. Winnistadt. 6. Bui Rock. 2. Flat Dutch. 7. Red Pickling. 3. Drumhead. 8. Savoy. 4. Marblehead Mammoth. 9. Sure Head. 5. World Beater. Miscellaneous. Persimmons. Amount of Grains in Sack on Hand in Spring or 1893, and Used iii Installing Exhibit. I Peck Per Sack. Wheat 196 sacks. Oats 198 " Barley 41 " Rye 37 " Flax 9 " Buckwheat 17 " Sorghum 4 " Broom Corn 12 " Clover 11 " Millet 7 " Grass seed... , 25 " Vegetable Seeds. Peas 19 Beans 39 Miscellaneous... , 29 Corn. White Dent 75 Bush. Yellow Dent 150 " Ked Dent 20 " Fancy 25 ' Mixed 40 ' Pop Corn 95 " Bundles of Grain and Grass Used in Making and Install- ing the Agricultural Exhibit. Gathered in 1892. Wheat 871 Bundles. Oats 2,191 Bye 328 Clover 46 Barley 75 Timothy 1,406 Wild grasses 595 Millet... 460 368 Bundles of Grain and Grass Used Concluded. Cotton 6 Castor Beans 6 Flax 9 Hemp 20 Corn in stalk 75 Corn tassels 200 Tobacco 10 Respectfully submitted, D. W. VITTUM, Chairman; JAMES S. WASHBURN, E. E. CHESTER, B. F. WYMAN, W. H. FULKERSON, Committee. W. A. YOUNG, J. W. RICHART, In Charge of Display in Agricultural Building. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. f'HE Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture, ap- _ pointed to carry out the requirements of Section II of the organic law creating this Commission, so far as the same refers to "horticulture and floriculture," begs leave to report: , The Horticultural Section in the Illinois State Building occupied a large area at the southwest end of the main exposition hall. The display was arranged upon suitably designed tables and shelves. The products exposed included sampler of all fruits cultivated in the State of Illinois. "That a full and complete collection of all the cultivated products in Horticulture and Floriculture, in illustration of the widely different conditions of soil and climate under which rural husbandry is practiced in the various sections of the State of Illinois," might be shown, your Committee caused to be placed in cold storage two hundred and sixteen bushels of apples, the fruit of Illi- nois of 1892, with which they commenced the exhibition in May, 1893, and replenished the tables from time to time as needed. The result of the cold storage was very satisfactory. The Jonathan and similar kinds of apples, taken from the cold storage May 15 and constantly ex- posed upon open tables, remained sound until July 28, while the Ben Davis kept until the latter part of Sep- tember. Notwithstanding the fact that the spring was very late, and late frosts prevailed in the southern portions of the State, we were enabled to show strawberries from May 10 to July 30; gooseberries from May 26 to August 371 372 18; raspberries from June 1 to August 9; cherries from May 28 to August 16; currants from June 1 to August 12; blackberries from June 16 to August 10; plums from June 24 to October 25; grapes from July 4 to October 30; apricots from July 12 to August 20; persimmons from September 12 to October 30; mulberries, May ap- ples, papaws, pecans, chestnuts, etc., at various times. Apples of 1893 were received from June 12 to the close of exhibition; peaches from June 10 to October 30; pears from June 24 to October 30. In order to show the climatic conditions, all of the above fruits of 1893 were shown without cold storage or preservation of any kind. The Committee commenced at the extreme southern portion of the State, with the fruits which ripened earliest, and progressed from south to north, as the different varieties of fruit came into season, thus demonstrating the length of the fruit sea- son in Illinois. This exhibit of the fruits of 1893 wa.s repeatedly as- serted by visitors to be the largest and most complete of any on the ground, where the fruit was in its natural state, entirely devoid of cold storage, preservatives or bottling. Exclamations of surprise were numerous, both from our own people and those from other states, "that so extensive and complete a collection could be made in a year of such general failure of fruits.". When we con- sider that the crop of apples was probably less than five per cent, of an average yield and that all other fruits were very light, it fully demonstrates that the present capabilities of our State are wonderful. The three grand divisions of the State have their represen- tative varieties, naturally adapted to each; the northern division growing the more hardy and giving a finer flavor to most of them; while the central adds many 373 new varieties that cannot be grown north, but here pro- duce abundantly. Still the great southern district must be said to be the home of horticulture, where all but the semi-tropical fruits can be grown in abundance. The people are already realizing this fact, and from the new impetus here given will plant trees by the million, em- bracing all of the best old and new