ILL!' V. ',,BRARY AT URl.\NaCHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS V It JT Journal Of Btiw GitUenship MONDAY, JANUARY 7, 1918 Volume XI Number 1 'iilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilll^ Next Thursday at Luncheon Experiences of Two j Chicago Boys at the Front \ I — Field Ambulance Service in France — | I Told By Themselves | I SPEAKERS: | I LOUIS G. CALDWELL, sous-chef S.S.U. No. 65. | I In service on the Ghemin des Dames, May to | I October, 1917. | 1 Mr. Caldwell was a member of the City Club before 1 1 he went to France. g j THOMAS B. POPE, driver of the Glencoe, Illinois, | i ambulance. In service on the right of Verdun, | I May to October, 1917. | g Mr. Pope is a nephew of H' '> y Pope of the City Club. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ^ ^ i5Cj 4 7 Gl]fQtijGIubBull^ttn a^attuGlubBuMin JlJournalof Jlctivc QitUcnship PUULISHKD WKKKLY 1!Y THK CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWU^HT L. AKEUS, Editor OKFICKRS ok THK CLUB FRANK I. MOULTON, President EDGAR A. BANCROFT. Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD. Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS. Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Boahd HERBERT H. SMITH. Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter. December 3, 1917. at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3. 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. 'Tp HE Legislative Committee of the ■'■ Woman's City Club is trying to find out why the wheels of justice in Chicago grind so slowly — particularly in those courts which are devoted to the enforce- ment of laws having a social bearing, such as the compulsory education law, sanitation laws and the factorj' inspection act. The committee in a report printed in the Jan- uary issue of the Woman's City Club Bulletin refers to the excessive number of continuances in many cases. On this point it says: "The onlooker is filled with curiosity as to why, on December 12, three cases against Mr. Brady, which involve such simple things as the supplying of ash cans and garbage receivers, and which have al- ready been continued eight times, are again put off by the prosecuting attorney until January 9, 1918. In an incomplete review of the cases in court on December 5 and 12 we find two cases which have been con- tinued twelve times (one from January, 1917, the other from May, 1917); one case had eleven continuances ; three, eight continuances; three, six continuances* v'our, five continuances. Of these ninety-sevC' continuances on thirteen cases, only seven- teen were due to inability to secure a jury." STENIMG t^>-POST Fred A. Grow is going to France for service with the Y. M. C. A. Doctor Channing W. Barrett is in France with Base Hospital Unit No. 36. Frank L. Venning of Lowe and Bol- lenbacher, is in the Camouflage Service of the Quartermaster's Department. The FOLLOWING PERSONS joined the Club last week : William K. Hodges, The Northern Trust Company, and Oliver M. Burton, President, Burton-Dixie Corpora- tion. One of our stenographers has left us to do war work. Anyone who knows of a reliable, efficient stenographer to take her place will confer a huge favor by noti- fying Miss Corbyn in the office. Arthur Manheimer has been com- missioned Second Lieutenant in the Signal Reserve Corps. He expects to leave for France shortly as Supply Officer of the 415th Railway Telegraph Battalion. The dues notices for the coming quarter bear a war tax of $1.25, including 50c for the two months of the last quar- ter during which the tax was in effect. Those who paid war taxes on dues incurred prior to November 1st will now have a little pin money coming their way. The government has rescinded its former rul- ing imposing a tax on such dues and these members now have a credit on the club books. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertain- ment Committee is asking members to im- pose upon themselves a voluntary tax of at least $1.00 each to assist the committee in keeping the Club house open for en- listed men at week ends. This is payable with Club dues. "Your dollar," says the Committee, "will help to provide attractive club facilities for thousands of young en- listed men most of whom are from distant parts of the country and entire strangers "o the city." It's war work. It will cost very little 'f every member does his duty. What's a dollar? GtJ^GitgGlubBuUefin CITY FATHERS TACKLE MONEY PROBLEM Make Tentative Ciits in Expenditures Preparatory to Request for Legislation Mr. Rufus 'Rastus Brown What's you goin' to do When de rent comes 'roun'? 'npHE City Hall choir has been fervently ■*• chanting this refrain now for many weeks and Rufus is at last down to brass tacks. The City Council last week tenta- tively lopped off $3,657,799 from city ex- penditures as compared with last year. Estimates of the number of employes laid off vary because a number are absent on military leave and their positions have not yet been filled. The passage of this measure, determin- ing the operations of the city until the annual budget is framed, is an attempt by the city authorities to meet the recommen- dation of the civic organizations, including the Public Affairs and the Public Expen- ditures Committees of the Club, that be- fore further taxes are voted by the legis- lature, the city should in its annual budget make retrenchment in departments where this is possible so that the people may know what relief is necessary to take care of vital and indispensable activities. Sev- eral organizations have pointed out that the amount of relief asked for would de- pend upon the economy and efficiency moves which the council would stand for in lay- ing out the work of the city for 1918. Some of the special economies recom- mended were adopted in whole or part : Fewer Stations — More Coppers 1. The number of police stations was reduced. The superintendent of police last April recommended that the 45 police stations of the city be consolidated into 22. The present action of the council is not so thorough-going but twelve of the stations are to be eliminated at an esti- mated saving of $170,000 for overhead expenses and with the result of placing on beat 300 additional policemen now do- ing useless station duty. In his letter on the subject last April the superintendent of police stated that the elimination of 23 sta- tions would save about $850,000 annually and put about 750 men on beat. He said : "Contrary to the prevalent idea, police stations themselves do not afford protec- tion to the citizens. The only effective manner in which police protection is fur- nished is by placing policemen on the streets. In my judgment there should not be more than twenty-two stations, four on the north side, eight on the west side and ten on the south side, and two of these stations should be reserved exclusively for women." "Rise Up So Early in de Morn" 2. City Hall employes will be required to work eight instead of seven hours per day. It is reported that one person opposed to this action charged that the City Hall employes were being unjustly treated, that 26 years ago the working day was changed from six hours to seven hours and that now it is proposed to lengthen the long day still more. 3. Extra holidays for city employes were abolished. A report of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency recently pointed out that the closing down of city bureaus on primary and election days involves a heavy financial loss to the community and much inconvenience. Joint Committee Acts The special joint committee of members of the City Council and of the State Legis- lature, appointed to find a solution for the city's financial dilemma, last Thursday adopted a resolution favoring a special ses- sion of the General Assembly. It recom- mended legislation to enable the city to levy an additional tax of fifty cents on a hundred dollars for a period not to ex- ceed two years and to permit the licensing of certain kinds of business not now sub- ject to license. The committee also pro- posed the appointment by the legislature of a committee to consider a comprehensive re-organization of the city government of Chicago, including therein legislation for a survey of the city's finances to meet re- quirements for a ten-year period. The committee gave no consideration to the sug- gestion for an immediate re-organization of th'» city government along the lines of the manager plan, proposed by the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency and endorsed by various civic organizations including Gf)c«GIubBuUrtm committees of the City Club. (See City Club Bulletin of last week.) The idea of a financial survey, also backed by civic or- ganizations, was endorsed but the commit- tee proposes additional legislation in 1919 before starting on this survey. Fewer Elections — Shorter Ballot Two proposals advocated by the Club's Committee on City Manager Plan were also approved by the joint committee for favorable action by the Legislature in the event of a special session, namely, those: 1. To make the offices of City Clerk and City Treasurer appointive by the City Council. 2. To extend the term of office for Aldermen from two to four years with the right of re-call. These Didn't Get By The City Council has not seen fit to adopt a number of recommendations made by the civic organizations affecting the effi- ciency of the city departments, namely: a. Abolition of ward lines as a basis of administration of Bureau of Streets ac- tivities. b. Standardization of employment in the law department and in the offices of the Clerk and Bailiff of the Municipal Court. c. Centralized and standardized pur- chasing, testing, inspection and stores. d. Consolidation of visual inspections. e. Reduction of the number of yards, etc. f. Consolidation of the Bureaus of Sewers and Compensation with the Bureau of Streets. g. Consolidation of license, permit and plan examination bureaus. h. Centralization of pay-roll divisions in the Comptroller's office. The possible savings from the various economies suggested above, including those recommended to and adopted by the City Council are estimated in the Woman's City Club Bulletin for January at $2,530,- 000. Estimated new revenues and pro- ceeds of economies already instituted are listed at around $770,000. Together these would net a saving of approximately $3,300,000. It is reported in last Saturday's papers that the Woman's City Club will oppose the calling of a special session. "At present we are opposed to the call- ing of a special session of the legislai'are," (Continued on page 6) A New Year's Resolution for a City Club Member / resolve — TO SECURE at least one new member^ for the Club — the sooner, the better, TO "BOOST" the City Club loyally and enthusiastically among, my business and social associates, TO SEND to the Membership Extension Committee the names and addresses of friends and acquaintances who should become mem- bers; Because — MORE CIVIC-MINDED men should share the advan- tag,es and support the ideals of the Club, MORE NEW MEMBERS are needed to fill the places of those who have and others who will enter military service, MORE DOLLARS must be se- cured to meet the expenses of the Club inasmuch as members entering service are exempt from dues, and cost of operation has in- creased. Information, Literature, Co-operation upon application to the MEMBERSHIP EXTENSION COMMITTEE BflfOtijaiuliBulfctin CHICAGO EFFICIENCY PLAN FAVORED '' Mayor- Manager'' Unification Scheme, Endorsed by Club CofH7nittee, Is Advocated for Los A?igeles Wf E used to read in the Sunday School ^ ^ books about the little acorn that be- came a mighty oak. The Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency last winter planted a little seed of an idea and has been water- ing it and watching over it and hoping that some day it would become a fine young tree. Now it finds the idea sprouting up in an altogether unexpected place. Too Many Governments Los Angeles County is in somewhat the same situation as Chicago in respect to her local governments. There are all sorts of little governments, each running around on its own job and bumping into other little governments, getting in their way and mak- ing a general nuisance of itself — besides costing a lot of money. There are 187 school districts, thirty-eight distinct munici- palities, thirty-four lighting districts, thirty- three road improvement districts, three wa- terworks districts and two protection dis- tricts — each with power to raise and spend money. There are enough of these little drops to make a respectable puddle if they could all be brought together — and that's what the California Taxpayers' Associa- tion proposes to bring about. Knowing that Chicago had proposed the most thor- ough-going plan anywhere for the re-or- ganization and simplification of local gov- ernments in a large city, they sent for George C. Sikes to show them how to tinker up their machine, with the result that they have adopted and are backing up for Los Angeles some of the best fea- tures of the plan of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency. What's to Be Done The re-organization which they propose is along two lines, which they state as follows : 1, "A re-organization of the machinery and tools of government along simple lines, with as little indirect transmission of power as possible and with a minimum of platings to box in and conceal from view the actual workings of the machinery when installed. 2. "Consolidation of governments which lie within a natural metropolitan area and the consequent substitution of one local government for the many." You can almost see the horns and cloven hoof of George C. Sikes and smell the brim- stone and sulphur of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency in this. Wait a minute and you'll see the devil himself. Wanted — A Manager The most original contribution in the Efficiency Bureau's plan is their scheme for getting around the difficulties ordinarily urged against the city-manager plan as ap- plied to large cities. Hitherto the city manager has been a sort of tail to the "com- mission-government" dog and everybody thought that tail wouldn't wag unless that particular dog was there to wag it. Now commission government is ordinarily very good for a small town but there are many reasons why it wouldn't do for Chicago. On the other hand the city-manager plan has its points for a large city and the Effi- ciency Bureau came to the conclusion that by a very slight operation the tail could be removed and grafted onto a reorganized and simplified council government based on ward representation. The idea is finding a great deal of favor, not only in the City of Chicago, as applied to our own condi- tions, but elsewhere. It is an integral part of the plan for reorganizing the government of Los Angeles County. A Real Mayor Both the Chicago and Los Angeles adap- tations of the city-manager plan, however, give the manager a special dignity and au- thority — which he does not always possess in the commission-governed city. Although elected by the City Council and removable by them he will retain the title of mayor and will in fact be a "manager-mayor." The Los Angeles report on this point says: "There is danger, especially in large cities, of regarding the person bearing the title of map- ,er as merely a high-grade foreman or nief clerk, whose main func- tion is to lot after details. That is not the proper coi. eption. The need of cities is for executives of training and experience Gll^CfituGIubBuUefin in public affairs, with broad grasp of municipal problems, and capable of fur- nishing leadership in solving problems. Instead of being a mere detail man — a manager in a narrow sense — the executive of a large city should supenise and plan, leaving to subordinates selected for the purpose the actual work of administration. What Council Will Do "The function of the council under such an arrangement is to select the executive and in a very general way to direct his ac- tivities, upholding him when he is right, and offering the corrective of responsible group judgment for the peculiarities that any single individual is liable to develop. The council should determine the broad ques- tions of policy. Instead of administering, however, it should act through its executive agent, in whom responsibility should be centered. It probably would be better for Los Angeles to style such an executive the mayor, rather than manager, as the term mayor would be more likely to signify to the public mind the type of executive needed." The Los Angeles plan and the Chicago plan involve many other important points relating to the size of the council, the number and character of elections and so on which the eager reader, interested in details, should follow out by getting the reports.* Will Save Cash The Taxpayers' Association figures that Los Angeles can save over $2,600,000 an- nually by a complete consolidation. Los Angeles is a much smaller city that Chi- cago. In these times of financial stress for our city government, with a money-famine at the city hall and with frantic appeals in the air for new taxing powers, the City ought at least to look into the proposals of the Bureau as a means to permanent future economies. This has already been suggested to the Special Joint Committee of the City Coun- cil and the State Legislature by the City Club Committee on Citv Manager Plan (City Club Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 21) and by other organizations which have en- dorsed the idea. Chicago's Financial Dilemma (Continued from page 4) Miss Sears is quoted as saying. "We do not feel that the council assures us of effecting the economies suggested in our recommendations to it. If we could get true assurance of fundamental economies, including the riddance from the city serv- ice of superannuated and inefficient help and practical curtailment of expense, we might be convinced that the methods sug- gested in the appeal to the legislature are sincerelv made." * The report of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency can be had upon application at the office of the Bureau, 315 Plymouth Court. The Los Angeles report is on file in the City Club Library. PERMISSION to graze live stock in the ■*■ national parks "during the period of the war" is being urged upon Congress by western grazing interests. The Conserva- tion Department of the General Federation of Women's Clubs has just issued a state- ment opposing this use of the parks. It says : "At the preent time the use of our na- tional parks for grazing is inexcusable. Sheep ruin parks for the use of people. They destroy one of the greatest attrac- tions of the outdoor world — the wild flowers. But the sheep isn't to blame. It is his nature to eat wild flowers, and not only the blossoms, but the plants and then the roots. At Crater Lake National Park there isn't a wild flower to be seen. Years ago sheep grazed within the boundaries, and although they have not been in the park for years, the ground is barren of flowers." The park area available for grazing is limited, according to this statement. On the other hand there are large unused areas in the public domain suitable for nothing else. The parks can contribute but little to the food production of the country. Why, then, asks the Federation, should we allow them to be despoiled? It urges that letters be sent to Congressmen oppos- ing this effort. The cut used in the dining room ad this week was shamelessly purloined from the Bulletin of the St. Louis City Club. Preparedness for the period of read- justment following the war will be the key- note of the convention of the Vocational Education Association of the Middle West to be held Januar\' 24-6 at the Morrison Hotel. GfreQttuQlubBulltlln of t\)t 2000ft ff^tld and IVooly Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. TUST as the small boy loves to stick a •^ feather in his hat and pursue imaginary Indians into the hayloft, the grown-up boy in the city once a year loves to shove his chair under his desk, dress like back- woodsmen and with pack on his back tramp up hill and down dale over the wild places of the earth. Even if the impulse for ad- venture doesn't lurk in so primitive a form, he probably likes to oil up his rusty Ford or get his Packard Twin-Six from the garage and roll around in state among the rugged peaks and primeval forests. Better Than Gold We have never particularly cared for that type of park propaganda which has given so much emphasis to the commercial side of these great natural resources. It is undoubtedly true that the parks "keep money at home that might otherwise be spent on travel abroad" — and if that type of argument convinces a certain type of mind it is legitimate to use it. But the commercial side of the nation's great parks is incidental as compared with their im- mense spiritual and recreative values. The Director of the National Park Service has just issued his report for last year. The National Park Service is of very recent origin and it is particularly fortunate that the man selected to organ- ize it and through it to administer and develop our great wilderness playgrounds was one who approached his work with more than official interest, one who had tasted the wilderness life, roamed the woods, climbed rugged peaks, slept in the snow and developed a love of outdoor life as part and parcel of himself — our former vice-president, Stephen T. Mather. Parks Are Popular The Director's Report is a convincing demonstration of the immense value of these national play spaces. They were vis- ited last year by nearly a half million people and were entered by over 55,000 private automobiles. But the appropriation for their administration, protection and im- provement — although having a combined area of over six and a quarter million acres — was but little in excess of a half million dollars. This covers not only trail and road building and the general operation of the parks but the dissemination of infor- mation about them — a task which the Na- tional Park Service is doing in a large scale. The American people can congratulate themselves that with the organization of the new park service the parks are at last being efficiently organized and directed. Until recently they were administered as individual units by various and sundry de- partments of the government. Under such conditions they were generally considered side-issues. Their consolidation under a bureau whose sole purpose is their develop- ment and use as national playgrounds is a measure which park advocates long ar- gued for. It has now been practically ac- complished although the Yellowstone Park and some of the national monuments still remain under the Secretary of War or of Agriculture — a defect in existing legisla- tion which ought to be corrected. More Parks Wanted The Park Service recommends an ex- tension of the national parks by the addi- tion to the system of the Grand Canon — now a national monument — the extension of the Sequoia National Park by the in- clusion of the Kings and Kern River Canons and the crest of the Sierra and the addition to the Yellowstone Park of a part of the famous "Jackson Hole region." Glimmerings From the Past Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Supervising Engineers, Chicago Traction, Covering the Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 1915. Published by the Board, Chi- cago, 1917. 'T^HIS book, which came to our desk hot off the press a few days after Christ- mas, is a volume which every citizen in- terested in his city's past should possess. In these days of whirling events, when one tires of Russian revolutions, "peace drives," and exhortations to buy smokes for Sam- mies, it is soothing to turn the leaves of this attractively covered volume to the in- come account of the Chicago City Railways Company for the j'ear before the war or to read over Mr. Arnold's statement in 8 GlieGttuGIubBuUfttn reply to Barrow, Wade and Guthrie, May 14, 1914. There is nothing of the seeth- ing outer world in this and the reader may rest assured that he will encounter no mention of bolsheviki. General Haig or the government operation of railways. It is this which we like about the book. We doubt if we would be sufficiently in- terested in an up-to-date account of our transportation system, but the antiquarian interest in us is sufficiently strong to make us almost want to read this from cover to cover. We are glad that the cloistered clerks who produced it did not hurry to put it on the press for we are sure that it would have thereby lost much of its classic charm. Three years is not too long to wait for a volume of this sort. We are almost afraid the infectious spirit of an office de- voted to "rapid transit" may seize upon the authors of this volume and force them to publish the report for the year just ending before it is normally due, New Years, 1921. E TIease Note That VERY day the librarian brings to our desk a collection of interesting litera- ture just received. It may be seen in the library by anyone interested. Just to men- tion a few items received recently: The Avenue, Vol I, No. 6. Official Bulletin of the Fifth Avenue Association, Nezv York. Contains discussion of the limitation of building heights on Fifth Ave- nue. Of interest particularly to members of the City Planning Committee. Report of the Work of the Bureau of Education for the Natives of Alaska, igi^-i6. Sounds dry, but has interesting pictures. Describes pioneering educational work among the Esquimaux and Lap- landers. Forty-eighth Annual Report, West Chi- cago Park Commission, iQi6. The pic- tures in this report are numerous and at- tractive. We suggest as a desirable war economy the omission of the 100-page list of vouchers — nearly 10,000 in number — issued by the Commission in 1916. Good financial summaries in adequate detail are, of course, essential, but there is a limit to the extent which a public body needs do its bookkeeping in public. Housing Problems in America. Pro- ceedings of the Sixth National Housing Conference, Chicago, October 15, 16 and 17, igij. A bulky volume of live material on a subject of great and immediate na- tional importance. A number of the pa- pers relate to the housing emergency cre- ated by the war. The Association deserves the thanks of the public for getting the volume out while the papers are still up- to-date and of live interest. "What Is a House? — Our National Ob- ligation." By Frederick L. Ackerman. Published by the Journal of the American Institute of Architects. Described on the cover as "the story of England's colossal work in building workmen's houses as a prerequisite to maximum output of war munitions, and as a part of her program of social and economic reconstruction after the war." The most satisfactory account of the English housing program that we have seen so far. It is to be supplemented by articles which will appear in future issues of the Journal. A membership in the City Club comes nearer being a privilege bestowed upon a prospective applicant than any favor you might wish to show him. The material side of the club, as to meals, service and prices is beyond com- parison. How about it? mr. jack horner sat in a corner when suddenly he had a bright idea: this christnnas pie stuff is all right for a nurser^ rh^me, he said — as he reached for his hat— ■ but for genuine grub I'll go to the Club and try that new pastry cook's pie. Volume XI GfttCtiteGtohBulfefti^ JT Jountalof JTcttve Gituen^hip MONDAY, JANUARY 14, 1918 Number 2 THIS WEEK^S EVENTS Next Thursday, January 17, at luncheon "What Is the Matter with the New Gas Ordinance" DONALD R. RIGHBERG, Special Gounsel for the City of Ghicago, Gas Litigation Case. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking promptly at 1:00. Next Saturday, January 19, at luncheon Ladies' Day (see below) NORMAN ANGELL of London ''Success in Our War Aims'' MR. ANGELL'S MANAGER SAYS: "Mr. Angell was one of the earliest advocates of American participation in the war and he is in the country at the present time with the full consent and approval of his government. His object is to contribute towards the formation of such a foreign policy that Allied victory will really have those political results for which the war is being fought." CITY CLUB LADIES' DAY— Many requests come in from time to time that members' wives be invited to noon-day discussions By special arrangement, therefore, ladies are cordially invited for luncheon and Mr. Angell's talk. For luncheon come not later than 12:45 ! Mr. Angell will speak in the lounge — not the dining room — at 1:30. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking promptly at 1:30 in the Lounge. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii^ 10 gieOtuGlubBulletm »Gitu;GlubBuUetm JT Journal ofJIcnw Qitaenshlp Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON. President EDGAR A. BANCROFT. Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Boakd HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917. at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men ivho are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. STENING '*''%'.