varieties. It is safe to predict that the present decade will show greater advancement in growing, preserving and market- ing fruits than for one hundred and fifty years previous, during which fruit has been growing in some parts of this State. Though nurseries were not included in our exhibition, yet as manhood is the outgrowth of childhood, so the nurseries are the source from which the fruit growers drew to build up the industry of horticulture in all its various branches. The horticulturists of Illinois have an almost unlimited supply from which to fill their orchards with plants, trees, vines and shrubs, as there are in our own State four hundred and thirty-four nurseries, of which number one hundred and thirty-eight have been established in the last few years. There have been millions of apple trees planted in orchards every year, while the various other fruits have kept pace with the apple. LIST OF FRUITS EXHIBITED. Apples 95 Varieties. Red June. Buckingham. Saps of Wine. Titter's Red. Red Astrachan. Chicken Apple. Kirkbridge White. Purple Striped. Golden Sweet. Ben Davis. Fameuse. Gilpin. Benoni. Michael Henry Pippin. 374 Apples Eawles' Janet. Bailey's Sweet. Jonathan. Lady's Sweet. Stark. Garfield. Lansinburg. Nickajack. Willow Twig. Sweet June. Summer Sweet. Sweet Bough. Fall Wine. Mother. Alexander. S. S. Pippin. Lowell. Holmon. Chronicle. Yellow Bellflower. Aken's Seedling. Pryor's Red. Black Gilliflower. Vandervere Pippin. Winter Bed. Wolf River. Shockley. Ortley. Gana. Tewksbury Winter. Wai bridge. Early Harvest. Yellow Transparent. Duchess of Oldenburg. i Continued. Maiden's Blush. Wealthy. Porter. Coe's Spice. Ram bo. May of Myers. Rome Beauty. White Winter Pearmain. Winesap. Tulpehocking. Hubbardston Nonsuch. Spitzenberg. Tyrell's Late. Rhode Island Greening. Tolman Sweet. Nelson's Sweet. Grimes' Golden. Plum's Cider. Baldwin. Limber Twig. Northern Spy. Striped Pippin. Park's Late. Lawyer. Cache. Pen nock. Detroit Black. Smith's Cider. Fink. Roxbury Russet. Haas. Red Canada. Cullasaga. Neil's Keeper. 375 Apples Concluded. Black Vernon. Roman Stem. Bricelands. White Pippin. Milam. Egyptian Queen. English Golden Russet. Anidigo, Minkler. King of Tompkins County. Huntsman's Favorite. Domine. Crab Apples 7 Varieties. Sanborn. White Arctic. Large Siberian. Hyslop. Whitney's No. 20. North Western. General Grant. Pears 31 Varieties. Richardson. Beurre d'Anjou. Mt. Vernon. Sheldon. Seckel. Tyson. Johonnot. Mercel. Clapp's Favorite. Bloodgood. Flemish Beauty. Early Harvest. Doyenne d'Ete. Doyenne Boussock. Garber. White Doyenne. Buffum. Duchess d'Arigouleme. Keifer. Bartlett. Belle Lucrative. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Buerre Clarigan. Hovvell. Koonze. LeConte. Osband's Summer. Buerre Bosc. Beurre Deil. Vicar of Wakefield. Onondaga. 376 Peaches 42 Varieties. Amsden. Reeve's Favorite. Mary Ann. Silver Medal. Beatrice. Salaway. Waterloo. Lufkin's Golden. Troth's Early. Western Beauty. Elberta. Morris White. Crawford's Late. Park's Cling. Old Mixon Cling. Early May. Summer Rose. Anderson. Bequet's Late. Garland. Heath Cling. Male's Early. George the Fourth. Thurber. Steven's Rareripe. Crawford's Early. Chinese Cling. Old Mixon Free. Alexander. Stump the World. Shonsaker. Red Bud. Early Ripe. Heath Free. Early York. Smock. Wheatland. White Excelsior. Mountain Rose. October Cling. Capt. Ede. Hayworth. Plums 25 Varieties. American Beauty. Marianna. Wild Goose. Miner. Arkansas Lombard. Lombard. Duane's Purple. Pottawattamie. Fox Seedling. Mormon. Weaver. Brad sh aw. Forest Garden. Golden Beauty. Green Gage. Chickasaw. 377 Plums Concluded. "Way land. Hudson River Egg. Robinson. Henry. Abundance. Coe's Golden Drop. Poole's Seedling. Damson. Washington. Currants 9 Varieties. Fay's Prolific. White Grape. Cherry. Victoria. Versailles. Black English. White Dutch. Pochrasky's Seedling. Red Dutch. Goose b errie s 5 Varietie s . Mountain Seedling. Downing. Industry. Smith's Improved. Houghton. Grapes 72 Varieties. Cottage. Norwood. Lindley. Venango. Woodruff Red. Green's Golden. Lady Washington. Salem. Hartford. Brant. Post Oak. Brighton. Prentiss. Catawba. Erowa. Niagara. Delaware. Packlingtbn. Wilder. Brilliant. Elvira. Moore's Diamond, Barry. Moore's Early. Prairie State. Etta. Clinton. Eldorado. F. B. Hayes. Goethe. 378 Grapes Concluded. Backus. Albert. Mason's Seedling. Wyoming Red. Early Victor. Arrianna. Muscatine. Marguinte. Arminia. Diana. Agawam. Rogers' No. 8. Challenge. Jessica. Missouri Seedling. Isabella. Triumph. Beauty. Conqueror. Alfonso. Jewell. Porter's Seedling. Massasoit. Norton's Virginia. Martha. Guttenburg. Iron Clad. Seedling No. 3. Champion. Concord. Perkins. Uhland. Jefferson. Mayer. Eumelan. Gold Cain, lona. Arkansas. Herbert. Ives' Seedling. Noah. Anistia. Cherries 7 Varieties. Yellow Napoleon. English Ox Heart. May Duke. English Morello. Early Richmond. Black Morello. Early May. Quinces 4 Varieties. Orange Quince. Champion. Merch's Prolific. Ray's Monmouth. Persimmons 3 Varieties. Golden Beauty. Native Late. Native Early. 