- POST Dr. David Klein has received the Com- mission of Captain in the Sanitary Corps. Oscar M. Wolff is in Washington with the Food Administration, connected with the Division of Enforcement. We regret TO notice the report in the newspapers of last week that Thomas D. Jones, who has been serving on the war trades board at Washington, has resigned on account of ill health. If the MEMBER who wrote President Moulton an anonymous letter the other day on the theme, "Live bait catches the fish," will make himself known to Mr. Moulton, the directors will be glad to take up with him the suggestion therein con- tained. Charles R. Crane, scheduled to speak here last Saturday, was prevented by the big storm from keeping his engagement. The large crowd which braved the blizzard ^vas not disappointed, however, for, by rare good fortune, S. S. McClure and T. P. O'Connor were present and talked in his stead. The meeting lasted till nearly 3:00 o'clock. A full account will be printed in next week's Bulletin. Dr. Frank Billings was appointed last week as chairman of the State Commission which is to investigate the subject of work- ing hours for women. William Hoskins is on the Board of consulting chemists to the Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, one of the most important boards for chemical re- search in connection with the war activities. These are last week's additions to the Club's Roll of Honor: Joseph W. Northrop, First Lieutenant, 335th Field Artillery, Camp Pike, Ark. S. L. Orwall, aviation service. R. D. Donovan, Lieutenant, Camp Logan, Houston, Tex. Every now and then some member asks if the Club has a notary. Sorry that we haven't, but Miss Bertha Freeman in the office of the National Conference of Social Work (sixth floor of the club house) has a commission and will be glad to render special notarial service for members. She is on hand at the lunch hour until 1 :15. BiON J. Arnold, according to a dis- patch received last week from Washington, will leave soon for France to assume charge of an important undertaking with the American Aviation Service. Mr. Arnold holds a Commission as Lieutenant-Colonel. While Mr. Arnold is known chiefly for his work as a street railway expert, it is stated that he has made a study of aviation for twenty-five years and was associated with Chanute, one of the aviation pioneers, in his experiments with flying machines. Welcome to our midst! These are new members of the Club, who joined last week: Roy L. Griffith, Editorial Staff, Chicago Evening American ; Rev. James B. Haslam, Field Secretary, Commission on Social Service; F. S. Hickok, Ridgway Dynamo & Engine Companv; Charles D. Loper, Mullen & Co. (Woolens) ; T. A. Lorenz, Jr., Hill Binding Co. ; L. D. H. (Continued on page 16) GfjedihjOJubBiiU^^ 11 PLUG WATER LEAKS, SAYS BUREAU Urges Universal Metering to Stop Waste and Save Mo?iey r^ HICAGO is the most inveterate user of water of any city in the world. We wish that we could assure the Anti- Saloon League that this is due to the grow- ing consumption of water in our city as a beverage and is a product of their efficient and vigorous campaign. We would like to believe that it is due to the excessive predilection of our people for baths and shampoos. But, alas, the Bureau of Public Effijaency, after a characteristically thorough investigation, disappoints us by concluding, in a report issued last week,* that we simply waste it — shamelessly and needlessly waste it. It slips from the pumps, it leaks from the pipes, it drips from the faucets. Two hundred and fifty-nine gallons every day are pumped for each man, woman and child in the city and of this 60 per cent is lost through leakage and waste. New York a Bad Second It would probably amaze the New Yorker who looks at our city for the first time to know that although we have less than half the population of his city we use fourteen per cent more water. We waste so much that in some parts of the city or at certain periods of the year, the pressure is often inadequate for fire protection or good service to the upper floors of apart- ment houses. Just because we are so spendthrifty in our use of water, there is a constant race between the supply and the equipment with which to pump it. Next to air, we regard water as about the freest of the necessities of life. With Lake Michigan at our front door we forget that it costs us money. We think that we can simply turn on the faucet and that Lake Michigan, which has stood by us all these years, will do the rest. And just because we have this fan- tastic and erroneous idea, it is costing us about $500,000 a year to pump water which is later wasted or which leaks away. We are also year by year needlessly dig- * Copies of this report, a document of over 200 pages, may be obtained on application at the office of the Chicago Bureau of Public Effi- ciency, 315 Plymouth Court. ging new tunnels, needlessly building new pumping stations and needlessly adding new equipment to the water system. Three and a half million dollars is being spent each j^ear on additions to equipment, accord- ing to the Bureau. The water system earns about 3.6 per cent on the investment but this is more than eaten up by these un- necessary expenditures. We wonder why people who kick about taxes, never worry about the water waste. Worth Doing The water consumption in Chicago, the Bureau estimates, can be reduced to 125 gallons per day per person if effective waste control measures are undertaken. But merely Hooverizing on water is not likely to produce results. There must be a real stimulus to save. The Bureau, therefore, recommends universal metering as the big- gest single step toward economy in our use of water. Metering has already proved its prac- ticability in many places. The prejudice against it, the Bureau points out, is in com- munities where it has not been tried. It is feared that meters will mean larger water bills. Furthermore, plenty of water is needed for sanitation and health and any- thing that reduces legitimate consumption is bad. "Experience has demonstrated, however," replies the Bureau, "that where meters have been introduced they neither restrict the use of water nor increase water bills. . . With practically every con- sumer exercising care to eliminate waste, water can be furnished so cheaply that no one need think of restricting the amount of which he can make any use." Will Cut Water Bills To show that water bills would not be increased by metering, the Bureau points — to mention but one of its illustrations — to our next door neighbor. Oak Park. Thou- sands of small houses in Chicago pay a flat rate for water of $5.64 a year; two flat buildings a rate of $10.38 per year. In Oak Park, which is metered and where nobody will deny that water is used lavishly, three-fourths of the population, at 12 ^eGtt«GlubBuMn the Chicago meter-rate, would pay less than five dollars a year. Chicago pays practically double. The Bureau arrives at the following interesting conclusions: "If waste and leakage arc brought under effective con- trol during the next ten years the pump- age of the Chicago Water Works can be reduced to 425,000,000 gallons per dav bv 1928, as compared with 645,000,000 gal- lons per day in 1916; and further, the daily pumpage can be kept considerably below the iQi6 figure as late as 1950. This reduc- tion in pumpage will make possible an immense saving in expenditures for water works plant. // luill mean that additional tunnels, cribs, and pumping stations will not be needed for thirty-three years. The reduced pumpage will also effect very large savings in operating and maintenance costs. . . . The total saving which will result from universal metering will aggregate $135,000,000 between now and 1950." This Should Be Done The Bureau therefore recommends that the City Council adopt a policy of univer- sal metering, retaining for the present the existing meter rates of 6^ cents per thou- sand gallons. The meters should be owned by the city and installed and maintained free of charge. The cost of installing the meters would average about $900,000 a year, during the first ten years, and there- after $200,000 per year. Incidentally the Bureau condemns se- verely the practice of diverting, under one pretext and another, money from the water fund for ordinary corporate ex- penses. The librarian hopes that the mem- bers will not be impatient if their favorite magazines fail to appear on the reading room table on schedule time. We are in- formed by our magazine agent that the government has placed embargoes on sec- ond class matter so that whole wagon loads of magazines have been refused in the post office or, if accepted, are in many cases for- warded by freight. What is your boy doing "over there"? If you have a son at the front who has been having any interesting experiences, tell us about it. Other members of the Club will be interested in what he is doing. t2 Continue O^den Avenue Planning, ii Ur^es Club Committee f*o«o*c«o*o*o*o*o< iO«0«0«0*0«0*0«0«0«l i*0*0«O*0«0«O*O«0*0»0*0»0i "\^7'AR has laid its heavy hand not only ' on many industries but upon public improvements. Everybody agrees that many such improvements will have to be postponed until after the Germans have decided to give it up as a bad job and go home, but is that any reason why we shouldn't plan now for the time when the boys come back from the trenches and we can invest our pennies in city improvements instead of liberty bonds? The City Plan- ning Committee of the City Club thinks that now is the time to plan these improve- ments, although of course they can't be carried out right away. Last week, the Committee sent a letter to the City Coun- cil Committee on Home Defense urging continuance of the planning for the pro- posed Ogden Avenue extension. The lat- ter Committee had before it a proposal to discontinue this work. This paragraph from City Planning Committee's letter sums up its position: "While the primary efforts of all must now be concentrated on the successful pros- ecution of the war, and while large expen- ditures should not be made at this time unless the object for which they are made is urgently required, it would be unwise and unfortunate to discontinue the active planning of work of such real importance and consequence to our city as the Ogden Avenue extension. We therefore trust that j'our honorable committee will decide to continue the preliminaries in connection with this improvement so that when, after the war, the favorable opportunity arrives to make the expenditures required for the acquisition of the necessary properties and for the structural work, this can then pro- ceed to early completion." The letter was signed by R. F. Schu- chardt, chairman of the City Planning Committee. The Club departs from precedent in opening its dining room to ladies at the lunch hour in connection with next Satur- day's address by Norman Angell. The very special character of the event is the occasion of this modification of the rule. GfjeGtuGIufaBuUeftn 13 UNDER FIRE STORIES BY CHICAGO MEN Ambulmice Drivers Tell Club Audi- ence of Experiences '^ Over There'' 'T*WO men from Chicago who have been ■■■ in the ambulance service on the West Front told their experiences to a Club au- dience last Thursday at luncheon. Louis G. Caldwell, who served on the Chemin des Dames from May to October, 1917, was a member of the City Club until he left the U. S. A. f/r his little flier abroad. Thomas B. Pope, who drove an ambulance donated by the village of Glencoe, was in service on the right of Verdun also from May to October. He is a nephew of Henry Pope of the City Club. Please Go 'Way — Let Me Sleep We gather from the stories told by both Mr. Pope and Mr. Caldwell that there is plenty of variety and excitement in the am- bulance driver's life, certainly enough to keep it from being one of dull routine. The usually methodical Germans, accord- ing to Mr. Pope, whose post was only a few miles from Verdun, had a bad habit of not keeping office hours and would send bombing planes over at any time of the night to disturb sleepy American ambu- lance drivers and force them to scurry from bed to shelter. On one night in particular, which Mr. Pope described, the aeroplanes came whirring along several times, dropping bombs, doing considerable damage to the windowpanes and killing a number of horses. Fortunately nobody was hurt in this raid but another bombing raid at a near-by hospital had a less fortunate result. German machines flew over this hospital and dropped bombs at intervals of about fifteen minutes. The wounded were car- ried out to a near-by field to keep them from the bombs, but the German machines then turned their attention from the hos- pital and swept these rows of wounded men with the fire of their machine guns. On one occasion when a German bomb- plane flew over, a squad of German prison- ers was marched around as a target. Un- fortunately the first bomb which was dropped killed the French guard of these men. On another occasion, through a mis- take, when bombs were dropped into a German prison camp, the French on the following day had a great celebration. Praise for the Poilus Mr. Pope praised the poilus for the grim courage with which they bore their wounds. There were very few "olalas" (or "hum- ming birds" as they were called in Mr. Caldwell's section). The wounded men would for the most part smoke their cigar- ettes in silence, although their faces would be drawn with pain. Mr. Pope saw many German prisoners brought in. Comparatively few of them, he said, were within the limits of the draft age in America. Hundreds of them ap- peared to be not more than seventeen years of age and there were also many older men. Most of them were a sorry sight after their service in the trenches. Mr. Pope's section was cited for its work and five of its members received individual citations. Mr. Pope mentioned one mem- ber of the section in particular, who when the section was aroused hurriedly one night to dig around for wounded men in the ruins of some buildings which were be- ing shelled, got into action clad only in shoes, a part of his pajamas and an over- coat. This was mentioned in his citation. "Sous-Chef" Mr. Caldwell served only a few weeks as a driver, being promoted to the position of sous-chef for his section. Contrary to the opinion of one of our members who thought a sous-chef must be the fellow who serves the drinks to the section, the position is one of responsibility. Mr. Caldwell served in the Chemin des Dames sector. This famous old "road of the ladies," he said, according to a joke of the French, "is no longer fit for the ladies" but is merely a mass of shell holes. Mr. Caldwell's post was located at the little town of Vendresse and the headquar- ters for the section was about five miles behind the lines. The road to the post lay along the Ainse river, passed through a wood used as an ammunition depot, crossed the river to the little town of Bourg, then 14 GIjeatnjGIubBufleftn through another wood filled with artillery, across an open space and into town. The road was often choked with the traflfic of troops and supply trains passing in both directions and it was, on this account, some- times almost impassable for the ambulances. Deep Down in the Cellar The post was located in the wine cellar of an old chateau. On other floors were a dressing station, operating room, etc., and the place was often filled with desperately wounded men or men suffering from gas attacks. This cellar was the scene of some thrilling and amusing episodes. Probably the most exciting night there was that of July 31, during the drive of the Crown Prince to take some of the neighboring heights. At that time the Germans broke through to within a quarter of a mile of the post. Two cars belonging to the section were smashed and three times the telephone connections were out. During the night, many Germans were brought in. One who had become lost and thought that he was still within his own lines, came in, and not recognizing in the dim light that he was among his enemies, asked them to telephone his company that he was safe. When he came to, he was scared stiff, but perhaps not more so than the others who thought that the Germans were already upon them. A German officer who was slightly wounded, gave a cordial invitation to the men to visit him in his home in Prussia after the war. Gentlemen of Color Mr. Caldwell encountered many Sene- galese soldiers. They are an interesting lot of men, he said. Huge, black as coal, their fingers covered with rings, their faces gashed, they are impressive soldiers. In an offensive with their long knives they are very devils, but are no good in the trenches. They are childishly curious about Ameri- cans. One of the boys in the ambulance section volunteered to give them a lesson in English. "Bow wow wow!" he taught them, meant "Come here," and thereafter, whenever one of them said "bow wow wow" all the Americans would come run- ning. "Moukahi" was another "Ameri- can" word that he taught them and which they used with great enjoyment. Where the Poppies Bloom Mr. Caldwell was for a short time on that sector of the front which was the scene of Hindenburg's famous strategic re- treat. The place was devastated, he said. It was strewn with old barbed wire and wrecks of the Gennan occupation but al- ready this is being covered over by the bril- liant crimson poppies of France. The section to which Mr. Caldwell be- longed was also cited for its work. It was the youngest section to receive a citation, having been in service at the time only three weeks. Where the best things to eat And the test of friends meet THAT'S THE NEW DINING ROOM OF THE CITY CLUB "New" we call it because of the new^ management, ne^v service, new variety and ncAV deliciousness in the cooking. Come and see this noon or to- night. Bring your friend and your hardest-to-please appetite. COME ON AND SEE The Club Is Open to Ladies at Five 75c— Dinner— $1.00 In the Grill l^eGifeGlufaBuIfetm 15 PROCEDURE IN LIBRARY TEST IS ISSUE Efficient Methods and Expert Examinhig Board Urged as Means of Selectmg Legler s Successor fS Chicago to maintain its front rank ■'■ among the library cities of America? The answer depends in a considerable measure upon the examination for public librarian, to fill the position vacated by the death of Henry E. Legler, announced for January 22nd. Mr. Legler put us on the library map by the carr>'ing out of his far- visioned scheme of making the library a popular institution. It is agreed by every- body that his successor should be a man of ability and standing whom Chicago can trust to carr}'' on the program of generous library expansion which Mr. Legler initi- ated. Unite on Recomimendations The Association of Commerce and the Special City Club Committee on Public Librarian, sensing the importance of this examination, have suggested to the city ad- ministration a line of procedure, similar in essential respects, to that followed in the selection of Mr. Legler, by which it is hoped that a librarian of the highest profes- sional standing will be secured to fill the position. The recommendations of the As- sociation of Commerce were contained in a letter addressed last week by the President of the Association, Mr. O'Leary, to the Mayor, and its position was strongly sup- ported in a letter last Saturday from the Special City Club Committee on Public Librarian to the Civil Service Commission. A feature of these recommendations was that the board of examiners which chose Mr. Legler, made up of some of the fore- most librarians in the country, the Libra- rian of Congress and the librarians of the John Crerar and the Brooklyn Public Li- braries be re-appointed for the coming ex- amination and that these appointments be made public as soon as possible to relieve the uncertainty in the mind of the public as to the action which the Commission will take. The City Club Committee's letter says in part: Essentials "The great success of the former exam- ination was due very largely to the choice of the examiners, the ample notice of the date for filing applications, the material information furnished each applicant in such form that he could work out his the- sis without coming to Chicago for his ma- terial, and the additional important assur- ance that he would not be embarrassed by undue publicity. "Such methods produced a Henry E. Legler; we believe their repetition will re- sult in securing another like him, if he is in the country and available. A Chance Worth While "This is an opportunity to demonstrate what a Civil Service examination can ac- complish when the highest motives and the best intelligence are backing it. It is up to your Commission to respond to such an opportunity and give Chicago a librarian worthy to carrv out the plans and ideals of Mr. Legler.'"' The Committee also suggests an exten- sion of time from January 22nd, which would seem too short to reach the best available material for the place. The let- ter is signed by Charles M. Williams, chairman. Good Candidates Wanted Local residence has been waived for this examination and the Committee is writing to a number of the most competent library people in the country urging them to take the examination. It will be "unassem- bled," so that candidates will not have to come to Chicago to participate. The City Club of St. Ix)Uis prints the following items in its December Bulle- tin: The civic influence of the club is one of the most potent factors for advance- ment that has ever come into the life of St. Louis. Intellectually, the open forum arranged by the Public Affairs Committee is little short of a University Extension Course. Your duty as a member of the City Club is to see that no desirable applicants are overlooked. Tell everyone whom you think fills the qualifications what he is missing. 16 GIJ^QtuGlubBuU^tin of t\)t Booft ,tL-^^^ ^.- Doctor Favill Henry Baird Favill, 1860-1916. A Memo- rial Volume — Life, Tributes, Writings, Compiled by His Son and Privately Printed, 1917. A BOUT three weeks before his death, '^ Dr. Favill addressed the Harvester Club of Chicago. His plea to his hearers was for "an outside interest," by which he meant particularly a larger participation in the affairs of the community, a broadening of vision, a better understanding of public issues and an active sharing of time and energy in their solution. A well-rounded scheme of Interests, he pointed out, con- tributes not only to the public welfare but is itself essential to a good life for the individual. Dr. Favill in this address, stood for the measuring of citizenship in terms of community service, an idea which the City Club, whose president he was for several years, in particular represents. And it was, in fact, the foundation upon which his own life was built. This book preserves to the community, so far as that can be done in print, nearly every phrase of the doctor's intense pre- occupation with the affairs of the com- munity. Through its pages, one discerns the variety of his interests, extending be- \ ond the practice of his profession to public medicine, education, social legislation, the wellbeing of working people and civic and political endeavor in many directions. Through it also one discerns not only the practical judgment and large sympathy which marked the doctor's attitude toward every matter which he touched but the strong, virile humanity which made him so effective as a leader of community life. Dr. Favill's son has rendered us a service in compiling this record of the activities and the thoughts of one of Chicago's most devoted and useful citizens. Charles Yeomans has donated three books of Bairnsfather's cartoons of trench life for the atnusement of the soldiers and sailors who visit the Club at week-ends. If you haven't seen these cartoons and want a huge laugh, look at these books some day in the Club lounge. ISTEMING (Continued from page 10) Weld, Commercial Research Department, Swift & Co. ; W. C. West, Special Metal Products — Manufacturers Representatives. Walter Lippman writing in The New Republic of Mr. Norman Angell, who is to address the City Club next Sat- urday, said in reference to his previous visit to the United States: "I do not know what the British Government will do with him, whether it will order him to sweep up mines or run an automobile, or become a clerk in a munition factory. But if there is one jot of wisdom In that government, it will invite Mr. Angell to the Foreign Office, give him a quiet room with a desk and order him to think. To use a man with a brain like his In anything less than Its highest capacity would be downright idiocy. . . . The question has never been put more eloquently or more Impressively than by Mr. Norman Angell In this pub- lished address. It is done with a skill and good humor and damaging logic unequalled I believe by any propagandist In the Eng- lish-speaking world." Governor Lowden last week an- nounced the membership of the new Illi- nois Commission on Health Insurance, or- ganized under an act drawn by the Illinois Committee on Social Legislation, actively supported by the City Club Committee on State and Local Charities and passed at the last session of the legislature. It consists of : William Beye, attorney, Chicago ; William Butterworth of Mollne, plow manufacturer; Miss Edna Foley, head of the Visiting Nurse Association ; Dr. Alice Hamilton, Chicago ; John E. Ransom of the Central Free Dispensary; Miss Mary Mclnerney of the Bindery Woman's union ; Mathew Woll of the International Photo Engravers' organization ; M. J. Wright, a farmer from Woodstock, and Dr. E. N. Cooley of Danville, president of the Illinois Medical Association. The commission will make a study of the subject and report its recommendations to the next session of the legislature. It has an appropriation of $20,000. Commissions have been appointed in Connecticut, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. I^fieateGIufaBuIl^tta JT Journal Of Btive attiutt^hlp Volume XI MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1918 Number 3 illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllll^ I COMING THIS WEEK I Ladies' Night, Wednesday, January 23 at 8:00 ''Over the Rocky Mountain Divide and A Trip to the Mesa Verde" Illustrated by Lumiere Autochrome slides from natural color photographs FRED PAYNE GLATWORTHY, of Estes Park, Colorado. Mr. Glatworthy's slides are not hand-colored. They are original photographs in natura.i colors, according to a meth- od which marks a great advance in photography. Regular evening dinner service. Those coming for dinner well please make reservation in advance. Thursday, January 24, at luncheon ''What Is the Matter with the New Gas Ordinance'^ DONALD R. RIGHBERG, Special Gounsel for the City of Ghicago, Ga.s Litigation Gase. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking promptly at 1:00. i THE CLUB WILL BU OPEN ON MONDAYS AS USUAL | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio 18 GfjeaituGlubBullefin »GttijGlubBulMm JT Journal otEcttYC aUiteuship Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON. President EDGAR A. BANCROFT. Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMAN9, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the comtnv.nity in which we live. ^^-POST The fuel order does not affect clubs, according to a ruling from Washington, and the City Club will be open on Mon- days as usual. John S. Van Bergen France for the Red Cross. is going to Dr. Frank S. Churchill has been commissioned in the Medical Reserve Corps. Joseph H. Defrees is with the Cham- ber of Commerce of the U. S. A. at Wash- ington. Lieut. Norris W. Owens is in the aviation service with the American Expe- ditionary Force in France. We regret to report that S. S. Van Der Vaart. a member of the Club for the past five years, died January 16, 1918. The Citizens' Association and the Woman's City Club have added their in- fluence to the request upon the city admin- istration by citizens' organizations for the adoption of efficient methods and the ap- pointment of qualified library experts as an examining board for the test for the li- brarian of the Chicago Public Library. Both organizations have sent communica- tions on this subject to the administration. The letter on this subject from the City Club Committee on Public Librarian was quoted in last week's Bulletin. Fred Payne Clatworthy, who is to show his autochrome slides of the Rocky Mountains at the Club next week, will take the audience with him on a trip from the Rocky Mountain National Park over the Continental Divide to Grand Lake, where is located the highest Y/icht Club in the world. The return is made by An- drews Glacier and Lochvale, one of the wildest and most beautiful spots in the Rocky Mountain country. Side trips are taken to the interior of Hallet Glacier and the summit of Long's Peak, 14,255 feet. The first color plates ever taken of a sun- rise from this famous Peak are shown. From the Rocky Mountain Mr. Clat- worthy journej-s to Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado, a few slides en route being shown. The story of the pre-historic Cliff Dwellings as evi- denced by the wonderful remains of their many roomed homes is told, and illustrated by recently made color plates. In conclusion a number of slides are shown of the Pueblo of Taos and its in- habitants, who are, in all probability, the direct descendants of the Cliff Dwellers. Mr. Clatworthy's collection of auto- chromes is reported to be the finest exhibit of its kind ever shown in the east. He has presented them before to the National Geographic Society, the American Museum of National History, New York, and many other places. I'he empty GARBAGE PAIL, these days, is a badge of patriotism. During the first ten months of 1917, the amount of garbage collected by the city was only 84,078 as compared with 109,726 tons in the corre- sponding period of 1916, a decrease of 25,648 tons. GljeGifeGlubBuUetm 19 CLUB COMMITTEE PRESENTS MILK CASE Shows Producers Cost Estimates Too High — Food Administration Plans Special Inquiry on Distribution rpRNEST S. BALLARD, attorney rep- resenting the City Club Milk Commit- tee in its inquiry into milk production costs, went before the Milk Commission early last week with his witnesses and was still presenting his evidence at the writing of these lines. There have been two teams at work for the committee in the gathering and presentation of the evidence, one with Francis X. Busch, as counsel, dealing with possible economies in the distribution of milk, the other represented by Mr. Ballard, dealing with the problems of milk produc- tion. Both Mr. Busch and Mr. Ballard, who have devoted practically their entire time to this work for a number of weeks, and the others who have co-operated with them, have served without compensation, considering their work as essentially a war service. It was originally understood that the Milk Commission would deal with both production and distribution from a con- structive standpoint. It developed, how- ever, that the Commission's authority which was fixed by an agreement between the producers, the distributors and the Food Administration, did not extend beyond the fixing of an immediate price to producers and distributors and that no modifications of existing arrangements would be made. When this fact became known, the Com- mittee, which had accumulated a mass of evidence tending to show the possibility of reducing materially the cost of distributing milk through better methods of distribu- tion, took up the matter with the Food Administration at Washington and with Mr. Harry A. Wheeler, its local repre- sentative. Mr. Wheeler suggested the cre- ation of a new commission to be appointed after the present commission has finished its work, to go into the more constructive possibilities of the question and this plan was agreed upon. The Committee will not, therefore, present the evidence on distri- bution to the present Commission but will reserve it until the new commission is ap- pointed. The testimony produced by Mr. Ballard and his witnesses tends to show that the costs of milk production submitted to the commission by the producers' witnesses are too high, that these results are arrived at by wrong accounting methods, and that the application of proper charges to the feeding formulas introduced by the producers' wit- nesses would show a much lower cost of production. C. S. Duncan of the Department of Political Economy of the University of Chicago, was the first witness for the Com- mittee. After his direct examination the producers, represented by Governor Deneen, turned their artillery loose and kept up the cross-examination for over a day, but when the Governor was through, his cross-examination had greatly strength- ened Prof, Duncan's direct testimony. Other witnesses examined were Edward E. Gore, certified public accountant, of the firm of Wade, Guthrie, Barrow & Co., and Prof. W. F. Handschin, of the University of Illinois. Mr. Ballard also recalled for cross-examination Prof. F. A. Pearson of the University of Illinois, who had testified early in the proceedings. The essential issue which is being debated is whether in making up the costs of pro- duction, feeds and other dairy materials raised upon the farm should be charged in at market price or at the cost of producing them. It is the contention of the pro- ducers that the former method should pre- vail. Mr. Ballard and his witnesses con- tend to the contrary, and substantiate their claim by citing the accounting practice in other industries. They point also to the fact that some of the important feeds and other items entering into dairy costs are essentialy by-products of the farm and have no market value. The commission has been holding hear- ings since December 3 and will probably finish its work within a short time. Clarence J. Perfitt, Sergeant in Base Hospital Unit No. 11, not yet called into service, has been called to Washington to assist Major P. L. Doane in the Sanitary Division of the U. S. Shipping Board until his unit receives mobilization orders. 20 GI)^G««GlubBull£tm MAKE WAR-TIME CHANGES PERMANENT Experiments Forced by War Show Ways to Social Betterment, According to Dr. Bartlett TS the war to be a dead loss, just so much destruction of life and property, or is there a measure of compensation in the fact that we are being forced to do things for our own benefit which we should have had the foresight and sagacity to do in times of peace? Some of the by-products of the war, according to A. Eugene Bart- lett, of Krooklyn, who spoke here last Monday, we should endeavor to make per- manent. He mentioned five in particular: 1. The restriction on the use of alco- holic beverages. "I am more hopeful of Russia," said Dr. Bartlett, "than are many people. When a man can think clearly, he is likely sooner or later to be able to strike hard and Russia's great experiment of the abolition of the liquor traffic will help her people to think, and to think clearly. In that is Russia's hope. France, too, is aw^akening to this. It has been estimated that before the war France had a drinking place to every eighty-three people, but she is beginning to understand that she must drive out alcohol. And America must fol- low the example of these other countries." 2. The human repair shops brought in- to being for the care of the disabled. "The repair shops for the soldiers of France," Dr. Bartlett explained, "are among the most wonderful institutions in the world. Armless, legless men are rehabilitated and trained so as to be able to return to their occupations as useful, productive citizens. Europe, by reason of her losses, needs every returning soldier in her industries. Can- ada has been following in her footsteps and so must the United States when our own boys come back from the firing line. "But why should we maintain these hu- man repair shops for war time only. How- do we care for the thousands of workers injured in industry in America every year. We allow them in many cases to become burdens upon charity or even to slip into the criminal class. Should we not main- tain our human repair shops in peace as well as war and send these men back to occupa- tions at which they can maintain them- selves!" 3. The building of new ships. "If America had had the ships," said Dr. Bart- lett, "Italy would now be in Austria. Italy needed food and steel but we couldn't send them because we didn't have the ships. If America had had ships enough the war would now be over. After the war the American flag should fly from ships in every harbor in the world and the building of American ships should continue so that we may be able to meet any world emergency of the future." 4. Conservation. "The women of the countn^ have been urged to practice econo- mies. That is good, but the business men must practice them too. It's time to make our profiteers keep time with the boys in the trenches. "We have been wasteful. It is esti- mated, for instance, that fifty per cent of our fruits and vegetables are wasted through rotting, etc. We ought to have govern- ment dehydrating plants to squeeze out the water and preserve these foods. About 70 per cent of fruits and vegetables are water. Not only would they be preserved by the dehydration but they could be shipped in smaller weight and bulk, and cans and jars could be dispensed with." 5. Our army camps. "The canton- ments should be made permanent. I have been converted to universal military serv- ice. I hope that there will be an interna- tional police force after the war but in any case we shall need an army. At the can- tonments I saw young men converted into fine physical specimens. The young men should be trained too for service in time of peace. We should give them advantages of changed environment and why not send them out for national service in peace time, in such work, for instance, as reclaiming the deserts and the marshy places of the country." The government of Quebec is pro- posing legislation for the creation of a provincial department for municipal af- fairs. The purpose of the department would be to check up the administration of local communities — particularly on the financial side. GfjeGtgGIuhBuUefin 21 BIG MEETING HELD DESPITE BLIZZARD speaker Missing — 6". 6'. McClure afid T. P. O' Connor Fill Gap zvith Talks on War Issues npHERE have been many explanations of the big storm, but some of us are convinced that Nicholas Romano!? sent it ov^er here from Siberia on purpose to gum up our meeting of a week ago Saturday. We believe it, because Charles R. Crane was to talk about Russia and nothing would have been more in keeping with this foxy Romanoff than to pull of? a sly trick of this sort. When the large crowd which had braved the blizzard to hear Mr. Crane had been warmed up with a good dinner and leaned back comfortably in their chairs, there was a mutter of disappointment when Toastmaster Walter Fisher announced that the speaker was stuck "somewhere in St. Louis" by the storm and would not be present. Sent from Heaven The next moment, however, the skies cleared for it so happened that two Irish- men, S, S. McClure and T. P. O'Connor, had been sent to the club house by the Angel Gabriel to take Mr. Crane's place. And rarely in the City Club has there been such a dazzling combination of speaking talent. The oratorical festivities lasted till nearly three o'clock. Returning again for a moment, however, to Cousin "Nicky," let it be known that he was the end frustrated, for Mr. Crane did finally reach the city and on Thurs- day last he had his say before the Club. A report of his address is on another page. S. S. McClure talked first. In addi- tion to having founded McClure's Mag- azine, and organized the first press syn- dicate in America and writing a book, just published, called "Obstacles to Peace," Mr. McClure has knocked around the world more than most of us, knows diplomats by their first names and has an inside storj' of the diplomatic intrigues before the war that is very important and interesting. He told a part of this story in his City Club address. Carving the Turk The friction between the powers led to war, he said, came about largely through their differences with reference to Asiatic Turkey. To Germany, it was not only the key to her Mesopotamia ambitions but a strong, naturally fortified military position from which she could flank the English route to the East and by taking the Suez and Egypt cut the British Empire in two. This concerned not only England but Rus- sia, for it conflicted directly with her aims with reference to the Bosphorus. It was about the knottiest problem which Euro- pean diplomacy had to solve. In March" 1916 Mr. McClure was travelling from Berlin to Constantinople. By accident, he met Dr. Jaeckh, who knew more perhaps about the problems of Asiatic Turkey than any other person. In a long interview, he gave a complete story of the Anglo-German and Franco-German treaties with reference to Turkey which preceded the war. An understanding had been reached between England and Germany that the terminus of the Bagdad Railway should be 40 miles up the river from the Persian Gulf, so England would not be menaced from that direction. The irriga- tion projects of Persia would be operated on a "fifty-fifty" basis. The treaty with France provided that France should have Palestine and make numerous developments there. Her position there would prevent Germany from cutting ofif England's route to the East. By these treaties, England had yielded a great deal and had indicated a sincere desire to keep the peace. The treaties were printed in 1914 but were not published. Mr. McClure having pieced together his information on these treaties, presented a statement regarding them to Herr Zimmer- man at Berlin. The statement was re- turned to him with a few pencil correc- tions, evidently inserted to make the treaties appear in a better light to Germany's ally, Turkey. Bethmann-Hollweg also men- tioned them in an address and they are also mentioned by other German authori- ties. War Party Forces Kaiser's Hand Why, then, Mr. McClure asks, assum- ing that the Asiatic Turkey questions had been settled by these treaties, did Germany break the world's peace to carry out her 22 6l?^GitijGIufaBulIethx ambitions in this territory. Mr. McClure is inclined not to hang the blame on the Kaiser personally. Bethmann-Hollweg, who is practically the Kaiser's spokesman, has had to defend himself from the most viru- lent attacks of the war-party because he delayed mobilization for three days to keep the peace with England — a delay which they charge lost Germany the war. In a speech which Bethmann-Hollweg delivered in the Reichstag in November, 1916, to defend himself, he made public a telegram which he had sent to Vienna during the last days which preceded the war, urging with the utmost emphasis that Austria should submit her claims to arbitration. Mr. McClure concludes that the Kaiser and Bethmann-Hollweg, his spokesman, did not want the war but that it was forced by the military party. Now OR Never The reason for the haste of the latter in plunging Germany into war was probably, Mr. McClure said, due largely to the fact that France had just loaned a huge sum of money to Russia for the building of strategic railways on the German frontier and that France had herself adopted a three-year service act. The experts said that in 1917 France and Russia would be ready while Germany could not materially increase her resources. They believed that the war should come at once, that in any case it wouldn't last more than three months, that it could be paid for by the levy of huge indemnities, and that Asiatic Turkey could be had outright without any treaties. The French army, they asserted, was in bad shape — it wasn't even adequately equipped with shoes, according to revela- tions made in an investigation by the Chamber of Deputies. Russia was not equipped to fight and England wouldn't — or if she did her little army wouldn't make any appreciable difference. So they were sure that the war would be over in three months. By putting a thin screen of troops on the French fron- tier and throwing an army through Bel- gium they could turn the French left and execute another Sedan on a huge scale. If France held on and wouldn't surrender they would take Paris and by razing one section of the city after another force France to her knees. Why did the Germans fail in their plan? "I am told," said Mr. McClure, "that at the battle of the Marne the Germans' sup- ply of munitions was so low that they couldn't continue their enveloping move- ment and that this was the reason they were forced to retire to their prepared positions — which they regarded as only temporary. It is said that Von Moltke was removed for his failure to have this ammunition ready. Germany had developed her huge war machine, had built up her armies and planned her equipment for enormous bodies of men, but she had failed to keep her man- ufacture of ammunition co-ordinate with the rest of her equipment. All this was left to the experts and in Germany nobody went behind the expert. Geniiany lost the war- in her ordnance department. Talk about German efficiency! French efficiency has far outstripped it. Another Bouquet for France "Nothing but a miracle can explain how France held back the enemy. With ninety percent of her iron ore gone, 70 percent of her iron mills and 68 percent of her coal in the hands of the enemy, she has displayed resources and inventive genius, particularly in the field of artillery, with which 'Ger- man efficiency' cannot compare. Germany lost the war in her ordnance department. France won the war in her ordnance de- partment. This is the lesson which Amer- ica should take to heart. "When England found out the impor- tance of this work she put the most 'doing man' in the Empire at the head of it. In England, 80 percent of the manufacturing is wholly for the war and the immense out- put of all these factories is for the armies occupying only one-third of the front!" Mr. McClure described the war econo- mies which the people in the other warring countries have adopted. "I have seen more automobiles in Los Angeles," he said, "than in European capitals aggregating 15,000,- 000 people." Erin Go Bragh After Mr. McClure's talk, T. P. O'Con- nor took the floor. He was in a blarney mood and the Irish flowed trippingly from his tongue. Mr. O'Connor gave the English parlia- mentary system a sound spanking. "France," he said, "has the only really effective and democratic form of parliamentary govern- ment in the world. Even,^ department has a parliamentary commission of twent3'-five (Concluded on page 24) GtjtGftJGtubBuUeftn 23 RUSSIA VAST EXPERIMENT GROUND Charles R. Crane Tells of Con- ditions in Revolutionary Russia "D USSIA will probably try every kind of social experiment before she is through," said Charles R. Crane, speaking before the City Club at luncheon today. "Russia is a large country, so I wouldn't be surprised if there should be a break-up and each division should try out its own experiment." Mr. Crane, who is a char- ter member of the City Club, returned re- cently from Russia, via England and the west front. He was a member of the Root Mission to Russia and spent five months there during some of the most stirring events. Undiscovered Countries "In my travels this year," said Mr. Crane, "I have discovered two new coun- tries — Russia in revolution and America in evolution. Returning from Russia I feel that I am a traveller here and I am going around trying to get acquainted with the new America. "The first revolution with which I ever came in contact was that of the Young Turks. Everybody was vtxy enthusiastic about it at the time. It looked like the millennium for Turkey. But the govern- ment under the Young Turks was worse even than under Abdul Hamid. Espion- age was stricter and in killing Armenians, Abdul Hamid was a novice in comparison. Two years ago there were 2,000,000 Ar- menians — now there are hardly 500,000. Turkey has never been squeezed so tight economically and the country is of course now practically sold out to the Germans. "The New Freedom" in Russia "The revolution in Russia is in some re- spects similar. It was a swing from the extreme right to the extreme left, but in some respects the change was not so great as might have been expected. There is no greater freedom of the press than before. The Bolsheviki have seized the paper sup- ply and the printing offices. The Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul is just as full of political prisoners as ever and some of the best people in Russia have been im- prisoned there. "When the revolution started, Russian exiles returned from all over the world. Many of them from this country brought back bad stories about America, Petrograd is much like a western mining camp. There is something doing all the time and there are no precedents to go by. Old time diplo- macy can make no headway under such con- ditions. Making It Warm For Francis "The Russian people are of course illit- erate but they like to talk. The streets are full of speakers and there are proces- sions constantly. There has been a great deal of infiammator}', anti-American talk and on one occasion a speaker got the crowd very much excited by asserting that an 'Italian' anarchist by the name of 'Munie' was to be executed by the United States. The crowd then started for the American embassy with the intention of cleaning it out. The government was un- able to cope with the mob for the Bol- sheviki controlled the town but it 'phoned a warning to Mr. Francis, the American Ambassador. Mr. Francis was having a dinner party. The guests left at once but Mr. Francis declined to leave. What hap- pened afterwards I heard from an old col- ored ser%'ant of Mr. Francis when I ar- rived a few minutes after it was all over. "Mr. Francis sent this man upstairs for his revolver and had it loaded. A little later the 'black flag' crowd was heard com- ing down the street. They broke in the door and the leader said: 'Your govern- ment is going to execute "Alunie." ' Mr. Francis said : 'I don't know anything about it.' The leader said : 'We are going to clean out the embassy.' 'You keep back,' replied Mr. Francis. 'This is American soil. The first man that crosses this threshold will be killed. Back up there.' They looked at one another and at the ambassador and decided to back up. Marching Around "The news got around and the next day and for four or five days processions kept marching to the embassy — processions of wounded soldiers, of women, of school chil- dren carrying American flags — and called for Mr. Francis to come out so they could salute him. 24 6t)i^GttijGIubBulI^ttn "We are fortunate that the American ambassador, Mr. Francis, is a man not of diplomatic experience but of very wide poh'tical experience. If he had been an old-time diplomat he would have been tired of his job long before this, but as it is he is enjoying his work o\er there very much. And he has been able to get more informa- tion as to what is going on than anybody else." English Are Steady Fighters If there is pessimism in England about the outcome of the war there is none at the front, according to Mr. Crane. He spent about a week on his return from Russia inspecting conditions on the western front. "I was proud of my Anglo-Saxon blood," he said, "when I saw the sturdiness and confidence of the men in the face of the ferocious German war-machine. The fur- ther I got from London and the ncafer I got to the trenches, the stronger I found the note of confidence. I told some Eng- lish officers of the pessimism I had found among some of the members of Parliament and one of them said, 'Yes I hear that they do feel that way. Sometime we'll have to take a week ofi and clean thern up too.' " The French Artillery The French artillery service, Mr. Crane said, is the last word in warfare. He told of the taking of a certain ridge, of the long advance preparation, the photograph- ing of every detail of the topography by the aeroplanes. Two thousand guns were brought up and each assigned a definite objective. When the signal was given to go ahead and guns broke loose, the ridge, says Mr. Crane, "was anything but a health resort." The aeroplanes hovered on three levels, so it was impossible for German machines to li\'e in the air. Photographs were taken to show the progress of the bombardment, whether the ridge was suffi- ciently pitted for the advance. Good Work by the Secret Service "The infantry advance was ordered for 6:45. Somehow the Germans got news of the order. But the French intelligence department somehow found out that the Germans had the news and the advance was started at 6:15 — a half hour early! The Germans kept retreating for three days and the French captured three times as much territory as was comprised in the original objective. And although the French were on the ofifensive their losses were only 7,000 as compared with the German losses of 30,000. I was over the ground within a few days after it was taken. "Then I came home. I had left America heading one way and on my return found her heading exactly the opposite way. It is an inspiring thing to see. I am glad that we are able to show to Russia that we can go full speed ahead in this direction as well as in the opposite direction." T. P. O'CONNOR (Continued from page 22) members appointed to it, made up in strict accordance with the principles of propor- tional representation. These commissions have the right of supervising the work of their respective department, to demand all documents, to summon the minister, etc. The hearings are secret. "In the English parliament, before the war, there was very little discussion of for^ eign affairs and it was generally to nearly empty benches. I remember one occasion when the foreign affairs of the Empire were under discussion there were about forty members in the house. At promptly 8:15 foreign affairs were dropped, the house filled up and the private bills were taken up. The question at issue was the right of a certain water company to take more than a certain amount of water from a stream. Over this question the house became eager almost tumultuous. Two evenings and a part of a third till 1 1 :00 were filled up with this wrangling." Mr. O'Connor's account of English par- liamentary government reminded us how close together we Americans and English are in some things. Restore Alsace-Lorraine! Mr. O'Connor backed up France vig- orously in her demand for the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine. "Every man inter- ested in the progress of science and art," he said, "must regard France almost as his second Motherland. To reduce her to the position of an inferior power would be a deadly blow to all civilization and all righteousness. Alsace-Lorraine is a symbol of what Prussianism means to the world, a symbol of the triumph of might over right, of the false gospel of the soldier. Accursed be the peace that fails to give back their liberty to the people of this op- pressed land!" Gfti^GttUGtobBwMtrt JTIoumalof Jlcttve QitHett^hlp Volume XI MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1918 Number pilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ I TWO EVENTS THIS WEEK I Thursday, January 31, at Luncheon ^'Glub Day" Belgium's Part In the War Since the Battle of the Yser ALBERT MOULAERT, Belgian Consul in Chicago. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking promptly at 1:00. I Friday, February 1, at Luncheon | I The Fuel Crisis | I EARL DEAN HOWARD, Deputy Federal Fuel Ad- | I ministrator for Illinois. | 1 Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking promptly at 1:00. 1 pmnninnniminniiiiinnniniiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiniiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I THE CLUB WILL BE OPEN ON MONDAYS AS; USUAL | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii^ 26 ^(jeGtuGlubBuUetm ^fjeGttuGluh Bulletin JI Journal of Jlcftve Qituen^hi)) Published Wki;kly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON. President EDGAR A. BANCROFT. Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. STENING The Monday "heatless holiday" is a holiday for the printer but not for the edi- tor. The fuel order makes it necessary for the Bulletin to go to press on Saturday in- stead of Monday. Letters come back quite frequently from former Club employes who are in military service. The other day a letter came from Holden, our former store- keeper, now at Camp Custer, Battle Creek. He likes soldiering. There was a good audience present last Wednesday night to hear Fred Payne Clat- worthy and to see his collection of Lumiere Autochromes. Those who came saw some- thing unequalled in color photography. The infinite variety and exact reproduc- tion of color shading would not have been possible a few years ago. We commiserate the unfortunates who staid away. Mr. Clatworthy's pictures were of the Mesa Verde cliff-dwellings, the Indian vil- lage of Taos and of the Rocky Mountain National Park. It was Ladies' Night. The City Club is still stirring up the milk situation and the Bureau of Public Efficiency is trying to plug the holes in the water system. Here's to cheap milk, cheap water and plenty of both ! The NUMBER OF reservations for the dinner preceding the Clatworthy talk last Wednesday night was nineteen. The num- ber who came for dinner was one hundred and twenty. The manager takes a great deal of pride in the service and if he has a little advance notice, by which he can gauge the size of the party, he can lay in enough food and employ help to take care of everybody. As it was, everybody was fed with a good dinner, but the service was slow and a matter of some criticism by those who did not understand. In the future, on such occasions, will not the members please make advance reserva- tions? The List Grows! We are glad to re- port these new members and to extend a glad hand of welcome into the Club: J. M. Chaplin, Accountant and Department Manager, Swift & Co. ; C. T. Crossland, Attorney; L. A. Dozois, Building Man- ager, W. W. Kimball Company; Stanley P. Farwell, Efficiency Engineer, Arthur Young & Co. ; Norman J. Fellows, Secre- tary Flanner-Steger Land & Lumber Com- pany; Howard M. Frantz, H. W. Johns Manville Company; August Gatzert, with Rosenwald & Weil; F. A. Lorenz, Jr., President Hill Binding Company; E. A. Mann, Assistant Purchasing Agent, Mark Manufacturing Company (Machinery) ; R. W. Martindale, Manager Central Divi- sion, Martindale American Law Direc- tory; Alvin C. McCord, President Mc- Cord Manufacturing Company (Railway Supplies) ; Thomas H. Morrison, Manager Robert O. Law Co. (Book Manufactur- ers) ; R. G. Rosenbach, Engineer, Warren Webster & Co. ; Charles H. Smith, Presi- dent, Smith, Barnes & Strohber Co. (Man- ufacturers of Pianos) ; George E. Traub, Dellman Waist Company; James R. Wol- fenden. Vice President and Secretary, Smith, Barnes & Strohber Co. GtieQtuGIubBuIfeiin 27 SUCCESS IN OUR WAR AIMS" Norman Angell Describes to Club Audieyice the Conditions of a Democratic Peace 'VV DEMOCRATIC peace," "a peace ■^^ with the people of Germany, not with her rulers," are phrases which have entered much into the vernacular of war-discussion lately. To many, those phases have not been entirely con- vincing because they have conveyed no clear picture of how the thing could be done. Norman An- gell of London, speaking at the City Club Saturday aft- ernoon, January 19, sketched the out- lines of a parliament on peace terms, se- lected by the legis- latures of the va- rious states and rep- resenting the va- rious parties on a proportional basis. This he said, should be the first of our war aims, a condi- tion of all the oth- ers. We should de- vote ourselves now to this problem of how the peace ne- gotiations should be organized, for if we drift till the end of the war, we will be unprepared and may lose in the settlement what we have gained on the field. If intelligent people refuse to use their brains during the war on the theory of "win first, talk afterwards," the Germans may catch us napping at the peace conference. President Wilson's advocacy of an inter- national league to guarantee the security of nations was warmly endorsed by Mr. Angell. Without such a guarantee, he asserted, it will be very difficult to dispose of the con- flicting territorial aims of the powers so far as they are based on the requirements of national defense. Mr. Angell is best known probably as the author of "The Great Illusion," pub- lished in 1910, a work on the futility and waste of war, which is said to have been translated into nearly twenty different tongues, including Chinese, Hindu and Bengali. He was general manager of the Paris Daily Mail from 1905-14 and his pamphlets, ar- ticles and books on international p o I - itics have been wide- ly circulated and read. Since the be- ginning of the war he has published the following books : "The Foundations of National Polity," "Prussianism and Its Destruction," "The World's H i g h w a y," and "The Dangers of Half Preparedness." His address at the City Club is printed herewith in full: "By way of clar- ifying some of the issues with which we have to deal, may I make a con- fession of political Norman Angell faith with reference to the war? Favored American Participation "I was an early advocate of American participation in the war, of the abandon- ment of American neutrality, on the ground that the outcome of the war would be more truly democratic if America were a par- ticipant than if she were not. Neutrality, in a war of this character, is an impossible position for a great people who want to take their part in organizing the world and making it safe. I am not in favor of a 'patched up' peace; I have never spoken a word in favor of an early peace, not because that is not important — no one but a homi- cidal maniac would want to prolong the war a day beyond the point necessary for 28 GfjeOtuGIubBuUetin our purposes — but because I believe that the results which the war achieves are more important than the date at which it fin- ishes; I believe that it is absolutely neces- sary to defeat and thoroughly discredit German militarism, and that until that in- stitution is destroyed the world will never be safe. And the war that America is wag- ing to that end, a war in which she will obtain nothing that cannot equally be shared by all mankind, is an inexpressibly inspir- ing, noble and hopeful spectacle. "Yet, sincerely as I believe all that, I am also convinced that it is not enough, and that victory, whatever the efficiency and sacrifice of the soldier, will be impossible, or would finally be misused and rendered futile if it were possible, unless the civilian does his part in devising the right policy. Nothing that I shall urge in that respect is proposed as a substitute for or an alterna- tive to the active prosecution of the war, but as an aid thereto — an essential part of it, matters which we must consider if we are to wage war successfully. Civilians May Decide War "The President hinted the other day that if the policy of the Allies towards Russia on the morrow of the Revolution had been somewhat different, if they had made a clear declaration of revised aims, as Kerensky desired, Bolshevik and German forces would not have been able to trade on Rus- sian suspicion as they did, and Russia might still be fighting on the side of the Allies. Suppose this implication of the President is sound. The case furnishes a striking proof of the fashion in which civil- ian policy may have vast military conse- quences, consequences measured in terms of whole armies and years of war; of the way in which civilian policy may add enor- mously to the soldiers' burden, or lighten it. No increase of merely military pre- paredness would have prevented this dis- aster; it might have made it worse. If the material now ready for shipment had reached Russia, we might be faced by the possibility of its actually being used against us. For victory depends not alone upon guns and munitions, but upon the direction in which the guns shoot. And that de- pends upon policy, upon us civilians. We have only to make a few more mistakes like those which may have marked the relations with Russia to find the Grand Alliance go- ing to pieces, during or after the war, and that would give the victory, ultimately, to Germany, however well our soldiers may have done their work. "The danger of our ultimate failure, not from military but from political causes, bringing about the disintegration of the Alliance, is a real one. The story of most military victories of the past in Europe is that the results which might have been secured by them have been sacrificed at the peace table — generally by the disinte- gration of the military alliances that won the victories. And America might con- tribute to that catastrophe, or perhaps ren- der it inevitable, by a wrong line with reference to the Alliance after the war. Conflict of Allies' War Aims "Why did the Allies fail to make that statement of aims which in the President's view might have kept Russia in the war? We now know that among other causes certain Italian claims, which not only might have been regarded by Russia as 'Imperialistic' but which came into con- flict with the claims of certain other allies, made such a statement difficult. This is no reflection whatever upon Italy, for she made those claims from motives which must come first with every nation — motives of national self-preservation. In a world in which nations can only depend upon their own strength for security, a world of shift- ing alliances, and armament competition, and unstable balance of power, she had to look to her future strength, and so had to command the Adriatic, and so needed the Dalmatian Coast Island in the Aegean, even though that did collide with the as- pirations of Greece and Serbia. "But suppose the Allies had been able to say to Italy: 'The old Europe of shift- ing alliances and international anarchy, of struggle for power one against the other, is not going to be re-established after this war. We really are going to create this League of Nations that President Wilson talks about. You do not need to command the Adriatic because our whole naval force will be available for your defense.' If they had been able to say that, Italy would not have made, and Italian public opinion sanc- tioned, claims that threatened the solidity of the Alliance, and have actually resulted in making a great breach in it. "Why could not the Allies make that proposal in terms of the League of Na- tions? Because public opinion is not ready (Continued on page 38) Gtl^GtuGlufaBuUetin 29 RIGHBERG BLOWS UP GAS GOMPANY Charges Violation of Faith in Asking Utilities Com7nission for Rate Increase D^ lONALD R. RICHBERG had his pockets full of "T.N.T." or some other high explosive when he came to the City Club last Thursday to discuss the new gas ordinance. Mr. Richberg prepared the original draft of the ordinance. He is attorney for the city in the gas litigation. Company Breaks Contract Declaring that the Gas Company, in ap- plying to the State Public Utilities Com- mission on January 17 for a 22% increase in rates over those fixed in the ordinance, had acted in direct violation of its contract and without even consulting the city, he as- serted that if contracts with public utility companies had no more sanctity than this, there is an end to such contracts. The Gas Company, in accepting