379 Mulberries 3 Varieties. Russian. Downer's Everbearing. White. Strawberries 22 Varieties. Crescent. Bubach's No. 5. Gaudy. Gertrude. Sharpless. Charles Downing. Red Jacket. Itasca. Miner. Warfield. Plow City. Manchester. Capt. Jack. Sucker State. Belmont. Princeton Chief. Early May. Wilson's Albany. Michael's Early. Logan. Cumberland Triumph. Haviland. Raspberries 1O Varieties. Doolittle. Cuthbert. Ohio. Brandywine. Philadelphia. Souhegan. Turner. Gregg. Mon mouth Cluster. Shaffer's Colossal. Blackberries 11 Varieties. Snyder. Erie. Ancient Britton. Stone's Hardy. Lawton. Early Harvest. Early King. Wilson Junior. Kittatinny. White. Nevada. Miscellaneous . May Apples. Pecans. Papaws. Chestnuts. Apricots 3 Varieties. 380 FLORICULTURE. The floricultural exhibit was also displayed mainly in the southwest portion of the Illinois State Building, and was arranged upon suitably disposed tables, shelves, brackets, and in hanging baskets. First: It consisted of specimens of the indigenous flora of Illinois, gathered from the various sections of the State, as far as possible. Of the flora indigenous to Illinois the wild flowers the display was creditable, while not fully up to the hopes and wishes of the Committee in charge and others interested. Illinois, climatically considered, is a great State; its Northern division producing, in floriculture, as in agri- culture and horticulture, the best, the most beautiful of the northern products; the central division, those of the temperate zone in their fullest and most perfect beauty, while the southern district borders upon the most luxuriant of the semi-tropical regions. Of what was exhibited and is indigenous to our State, we cannot enter into detail. We have many striking ferns. We might say that our flora partakes largely of the west- ern type, but that is not all. We have many varieties heretofore thought to belong to the Eastern, Southern and extreme Western States, and even to sections as far south, or farther, than Mexico and the Gulf. The Hepa- tica (Liverwort) is common to the East, West and South. The Violacese (Violet) and the Dicentra (Dutch- man's Breeches) are almost universal in their growth and modest beauty. The RanunculacesB (Crowfoot) and Phlox are common to our prairies, as are the Aquilegia (Columbine) and the Delphinium (Larkspur). The Lily in its many species, also Ladies' Tresses, Ladies' Finger, Golden Rod and a practically endless variety of beauti- 381 ful native flowers adorn our prairies, woodlands and water-ways. Of these, such as were suitable and season able were shown. The reader of this report may miss one or more of his favorite flowers, but it must be remembered that a tabulated list of all the flora of our great State, wild and uncultivated, would require months to prepare, and would occupy more space when published than this Com- mittee is allowed for the entire report. We can only touch upon the matter in a seemingly cursory manner, and yet we desire to do full justice to all interests. This of floriculture is so large, so general in its features and so peculiar in its make-up, as to the use of proper terms and the bringing out of prominent features, as to re- quire in the estimation of many, the services of an ex- pert in that special line, whose report when made, while perfectly intelligible to those particularly interested or engaged in the growth and propagation of flowers, would, with its multifarious and constantly repeated Latin names and phrases, be as unintelligible to the general public as a dissertation published in the Greek language. The floricultural display in the Illinois Building spoke for itself. While not perfect, it was eminently satisfac- tory to the thousands of visitors of our State, and fairly so to the Committee in charge. It surpassed any other state exhibit of the kind on the grounds. Second: The cultivated plants and shrubs contribu- ted were properly staked and labelled. Cut flowers were shown in vases and in designs, together with potted plants, and displayed in large quantities throughout the season. Among these over fifty varieties of the so-called 382 ever-blooming cannas made a fine continuous show, with their variety of colors. It was a difficult matter to keep plants in bloom in the hall, since most flowers will not hold their bloom long in pots, in-doors, and cut flowers will last but a few days. Hydrangeas stood bet- ter than all other flowering plants, of which there were many hundred varieties. The hanging ba'skets inside of the Building, of which there were more than one hundred, had to be often re- filled. Of the plants in these vinca and cyperus stood best. For decorative purposes the philodendrons and palms lasted longer than any others. One or two wagon loads of potted plants were furnished daily during the entire time of the exhibit. For the fountain and aquarium there were supplied water hyacinth, cyperus, calla Ethiopica, alocasia and caladiums, and potted shrubs, deutzia, aralia, rhodo- dendrons, spireas and roses. Of hardy herbaceous plants, phlox, clianthus and delphinium made the best exhibit of flowers. Of hardy shrubs, hydrangea paniculate, weigelia rqsea, syringa, lilac and tartarian honeysuckle were prominent. Of annuals there were asters, sweet peas, dianthus and others of the better known sorts. Bulbs and roots were not forgotten, including cannas and tulips. Untrained gladioli, hyacinths and other spring and summer bulbs were freely used. Mr. John C. Ure, florist, who was employed by the Committee as Superintendent of this Department, is en- titled to much credit for the satisfactory way in which he discharged his duties. The Committee feel that they may congratulate them- selves upon the economy exercised throughout all the departments, in making the unrivalled exhibition for 383 our State. With an appropriation of f 20,000 at their command, not to exceed one-half was expended, and yet they feel that not one dollar was saved at the expense of a full and thorough exhibit in our departments. Respectfully submitted, E. B. DAVID, J. K. DlCKIRSON, B. POLLEN, W. I). STRYKER, S. W. JOHNS, Committee. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. fHE Committee on Educational Exhibit begs leave _ to report: The general approval and commendation of the Edu- cational Exhibit by the people of this State, as mani- fested by the public and educational press as well as in- dividually by competent judges, is a matter of just con- gratulation to the Committee and this Board. In organizing the Educational Department it was de- cided to classify the exhibit into five sections, viz.: 1. The Model Public School Koom (fully equipped). 2. The Public Free School. 3. The Southern Illinois Normal University. 4. The Illinois Normal University. 5. The University of Illinois. The Model Public School Room was arranged and its furniture, apparatus, etc., were selected under the direc- tion of Hon. Henry Raab, Superintendent of Public In- struction. The exhibit of the Public Free Schools was planned and installed by William Jenkins, Superintendent of Schools, Mendota, Illinois. The work of the Southern Normal University was de- vised and installed under the direction of John Hull, then President of the School. The exhibit of the Illinois Normal University was planned and installed by the faculty, under the super- vision of Dr. John W. Cook, the President of the Insti- tution. 384 385 The exhibit of the University of Illinois was planned and installed under the supervision of a committee of the faculty, Prof. George E. Morrow, Chairman. The broad conception, accurate knowledge and un- wearied zeal which characterized the labors of these men need neither commendation nor mention here; they have already become a part of the noble history of the State. The reports of the directors and superintendents of the several sections of this Department, giving in detail the plans and aims of the several exhibits, have been submitted to your Committee, and having been carefully collated and considered are hereby made the report of this Com- mittee. Kespectfully submitted, E. E. CHESTER, J. M. WASHBURN, J. K. DICKIRSON, S. W. JOHNS. Committee. -25 MODEL SCHOOL ROOM. HENRY RAAB, SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. %I[N pursuance of the act to provide for the participation m of the State of Illinois in the World's Columbian Exposition, approved June 17, 1891, the Committee on Educational Exhibit decided to arrange for, First, a Model School Room fully equipped with furniture, school appliances, maps, charts, physical and other apparatus, collections of animals and min- erals as well as reference books and a library of sup- plementary reading for children. It was not the inten- tion of the Committee to stock the room with every- thing that can be purchased for school use, but rather with such apparatus, appliances and instruments as are indispensable as a means of successful work in every school of the State. School officers were to learn by actual observation and comparison how much there is lacking in the equipment of their schools, how they are crippling their teachers by withholding from them these means. Some reference books and zoological and min- eralogical specimens had to be purchased, and they are now on exhibition in this department for the inspection of teachers and school officers. A synopsis of the school system and the school sta- tistics of Illinois for the past 60 years, were exhibited in the room. The appropriation of $75.