the ordinance, had specifically agreed to recognize the city's regulatory power over its business. If such violations of contract are to be sanctioned, Mr. Richberg said, there is nothing for the city to do but to abdicate its functions. The Company, Mr. Richberg charged, quickly took advantage of the provisions of the new ordinance allowing a change from a candle-power to a heat unit basis, but it has flatly violated both of the essential pro- visions designed to protect the consumer, namely, the readjustment of appliances be- fore the reduction of candle-power, and the pledge not to seek a change of present rates for a year. The Question at Issue The application of the Gas Company, Mr. Richberg stated, proposes an increase of the rate to the average consumer to 88c, eight cents more than was charged for the old high-candle power gas. "I am not interested," he continued, "in the claims which the Company sets up to justify its application or to prove that it is entitled to an increase. I am interested in the bear- ing this has upon the sanctity of contracts between public utility companies and the city. The Company has asked the Public Utilities Commission to use its authority to impose upon the City of Chicago a direct violation of a contract into which the Company had voluntarily entered. That is an extraordinary position, I think you will admit." The situation has its humorous aspects, said Mr. Richberg. The officials of the Gas Company are rare comedians. "In the manner of violating its present contract with the City and applying to the Utilities Commission for increased rates," he said, "the Gas Company officials have exhibited characteristic humor. To understand the joke a little ancient history should be briefly reviewed : Taking Care of Ogden Gas "In 1895 Roger C. Sullivan and his friends acquired the Ogden Gas franchise. In 1901 the president of The Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company made an affi- davit in the Circuit Court of Cook County charging 'that said Ogden Gas Company, through certain of its officers and stock- holders, made certain unconscionable de- mands upon said People's Gas Light and Coke Company, threatening said last named Company with corporate destruction, unless said demands were complied with.' It appears that these 'unconscionable demands' made in the fall of 1900 were successful, because in November 1900 the Ogden Gas Company sold its property to The Peoples Gas Company for $7,000,000. In 1907 The Peoples Gas Company leased the property of the Ogden for a rental of about $600,000 per year for thirty-eight years and assumed payment of $6,000,000 Ogden Gas Company bonds. In September 1913 The Peoples Gas Company paid the Ogden Company $5,000,000 in lieu of the $600,- 000 annual rental under the previous lease, agreeing in addition to pay $300,000 per year for the remaining thirty-three years of the lease. Build Plant from Taxes? "This brief summary indicating how much money it has cost the Gas Company in order to insure Mr. Roger C. Sullivan and his friends a handsome profit on their investment in Ogden Gas shows one reason why the Company now complains that it has not the money necessary to build a new gas plant. The Company therefore asks 30 GfjeaituGIubBuUetin that an additional tax of over $11,000,000 be levied on Chicago gas consumers during the next three years, in order that the Company may finance the building of the new plant. Mr. Sullivan, Gentlemen! "The Gas Company officials, with a fine sense of humor, notified the people of Chi- cago of this unconscionable demand through Mr. Boetius H. Sullivan, the son of Mr. Roger C. Sullivan. With keen irony the Company put Mr. Sullivan forward to present its demand as a physical presenta- tion of the reasons for the Company's lack of cash. It was as though the Company said to the people of Chicago: 'You will recollect it cost us so much money to buy up Mr. Sullivan's Ogden Gas Company that you will understand why we cannot raise the money to build this new gas plant, but must tax the people with increased rates to make up the price we paid for Ogden Gas.' "This manner of presenting the Com- pany's demand for increased rates may not appear tactful to serious minded people, but it must appeal to all persons with a sense of humor as being very funny." If People Pay, Should Own If the people are to pay for this plant, Mr. Richberg said, the people ought to own it. The company should certainly not be allowed to capitalize and charge the consuming public interest on an investment for which they, the consumers, have paid. The ordinance provides, Mr. Richberg continued, for a profit sharing arrangement under which, after certain charges and a 4% profit to the company are paid, the balance is divided with the consumer. The Company's application to the Public Utili- ties Commission asks for a 6% return upon the capital stock, much of which is watered. Ordinance Itself O. K. Mr. Richberg defended the terms of the new ordinance. It provides specifically, he said, against the conditions against which the complaints by consumers have been lodged. The consumers are not getting poor gas under the new ordinance, they are getting poor gas service, due to the failure of the Gas Company to carry out its contract obligation to readjustment ap- pliances before reducing candle-power below sixteen. The change from a candle-power to a heat unit basis, Mr. Richberg said, was prompted not only by the fact that the latter is more economical, but that the manu- facture of gas on the former basis required the use of large quantities of gas oil, rapidly increasing in price and needed by the government in the manufacture of explo- sives. It was pointed out by Prof. Bemis at the time that Chicago was using as much of this oil in the manufacture of gas as was used in the entire United States Navy. There was danger, too (a forecast which has come true in the case of com- panies in other cities where no such change was made), that the government would sooner or later force the change in order to secure the oil for its own use. • Playing Both Ends There have been requests upon the gov- ernment, said Mr. Richberg, to help gas companies build new plants for the sake of the by-products needed in the manufacture of explosives. It would be interesting in- deed if the Gas Company, having obtained permission to tax the people of Chicago for the construction of its plant, should get the government to pay for it. Aldermanic Log-Rolling will get a crack in the ribs if the City Council carries out the plan of its Finance Committee, adopted last Monday, for the abolition of ward lines as administrative boundaries for street cleaning and waste disposal. The annual tug-of-war among the aldermen, for a larger share of the city's revenue for their respective wards will fade away into historj^ along with the First Ward Ball and other ancient political institutions. The plan, if adopted, will be the second big item in the 1918 budget program of the civic organizations to be realized. The first was the consolidation of police stations and the reduction of their number by ten. Among the organizations recommending these two measures was the City Club Committee on Public Expenditures. This reorganization of the street bureau's activi- ties was also recommended by the "Mer- riam Commission" on City Expenditures a number of years ago. The Finance Committee is now at work on the 1918 budget, plans for a further appeal to the Governor for a special session of the Legislature to consider financial re- lief legislation having been abandoned for the time being. 6tJ^Ot«GIufaBuaeftn 31 TOO MUCH "BUTTER FAT" IN MILK COSTS Counsel for Club Committee Files Brief Showing Producers Figures Too High ■ppRNEST S. BALLARD, counsel for the ^ City Club Milk Committee on the production side of its case, last week ap- plied his separator to the cost figures sub- mitted by the milk producers and was able to show just how much cream the latter have been getting from their business since December, when present prices became effective. If he made a correct diagnosis of producers' costs in his brief filed with the Chicago Milk Commission costs last Thurs- day, they have had to worry along with a profit of only 33 1/3 per cent. Their profit at the higher price prevailing in Novem- ber was slightly better — a little over 40 per cent. Mr. Ballard's recommendations would cut the latter figure about in half. What Milk Costs The filing of this brief marks the close of the Committee's case so far as produc- tion costs are concerned. Mr. Ballard shows that under a proper accounting sys- tem, the cost of production per hundred pounds of milk would range, according to the feeding formula used, from $2.17 to $2.83. He recommends that the average of these figures, $2.42 — which also corre- sponds almost exactly with the figure pro- duced by three of the six formulas con- sidered — be adopted by the Commission. Raise Price or Lower It? Mr. Ballard arrives at what he considers a fair profit to be added to the cost of pro- duction by averaging retailers' profits for eight different food commodities. This average, 21.3 per cent, applied to cost of producing milk, would yield a price of $2.94 per hundred — 28c below the present price. If distributors' prices should remain un- changed, this would mean a reduction of about six-tenths of a cent per quart to the consumer. It has been estimated that if the claims of producers and distributors were allowed, the price to the consumer would have to be raised to about 15c per quart. Other briefs were filed by Charles S. Deneen for the producers; Frederick W. Pringle and A. B. Williams for the dis- tributors ; John Dill Robertson for the De- partment of Health of Chicago, Nicholas Michels for the State's Attorney and Wal- lace Ingalls for the Illinois Ice Cream Manufacturers Association. Distribution Evidence Waits The Milk Committee made no recom- mendations to the Commission affecting charges for milk distribution. It did, how- ever, present to the Commission a critical analysis prepared by Edward E. Gore, ac- countant, of the firm Barrow, Wade & Guthrie, of the cost figures submitted by the distributors. The constructive sugges- tions of the Committee as to distribution contemplate a reorganization of delivery service, a matter with which, it became apparent during the hearings, this Com- mission has no authority to deal. As an- nounced in last week's Bulletin, a new Commission is to be appointed with full power to effect constructive improvements. The "team" which has been at work for the Club Committee on this phase of the question — Francis X. Busch, as counsel; C. S. Duncan, Charles K. Mohler and F. S. Deibler — will therefore continue its in- quiries. Acknowledgment The closing of the Committee's case on production costs calls for an acknowledg- ment of the services of men who have con- ducted this feature of the inquiry for the Committee. Mr. Ballard, Professor Dun- can and Mr. Gore entered upon their work as a war service and have devoted their energies to it without remuneration. Mr. Ballard has given practically his entire time since he took up the case, a month ago, in analysis of producers' testimony and the presentation of the case. Professor Dun- can worked with him and also gave up a major portion of his time. Mr. Gore, who was assigned by the Illinois Society of Certified Public Accountants, has also contributed generously in analyzing the cost figures submitted by the producers and the distributors. The City Club Milk Committee is com- posed of W. B. Moulton, chairman; Sam- uel Dauchy, F. S. Deibler, Carl S. Miner, and Thomas W. Allinson. 32 GlieGttuGlufaBuHetin of t\)t Boofe Efficiency in the "Parks Seventh Annual Report of the Civil Service Board and Superintendent of Em- ployment of the West Chicago Park Com- missioners for the Year 1917. A FEW weeks ago we expressed our ad- ■^ miration of the Report of the Board of Supervising Engineers, Chicago Trac- tion, 1914 (then just issued) as a docu- ment of the highest interest to the student of history. Here we have a contrast. That a public body should make the re- sults of its work known within two weeks after the year has closed savors almost too much of modern business efficiency to be characteristic. And yet the date stares you in the face — January 15, 1918. We won- dered if other civil service bodies were as expeditious as the West Park Board and found, on inquiry, that the latest report of the City of Chicago's Civil Service Com- mission is two years old. The 1916 report, however, will be issued within a few weeks so the Commission will then be only a year behind. Trials The contents of the report also inter- ested us. Last year, the merits of the "trial before removal" clause of the civil service law were debated very hotly at Springfield with the result that that clause in the state civil service law was trimmed down to practically nothing. The report of the West Park Board shows that, un- der the "trial" method during 1917, a year during which there was a political change, only twelve of the Board's 1200 employes were discharged. Cuts Down the "Temporaries" The record of the board in the granting of temporary appointments is highly com- mendable. Temporary appointments have been used by civil service commissions from time immemorial to camouflage evasions of the law. It is not possible to compare the record of the West Park Civil Service Board in this respect with that of the City of Chicago because of the absence of data about the latter. The Civil Senace Re- form Association in 1915, published fig- ures showing that in the city service from May 1 to September 1, 1915, 9163 grants of authority for temporary appointments were made in a total service of 20,000 em- ployes or approximately one for every two positions. In 1917, the West Park Board made 67 such grants including renewals, in a service of 1200 or one for every nine- teen positions. There were two periods of thirty-nine days each during which there were no persons in the park service em- ployed on temporary authority. One of the abuses of temporary author- ities has been the renewal of these grants time after time. In this way, political fa- vorites are kept in positions without exam- ination, or at least until they can bring up their experience rating so as to head the eligible list after examination. The av- erage duration of employment in each temporary position in the West Parks was forty-one days. There were only seventeen renewals. Data Complete Appended to the report of the Superin- tendent of Employment is a table which shows the name of the appointee, the posi- tion filled, the pay, the period of the grant, the time employed, the reason for employ- ment and other data with reference to each position filled by temporary appointment. The West Park Civil Service Board is composed of John F. Smulski, chairman; Jens C. Hansen and Fred G. Heuchling, secretary. Mr. Heuchling as Superinten- dent of Employment, is the executive in charge. Mr. Heuchling was reappointed to this position last July for a six-year term. The Club dining rooms have been doing a capacity business on "talk days" lately. The attendance when Caldwell and Pope, the ambulance drivers, spoke was 340. When Charles R. Crane spoke, the attendance was 415, the largest noon crowd ever served. The invitation to ladies to attend the Club luncheon, when Norman Angell spoke, a week ago last Saturday, met with an excellent response. This invitation was a departure from the usual rule, due to an oft-repeated request by members that women be given an opportunity to attend some of the noon meetings. A large num- ber of women were present. 0jeG««GtuhBuUetm 33 (( HOLD HOME LINES" IS SLOGAN Chicago Welfare Agencies Unite in Big Drive to Rouse Public to Home Needs "tJOLD the Home Lines" will soon be ■^ a familiar phrase in Chicago. It stares at you from the billboards, it greets you in the elevated trains as you swing to and fro on your strap, it says "Good morning," as you open your paper at the breakfast table. Soon it will give you a knowing wink from the screen at the "movies." The reason is that the public welfare agencies of Chicago want you to understand that in spite of the war, pov- erty, sickness among the poor, helpless old age, juvenile delinquency, and other social ills have to be met and coped with in Chi- cago. And instead of competing with and cutting under each other, they have or- ganized this joint publicity campaign, which has the backing of the State Council of Defense, the Chicago Association of Commerce and the Central Council of Social Agencies. Needs of the Hour Along with the campaign, the agencies are making a survey of the field to de- termine exactly the activities and needs of each, particularly in view of the emer- gencies created by the war. To mention a single case, this was the situation which they found confronting the children's in- stitutions and societies of Chicago: These agencies in 1917 housed and cared for more than 10,000 dependent and neglected chil- dren — "a small city of great potential hu- man strength." A report upon an in- quiry among thirty-five such institutions states that: Children's Agencies in War Time "Since war was declared, there is shown an increase of from 25 to 100% in the number of applications received by the in- stitutions for the temporary care of chil- dren. The average increase is 36%. Think of adding one-third to the expense of feeding, clothing and caring for 10,000 children. Parents and relatives respon- sible for these cases are now unable to pay as great a proportion of this expense as in the past, on account of increase in living expenses. "The periods of care, in these tempo- rary cases, pending the ability of parents to again assume their responsibility, have increased in length about one-third com- pared with one year ago. Children of Soldiers "One-half the agencies reported an added responsibility owing to the admis- sion of many children from soldiers' fam- ilies; the Red Cross assists in part of the financial care but cannot cover overhead and supervision in all cases. "War added new and changed forms of work to the programs of these institutions and Societies: Fewer Adoptions "A large child placing society declared: A decrease in applications from families de- siring to assume the care of a child or children, especially older children ; such ap- plications are about 40% of normal. This means more care in the institution or at board in families. It also reports the re- turn of many older children by foster fam- ilies, whose economic condition has become uncertain in the stress of war conditions. More Working Mothers "Practically all questionnaires point out a new type of need from families of young hard working parents in which the rise in cost of living necessities has compelled the mother to leave home for employment to supplement the husband's income, the chil- dren being cared for by a children's agency during this period of stress. In one in- stance this new form of need added one- fourth to the expense of the organization's department dealing with temporary care. Nurseries have been recently established by two institutions to take care of children while their mothers are employed, heroic- ally endeavoring to meet the almost pro- hibitive high costs of life. War Illegitimacy "Cases of 'War Illegitimacy' are already beginning to demand attention, and one agency points out an extended department 34 6{l^G»«GlubBuUetin for maternity care and placement of the infants. "Special relief to sick and defective chil- dren of families now unable to meet the cost of necessities is reported as a new fea- ture by one agency. More Work — Insufficient Money "The foregoing new and changed forms of urgent needs are overcrowding the ca- pacities of institutions, and taxing the hu- man service of visitors and investigators, so that many agencies point out the dire need of additional buildings, equipment and workers but cannot provide these because of financial stringency." If this truly represents the increased burden, it is not surprising that all but two of these agencies reported financial deficits for the year. Reports have also been submitted show- ing the situation which the settlements and the correctional, legal and reform agencies are facing. We hope to make fuller men- tion of these later. Group Meetings One feature of the campaign to "Hold the Home Lines" is a series of group meet- ings which is being held at the City Club on Tuesday and Friday afternoons. Four meetings have been held so far and these have been well attended. Next Tuesday afternoon, January 29th, the discussion will be devoted to relief and personal serv- ice agencies. The speakers will be Eugene T. Lies, General Superintendent of the United Charities; Charles W. Folds, Ella Boynton, President School Children's Aid Society; Judge Henry Horner, represent- ing the Jewish relief agencies; Father Ed- ward F. Rice, of the St. Vincent De Paul Society; David R. Forgan and John W. O'Leary. Other programs arranged for are as fol- lows : Friday, February 1 — Hospital and Med- ical Agencies. Tuesday, February 5 — H o m e s for Working Women and Girls. Friday, February 8— Old People's Homes. The meetings are at four o'clock and are open to the public. F. Emory Lyon has an article on "The Housing of Prisoners" in the January issue of the Journal of Criminal Law. Do THE SOLDIER AND SAILOR BOYS who come here on Saturdays and Sundays enjoy the Club? If you doubt it, read the fol- lowing story turned in by one of our members who was at the Club a week ago Saturday, about two sailors who came in : "They had been in the service at the Naval Training Station but five weeks. Three weeks had been spent under quaran- tine observation. A 'shot in the arm' varied the regular routine. One was from down in Ohio — the other from up near Detroit. It was th^r first leave — 12 hours to see Chicago. They had seen the sights. 'You can't keep going to the movies all the time,' they said. "One played the phonograph — he picked out the ones with plenty of 'pep' and swing. The other wrote a letter and read awhile before the fire in the Lounge. 'Well, we know where to drop in when we're in Chi- cago,' they said. 'We appreciate your taking us in.' " "TN March, 1915, there was created in ■'■ the Municipal Court of Chicago a spe- cial branch for hearing all causes involving not more than $35. In this branch, with the consent of litigants, trial procedure was reduced to the minimum necessary to ad- judicating on the facts and the law. All the frills and time-consuming melodrama were omitted. The judge elicited the facts in a few minutes and announced his de- cision as soon as he reached it. "This informal trial procedure proved so successful that before the close of the year the scope of the branch was extended to causes involving $50 or less. In 1916 the jurisdictional limit was raised to $100 and two judges were assigned to this work. Recently another horizontal raise has been made and a judge has been assigned to the trial of causes involving more than $100 and not more than $200. The fact that appeals from these branches are rare and juries are seldom called for proves their entire success. In them justice does not cost more than it is worth. All this illus- trates what can be done by a court which has reasonable administrative control and is compelled by the responsibility resting upon it to devise economical methods of operation." — Journal of the A?nerican Ju- dicature Society, December, 1917. GIjeOtuGtobBuUetm 35 CLUB MEMBER TAKES TO WINGS T. W. Osbor7i, Learning to Fly, Writes Letter to His Club Friends 'T^EN or twenty years hence we suppose it will be as common to jump into our private aeroplane and have the pilot drive us over to Evanston or Oak Park as it is now to bring our tin Lizzies out of the cigar-box garage in the back yard and spin down the boulevard on a like errand. But just now there is a thrill in the idea and we wonder how it feels to be sailing around in three dimensions with nothing but a couple of thousand feet of air underneath. A letter came to our desk last week from a member of the Club who is in the American flying corps and is just learning to navigate the upper spaces. Read it and decide for yourself if you want to enlist. The letter is from Thomas W. Osborn and is written from; Rich Field, Waco, Texas. Mr. Osborn says: The Real Thing "Our advent into Rich Field was a vast disappointment to us. We were pampered and spoiled 'stage' soldiers when we came here, but it was soon taken out of us. We were ordered to take oiif our officers' clothes and put on the garb of privates, not to put on so much 'dog' when we came in contact with enlisted men. In other words, we were ordered to become a part of Uncle Sam's army. It did us all good, I'm sure. "Our quarters at ground school were too perfectly appointed and everything was made too easy for us physically — here this is not so. But we are kept in good condi- tion, have no mental labor, and are really better off than we were at our ground school. "Today a new flying list was posted (owing to lack of planes there are quite a number of men not yet on flying) and the names of several Illinois men were on it. I was one of the lucky ones, and we were ordered to report for flying duty at 1 o'clock. Needless to say we were not late for that formation. "As each man awaited his turn he kept saying 'I hope she doesn't miss' (the engine), or 'I hope the "prop" holds up,' the 'prop' being the propeller. Each man was so anxious to go up and asked all sorts of foolish questions of the enlisted men and mechanics. (Just a word here — never, if you are in the army as a candidate for a commission, ask an enlisted man anything which you do not understand and he does. They shrivel you with a glance. The gen- eral effect is that of speaking to a woman whom you thought you knew and having her tersely explain that you are mistaken.) "To resume — As each man came down, instead of raving about their experience they all tried to assume a nonchalant air which was evidently forced. For even to us in our excited condition, it was very ap- parent that they were just burning to re- late their experiences. Up We Go "At length our turn came. My pilot gave me a few instructions and we started off 'taxi-ing' across the field. The motor opened up with a sudden roar and instead of bumping along as we had been doing, it became suddenly smooth. I was watching my pilot's right hand for signals so in- tently that I didn't even look over the side. When I did I found that we were about one hundred feet above the ground. That was the first intimation I had that we were really flying, but when I saw it I returned my glance quickly to the pilot's hand to see his signals and took a little firmer hold on the 'joystick' (control lever). Looking Down "For about five minutes I saw nothing but the pilot's hand, the wires in a gray background (it was cloudy), but finally I gathered nerve enough for a good long look over the side. It certainly was wonderful to see everything so far below you (we were then about 2000 feet high), but I was interrupted by a violent wig wag of the pilot's hand and an awful tipping of the 'ship' and moved my control lever to right it, but had to exert considerable force to right it. It is queer, but you cannot realize that you are in the air. You feel as though this were not happening to you but to some one else, but this is what the instructors want, for if you think too much about your- 36 GfieQhjGIubBuIlctin We have made the City Club one of the best eating places in Chicago. (It always has been one of the least expensive of the ^ood places.) The menu has been enlarged, and the food and cooking improved. We have done this for your benefit, as a member of the club. And we are telling you about the change, for your benefit also. Have your next luncheon here. Dine here the next time you stay down town. Luncheon 40c, 50c, 60c and a la Carte Dinner 73c, $1.00 The club is open for the ladies after 5 o'clock. self you are apt to commit that crime of crimes, and freeze the controls (grip them so hard out of sheer fright), so that your instructor cannot move his controls. "When the pilot shuts off his engine and noses the ship down, most fellows get dreadfully nervous and afraid. With our pilot it was different. I breathed freely for the first time, for in the air he had taken both hands off the controls to show me that I actually had my life in my own hands, and I would much rather have had it in his hands — they seemed more efficient. But on the landing, I drew the first decent breath I'd taken since I left the ground, and looked all around me. We approached the ground at a terrific angle, but you didn't think of that, you were too busy tak- ing in all the scenery which you had no time to glance at before. "After a perfect landing we set foot on the solid earth, but only to realize that we were victims of aeroplane fever and could not recover nor reconcile ourselves to walking as a means of locomotion. "My regards to my friends of the Club and especially to my old friends of the Eleventh Base Hospital Unit. "Yours truly, Thomas W. Osborn. Mr. Osborn adds a postscript saying that he would be glad to hear from his friends at the City Club. John S. Van Bergen, who is going to France, as we announced in last week's Bulletin, is going not with the Red Cross but with the Y. M. C. A. A MEMBER of the editor's family in business in Calcutta recently received from a native the following application for a job: "Most Honored Sir: "Understanding there are several hands wanted in your honour's department, I beg to offer my hand as to adjustment. "I appeared for the matriculation ex- amination at Dota-camud, but failed ; the reason for which I shall describe ; to begin with, my writing was illegible. This was due to climatic reason, for having come from a warm to a cold climate found my fingers stiff and very disobedient to my wishes. Further, I had received great shock to my mental system in the shape of death of my only fond brother — besides, most honoured Sir, I beg to state that I am in very uncomfortable circumstances, being the soul support of my fond brother's seven (7) issues, consisting of three (3) adults and four (4) adultresses, the latter being bain of my existence owing to my having to support my own two (2) wives as well as their issues, of which by God's misfortune, the feminine gender predominates. If by wonderful good fortune, these humble lines meet with your benign kindness and favorable turn of mind, I, the poor menial shall pray for the long life and prosperity of yourself as well as your Honour's post- humour olive branches." ISfl^OfeGtufaBuIfefin 37 EXAMINATION METHOD BRINGS PROTEST Citize7is Confere7ice Urges Examining Board of Library Experts — Plea Is Denied 'Tp HE recommendation of a number of civic organizations, including the Spe- cial City Club Committee on Public Li- brary, of which C. M. Williams is chair- man, that the City Civil Service Commis- sion reappoint, as an examining board to conduct the forthcoming examination for librarian, the same committee which con- ducted the examination when Mr. Legler was chosen, has not been carried out by the Commission. Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, was appointed but one of the other members of the board, is a member of the City Civil Service Com- mission, the other a member of the library board. It was the belief of the organizations which recommended the appointment of the previous board that the examiners should be men of the highest standing in the library world, so that men of high professional attainments would know that their qualifications would be properly passed upon and would be more ready to take the examination. When the personnel of the examining board was announced, a conference of citi- zens representing various organizations was called by the City Club Committee on Pub- lic Librarian. It was held at the Club last Monday. It was agreed at this conference that another effort should be made to secure the appointment to the board of two addi- tional librarians of high professional stand- ing. A letter to the Civil Service Commis- sion urging these additional appointments and also urging a two-weeks postponement of the examination was drawn up and pre- sented to the Commission by a delegation. These recommendations, the letter urged "are reasonable, practical and based on sound business policy, are in accord with the spirit of the law, and besides are 'good politics.' " The letter was signed by J. C. M. Han- son, University of Chicago; Mrs. Edwin T. Johnson; Chicago Woman's Club; Mary E. McDowell, University of Chicago Set- tlement; John F. Lyons, President, Chi- cago Library Club; James B. Haslam, Sec- retary, Social Service Commission, Episco- pal Church; Mary Anderson, Woman's Trade Union League; Olive Sullivan, Sec- retary, Woman's Trade Union League; Mrs. A. H. Schweizer, First Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago Political Equality League; Mrs. Kenneth Rich, Woman's City Club; Dr. Graham Taylor, Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy; George E. Car- man, Director of Lewis Institute; Thomas W. Allinson, Henry Booth House; Julius Stern, Citizens' Association of Chicago; Mary Eileen Ahern, Editor "Public Li- braries" ; Charles M. Williams, Chairman of City Club Committee on Public Libra- rian; Charles M. Moderwell, Union League Club. The Civil Service Commission refused to accede to the recommendations of the conference and the examination is being held with the examining board as previously announced. The Club's Committee on Public Li- brarian, as announced in a previous issue in the Bulletin, sent letters to a number of librarians in various parts of the country urging them to take the examination. Af- firmative replies, with applications to be filed in their behalf were received from sev- eral of these. John P. Lenox last week, brought into the office an interesting souvenir of the war, a paper cutter manufactured out of British, French and German bullets, sent by his nephew, Elmer Roberts, who is in the X-Ray room of the Northwestern Uni- versity Hospital Unit in France. Mr. Roberts is a son of E. E. Roberts of Oak Park. On the side of the paper cutter is mounted a German coin, which was taken from the pocketbook of a captured officer. This officer had been asked to help carry a stretcher and had refused saying, "Ger- man officers do not carry stretchers." The stretcher bearer knocked him down — and the officer carried the stretcher. Before they reached the dressing station, however, a shell exploded killing or severely wound- ing all but this one stretcher bearer, who later turned over to Mr. Roberts the pocketbook which had been taken from the German officer. 38 GfjeQtuGIubBuIIetin NORMAN ANGELL (Continued from page 28) for it, does not believe in it. And that is true not only of Europe, but of America. People are not hostile to it — they just don't believe in it. Everybody is willing to ap- prove the idea 'in principle.' Even the German Chancellor approves the general idea; in fact he says Germany is ready to lead a League of Nations. If he really thought it possible, he would bitterly op- pose it, for it would be the end of the German system. Nobody approves it be- cause nobody believes it will come. "We say: 'We do not believe in it be- cause it is not practical.' But the truth is that it is not practical because we do not believe in it. If we all believed in it and were determined to bring it about, that fact of itself would make it not only prac- tical but inevitable. The Importance of "Talk" " 'Win the war first and then talk.' That advice is usually given by folk who do an immense deal of talking that does not help to win the war. We cannot win the war if we don't hold together, and policies like those pursued with reference to Italy and Russia are bound to drive us apart. And governments adopted them be- cause public opinion made impossible the only alternative policy. And public opinion was of that kind because none of us likes to be called upon to do a little serious thinking, to revise our old ideas, and be- cause it is easy to dismiss any invitation so to do, as 'talk.' "Popular support of the League of Na- tions is necessary, not only for preventing the disunity of the Alliance, it is necessary for preventing the continued unity of the enemy. We have proclaimed — very rightly — as our main object the 'destruction of German militarism.' But we have never told the German how his country is to be protected when we have destroyed its mili- tary power, and until we do so he will go on fighting just to preserve some means of defending himself. Must Define Aims Clearly , "At the present time the enemy govern- ments are trying to persuade their peoples that defeat for Germany must mean the destruction of German nationality and the economic opportunity of her future chil- dren. Against such a fate any people, good, bad or indifferent, savage or civilized, will fight to the end. This effort of the enemy governments to stiffen the resistance of their people, we are directly aiding by our refusal to state clearly what we mean by the destruction of German militarism. Does it mean that Germany is to be mani- festly inferior in power, and that we are to have no responsibility for her protec- tion ? Then whatever the responsibility for the beginning of the war, the Germans are fighting for the right to defend themselves. Such a situation undoes the work of the blockade. We hope by pressure upon the civil population to produce readiness for peace — and undo the effect by furnishing the German people with the strongest pos- sible motive which any nation can have for continuing a war. That aid to the enemy governments must be withdrawn. Until the safety of Germany is assured, German militarism will be supported by the Ger- man people, and however we may crush them, be a constant menace to the rest of Europe. Germany is a criminal nation, but the way to deal with the criminal is not only to punish him if he breaks the law — that is certainly necessary — but also to undertake to protect him if he observes it. Unless that is done the criminal will always be taking the law into his own hands as a measure of defense, and con- tinue to be a common menace. Must Guarantee Security "If the German people are to be brought to see that they are not fighting a war of defense, if the support which they give their government is to be undermined, if Ger- many is to be democratized, if the way is to be prepared for territorial concessions nec- essary for better Europe, it must be made plain that the Allied policy offers to a democratized and law-abiding Germany a security greater than that which she can enjoy under a militarist and autocratic regimen. That cannot be done by a mere general diplomatic declaration of ultimate intention. As the President has most truly said, war aims, when stated in general terms, seem the same on both sides. The plans of the Allies for post bellum security must take shape sufficiently to form a rec- ognizable policy; to strike the imagination of the German people, and to be, them- selves, obviously of democratic inspiration and promise. "Another of our battle cries — and a very G^J^GituGlubBuUetm 39 good one too — is 'No peace with the Hohen- zollerns.' I take it to mean no peace with a government not responsible to its people. But secret diplomacy — which has been uni- versal in Europe in the past — means that in foreign affairs all governments were able to commit the nation to all sorts of courses — courses involving war — which the people not only did not sanction, but of which they were even ignorant. The old methods of diplomacy made all governments pure au- tocracies in foreign affairs, however demo- cratic they might be at home. And we might abolish the Kaiser and make Ger- many in home affairs as democratic as you like and still leave the people without any real control over her foreign policy, unless we make an organic change in the at pres- ent universal method of managing interna- tional affairs; unless, that is, we take them out of the hands of diplomats responsible only to foreign offices or executives, and treat those things as what they are, a legis- lative function, and not the proper work of executives. An International Peace Parliament "If, after peace, we are to talk to the German people instead of to the German government, the Peace Conference must be made more in the nature of an Interna- tional Parliament, and much less in the na- ture of a secret meeting of diplomats, than have been past Peace Conferences. "A proposal has been made that the Peace Conference should consist of two bodies, a smaller one composed, as in in- ternational Congresses of the past, of the delegates or nominees of the governments participating, and a larger body represent- ing proportionately the component parties of the respective parliaments. "The smaller body should act as the in- itiating and drafting committee, their pro- posals being subject to amendment, approval or rejection by the larger body, before being finally ratified by the constituent states of the Congress. Would Win Liberal Germans "That is to say, under such a principle at the Peace Conference the real power of representation in the case of Germany would rest not with diplomats appointed by the Kaiser, but with delegates from the Reichstag, mainly the Social Democrats. By that simple device we should have dem- ocratized Germany, by taking power in the most important acts of the State — and those acts with which we are most concerned — out of the hands of the rulers and putting into the hands of the people ; resting power on the country's parliamentary institutions. And if we announced that as our policy now, we win to its support all the forces in Germany now fighting for parliamentary institutions. For those forces would real- ize that the acceptance of this item of our peace terms would win their battle. "All this does not mean that we have not got to defeat Germany; it means that the defeat cannot be complete until we have added wise political management to the military effort. Should Devise Plan Now " 'Win the war first and then will be time enough to talk of the policy that this country is to pursue afterwards.' Then would be too late. Take the most impor- tant point of all — the kind of Conference that shall settle the terms of peace. The constitution and composition of the Con- ference would be the very first thing to de- cide in order of time. It is one of the most important 'terms of peace' itself. But the people can play no part in determining it unless it is discussed before the peace comes. If no attention is paid during the war to the form of Conference, it will to a certainty take the form with which the men who now constitute the governments of Europe are familiar. Yet, if, after the war we are to discuss settlement with the German people instead of the German Government; if we are to treat with the stable and moderate as well as with the extremist sections of the Russian people, the peoples of the western democracies must during the war demand that the settlement is not made by the old methods of Peace Congresses of the past. The governments of the European Allied nations are them- selves for the most part no longer repre- sentative. They have been chosen largely for their administrative fitness for the pur- pose of carrying on the war. But there are elements in most the presence of which are due to the suspension — the very proper and necessary suspension — of democratic machinery. However desirable for the pur- poses of the war, they could by no stretch be called democratically representative. They were not selected by the people for the purpose of making a peace which might settle the destiny of the world for genera- tions. Yet, if nothing better is devised dur- ing the war it is precisely they who would 40 GfjeGituGIubBuUetin Have You ForgjOtten Your cNew Year's Resolution? Here It Is / resolve — TO SECURE at least one new member^ for the Club — the sooner, the better, TO "BOOST" the City Club loyally and enthusiastically amon^ my business and social associates, TO SEND to the Membership Extension Committee the names and addresses of friends and acquaintances who should become mem- bers; Because — MORE CIVIC-MINDED men should share the advan- tag,es and support the ideals of the Club, MORE NEW MEMBERS are needed to fill the places of those who have and others who will enter military service, MORE DOLLARS must be se- cured to meet the expenses of the Club inasmuch as members entering service are exempt from dues, and cost of operation has in- creased. Information, Literature, Co-operation upon application to the MEMBERSHIP EXTENSION COMMITTEE fix the peace terms and determine the gen- eral character of the settlement. The Danger of Drift "Very shortly now — in a few months perhaps, or a year or two at most — the na- tion will be faced by these problems, vaster, more difficult, containing more possibilities of disastrous mistakes, than any which have heretofore confronted the statesmanship of the world. It is our duty to see, if our people are not to have fought in vain, that we do not drift to that decision unprepared, our statesmen unguided by any unformed opinion, or worse still, harassed by one that is fickle and unstable, with understand- ing clouded and power of thought sub- merged by momentary passion, crude herd instinct, or the momentum of old prejudices and obsolete conceptions." Mr. Angell's audience, which was large, was of an inquiring frame of mind. After the address a number of questions were asked bearing upon his argument. Would Mr. Angell favor a direct popular vote in the choice of representatives to a peace par- liament, was one of these questions. It would be difficult to state the issues for a general election, Mr. Angell replied. Fur- thermore, a popular campaign might result in the selection of representatives whose appeal had been to mass patriotism and chauvinism rather than to statesmanship. On the whole, in Mr. Angell's opinion, a selection by the parliamentary bodies, in which already there is an alignment of par- ties on war issues would be preferable. Lincoln Steffens' address last Fri- day will be reported in next week's Bulle- tin. Harold R. Howes who has been winter- ing at Camp Grant expects to leave within a few days for France. He is with the 311th engineers as first lieutenant. The money rolls in gradually for the soldiers' and sailors' entertainment fund. Members have been asked to remit a dollar or more for this fund with their quarterly dues, now payable. If you have forgotten to send in your dues, don't wait for a second notice. And don't forget the extra dollar to help us give the soldiers and sail- ors a good time at their week-end visits to the Club. Volume XI Gfl^GteGtobBufl^tto JT Jounialof JRcftYe Qimen^hip MONDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1918 Number S THREE IMPORTANT MEETINGS Wednesday, February 6, at Luncheon: "The World's Lowest Death Rate for Children — How New Zealand Won It, " Illustrated DR. F. TRUBY KING, New Zealand. Dr. King inaugurated the methods which produced this record. He has been called to England, and is on his way, to inaugurate those methods there. Miss Lathrop of the Children's Bureau wishes this country to learn of Dr. King's achievements. Friday, February 8, at Luncheon: "Home Fires For the Training Camps" ALLEN D. ALBERT, special representative of the War and Navy Department Commissions on Training Camp Activities. His theme is: Recreation and "a place to go" for soldier and sailor when off duty. Mr. Albert is past president of the International Association of Rotary Clubs. He comes to Chicago from a tour of the camps. Saturday, Feb. 9, at Luncheon — Ladies' Day: "The Manufacture of High Explosives — and the Health of the Workers" DR. ALICE HAMILTON, investigator of occupational diseases, U. S. Department of Labor. Dr. Hamilton has just com- pleted a survey of occupational diseases in war industries. LADIES INVITED — The Club dining room is open to ladies for luncheon here- after every Saturday. Ladies are invited to the luncheon to hear Dr. Hamilton innnniiniiinniiniiiiiiinmniiiiiiis Luncheon from 11:30 lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Speaking at 1:00 42 CijeGfeGlubBuUettn H Journal of Jlctive Qituen^hip Published Wkkkly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON, President EDGAR A. BANCROFT, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT 10c per Copy $1.00 per Year - - - Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917. at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the communitij in which we live. Club Committee Calendar Tuesday, Feb. 5 to Monday, Feb. 11. Tuesday — City Planning Committee . . 12:30 Wednesday — House Committee 12:15 Wartime Committee .... 12:30 Editorial Board . . . . • . 12:00 Membership Extension Com- mittee 12:30 Thursday — Club Activities Committee . . 12:15 Friday — Admissions Committee ... 1 :00 Saturday — Committee on Public Education 12:30 Monday — Committee on Public Utilities . 12:30 Committee on Public Affairs . 1 :00 The Castle, Orpheum, Bijou Dream and Lyric "Movie" Theaters on State St., are co-operating with the City Club in entertaining soldiers and sailors by showing slides calling the attention of the men to the City Club privileges and giving explicit directions for reaching the Club from each theater. ISTENING t^*..POST The Club last week welcomed the fol- lowing persons into its membership: Dr. Lee A. Bacon, Dr. William S. Harvey, Raymond Kelly, Chicago Manager, Secur- ity Life Company; Frederic Leake, Secre- tary, Bon Air Coal & Iron Corporation; Herbert N. McCoy, Chemist. W. S. Reynolds, a member of the City Club, was the successful candidate in the examination last Monday for the position of Chief Probation Officer in Cook County, left vacant by the resignation of Joel D. Hunter. Mr. Reynolds is at present super- intendent of the Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society. It's "Colonel" Nathan William MacChesney no longer. Gentlemen, al- low us to introduce "Brigadier-General," or for the sake of brevity "General" Nathan William MacChesney of the United States Army! General MacChesney 's new com- mission was announced last Thursday. Congratulations ! A NUMBER OF OUR MEMBERS on the War Service List have been promoted. Some of the majors would suffer a horrible shock if they came home and found themselves listed as lieutenants. For that reason, will members who know of any errors in the military list which is posted in the lobby, please notify the editor by letter or by dropping a notice in the "Listening Post" box? This applies particularly to the anonymous member who gave us the tip. Charles D. Waterbury, of Pond and Pond, is another addition to the City Club delegation in Washington. "I came very suddenly," he writes, "all arrangements being made by telegraph and I did not know what my duties were to be until after I reported. They've started me as assistant chief of drafting room in the Cantonment Division, Quartermaster's De- partment and as there are 30 or 40 proj- ects on hand, some of them costing well into the millions, there is plenty to keep me busy." &t(MG-vbm^t\ti 43 OGDEN AVENUE PLAN SUGGESTED Clud Committee Recommends Modi- fication of Big" City Planning Project SUGGESTED MODIFICATION ^WITHIN C1RCL.E.) IN THE. PROPOSeO OGDEN AVE. EXTENSION The City Club City Planning Committee has evolved a modification of the Ogden Avenue extension project which it believes would not only solve some of the present difficulties in the ^ way of the plan and increase the usefulness of the street but would save many thou- sands of dollars to the city. The ideas of the Com- mittee are out- lined in a letter transmitted with maps to the Chi- cago Plan Com- mission last Thursday. The letter is signed by R. F. Schu- chardt, chairman. The essence of the Committee's plan is that in- stead of carrying Ogden Avenue through to the intersection of Wisconsin and Clark streets, as at present pro- posed, it should be carried through only to Cleveland Ave- nue and at this point traffic should be diverted to existing streets — light vehicles north on Cleveland Avenue to Fullerton and thence on Lake View Avenue and Sheridan Road or other north streets; street car traffic and heavy vehicles to Sedgwick Street and north to Clark. I — \V^\<\i ^v^^ LfU veasTS. ~Z1 ~ Defied V PLANNINO COMMITEE CITY CUUB. MEAVr UNE INDICATES PROPOSED OGDEN AVE EXTENSION GARFIEL.O Ave CeNTCR ST DDDDb^il\^ WISCONSIN ST "QDOODS.'. ]iiirBHS Qgnna The advantages of this plan may be summarized as follows: 1. By establishing the street car ter- minal near Sedgwick and Clark streets instead of at nd Wisconsin Clark, the possi- bility of further increasing the traffic at this already badly congested point would be avoided. 2. By this di- version of traffic, both street cars and vehicles would reach Lin- coln Park at points nearer the places where the majority of peo- ple desire to go, namely, the bath- ing beach and the animal houses. 3. The new diagonal street would be short- ened approxi- mately one-fifth of its proposed length, thus reducing the amount of prop- erty necessary to purchase and thereby saving expense to the city. This saving would take place at that section of the proposed route where values are the highest. As an incidental feature, the committee suggests a public square at the intersection of Cleveland Avenue with the new street. (See plan.) Don't forget to register your guests in the big book by the door. The Club library on the fourth floor is a reference collection of books on civics. It is at the disposal of members. The special 40c lunch in the Club's restaurant is very popular. The House Committee is glad to have suggestions for the improvement of the service. 44 GfjeGtuGlubBuU^ttn COMMITTEE BACKS CENTRAL PAYROLLS Supports Plans for More Efficient and Economical Payroll Check by City TT sometimes takes a good, new idea from five years to a generation to get "across." It is very interesting these days, when the City is worrying over its depleted money- bags and counting its nickels, to see the rejected ideas of the past coming to the front as life savers. It was so with the proposal to abolish ward lines in the ad- ministration of the Bureau of Streets, pro- posed a long time ago by the Merriam Commission and now approved by the Fi- nance Committee. So also with the pro- posal for a centralization of city payrolls advocated by the city Efficiency Division in 1913 and now resurrected and urged as a means of municipal economy. Promo- ters of "lost causes" can perhaps take a little satisfaction from the manner in which their ideas "bob up" after years of innocu- ous desuetude. Club Committee Endorses Idea The central payroll idea is advanced by the Woman's City Club in its list of sug- gested city economies for next year. The City Club Committee on Public Expendi- tures backs up the proposal and in a report forwarded to the Finance Committee last week, in response to an invitation for an expression of its views, urged its adoption. The Committee said in part: "Centralization of payroll preparation permits the elimination of much of the payroll work (in the case of New York City a saving in services of approximately 73% has been accomplished) and of much of the expense of printing, books and records in the several departments. Could Use Efficiency Devices "Improved time saving mechanical de- vices for efficient handling of payroll work are available, the cost of which would be prohibitive were they provided for each individual department, but which, for a cen- tral division would result in large saving in labor and supplies, in less frequent errors and in simpler and more uniform proce- dure. The system used in New York City includes the use of these mechanical de- vices which makes the work of writing all payrolls and checks from the same plates and the performance of the functions of the auditing office and payroll checking by the civil service commission automatic, for the greater part. "Such a centralized payroll system should be designed and placed in operation by a competent body of experts, such as the effi- ciency staff of the Committee on Finance. Would Make Saving "The expense involved in the purchase of the equipment and the preparation of standard payroll and check forms will re- duce the possible maximum saving the first year, but not thereafter. Even with this reduction, however, the estimated saving, for the first year, of $20,000 indicated in the Woman's City Club recommendation, appears to be reasonable in the light of the results obtained elsewhere. The savings through centralized and co-ordinate service should correspondingly increase after the first year." Charles F. Grey, 2nd, has gone to San Antonio for service training in the Ordnance Department. LADIES! The House Committee announces that from now on the dining room will be open to ladies, not only, as heretofore, for dinner, but for Sat- urday luncheon. Every Saturday! ^^WGIufaBuUettn 45 SEES WORLD IN REVOLUTION Russian Turmoil Beginning of Universal Upheaval, Says Steffens "'T^HE Bolsheviki peace talk is camou- flage," says Lincoln Steffens, speak- ing at the City Club last Friday. "The Bolsheviki are not pacifists. They are not for peace at any price. What they want is The Revolution — not simply the Rus- sian revolution, but a world-wide revolu- tion of the proletariat. They want it in Italy, they want it in Germany, in France, in England and in all the other countries of the world. Must Have German Revolt "Suppose, however, the Revolution should come in the allied countries but not in Germany. Italy was on the verge of a revolution but it was checked by the Germans when they made their last big drive. France is only waiting until after the war. The Bolsheviki understand that if the revolution should come in these countries but not in Germany, German imperialism would win. They know that they must get a revolution in Germany." Mr. Steffens traced back the causes of the present world turmoil to underlying social and economic conditions. "Back of this war," he said, "is the social war — the war that we will all be fighting when this one is over." Throughout his investiga- tions of corrupt city governments, of labor troubles, of the I. W. W., the MacNa- mara case, the Mexican revolution, he had found, he said, the same underlying dis- ease, special privilege. And he had found it in Russia. "I am not against this war," he said, "except as I am against poverty, disease and other social ills. It's the next war that I'm against and that war cannot be stopped except by the solving of social problems." Privilege Provoked Overturn The Russian revolution, Mr. Steffens said, was provoked by the government. "All autocratic government," he said, "is representative government — it represents the privileged interests. In Russia the power of the Czar was controlled by the great nobles and landlords and the others whose interest was in breaking the laws." Persons high in political power, Mr. Steffens charged, sold out the Russian army to Germany. It is the universal belief in Russia that the German high command bribed certain persons in the Russian high command to march the Russian troops into traps, where whole armies were annihilated. This has not been proven but it is ex- pected that it will be revealed in certain trials to be held shortly. The Fighting Ends "After the revolution, the word came back to the army 'The Revolution is here' ! and the peasants and the workingmen turned from fighting to look at the dawn. They didn't say, 'We won't fight' — they just stopped. To them it wasn't the Rus- sian revolution — it was The revolution. It was for the Germans, too. "And so along the eastern front work- men and peasants sat down and talked. They asked themselves what the war was about and had to confess that they didn't know. The Russians thought that since the revolution they were fighting for democracy and liberty and against imperial- ism. And the German soldiers thought they were fighting against imperialism too — British imperialism. Secret Treaties Harm Allies "They asked why they couldn't have peace. The German high command sent word down to be passed along to the Rus- sians that the reason why they couldn't have peace was that Russia was bound to the allies by imperialistic secret treaties. The Russian soldiers didn't believe it. But they sent committees back to Petrograd to find out and they found that it was true. Today you can hardly mention Constan- tinople to them — it means to them Russia's own perfidy. A million soldiers left the front and went home carrying the convic- tion that there was something wrong on their own side. "Milyukov said that maybe these trea- ties were wrong, but that Russia should abrogate her contract. He went down holding to this principle. Kerensky said, 'I can arrange the matter.' He thought 46 GtjeGtjiGlubBuOettn he could arrange a conference of the allies for a revision of war aims. But the allies would have none of it and Kerensky went down and the Bolsheviki, a minority party, came into power. Mob Is Hero of Russia "But the Bolsheviki do not really rule Russia. The Russian people rule. The Russian mob is the hero of the revolution. So stupid, so sincere, so conscientious — these mobs, not the provisional government or its leaders, are the rulers of Russia. "When the revolution came Milyukov and others of the Constitutional Demo- crats assumed that they were to be leaders and appointed themselves as a cabinet. But they soon found that they didn't govern at all. They announced decrees but no one knew it. Milyukov decided that some socialists ought to be put in the cabinet but he couldn't find anybody who wanted to be in the cabinet. Everybody was too busy. They were on their own problem — the economic conditions of the country. The Russian people tolerate the provisional gov- ernment because it seems to represent and express what they wish. Neither Milyu- kov nor Kerensky, whom the people loved, was forced out by the Russian mobs. They fell simply because nobody would listen to them. The moment the Bolsheviki cease to represent the thought of the people, the people will turn from them. Democracy of New Sort "The mobs pay little attention to laws. If they are good laws, the people will obey them ; if they are bad laws, they will ignore them. They didn't abolish the Duma. 'It may pass some good laws,' they reasoned, 'and if it does the people will obey them.' The fact is that they take their new democ- racy seriously and literally and they are more interested in the real thing than in the machinery. "The Russian mob is gentle. It does not kill, it does not loot. The killings, about which we have read, were by soldiers and sailors, who had been armed and taught to kill — not by the mobs. We newspaper men would hear a mob coming down the street and would stop and interview it. 'Where are you going?' we would ask. 'We don't know.' 'What is the matter?' 'We don't know — we simply heard that there is something wrong and we have set out to make it right.' That is the spirit of the Russian mob — stupid, simple, sincere. It is the key to the revolution. The Golden Rule in Russia "Once some police fired upon a mob from a roof. The mob simply moved down the street out of range and sent a committee to get them. To get to the roof they had to go up a narrow stair and they made their way up over the bodies of dead and wounded comrades. They took the po- licemen and handed them over to the mob. What did the mob do? It might have been expected to kill them, but it didn't. 'That's what the government would have done,' they said. 'We musn't.' Kerensky, not really a leader but an expressor of the Russian people, at a conference in Petro- grad, spoke these words, which should be a motto for all democratic peoples: 'We, the people, must not do to others any of the things that have been done to us. The Revolution is not for revenge but to estab- lish justice and liberty.' The Russian mob has been the most consistent statesman in Europe and is compelling the other gov- ernments of the world to come to its views. For All Mankind "The Russian revolution is the begin- ning of the international mind. The Rus- sian democracy is not patriotic, not moral, not political, but sees the solution of social problems in economic changes. And it wants nothing for itself that it cannot have for all the world. Not once while I was in Russia did I hear the advocacy of a separate peace. The people talked always in terms of a 'general' peace, every term of which would be the same for every coun- try in the world." British Labor Backs Wilson Mr. Stefifens called attention to the re- ception of President Wilson's "peace terms" as an evidence of the international atti- tude of labor. "When the President sent his radical message," he asked, "from whom did he get his answer? From British labor. British labor said: 'Yes, that's right. We are willing to accept the terms and to apply them not only to Ger- many but to Great Britain.' And they named India, South Africa, and Asia." Lieutenant Victor R. Anderson is with the 314th Field Artillery at Camp Lee, Virginia. GfjeQtuGIubBuUetin 47 PEACE NOW WOULD PERIL BELGIUM Consul General Fears German Trickery Would Divide Cou7ttry "Peace talk at this time is dangerous — particularly to Belgium," said Albert Mou- laert, Belgian consul-general, in an address at the City Club last Thursday. Mr. Moulaert warned against a possible repeti- tion in the peace negotiations of German methods at Brest-Litovsk. Camouflage at Peace Meet "The Germans," he charged, "will en- deavor to talk Belgium out of her inde- pendence. They have been endeavoring to break up Belgium by exploiting the long standing lack of friendship between the Flemish and the Walloons. They will say that Belgium must be broken up be- cause the so-called 'Council of Flanders,' a body of seven men, appointed it is said by 200 men whose names we do not even know, has declared for a Duchy of Flan- ders. Germany has nothing to back her claim but the names of these seven traitors, who were so much under German influence that they even asked for safety assurances, knowing that if the Germans ever got out of the country, they would be hanged. Peace now would be inconclusive. We must first have victory and our independ- ence back." Rebuilding the Army "The Belgian army," Mr. Moulaert said, "re-equipped and recruited to 200,000 men stands ready today to go on." He described the gallant stand of the almost exhausted army for fourteen days at the battle of Ypres, its recuperation and re- equipment in France and its services in various theatres of the war. The army originally had a strength of 117,000 men but at the end of October, 1917, after the battle of Ypres this was reduced to 60,000. The army had no more shells, the majority of the guns and rifles were out of order owing to the unceasing firing, the uniforms and equipment were torn and useless. The government at once took steps, in spite of enormous difficulties, to repair the army. Shops were opened but so great was the congestion that leather repair shops had to be located in the holds of cargo boats. The Belgian government established in France and England, employing only Belgian work- men, repair shops for guns, rifle shops, powder and ammunition factories. The work of reconstructing the army person- nel was also marvellously executed. Conquest of East Africa Mr. Moulaert's account of the Belgian conquest of German East Africa was a story of the conquering of apparently in- surmountable difficulties. A division of 12,000 men had to be formed with the police troops as a nucleus. "Equipment, guns, shells, food," he said, "had to be brought over from England and France. After the long voyage on the ocean and up the Congo River, for the last 360 miles everything had to be carried by native porters. Several hundred thousands boxes and packages were forwarded in that way." Once started in the first half of 1916, the campaign went on without a hitch and in a short time German East Africa had been cleared of Germans. The passive resistance of the civilian population, Mr. Moulaert asserted, is as wonderful as the active resistance of the army. He described the exactions and atrocities and the stripping of the country not only of its wealth but of its man power. "There are more orphans in Belgium of men who have been deported," he said, "than of men killed in the war." Stirring Up Trouble "The Germans have endeavored to stir up enmity between the Walloons and the Flemish. But while these two in peace times were not on the best of terms they are united against the external foe. One of the first things the Germans did was to re-establish the Flemish University of Ghent. Although this had been one of the dreams of the Flemish people, when it was offered by German hands the people didn't want it. The Germans could find only about 150 people who would sign the petition, although in 1912 a petition for the re-establishment of the University con- tained 125,000 names. They also en- 48 GfftQltBGlul'BullcBn Lunch Bores Some Men It's a bore to decide where to ^o. It's a bore to decide what to eat. But it's more of a bore not to ^o and eat. If you know a man like that pluck him over to the City Club some noon — and no questions asked. Put a little joy into life for him. There's a new deal on now in the dining room, you know. He'll thank you for ur^in^ him. And you may ^et him for a new member. Luncheon 40c, 50c, 60c and a la Carte Dinner 75c, $1.00 in the Grill The club is open to ladies at five o'clock. On Sat- urdays the dining room is open to ladies for luncheon. countered great difficulty in getting students. There are today about 100 pro- fessors in the institution but not an equal number of students. They went to the prison camps and offered young Belgian prisoners their freedom if they would enter, but out of 20,000 prisoners they could find only thirty. "Having failed in this, they hit on the plan of administrative division of the Flem- ish and the Waloons. They set up inde- pendent governments but a great many of the officials resigned. I have heard that 50,000 municipal and government officials and employes have resigned. That is the way Belgium answered." Belgium's ability to maintain her morale in the face of such circumstances, Mr. Mou- laert ascribed in part to the inspiring and democratic leadership of King Albert and Queen Elizabeth and in part to the solid foundation of centuries of freedom. "The word 'liberty' is engraved in us," he said, "and if we cannot have our liberty we would rather die." Mr. Moulaert has asked us to announce that in order to get Belgium's story more clearly understood by the public he will be glad to accept other engagements to speak. His headquarters are at the Belgium con- sulate, 108 North State St. The soldiers and sailors who come here at week-ends are gathered from the four corners of America. Saturday, Jan- uary 26, for instance, those who registered — and this includes only a part of those who came — hailed from Hutchinson, Minn., Bicknell, Ind., Delhi, La., Buffalo, N. Y., Enid, Mont., Clinton, Iowa, Omaha, Nebr., Kansas City, Mo., Cincinnati, Ohio, Earls- boro, Okla., Flint, Mich., St. Louis, Mo., Salt Lake City, Utah, Bayfield, Wis., New Orleans, La,, Detroit, Mich., Milwaukee, Wis., St. Paul, Minn., Rochester, Minn., Ft. Dodge, Iowa, Isle of Luzon, Nevy York City, Everitte, Texas, Gilbert, Pa., Johnstown, Pa. The following members are in charge of the Soldiers and Sailors Entertainment next Saturday and Sunday: Saturday, February Q: S. Bowles King, H. Daughaday, T. N. Bishop, C. W. An- drews and A. B. Hall. Sunday J February lO: J. R. Ozanne, R. H. Clark, George Gordon, and George K. Reed. published Q7(^ii]b]i tl)f(|^j|(Iiub of Chicago JT Journal oWcttve QitUen^hip MONDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 1918 Volume XI Number 6 [Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!llll!lllllll!lllllllllllllim I "TALK DAYS" THIS WEEK | piiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Thursday, Feb. 14, at Luncheon — "Club Day": | I "What I Saw in Roumania. *' Illustrated | I DR. H. GIDEON WELLS, member Red Gross Mission to | 1 Roumania. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking at 1:00. i I Saturday, Feb. 16, at Luncheon — Ladies' Day: | I ''Should Chicago and the Nation Go Dry?" ■ I OLIVER STEWART and GEORGE G. SIRES | I Everybody knows these two speakers. They present opposed 1 = views. Gome early. Luncheon from 11:30. Speaking at 1:00. 1 Wednesday Evening, Feb. 13 — Woman's City Club Meeting: Members of Gity Glub of Ghicago invited. "Chicago's Financial Difficulties" By Six Ghicago Aldermen Who Know Them. Those wishing dinner, $1.00, should reserve by Tuesday, Feb. 12 Dinner at 6:00. Speaking at 7:00. gniuauuDiunnminniiiDiuomiminuuiiimiiffliamDuuimiinniiiuii^ I FURTHER INFORMATION INSIDE j iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 50 Gfy^GfeGtubBuIIefm I^IJfGttUGlubBulIetin JT Journal of JIctiYC Qitnenship Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON, President EDGAR A. BANCROFT, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD. Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS. Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER. Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH. Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter. December 3, 1917. at the postofRce at Chicago. Illinois, under the act of March 3. 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. , -> .-i^u^. ITENING I Andrew R. Sheriff^ of the law firm of Sheriff, Gilbert & Krimbill, has been ap- pointed chairman of the City Club Com- mittee on State Constitution. The passage at the last legislature of a resolution for a state constitutional convention and the statewide vote on that question next fall will make the work of that committee of unusual importance in the coming months. The ROSTER of the new Club members for last week is as follows: Clarence Arnold, Salesman, Commission Lines. Elbert Beeman, Wilson & Co., Adver- tising and Publicity. Dr. T. A. Broadbent, Dentist. E. J. Buffington, President, Illinois Steel Company. George H. Ellis, Vice-President, Dia- mond Red Paint Manufacturers. Louis Frank, Copp & Frank, "Simplex System." Ernest W. Hunt, Agency Director, New York Life Insurance Co. Frank D. Loomis, Secretary War Recre- ation Board of Illinois. H. A. Parkin, Lawyer, Tenney, Har- ding & Sherman. Henry R. Pebbles, Lawyer. Fred Rawitser, Chairman, Employment Committee for the Handicapped. Fred Uhlmann, Secretary, I. Rosen- baum Grain Company. Capt. Joseph S. Wright is athletic officer, 33rd Division, N. A. Karl D. Loos, formerly listed in the U. S. Marine Corps, is now First Lieutenant, Small Arms Division, Ordnance Reserve Corps. He is at Washington, D. C. 'X^HE decision of the Chicago Milk Com- ■*■ mission reducing the price the farmer is to be paid for his milk and increasing the share to the distributor has started a row. The fixing of the retail price of 12c leaves the consumer no worse off than be- fore, as he might have been, if the evidence presented to the commission had been allowed to pass unchallenged. The distributor is better off — much better off than he should be, according to some persons who have watched the testi- mony. Until next June he will receive a share of retail price much in excess of what he has been receiving. The producers on the other hand feel much injured at the decision. They re- sent, they say, not only the actual cutting down of their prices but the method which the commission used in arriving at its con- clusions. They have appealed to the Food Administrator against the decision. The Commission which has just ad- journed, while without power to deal with the matter, has given its approval to the program of unifying milk deliveries as a means of effecting economies in distribu- tion — a program which the City Club's Milk Committee is promoting. It says in its report: "Unification should be ef- fected as rapidly as possible. The Commis- sion believes that overlapping deliveries and uneconomic methods result in expenses which the consumer should not be called upon to assume. An immediate step should be taken to eliminate these factors of cost." Another Commission will be appointed by the Food Administration shortly with power to deal with this matter. QeQtuGlubBwfl^ftn 51 THE MONEY QUESTION ONCE MORE Citys Financial Snarl is Again Subject of Communication from Club CoTnmittee 'TpHE City Club Committee on City Manager Plan has replied to the re- quest of the joint legislative and city coun- cil committee (see Bulletin, January 7, 1918) for support in its endeavor to secure increased taxing powers for the city. "The things that are essential to the safety and health of the people of Chicago ought not to be neglected or omitted from lack of funds," says the Club Committee, "and we feel sure that the taxpayers of the city of Chicago will cheerfully agree to addi- tional taxation if it is clearly and positively shown to be necessary to carry on those necessary functions in an economical man- ner, "We respectfully suggest, however, that everything has not yet been done which the taxpayers may rightfully and properly ex- pect to demonstrate and exhibit the neces- sity of additional funds, and exactly the disposition to be made of them. The com- pletion of an actual budget, with the best possible distribution of the existing re- sources of the city, with a parallel column showing exactly and conclusively the ap- plication to be made of additional funds, accompanied by an explanation of the need, will we believe enable the taxpayers to form an intelligent and just conclusion upon the questions involved. City Finance Not Efficient "We respectfully suggest, further, that the public is thoroughly satisfied that the financial administration of the city's affairs is not and has not been either economical or efficient, and that little patience is likely to be shown toward a request for more funds that is not accompanied by proposals for cutting out future waste and increas- ing future efficiency. Certain of such pro- posals are contained in the resolutions ac- companying your letter,* and we are in hearty accord with the policy of extending the length of the aldermanic term (with * In Its resolutions asking- for a special session of the legislature, the joint commit- tee had endorsed a number of measures for municipal economy, including a reduction in the number of municipal elections, through an extension of the term of alderman and the appointment of the City Clerk and City Treasurer, now elective. the recall) and making the City Clerk and City Treasurer appointive officers. It seems to us, however, that these do not go far enough, either to meet the necessities of the situation or take full advantage of the opportunities of the proposed special ses- sion, nor do they in our judgment satisfy the demands of public opinion. Non-partisan Elections First Step "The City Council has repeatedly gone on record in favor of non-partisan elections for all elective municipal offices, and we believe that should be the beginning of any program of reform. "The proposal for the four-year term, and the appointment of the City Clerk and the City Treasurer, properly co-ordinated with other arrangements will decrease the number of elections and afford an immedi- ate economy. Reorganize Administration "Further than that, however, and vastly more important, is the question of the re- organization of the executive end of the city administration. We all know that great private businesses everywhere in the world are organized upon the principle of a comparatively small body which legis- lates and determines policy (the board of directors), and that this body elects a chief executive to exercise full authority and undivided responsibility. There seems no good reason why the plan which is univer- sally employed in private business, and which is the only plan that works, should not, with necessary modifications of detail, be applied to public business. And there is ample experience in the history of other municipalities to sustain that conclusion. Appropriate Time for Settlement "We respectfully submit that a special session, if one be held, and especially when held under the stress of war and the result- ing necessity and demand for economy in all directions, affords a peculiarly appropri- ate opportunity for dealing with this ques- tion, and we believe that the voters and taxpayers are not likely to approve action 52 GiJcQituGIubBuHetin by their representatives at this time involv- ing further taxation and increased public expenditure unless it is accompanied by a full and satisfactory program for future economy and efficiency." The letter was sent on January 26 to Alderman W. F. Lipps, chairman of the joint committee, and was signed by Joseph Cummins. M. V. L. Endorses Plan The Municipal Voters' League in its an- nual pre-primary review of aldermanic ac- tivities, made public last week, also urges the program outlined in the committee's letter. It says in part: "A recognition of the need of reorgani- zation of local government is a forward step which might appropriately be fol- lowed by effective action at the proposed special session, if one be held. There would seem to be no reason except political ones why the special session should not deal with the matter comprehensively so as to afford the city relief from enormous election ex- penses and create an executive organization for the city that would correspond with sound business practice, and that should and probably would eliminate much of the waste and inefficiency resulting from the present political administration of the exec- utive departments." Budget Is Due The City Council, as this Bulletin goes to press, is about to vote upon the munici- pal budget for 1918. If it adopts the rec- ommendations of the Finance Committee, it will bring about a number of very important administrative changes recom- mended by civic organizations, in addition to those already put into effect by the Council. The proposed changes are: 1. Elimination of ward lines in admin- istration of bureau of streets. 2. Centralization of city purchasing, testing, inspection and stores. 3. Reduction in the number of sinecures in the law department. A number of "in- vestigators" are dropped from the payroll. Changes which the City Council has al- ready put into effect are the elimination of ten unnecessary police stations, the aboli- tion of extra holidaj'S, such as primary and election days, and the establishment of an eight-hour day for city hall employes. The proposal to centralize payroll divisions in Continued on page 55 Saving the Next Generation — New Zealand's Experience A LREADY statesmen are beginning to ■^ learn that if the nations of the world are to maintain their efficiency after the war, they must be less wasteful of child life than in the easy-going peace times be- fore 1914. The terrible decimation of man-power in the war must sooner or later arouse them to a consciousness of their de- pendence upon the next generation. Re- ports that Germany is sanctioning so-called "lateral marriages" as a means of encour- aging her birth rate are only an extreme illustration of the recognition of this de- pendence. Everywhere the necessity of protecting motherhood, of reducing the number of preventable deaths among chil- dren and of conserving the vitality of those who pass the critical period of infancy, is beginning to filter into the consciousness of nations. England feels this and has called from New Zealand, to institute in- fant welfare work there, the man who is chiefly responsible for making New Zea- land the safest place in the world for ba- bies. The experience of a country which can lay claim to such a record is worth learn- ing about. New Zealand's death rate for children under one year of age is fifty per thousand; Chicago's is from 100 to 106 per thousand. Even fifty babies are worth saving, and if this could be multiplied for every thousand babies born here in a year, Chicago would be well paid for instituting a real baby saving campaign. New Zealand's pre-eminence as a safe place for babies is the result of hard sus- tained effort — not of accident. The cam- paign of child-saving was under the direc- tion of Dr. F. Truby King, whom Eng- land is now drafting for a similar enter- prise. Dr. King is traveling to his new field by way of the United States, and the City Club was fortunately able to arrange for a meeting with him last Wednesday and to hear his story. Those who expected to learn from Dr. King of some new sleight-of-hand by which New Zealand turned the trick were disap- pointed. Education, universal education of motherhood, so far as that could be brought about by a vigorous and strongly supported Continued on page 56 G^Gty;GIubBuMn 53 FUEL ORDER MAY CLOSE PLANTS Deputy Fuel Administrator Says Priority Clause May Shut Down Industrials "TF the present fuel situation continues, somebody will have to do without coal," said Earl Dean Howard, Deputy Fuel Administrator for Illinois, in an ad- dress at the City Club, Friday, February 1st. "The saving in coal by the shut- downs of business ordered by the Fuel Ad- ministration has been offset by the lesser production and the transportation difficul- ties owing to adverse weather conditions. In January we lost nearly a week's pro- duction of the Illinois mines. To Distribute Burden "The orders of the Fuel Administration were made so as to distribute the sacrifice as equitably as possible. If the existing conditions had been allowed to continue somebody would have had to do without coal anyway, many plants would have had to close down and the domestic consumer — particularly the poor — would have suffered. We will get back to normal conditions as soon as the safety of the domestic consumer is assured. "Probably the most important feature of the fuel order, and the one least under- stood, is the priority section, by which the order of delivery is determined. It may be necessary to shut off the shipments to industrials until the more necessary de- mands of other consumers are filled." Why Coal is Short The coal shortage, Mr. Howard said, is due to a variety of causes, namely: 1. Inadequate transportation. Fuel can- not be stored at the mines; it must be loaded directly into cars. There has been a continuous wail from the coal producers that they couldn't get cars. Investigations seem to indicate that there have been enough cars, but that they were not moved fast enough. The railroads were in a tan- gle. If the routing of cars had been ra- tionalized, Mr. Howard said, it is prob- able that the fuel administration would have been unnecessary except as a regulator of prices. 2. Inadequate coal reserves. One rea- son for this was that dealers last summer were advised to wait until prices were fixed before placing their orders. So at the time when coal is ordinarily being stocked up, but little was moving. 3. Unusually large consumption, partly on account of the extreme weather condi- tions, and partly, in the case of industries, on account of the increased production due to the war. Diverted from Chicago 4. Diversion of coal from Chicago to other points. Chicago coal consumption has been adapted largely to the burning of smokeless coal, Pocahontas from the West Virginia mines and anthracite, also from Eastern fields. This involves a cross-haul, with incidental congestion and delay. The government is trying to eliminate this cross-haul. It is a question of whether this eastern coal should be retained in the east for supplying our shipping or sent west to Chicago. The former, of course, means a sacrifice on Chicago's part, for our furnaces have been adapted to other than Illinois coal, which is uneconomical and smoke producing. There has also been a diversion of coal from Illinois fields to other points — never before supplied. This has been done upon orders from Washington, so there is no help for it. Shipments of anthracite from the east have been seized by the govern- ment. Should Have Been Plan Much of the shortage. Prof. Howard contended, could have been avoided if at- tention had been paid to warnings and an adequate plan worked out for meeting the emergency. "This is one thing," Mr. Howard said, "that we must learn from our enemy — the importance of anticipating emergencies and planning for them." The local situation was made more acute, Mr. Howard said, by the lack of authority of the local officials of the fuel administra- tion. When the big storm came, it was evident that, if an effort were made to move the cars containing coal to the con- signees, it would be days, in the face of the bad weather conditions, before deliver- 54 G^^QtuGlubBulfetin ies could be made. Mr. Durham, the county administrator, according to Mr. Howard, did a courageous and revolution- ary act, and saved the situation. He de- cided, with the assurance of the coal deal- ers that they would back him up, to disre- gard the claims of the owners and pool the coal supply. He had no legal authority to do this, but the thing was done and on the next day the coal was moving on the streets. The Illinois fuel administration, Mr. Howard said, was in a very difficult posi- tion after the Garfield order owing to the necessity of interpreting the order — e. g., in cases where se\eral kinds of business were conducted in the same place — and the lack of any such authority. The adminis- tration assumed the authority but labored under the difficulty of having conflicting interpretations come from Washington, perhaps several days after a decision had been made. Mr. Howard made a plea for economy in the use of coal. "Ever}' man who has coal which he can't use before March," he said, "ought to be sent back to the dealer. It is pretty certain that before March there will be enough. If well-to-do people would recognize that the coal they get from dealers today is taken away from the poorer wards, there would be less clamor to have their orders filled." Contract System Is Obstacle The contract system of supplying coal, Mr. Howard asserted, is one of the chief difficulties in the way of a satisfactory han- dling of the situation. In times past, if there was shortage, the price would be raised and consumption would decline. Those who relied for deliveries upon the open market and couldn't afford the higher prices, or who did have the right connec- tions with the dealer — usually the less pros- perous customers — would not be able to get coal. It was seen that under present con- ditions such a system would not be satis- factory, and it was to meet the new situ- ation that the Fuel Administration was or- ganized. H. G. L. Increases Charity Burden Dr. J. R. Gerstley has received a com- mission as First Lieutenant in the Medical Reserve Corps. Francis W. Parker is in France in Y. M. C. A. work. C IXTEEN public and private relief and personal service agencies had a meeting at the City Club the other day to talk things over among themselves and to find out why it is so hard to keep swimming these days. Eugene T. Lies, general super- intendent of the United Charities, reported some very illuminating facts which he had uncovered by inquiries among these agen- cies. They had spent last year for mate- rial relief alone — this does not cover a great many other very important activities — $900,000. Nine-tenths of a million dollars is a big amount of money, but the interest- ing fact is that one-fourth of this, $225,- 000, is chargeable — not to increased activi- ties — but simply to the increased cost of necessities of life. Inability on the part of hundreds of fam- ilies to meet war prices on peace incomes, Mr. Lies said, is reported to be the cause of many applications for aid. The cost of relief supplies has mounted 25 per cent to 35 per cent within the year. No Able Bodied Adults "It is a striking fact," said Mr. Lies, "that practically no able bodied adult men are found in the poor families that are be- ing dealt with by the distinctly relief agen- cies, and this has been true for a year. The fit men are at work but there are plenty of unfit men in these poverty stricken homes." The relief organizations of the city want to carry out this j'ear a big offensive against poverty and its allied social ills. For this they need a larger army of workers and plenty of ammunition. Several agencies, if funds were available, would add more vis- iting housekeepers just now when food con- servation and proper food preparation are matters of special importance. A Menace to National Vigor "Behind the simple appeal for food and fuel," said Mr. Lies, "there are usually found conditions which menace the vigor of the nation. They are illness, unemploy- ment, accident, inefficiency, exploitation and injustice, personal delinquency, care- lessness, bad housing, intemperance, low wages, maladjustment to prevailing condi- Gfl^GtuGlubBuUettn 55 tions, child labor, misery, hopelessness, feeble-mindedness, old age, sheer misfor- tune, deaths of breadwinners. "To work out the oft times complicated problems, the enlightened agencies realize that they must give more than material re- lief. . . . They know they must get away from wholesale, stereotyped ways of deal- ing with the poor and apply individual cures, each to fit as accurately as possible the ascertained difficulty. Trained personal service among the poor is needed pre-emi- nently at this time of distraction and stress. "Furthermore, enlightened relief agen- cies of Chicago realize clearly enough that the cost of looking after the destitute is great, but they know also that any radical reduction in that cost can come only if the causes of poverty are attended to. They stand for prevention, but they also believe that while there is want and misery in our midst, there is called for an application of wise sj^mpathy, relief and personal service." The assignments of club members for duty on Soldiers and Sailors days, next Sat- urday and Sunday, are as follows: Saturday, February 16, Morris L. Gree- ley, V. M. Gaspar, Dr. Bayard Holmes, J. B. Freeman, J. B. Weart. Sunday, February 17, E. F. Hiller, James Melville Hart, H. J. Kaufman, Richard Pride, Julian Roe, N. T. Yeo- mans. SHALL WE CORK THE BOTTLE? What shall we do with old King Booze? Shall he go the way of the Romanoffs and the Hohenzollerns — not yet but soon — or will he be allowed to maintain a mild sort of sway under strict constitutional limit- ations? George Sikes and Oliver L. Stewart will go on the mat on this subject next Saturday at luncheon. Members who like a good boxing match will be there to see. Mr. Stewart is an old-time heavy weight champion for the drys. He wants to give King Alcohol the "knock-out absolute." George Sikes, as every- body around the City Club knows, is something of a fighter himself. He thinks there are things to be said on the other side. By mutual arrange- ment of the fighters, no brass knucks will be used. Members who want to increase the cheering for their side may bring their wives. Remember the date — next Satur- day at luncheon. Continued from page 52 the comptroller's office, endorsed by the Public Expenditures Committee of the City Club, was referred to the efficiency staff of the Finance Committee with in- structions to work out a plan. The Finance Committee has also ap- proved the policy of water metering fath- ered by the Chicago Bureau of Public Ef- ficiency, whose report on the subject was reviewed in the Bulletin several weeks ago, and has requested the City Engineer and the Bureau of Efficiency to prepare tenta- tive ordinances for putting such a system into effect. If the metering policy is finally adopted, the Bureau contends it will make unnecessary the construction of the pro- posed $3,500,000 William Hale Thompson pumping station and other such stations, cribs, tunnels, etc., for a long time to come. ROUMANIA ■r\R. H. GIDEON WELLES who ■^ speaks on "Roumania" at the "Club" day luncheon next Thurs- day, spent several months in that unfortunate war-stricken country as a member of the Red Cross Commis- sion. He was there on an errand similar to that of Dr. Frank Billings in Russia, whose interesting account of conditions there our members had the good fortune to hear several weeks ago. Dr. Welles is a distinguished scientist, professor of pathology and dean in medical work at the Uni- versity of Chicago and Director of Medical Research for the Sprague Memorial Institute. He has a large collection of slides to help his hearers visualize the con- ditions which he describes. 56 GlJfGtfuGIubBuUefin The City Club now serves better food for the benefit of its members. And it is impressing the members with the new or- der of things for the same reason. So you needn't be afraid to respond to these advertise- ments and come. You'll thank us for ur^in^ you. Luncheon 40c, 50c, 60c and a la Carte Dinner 75c, $1.00 in the Grill The club is open to ladies at five o'clock. On Sat- urdays the dining room is open to ladies for luncheon. Continued from page 52 campaign, backed in part by government money, has been responsible for her success. The education of mothers in New Zea- land, according to Dr. King, has not been confined to the poor. It is of even more national importance, he argued, that the self-reliant and better-off nine-tenths of the population should be properly educated in these matters than that submerged tenth should be taken care of — however im- portant from a humanitarian standpoint that may be. There must be a higher con- ception of maternity among those classes capable of spreading it throughout the community. The educational campaign in New Zea- MONEY MAGIC Have you given Chicago's financial difficulties up as too badly scrambled for any outsider to understand ? We hope not, for next Wednesday eve- ning the Woman's City Club is to have a meeting, to which we are all invited, at which six of the City Council's financial experts will en- deavor to unscramble this complex situation for the benefit of those present. If you enjoy seeing a magi- cian pick a white rabbit from a high hat, you will be interested in seeing the city fathers trying to produce several million dollars from — ap- parently — nowhere. And it is im- portant to you that the million dollars should be produced and that you should know whether it is to come from new taxes or from econo- mies which the city might make if it would. The speakers are Aldermen John A. Richert, chairman of the Finance Committee ; William F. Lipps, chair- man of the special joint committee of the City Council and the legislature which has been trying to solve the city's financial troubles; A. A. Mc- Cormick, John C. Kennedy, Oliver L. Watson and Otto Kerner. The meeting is to be at our club- house and we are invited. If we come to dinner, which is at 6:00 o'clock, we will get one of the chef's best dinners, for only a dollar. Please reserve. The sneaking is at 7 :00. land took the form of direct instruction, lectures, popularly written pamphlets on the care and feeding of children, newspaper publicity, e. g., a weekly column in the newspapers throughout the island, having a combined circulation of about a million. Ever\' agency in New Zealand was work- ing harmoniously toward the end of better- ing the conditions of life for the children. The methods which worked so success- fully in New Zealand ought to produce good results in the United States, Dr. King said, although there are special difficulties on account of the size of the countrj^ and the heterogeneous character of the popu- lation. New Zealand's experience ought to be well considered by the social agencies of the country. Volume XI piiblisbtdQ;t(l(lghj!tl)((Iij!(Pubi)(QI)icoja JT JounialofJlclive Giliicnshlj) MONDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1918 Number 7 i War-Stricken Roumania Is I "Club Day" Topic g We have heard very little of internal M conditions in Roumania since her disas- g trous entrance into the war. Occasion- m ally we hear of conflicts with the bol- g sheviki and of B possibilities of g a separate M peace with g Germany but m we have little g notion the g background of g conditions pre- g vailing there. I Dr. H. Gid- B eon Wells, B who speaks on g "Roumania" B at the "Club g Day" luncheon B next Thurs- B day, spent sev- B eral months in = that unfortu- B n a t e, w a r- g stricken coun- B try as a mem- 1 ber of the Red g Cross Com- B mission. He g was there on an errand similar to that B of Dr. Frank Billings in Russia, whose g interesting account of conditions there B our members had the good fortune to g hear several weeks ago. g Dr. Wells is a distinguished scientist, g professor of pathology and dean in med- g ical work at the University of Chicago. g He has a large collection of slides. THIS WEEK'S EVENTS Thursday, Feb. 21, at Luncheon — "Club Day" What I Saw in Roumania (illustrated) DR. H. GIDEON WELLS, University of Chicago, Member American Red Cross Mission to Russia. Saturday, Feb. 23, at Luncheon — Ladies' Day The Revolutionary Aims of the Jugo- slavs — and the Cause of the Allies. DR. H. HINKOVIC, Ex-member Croatian Parlia- ment and Member of the Jugo-Slav Committee of London. Luncheon from 11:30 Speaking at 1:00 Austrian Disruption Threat- g ened by Subjects | The President's "peace" offensive g makes doubly important just now the = possibility of a disintegration of Austria g through the breaking away of her sub- g j e c t peoples. B The chance of B a revolution g by the Jugo- B Slavic popula- g tion of Aus- J tria, composed B of Serbians, B Croatians and g S 1 ovenians, g looms large as = a possible fac- M tor of great B importance in M the outcome of B the war. g Dr. H. Hin- | kovic, former- g ly a member B of the Croa- g tian P a r 1 i a- g ment and of g the Servian B War Mission g to America g and now a g member of the Jugo-Slav Committee of g London, is to be a guest of the Club at g luncheon next Saturday and is to fore- g cast the probabilities of a revolt by the H Jugo-Slavic peoples. Dr. Hinkovic g helped to draw the new declaration of H Croatia for union with Serbia and Slo- g venia. B Don't miss this! Ladies' Day! g lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 58 l5flfGit«GlufaBulIenn ^tjeGttuGluhBuIletin JT Journal of Jlctive Qitiienship Published Wkekly By Tin; CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON, President EDGAR A. BANCROFT, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT 1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those inen who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the coynmunity in which we live. il'J= I The City Club "Liberty I Loaf" is a triumph of I baker's art. I So much superior is it to I the ordinary '^baker's I bread" that requests I have come to the House I Committee from mem- I hers to be allowed to I buy it for home use. I Members may purchase the Liberty Loaf" by ordering it from the cashier a day in advance. Prices according to size = << ISTENIMG These men have just joined the Club: Nathan C. Rockwood, Editor "Rock Products"; Charles E. Reed, As- sistant Secretary War Recreation Board, State Council of Defense; J. M. Simpson, Lamson Bros. (Brokers) ; D. H. Ells- worth, Chandler, Hildreth & Co. (Brok- ers) ; H. A. Stark, Secretary W. S. Bogle & Co. (Coal) ; James E. Greenebaum, Greenebaum Sons' Bank & Trust Co. ; J. W. Ryan, Accountant, Lyon & Gary Co. (Bankers) ; John Coenen, Chief Clerk and Superintendent, Chicago Great West- ern R. R. Co. We are very glad to wel- come these men into membership. Wedding bells rang on Saturdaj^ Februar}^ 9, for James Max Hart. He married Miss Gertrude Foreman. Captain Charles E. Merriam, of the Aviation Examining Board, is stationed at present at Camp Beauregard, Alexandria, La. Guy L. Jones has been promoted from First Lieutenant to Captain of Field Ar- tillery. He is commanding a motor com- pany of the 311th ammunition train. The Wartime Committee has inaugu- rated a series of Sunday evening parties at which some of the fundamental war prob- lems are being talked over. The subject assigned for yesterday evening's discussion was "How can the President's Political OfiFensive be made more Effective." Ernest L. Ballard left for France last week to take charge of the operation of a line of railroad between a port and a mil- itary base. He had just completed his vol- unteer service as attorney for the City Club's Milk Committee. Prior to his de- parture, President F. L Moulton, for the directors, wrote him a letter of apprecia- tion. "The chairman of our committee," Mr. Moulton said, "speaks in the highest terms of your skill and tireless devotion in this exacting piece of work and of its de- cisive influence in the case. I congratulate you upon the splendid undertaking upon which you are about to enter." {Continued on page 64) Z^t' of the Western Economic Society. Our members will remember his able paper before the Club several months ago on "Industrial Mobilization." John E. Ransom, Director Central Free Dispensary. Mr. Ransom is a member of the Health Insurance Commission recently appointed by Gov. Lowden. H. E. Shepherd, Rosenwald & Weil. J. A. Walker, Vice-President, Blue Val- ley Creamen' Company. We CONGRATULATE Washington upon its choice of Captain Charles E. Merriam to organize and take charge of the govern- ment propaganda bureau at Rome. The purpose of this bureau is to disseminate correct information about American war aims and war activities and offset the Ger- man propaganda, which aided the drive into Italy. Captain Merriam will sail shortly. "Joy rides for Jackies !" Do you want to give some soldiers or sailors a good time? Bring your car down to the City Club some Saturday or Sunday afternoon and give him a ride around the boulevards. They are probably from out of town and want to see our fair city. Even if they don't they are sure to like a spin in the fresh air. Allan J. Carter has been appointed chairman of the City Club Committee on Public Order. This is the committee that deals with all questions relating to crime, policing and the administration of criminal justice. Mr. Carter is associated with the law firm of Montgomery, Hart, Smith 5: Steere. As a member of the last General Assembly, he led the fight for such impor- tant legislation as the woman's eight hour bill and the bill to prohibit the sale of liquor in dance halls. GIjeOhiatubBuUetfn 75 ROUMANIANS TRAGEDY IS TOLD Membe7^ of Red Cross Commis- sion Tells Plight of Defeated Nation 'T^HERE are few countries in the world about which we know so little as Rou- mania. There was a brief moment during the great war when she flashed upon the center of the world's stage, but after the failure of the Russian support and the smashing drive by General Mackensen, she retired again into the shadow. Since then very little news has come to us concerning her condition. The story of her plight dur- ing the terrible months which followed her defeat by the German armies, was told at a meeting of the City Club February 21, l)y Prof. H. Gideon Wells of the Univer- sity of Chicago. Prof. Wells was a mem- ber of the American Red Cross Commission which spent several months in Roumania to learn the needs of her population and to arrange, if possible, ways of helping her. A Nation Uprooted "After Roumania's defeat," said Prof. Wells, "she was thrown back into the province of Moldavia. To a population of two and a half or three million in this ter- ritory, there were added about three quar- ters of a million of refugees, many of whom had traveled from twenty to thirty days, cold and hungr5f, about four hundred thousand Roumanian soldiers and a mil- lion Russian soldiers. The population thus was doubled, but fuel, food, clothing and housing and hospital accommodations were lacking. An epidemic of cholera appeared but through efficient vaccination was checked. "Then a new and worse disease appeared, typhus. Under the terrible conditions which prevailed, this disease (which is carried only by lice) spread rapidly. Peo- ple died in the streets. They wei'e picked up dead in the railway stations. The rail- road trains were full of people trying to escape and were sometimes so crowded that the dead were packed in with the living. Not less than a hundred thousand and probably two hundred thousand people died, which means that about a million, or one person in five of the population, had the disease. Not until several months had passed was it overcome. "There has been a great deal of starva- tion in Roumania. The people have lived principally on a corn diet. There have been many of the so-called 'deficiency diseases,' resulting not from a lack of food in quan- tity but from a lack of some of the essen- tial elements of a diet. "Clothing is lacking. Wealthy women are wearing their fine clothes on all occa- sions because they have no others left. 'When those are worn out the}' will have to Vv'ear the rags." America's Part What America should do and what she can do to help Roumania are two different things, according to Dr. Wells. Rouma- nia is isolated among her enemies. She can be reached only through Russia, and what we can do depends upon the clearing up of the Russian situation. The Roumanians, said Dr. Wells, are descendants of Roman colonists. They show a surprising similarity to the north Italian. They have been isolated among peoples of other races and have been tram- pled upon by all nations. Roumania has been invaded nine times by Russia alone. Belgium and Roumania have been the cock-pits of Europe. Why Roumania Went In "Roumania's entr\' into the war," accord- ing to Dr. Wells, "has often been ascribed to sordid reasons. She did go into the war partly for material reasons, but for very justifiable ones. The Roumanian kingdom does not correspond geographically with the Roumanian people. It has been the desire of Roumania to annex the oppressed Rou- manian populations outside her national boundaries. After tlie declaration of war, fifty to seventy-five thousand of these fled from Transylvania across the Carpathians into Roumania, bringing harrowing stories of persecution by the Magyars. It was the desire of Roumania to take in all of the Roumanian peoples. "Roumania could not escape the war. Both sides threatened her. Both Germany and Russia wanted her supplies, but there was no question as to which side she would join. She was betrayed by the crowd at 76 6ij^GttuGIubBuIlefin Petrograd. She was unable to defend her long frontier with her small army, the promised Russian assistance did not make good, the Allied offensive from Saloniki was too late and the terrible military dis- aster followed." "Even under the terrible conditions which prevailed," said Dr. Wells, "there was no talk of peace, and even now, with the Bolsheviki as well as the Germans against them, they are standing out against it. If they are forced to sign an unwilling peace, it should be torn up at the settlement in justice to a sorely tried ally." A NY plan for Chicago's development "^ will provide for liberal street traffic access to all parts of the city. Chicago is even now considering a proposal to cut a great arter>', costing several million dollars, from the west to the north side along Og- den Avenue extended. It is common sense, therefore, to keep for traffic purposes, the main thoroughfares which now exist. Chicago's development has followed her section and half-section line streets. It is a well-recognized principle in Chicago that such streets, wherever possible, must be kept for business and for traffic circulation. But every now and then a proposal is made which tends to block one of them up and divert it from its logical purpose. The latest of these is a proposal for the boule- varding of that part of Addison Street, a half-section line artery, between Kedzie and Cicero avenues. The boulevarding of this two mile section of an eight and a half mile street would mean the exclusion of street car lines and ordinary street traffic. This proposal is opposed on principle by the City Club Committees on Highways, Bridges and Garbage Disposal and on Pub- lic Utilities. Last week they sent a joint letter to the City Council Committee on Streets and Alleys, before which the pro- posal was pending. Addison Street, they urged, will, with the development of the district, naturally become necessary as a business thoroughfare. Eventually there will be a need for a street car line on it. "Addison Street," reads the letter, "is one of the natural arteries that will serve as a means of access to the Lake Front for the people living on the west side. This access cannot be truly effective without a through car line." The Committee on Streets and Alleys did not see the force of this argument and the ordinance was recommended to the Council for passage. Your Money for a Good Cause! "// is all the same to the Kaiser ixjhether an American soldier is put out of the running by a German bullet or by the evil influences in a •i.:ar camp city." 'T^HE campaign of the War Recreation Board of this state for a war chest of $400,000 for the entertainment of soldiers and sailors on leave from the camps is in full swing. Illinois is the last state of the Union to come across with its share. An appeal has come to the City Club for its support in this campaign. The activities to be supported from con- tributions to this fund are directly in line with the purpose of the City Club in open- ing its Club house to enlisted men. Our members who heard Allen D. Albert talk the other day, or those who read the ac- count of his address in the Bulletin, will realize how directly service of this sort con- tributes to the efficiency of the fighting forces. The Board has its offices at 120 W. Adams Street and will take checks of any kind or size. They should be made out to John J. Mitchell, Treasurer. The sky is the limit I ^t(MG)ib]^viknn 77 HOUSEWIVES MAY TAKE HEART! Hoover Rations Make Better Diet, Says Food Scientist T F American housewives thought they were exercising Spartan economy by ob- serving Mr. Hoover's rules, they were un- deceived by H. C. Sherman, Professor of Food Chemistry, Columbia University, who spoke last Thursday afternoon before the City Club. "In order to obtain sufficient meat, wheat, fats and sugar to send to our Allies," said Prof. Sherman, "it is necessary to re- duce our consumption of these articles about one-third. It is my contention that we can do this without detriment to our nutrition — even to its advantage. We have been extravagant in the use of these foods in the past. Too Much Meat "We have, for instance, been consum- ing meat in quantities which would be expected in a pioneer grazing country like Australia or Argentine where compar- atively little labor is required to produce it. Even if we reduce our meat consumption a third, we will be consuming twice as much as France and three times as much as Italy before the war. We consume twice as much sugar as France and more than twice as much as Russia, before the war. "Because we use more of these foods, we consume less of perishable foods, such as vegetables, fruits and milk, which are more 'fussy' to handle and transport ; if wx would eat more of these perishables, a better bal- anced diet would result — particularly for our children. Corn or Hogs? "The substitution of corn for wheat does not mean a sacrifice in nutritive value. Nine-tenths of our corn crop is fed to ani- mals which give back only from 3 to 30 per cent of its food value. We ought to consider carefully whether we should put corn through a process which sacrifices so much in nutritive value or should consume it directly. Even if we should decide to make bread half of corn and half of wheat, we should lose nothing essential. We would merely have to revise our ideas as to color, flavor and texture. "Meat and sugar are conspicuously one- sided foods. Sugar ser\'es as fuel but as nothing else. Meat serves as fuel and also supplies protein. Until the science of nu- trition was better understood, meat seemed to be an all-sufficient food, but now we know that it is lacking in mineral elements, particularly in lime. Milk is very rich in lime. By reducing meat and increasing milk consumption, therefore, we better our diet. Food Values in Milk "A larger percentage of the money spent by the ordinary family for food should go for milk. We consider a quart of milk roughly equal in nutritive value to a pound of steak and it costs much less, even at present high prices. An increase in milk prices is very unfortunate in any commu- nity, because it tends to decrease consump- tion. The unwillingness of consumers in New York to pay increased prices has had a bad reaction against milk production and is resulting in a reduction of dairy herds." Prof. Sherman said that we need have little fear that German food supplies would be materially increased this year by a Rus- sian peace. There are no great stores of grain in Russia at the present time, he said. If Germany has a chance to extend her railroads, however, and exploit the coun- try, she can increase her food supplies very considerably in later years. Dr. J. R. Gerstley has been called to Camp Custer to act as assistant to the Ma- jor in charge of medical work there. He has been commissioned as a Lieutenant. Captain James A, Britton has been made division tuberculosis specialist at Camp Wheeler, Macon, Georgia. Another of our doctors. Major L. W. Bremerman, is Director of Field Hospitals at Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Mich. Dr. F. the army, jorship. R. Green is an ex-captain in He has been promoted to a ma- The literature which is put upon the counter under the Club Bulletin Board is for your consumption. Help yourself! 78 GijeOituGlubBuMin Smash German Plans or Fight Later, Warns Dr. Scares "\XrE can have peace with Germany to- ^^ day, we can have it on very satis- factory terms — and Germany will be free to get ready for the next great war," said Prof. Theodore G. Soares of the Univer- sity of Chicago in an address at the City Club last Wednesday. Dr. Soares sketched the outlines of a vast German conspiracy for world control, beginning with the crushing of Russia and PVance and the ce- menting of a grand alliance among her present allies, followed by a crushing defeat of the British Empire and culminating in a conquest of the Western hemisphere. "Ger- many has completed the first stage of her world conquest," he asserted, "and desires a peace through which she may recoup her losses and with the vast resources of the Central Alliance at her command, build a navy such as the world has never seen. She will then be ready to fight the next war. The British Empire is the second line of trenches, and we are the third." "The German conspiracy," said Dr. Soares, "rests on an idea which has been growing in Germany for twenty-five years — the idea that world supremacy rests with the Germans. There is only one way to destroy that idea and that is to crush the foundation on which it rests. Germany must be shown that the nation which draws the sword for the purpose of burglarizing its neighbors is doomed." "The Double Cross." "How did Germany propose to cement the Great Pan-American Alliance? Not by conquest," said Dr. Soares. "She was more astute than that. She saw that by uniting them in a war, as the German States were united in the Franco-Prussian war, and by keeping the kings and princes on the throne, she could keep her allies permanently un- der the financial, industrial and military domination of Berlin." "The first stage of the German con- spiracy has been completed. If you leave Germany nothing but her allies, she has won. What are these people, now under her domination, to us — the Czechs, the Jugo-Slavs, the Armenians, Syrians, Arabs, Palestinian Jews and so on ? These peoples are the barrier to German supremacy. When they are freed we can build the ram- parts of our own civilization." "When the Germans get together in their own territory," concluded Dr. Soares, "free their subject peoples and learn to be neighbors we will give them the hand of fellowship. But we must keep our eyes on the next war — zve must fight the next ivnr flow!" The Mail Pouch IVaiits More Friendliness To THE Editor: The little notes I have been seeing lately in the Bulletin about in- troducing one's self to one's neighbor and speaking to the other men at the table seems to me to have great possibilities. Since joining the City Club about three years ago, I have received a lot of benefit from it, and while I do not belong to many clubs, and do not care to, I think this is the last one I would part with. But the one defect that has always been sticking out is the lack of sociability in the dining room. At the Association of Com- merce luncheons, no one ever thinks of starting the meal without introducing him- self to his neighbor. One day last week, when our Russian friends talked, I spoke to the man at my right and he said it was the first time that anyone had ever ad- dressed him in his year and one-half mem- bership. I confessed to him that he had nothing on me, for in my three years' membership it was I who had always taken the initiative. I believe your notes are all aimed in the right direction and I sincerely hope that the propaganda you have started will be carried through to a great improvement along these lines. E. E. H. The assignment of Club members for duty at Soldiers' and Sailors' "open house" this week-end are as follows: Saturday, March 9, J. P. Petrie, Julian Roe, V. M. Gaspar, H. C. Edmonds, W. S. Reynolds. Sunday, March lo, W. S. Monroe, A. S. Fielding, Spencer Gordon. L. J. Kempf, Jens Jensen, A. E. Taylor. At the Bulletin Board in the lobby, there is a box for items for the "Listen- ing Post." Give us an item now and then, even if it has to be about yourself. GtJcGttuGIubBuIfefin 79 Hit Germany Through Austria! Revolutionary Spirit of Subject Peoples Makes Her Weak Spot in Alliafice "The Allies have hitherto underesti- mated the importance of the Balkan front," said Dr. H. Hinkovic, member of the Jugo- Slavic Committee of London, at a City- Club meeting, Saturday, February 16. "Austria is Germany's weakest spot. A vas- sal state herself, her population is com- posed in part of subject nations, who are rebellious against the system which is ex- ploiting them. You would be welcomed by them as a liberator and would have their support." A Revolutionary Leader Dr. Hinkovic is a Croatian, formerly a member of the Croatian parliament and a delegate to the Hungarian parliament. From his early youth he has been a revo- lutionary leader among the Jugo ( South )- Slavic peoples. In 1908 he defended fifty- two of his countrymen indicted for treason as a result of the outbreaks which took place following the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria. He was one of three representatives of the Croatian people at the conference last summer at Corfu which drew up the plan of union for the South Slavic peoples, the Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians — a plan is now officially recognized by the Serbian govern- ment. "The South Slavic peoples," said Dr. Hinkovic, "have been the bridge over which in times past the invasions from Asia have passed. Now there is a reverse invasion from Germany and, stationed as we are in southeastern Austria, Serbia and Montenegro, we are again in the path of the invader. A War for Extermination "The war was in its beginning a war against the South Slavic peoples. It was a war for our extermination. Our young men have been forced to fight in a fratri- cidal war — or worse, a war against them- selves. We have lost twenty per cent of our population in the war and unspeakable atrocities have been committed against us. "A revolution against Austria is not easy to start under present war conditions. All our young men have been enlisted and only in the old people, women and children are left. In spite of this there have been many courageous acts by those who remained at home and many have had to escape from the country or be put in prison. During the war, thousands of our boys in the army deserted to the allies. Should America Sign Peace "There is talk of a separate peace with Austria. Austria will make a separate peace only on the basis of her territorial integrity and this would perpetuate the rule of the Germans and the Magy^ars over our people. You cannot have a permanent peace that way. America ought to speak directly to our people, to encourage the revolutionary spirit among them, not to deal with Count Czernin, who represents only the dynasty and the ruling races — a feudal empire which treats its people like cattle. When your great president, who proclaimed the principle upon which we base our hopes of independence — the right of self-determination of nations — says to us: "We have followed your struggles; we understand your dream of liberation ; we will support you," it will bring the greatest moral support to the cause of the Allies and I believe will mean the shorten- ing of the war. "Our aims are also yours. We are all — small and great — fighting for the liberation of the world. We are your allies and I implore you not to underestimate our co- operation," Our former member, Allen Burns, was in the city last week and paid us a visit. Albert O. Anderson, one of our mem- bers in the 33rd ward, upset the plans of Fred Lundin's organization at the Repub- lican primaries last Tuesday. He surprised Lundin by racing in several hundred votes ahead of the City Hall candidate. Two members of the City Club are pit- ted against each other in the 3rd ward al- dermanic fight — Ulysses S. Schwartz, the present alderman, on the Democratic ticket, and Felix A. Norden, Republican. 80 Gtl^GttuGlubBuIlettn In the Mirror Wl E Ikuc been "written up" in the Daily Nnvs. A writer from that paper vis- ited our Club house recently in company with an artist, gave it the "once over," liked it and \\rote a special article whicli appeared last Wednesday. "In the midst of the 'bustle and din' of the busy down town," he said, "one comes unexpectcdh- on Plymouth court. Nestled in between State and Dearborn streets, run- ning south from Jackson boulevard, it of- fers an oasis of peace and quiet in the tur- moil of motor horns and street car bells." He found the exterior of the building "most attractive." "The quiet location," he said, "makes the site a distinctly desir- able one for a club wherein conferences and public speaking play such important part." Within the building, he found the Lounge particularly interesting. "Great dignity," he said, "is to be found in this room, but dignity in no way opposed to comfort. The huge fire-place with comfortable davenports grouped around it makes an attractive cen- ter of interest. Less intimate, less gracious than the Lounge, the dining room has all the charm of the former coupled with the necessary formality of a dining room." "An interesting experience it was for me — to visit this club," he concluded after describing the Club in detail. "It is so peaceful, so restful, so cheerful. My note book was bulging with notes when I left. I stepped out into the rain again. The bustle of the city greeted me as I turned up Jackson boulevard. It was hard indeed to adjust myself to State street after quaint Plymouth court! And I was sorry that the adjustment had to be made." The article is accompanied by an inter- esting pen sketch of the Lounge by Harry A. Hueser. /^NE evening last week a ^^ young man from Win- netka dined at the City Club with his family. They had: CREAM OF TOMATOES RIPE OLIVES MIXED PICKLES ROAST TENDERLOIN OF BEEF WITH MUSHROOMS AU GRATIN POTATOES HEAD LETTUCE CITY CLUB DRESSING CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM HOME MADE COOKIES COFFEE Price per plate 75 c. No tips — good service. — And since then he's been a kind of w^alking advertise- ment for the place. Won't you join our "adver- tising club"? H. M. Darling has been commissioned as Captain in the Signal Service Corps. He is connected with the Air Craft Board at Washington. Mr. Darling has been very active for the City Club in promoting short ballot reform. Many members say the next best thing to attending a Club luncheon is reading the reports in the Bulletin — but you can't thus get the personality of the speaker. "Germany lost the war in her ord- nance department," said S. S. McClure at the City Club recently. She lost the battle of the Marne, he said, through the failure of her ammunition supply. Will Chicago, the relief agencies of the city are asking, fail to hold her "home lines" against pov- erty, disease and crime by a failure in her ammunition and equipment. These agen- cies stand equipped with a splendidly trained army of workers, but they insist that they must have supplies, and more and more supplies, if the battle is to be won. "This is a time of sacrifice but not the sac- rifice of the helpless," said Governor Low- den. That is why the "Hold the Home Lines" campaign, under the direction of the Central Council of Social Agencies, a superior war council for the allied public welfare agencies, has been launched. Volume XI Gfti^QituGtabBiiMm publisljed QJf ^it] h]i th? Qtjj Qtub of (Pjira^O JT Journal ofJlcttve Gitiienship MONDAY, MARCH 11, 1918 Number 10 iaiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiinuiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiuiiuiiiiiiiniiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiininiiiiuiiKniiiiuimiiiuniuimiiinMniinin I "TALK DAYS" THIS WEEK | iiiiiiirmi iimiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiimiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiriiiiiiniiiiiiMiiiiiiiiniiirmiiiiiiiii iiiriiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiMiiriiiiriiiimmmiiiMiiHMimiimuniirmriimniiinirniiiiitMrmnnMriiqimniji^ 1 I Wednesday, March 13 | Friday, March 15 | S. K. Ratcliffe | Maj. S. M. J. Auld of London Chemical Adviser British MiHtary Mission Subject: **Men and Events in England " Subject: "Chemistry in War'' i :ii:iinniiiniiinnniiiiniiiiiiiinniniiinii:iii:ni;nniiiiitiiinii!iiimitmiintiiiiiiuainumiiiuuDinmiiHiiiiiiiiiiuuuiuniuiniii!iiuiiininiiunuiiiniuiuiuiiiunD Luncheon from 11:30 Speaking at LOO .HiiinnMniiiniiniMiiiunniiiiiuiimnnimiiiiiiiiuiiiiniiiiiinuiniuiiiiiiiiiiuuiniiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiininciiiiiuiniiMiuiiiiiiniiinniiiiiiiiu^^^ British Military Adviser to Be Club Guest The age of chemistry is upon us. Al- ready it is fighting our battles on the west front. Behind the lines, the leaders of chemical science in even' country are at work on problems of the great war. The nation which can invent the most power- ful explosive or the most deadly gas will possess a marked superiority in the battle line. "Chemistry in War" is. therefore, a fas- cinating subject in itself- The City Club is ver\- fortunate in being able to hear it discussed by Major S. M. J. Auld, who has come to this countr>' with the British Military Mission, as Chemical Adviser. Major Auld will be our guest ne.xt Friday at luncheon. Major Auld is a leader in chemical sci- ence in England. He is professor of agri- cultural chemistry at University College, Reading, and is the author of several im- portant scientific works. S. K. Ratcliffe of London, who was scheduled to address the Club last Thurs- day on political events in England, very kindly allowed us to change the date to Wednesday of this week, in order that the Club might hear Dr. Simon Flexner. Mr. Ratclifle, as we said in last week's Bulle- tin, is a keen observer of political and social movements. Members should hear his interpretation of the great political upheaval which is going on in England. 82 Gll^QtuGIubBuUefln JI Journal of Jlctive GitUeti^hip The purpose of the Club is to brinp together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the eomtnunity in which me live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officeks of the Club FRANK I. MOULTON, President EDGAR A. BANCROFT, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. STENING ^'" POST These men joined the Club last week: H. P. Albaugh, General Agent, Square Turn Tractor Companj^ Allen D. Albert. Mr. Albert is pro- moting the work of the War Recreation Service. He addressed the City Club re- cently on this subject. He was formerly president of the International Association of Rotary Clubs. J. A. Beidler, Ludowici-Celadon Com- pany (credits). Arthur B. Jones, Treasurer, C. & N. W. Railway Company. J. Edward Kearns, Manager Lighting Department, General Electric Company. Simon A. Kohn, Secretary-Treasurer Lu- kone Tailoring Company. Nahum Miller, Lawyer, Winston, Payne, Strawn & Shaw. Arthur P. Stanley, Local Manager Kohrs Packing Company of Davenport, Iowa. These members are on sentry duty at the Club House for the soldiers' and sailors' entertainment this week-end : Saturday, March 16. — N. T. Yeomans, J. D. Clancy, R. M. Cunningham, G. O. Fairweather, P. J. Templeton. Sunday, March 17.— J. J. Forstall, V. S. Yarros, C. P. Parker, T. N. Bishop, G. L. Weaver, W. J. McDonough. Dr. John Favill, First Lieutenant in the Medical Reserve Corps, has been or- dered to leave immediately for active serv- ice at Camp Lee, Petersburg, Va. He will be on temporary duty until Base Hos- pital Unit No. 14, of which he is a mem- ber, is mobilized. Two HUNDRED neighbors of Captain Charles E. Merriam gathered at the Hayes Hotel last Wednesday evening at dinner to bid him farewell. He left Friday morn- ing for the East and will sail shortly for Rome where, as stated in the Bulletin last week, he is to be in charge of the Ameri- can Propaganda Bureau. His task there will be to interpret to the Italian people America's war aims and the contribution which America expects to make to the Allied cause. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertain- ment Committee last week distributed cop- ies of a new poster advertising the City Club's "open house" for Soldiers and Sail- ors on Saturday and Sunday. These post- ers are being sent to the Great Lakes Sta- tion, Fort Sheridan, the Municipal Pier, and other points in and near the city where soldiers and sailors are quartered or which they frequent. They are also being placed in State Street and Madison Street stores. The poster was designed and manufac- tured without cost to the City Club, as a war contribution. The drawing was made by Claude K. Brown, who is a member of the Club, the plates were made by the Fed- eral Engraving Company and stock and printing furnished by D. F. Keller & Co. J. R. Ozanne, a member of the committee, prepared the copy and secured the co-oper- ation of the donors. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Committee takes this opportunity of expressing its appreci- ation and thanks. If any Club member happens to think of a place where the posters can be displayed to good advantage and will undertake to place them, he can get copies on applica- tion at the office. GlieGttgGIubBuUetm 83 A Woman at the War Front Mrs. St. Clair Stobart Tells Ex- periences in Great Serbian Retreat 'Tp HE burden of war, it has often been •^ said, falls upon women with even more crushing weight than upon men. Out of the mass of suffering inflicted upon women in this war and out of the personal sac- rifices demanded of them, there have arisen many instances of individual heroism and devotion which history will never forget. The name of Edith Cavell will be remem- bered as long as the war itself. It was the good fortune of the .City Club to have as its guest last Tuesday one of the women heroes of the war, Mrs. St. Clair Stobart, of England. Her story has already been briefly told in the City Club Bulletin, Those of our members who failed to hear Mrs. Stobart's story from her own lips should read it in her book, "The Flaming Sword in Serbia," published in 1916. A Pacifist at War Mrs. Stobart admitted to her audience that she is a pacifist, that she believes that it is particularly woman's task to put an end to militarism and war, but that if women are to do this they must know war as it is and not at second-hand. It was with this belief that she organized the Woman's Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps which served with the Bulgarian Army in Thrace in 1912-13, the first unit composed entirely of women which had served in any war. Mrs. Stobart was first awakened, she said, to the real nature of Germany's mili- tary mania after the declaration of war and following a trip to Brussels to arrange for her hospital unit. The city was taken by the Germans, and in endeavoring to leave Belgium she was arrested as a spy, marched through the streets guarded by a squad of German soldiers, and taken before a German officer. In a snarling, insulting tone, he refused even to examine her pa- pers showing that she was an accredited representative of the Red Cross, and said, "You are an Englishwoman and whether you are right or wrong, this is a war of annihilation." Mrs. Stobart was con- demned to death and narrowly escaped the fate of Edith Cavell. She was finally re- leased and soon thereafter brought her woman's hospital unit to Antwerp. This unit served during the heaviest bombard- ment of the city and escaped to Holland just before the bridge was destroyed. A Dying Nation It was in Serbia, however, that the most remarkable chapter in Mrs. Stobart's his- tory was enacted. After a few months' service in France, she went to Serbia in command of a woman's unit, to care for typhus victims. In the region where this unit was established, there was not one doctor to help check the spread of infec- tious disease among the civilian population. In two weeks, no less than 32,000 people passed through the hands of the unit. A graveyard near headquarters contained the bodies of four thousand victims of typhus alone. Then came the great Austro-German and Bulgarian drive and Mrs. Stobart was asked to go to the front in command of a flying field hospital unit, with the rank of Major. "Mrs. Stobart," says a recent ar- ticle, in the Contemporary Review, "was probably the first woman to be made re- sponsible with executive rank for the con- duct, movements and discipline of a body of soldiers engaged in operations of the field and on the march." Mrs. Stobart's unit was composed of twelve English women doctors and nurses, six chauffeurs and over sixty Serbian soldiers, orderlies and trans- port drivers. The Flight of Serbia The three-months' retreat of the de- feated Serbian army, fighting a constant rear-guard action, was a sombre chapter in Serbian history. Mrs. Stobart's unit worked night and day to an accompaniment of groans from the wounded and the sound of the German guns. "The retreat," said Mrs. Stobart, "was not the retreat of an army, it was the retreat of a nation. Old men, women and children swelled the pro- cession and added to the difficulties of the march. As we approached the mountains, 84 Gll^QtuGIufaBulletm the roads became constantly worse. We had to saw our wagons in two and finally abandon them and travel on foot. In the mountains we had to make our way through snow and ice, over boulders, through mud holes and across rivers — with the sound of the German guns always in our ears. As the physical difliculties increased, the food began to give out. We passed thousands of men dead and dying by the roadside but we could not stay to help them. It will prob- ably never be known how many thousands died from hunger, cold and fatigue in this march." The unit under Mrs. Stobart's command was constantly on the march, car- ing for the sick and wounded, breaking camp at a moment's notice to escape the oncoming armies of the enemy. The Germans, Austrians and Bulgarians committed terrible atrocities against the Serbs, Mrs. Stobart charged. Women and children were driven into buildings and the buildings burned. Prisoners were shot and buried, some of them still living. "Of Serbia's four million people," said Mrs. Stobart, "about a million and a half remain." "It is possible that Serbia may exist," according to a Bulgarian newspaper, which she quoted, "but there will be no more Serbs." of the Boofe i "Widows' Pension Legislation." Munici- pal Research, No. 85. Issued by the Bureau of Municipal Research and Train- ing School for Public Service, New York, 125 pages. Twenty-eight states have "mother's pen- sion" legislation. Among them is Illinois. Under the Illinois law, which has been on the books since 1911, Cook County is pro- viding regularly for about 800 families and about 500 more are on the waiting list. The monthly payroll for "mother's pen- sions" is about $22,000. The New York Bureau of Municipal Research has made a survey of the opera- tion of mother's pension laws in the various states and of the manner in which prob- lems arising under them have been met. Its findings are published in this report. Summarizing the results of the law in New York the Bureau says: "It has not been very successful in bringing about the trans- fer of children from institutions which it was hoped it would facilitate. It has, how- ever, awakened widespread interest both on the part of the people and of public authorities in the problems of the dependent child and in the standards of normal home treatment." For those who are not familiar with the principle underlying mother's or widow's pensions, the following statement from the report will be illuminating: "Neither the endowment of motherhood, nor indemnity for widowhood, nor the relief of need, im- portant as is the role played by all of these motives, explains adequately the public pur- pose sought in all of this highly experi- mental legislation. It is rather the conser- vation of childhood as a public asset, and the discovery of a new method of commit- ting dependent children whereby they are given home care under the guidance of a real mother, that must be regarded as the supreme motive which explains the legislative purpose of widows' pensions and should guide the administration in their execution and the legislator in the further amendment and perfection of the present tentative statutes." The two City Club committees which are opposing the proposed boulevarding of Addison Street, sent a joint letter to the City Council last week renewing their ob- jections. Readers of last week's Bulletin will remember that the boulevarding was opposed on the ground that it is unwise to block up our section and half-section line streets from street car and ordinaiy street traffic. The committees, in their letter to the Council, say further: "If the portion of Addison Street in question is designated a boulevard, it will not form a link of any use or importance in the boulevard system of Chicago, nor is it apt to do so through any future extension of the system. In- stead it will be a restricted traffic pleasure- way leading from one business street, namely, Kedzie Avenue, to Cicero Ave- nue, which is also a business thoroughfare." The letter is signed by F. G. Heuchling, Chairman Committee on Highways, Bridges and Waste Disposal, and Clifton R. Bech- tel. Secretary Committee on Public Utili- ties. GtjeGttgGlubBuUetin 85 A Broadside by the Woman's City Club 'Tp HE Civil Service Committee of the ■*• Woman's City Club is on the war- path. It claims to have found conditions at the Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium which are against the interest of the public and a detriment to the proper care of the patients at that institution. On Novem- ber 1, 1917, the Committee reports, the payroll of the Sanitarium showed 310 tem- porary appointees out of approximately 550 employees. "What does this mean?" asks the Com- mittee. "It means that the safeguard of Civil Service voluntarily established by Dr. T. B. Sachs has been effectually broken down. It means that jobs are given for a period of 60 days. While business or- ganizations are devising ways to reduce the 'labor turn over' the Municipal Tubercu- losis Sanitarium has devised a way to in- crease the 'turn over' and that in the deli- cate and intricate business of caring for the sick. . ." "Abuses exist under the temporary em- ployee system," the Committee charges. "The pay rolls of the Department of Health show af/ibulance surgeons who hold no license to practice and who are not gradu- ate physicians. The pay rolls show in- ternes in the Contagious Disease Hospital who at the time of employment were stu- dents in a medical college, were not grad- uates, and were not licensed to practice." The Committee cites a number of such cases, with specifications, and then con- cludes: "These instances were discovered in a very cursory review of the Department of Health pay rolls. What might be dis- covered among the 310 temporary em- ployees of the Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium is a matter of conjecture. Are the men and women listed there as such all accredited physicians? Are the nurses all graduate nurses? Have we in that depart- ment men giving medical advice who are not equipped to do so, and nurses entering homes dressed as nurses but in reality lay people masquerading as nurses?" The Committee has laid out a very in- teresting and profitable line of investiga- tion. The public certainly ought to have answers to all those questions. We hope that further investigations by the Commit- tee will furnish them. The State Constitution Committee of the Club is getting ready for its big spring and summer drive. "The present committee will be reconstructed and much enlarged," said Andrew R. Sheriff, its chairman, in a letter addressed to a num- ber of members of the Club last week. It is necessary that it be a strong working force of men able in campaign management, and familiar with the subject of state con- stitutions. "By action of the last legislature," he continued, "the electorate of the State will be required at the next November election, to decide whether a constitutional conven- tion shall be called. The future welfare of the State urgently demands a revising of the constitution ; but the great task, in the first instance, will be to make this clear to the voters, and move them to call a con- vention. The campaign for this purpose throughout the State will be controlled by a state-wide organization created specially for this campaign ; in Chicago the City Club provides a most competent agency, through its above-named committee, to do the work, in this locality, in connection with the general organization." No committee of the Club has more important work ahead of it than the Com- mittee on State Constitution. Raymond Robins is still in the cyclone center of Russia. This dispatch from Petrograd is printed in the Chicago papers of March 6: "Raymond Robins, head of the American permanent Red Cross mis- sion to Russia, with a contingent of Red Cross workers, and Roger C. Tredwell, the American consul, returned to Petro- grad last night. They express the deter- mination to remain on Russian soil as long as possible." Graham R. Taylor, another member of the City Club, is also in Russia, 86 GfJ^QtuGlufaBuUeftn A Jolt for Lawyers ■p ESPECTED and conservative mem- bers of the bar have long argued for a simplification of legal procedure. But for Prof. John R. Roos, of the University of Michigan, who writes in the March issue of the Illinois Law Review, half-measures are too mild. "Throw pleadings and procedure to the winds," he urges. "They never as- sisted in arriving at practical justice and have been the tools and instruments of technicality, delay and defense against just claims since the days of King Edward I." Prof. Roos bases his contention in part upon a study of cases in one of the Circuit Courts in Michigan. He endeavors to show how justice is defeated for the mass by the costliness of the procedure. He estimates that the average expense to tax- payers and to parties in litigation for a day in court is $943.16 — "in most cases more than the difference between the par- ties." The causes of the expense, he list^ as follows: "1. The number of persons required to make a decision, and that they must as- semble at one time and place and wait each other's turn. These persons are judge, reporter, clerk, sheriff, jury, attorneys, par- ties, and witnesses. "2. The right of parties to be heard in person or by attorney at each step, to produce, examine, and cross-examine wit- nesses, and accumulate evidence without limit so long as it has any relation to the controversy. "3. The number of steps and processes required to reach a decision : Complaint, plea, demurrer, hearings, repleadings, ap- peals, and new trials." If all this complicated machinery is to be eliminated, how is public justice to be conducted? "Take from the parties," says Prof. Roos, "the right to be heard in per- son or by attorney or to have anything to say as to how the trial shall be conducted, what or how many witnesses shall be ex- amined, or what or how many questions shall be asked. This will strip the case of unessentials and expedite the conclusion. Instead of an army solemnly assembled at one place at an expense greater than the amount in controversy, let two persons, the referee and jury, go about visiting the wit- nesses to ascertain the facts and law and report them to the court, and the admin- istration of justice will take on new life. People will take their differences to the court for settlement. Do these things, and public justice will be cheap and fair to rich and poor alike." The lawyer who reads this article will feel as if he had been spending a few pleasant minutes in an electric chair. How- ever, the human race likes to be shocked and lawyers are no exception. Clje £pail iBoucl) One evening recently the manager of the Club was startled by the unexpected arrival for dinner of seventy-five members of the American Chemical Society. Through a misunderstanding he had not been notified in advance. By the time the guests were ready to sit down, however, the food and the waiters were on hand. This prompt service received recognition from the society last week in the follow- ing letter: Gentlemen: Am writing this letter to con- vey to the City Club the appreciation of the Chicago Section of the American Chemical So- ciety for the very prompt and efficient manner in which the Club handled the last meeting of the Chicago Section, of which, through some misunderstanding, the Club had not been noti- fied in advance. The members of the Section expressed to me, many times during the evening, their very great appreciation of the action of the Club and the very satisfactory manner in which the Club had met the situation. Yours respectfully, (Signed) L. M. Tolman, Chairman, Chicago Section, American Chemical Society. Last week we printed a letter from one of our members urging more sociability in the dining room. The Bulletin wel- comes such letters from the members of the Club. It is glad to have your ideas in letter form on any subject which you think ought to be put before the members. Letters should preferably be no more than 150 words long. We will not print anonymous contribu- tions, but we will keep the writer's name a dark secret if he so desires. We also re- serve the right to censor any matter which appears to be libelous, scurrilous or other- wise likely to get the editor into trouble. GfJ^WGlubBuUeKn 87 SCIENCE CONQUERING ARMY DISEASES Makes Big Contribution to Efficiency of Fight- ing Forces, Says Head of Rockefeller Institute "Y^r xA-RS ha\e in the past always been " " associated with plagues of disease. Medical science in this war, however, is mitigating many of the diseases which have played havoc with armies in the past, according to Dr. Simon Flexner, Director of Rockefeller Institute, who addressed the City Club at luncheon last Thursday. Sev- eral new diseases have arisen on the fight- ing fronts, the result of the peculiar con- ditions of trench warfare, but these, also, are being brought under control. Fighting the Unseen Enemy "In spite of the enormous size of our modern armies," said Dr. Flexner, "the percentage of cases of disease to those of wounds has been reduced to a minimum. This result is due to a better understand- ing of the causes of disease. Efforts are being made to reduce this ratio further and so prevent the throwing out of service of men who are at the front." Dr. Flexner is one of America's most eminent men in medical research. As head of the laboratories of the Rockefeller In- stitute since 1903, he has explored the fron- tiers of medical science and has added much to our knowledge of diseases and their cure. His visit to Chicago at this time was for an inspection of conditions at the Great Lakes Naval Training Sta- tion. Routing Disease from Army Typhoid in the army, said Dr. Flex- ner, discussing the contributions of medi- cine to the war, has been much reduced by vaccination. Dysentery and cholera, while not so successfully met as typhoid, have been also much lessened in amount by the chlorination of water supplies. The conditions which favor the spread of menin- gitis in an army are well understood but are hard to control because they involve such common habits among the men as spitting, sneezing and coughing. Pneu- monia has now been resolved into several different diseases, each caused by a different organism, and medical laboratories here and abroad are working upon methods of pro- ducing a neutralizing serum for each type. Pneumonia is very prevalent in armies and this problem, according to Dr. Flexner, is one of the most serious of the war. New Forms of Disease But the conditions of trench warfare have introduced new forms of disease. A new form of jaundice among the men in the trenches puzzled medical scientists for a long time. The puzzle was solved through a Japanese scientist, who discov- ered the organism responsible for a similar infection local to Japan. The results were given to Dr. Flexner, then in Japan, and recognizing in this disease a similarity to the jaundice which had developed in the trenches, he forwarded the information to the French and English war offices. Within a month the same organism was traced down in the laboratories of these coun- tries. In a similar manner the rat was discovered to be the carrier of this organ- ism and the method of treatment is now approaching a successful solution. Gas Gangrene Gas gangrene is another disease devel- oped by the war. Thousands of men have died from it. It is a wound infection. The tissues around the wound die — it is, in fact, a form of local death. This infec- tion, it has been discovered, is caused by a micro-organism which is found in the dejecta of domestic animals. The fields of France and Belgium have been under intensive cultivation in a long time and when earth gets into the wounds the con- ditions are favorable for "gas gangrene." The Rockefeller Foundation has developed an anti-toxin for it, which has proved suc- cessful on animals, and Dr. Bull of that institution is now in France preparing for its use by the fighting men. This anti- toxin may be administered to a wounded man in the same way and at the same time as tetanus anti-toxin. It is expected that many lives will be saved through its use. Keeping Things Dark "It is an interesting ethical question," said Dr. Flexner, "whether new medical discoveries should be kept a secret from our 88 GfjtOifeGlubBuIIetin yES SIR, I had the best piece of pie today at the City Club-t^at I've had in many a moon.' — and this man knows good pie when he sees it, too — The new pastry cook is certainly "there." And if you haven't tried him out you're missing some- thing good every day. Also, our own fresh home made war breads daily — Why not the City Club for luncheon today? And bring another fellow who likes good things to eat enemies. It has been our idea that medi- cine is in essence a humanitarian science. Up to the present there has been no secrecy on our part. I wish that as much could be said for our enemy. In the early part of the war, no German medical publica- tion was allowed to pass outside the boun- daries of the countn'. This was modified because of protests from the journals, who feared perhaps that their pre-eminence in medical science would be lost if they were cut off from the world, German med- ical publications may now circulate outside Germany but they are subject to strict censorship." Is THE City Healthy? Dr. Flexner disputed the common belief that men who joined the army from the country are in better condition physically than those from the city. "The city man is, on the whole," he said, "much less sub- ject to common diseases. For instance, there is much less measles and — as measles predispose to pneumonia — less pneumonia among city men. The same is true of mumps and meningitis. Where men have been accustomed to associate in large num- bers there is apparently less predisposition to these diseases and they are less severe when they do occur. However, conditions in the camps are being so changed that ultimately the country- boy will have as good a chance as the city boy." Carl B. Roden^ whose appointment, through civil service, as librarian of the Chicago Public Library was announced last week, has been a member of the City Club for the last ten years. Mr. Roden assumes his official duties this week. He has the heartiest congratulations and best wishes of his City Club friends. "It shall be my policy to carry out the plans inaugurated by Mr. Legler," Mr. Roden told a representative of a morning paper last week. "Just as rapidly as the money becomes available w^e shall establish more regional branches and make it our business to carry the books to the people. The present capacity of the library is 6,- 000,000 a year. In ten years I hope that it will be twice the number." City Club members will remember the action of various civic organizations — in which the special City Club Committee on Public Librarian, Charles M. Williams, chairman, took a leading part — urging the appointment of a qualified board to con- duct the examination. If the man at your elbow at dinner is a clam, don't give him up! If the weather doesn't interest him, baseball bores him and he's sick of war talk, try something else on him. IMaybe he's a shark at bil- liards, reads Browning or has just been to the Follies. If you strike his major interest, you have hooked him. Very often there are interesting an- nouncements on the Bulletin Board. Get the habit of looking! Some of the brightest ideas of all time originated at the dinner table. Try yours on your neighbor. W. R. STERLING Died March 3, 1918 ^IJi^QiteGtobBwfl^tto puUislgeiXJIteltlijbj! tl)((^j|Q|<'l>i)' limitations to the effective- ness of the work." "The various committees at present work more or less independently, and the spur to action must come from within. The absence of a stimulus has resulted in a con- dition in which a number of the committees are entirely inactive or meet very seldom. . . . Theoretically the Public Affairs Com- mittee has supervision over the committees, but this is in general applied only to the finished product as it is turned out by the committee, in the form of reports on defi- nite public subjects. Civic committee work should be actively directed at all times and the Club should be kept informed of what is being done by the Committees." At pres- ent, the Committee also points out, there is no contact except on special occasions between committees although their fields may at times overlap. Under the new plan, the Public Affairs Committee will be reconstituted to consist of five members, with the president of the Club as a member ex officio. The civic (^Continued on page 117.) NEW HOUSE RULES The House Committee has adopted and the Directors have approved the following revised house rules for the City Club: 1. The clubhouse is open every weekday from 9 o'clock a. m. to 10 o'clock p. m., ex- cept on such holidays as the House Commit- tee shall direct. 2. The main dining room is open from 11:30 a. m. to 2:30 p. m. The grill room is open from 11:30 a. m. until 5 p. m. 3. Private dining rooms may be reserved by members for either noon or evening use upon application to the management of the Club. 4. Dining rooms may be reserved for meetings of six or more members of outside organizations at a minimum price of 75 cents per person at noon or $1.00 in the evening. 5. Rooms may be reserved for meetings, without dining room service, at a nominal charge, varying with the size of the room at the discretion of the House Committee. 6. Parties and banquets may be arranged through the courtesy of a member. Infor- mation concerning arrangements for private rooms, meetings, and dinners may be secured by application to the manager. 7. All checks for service must be signed by members only and shall be paid at the desk in the lobby before leaving the club- house. 8. No member shall take from the club- house any article belonging to the Club, nor from the library or reading room, any book, pamphlet or newspaper, nor mark or in any way mutilate the same. 9. No member or guest shall give any fee or other gratuity to any employe of the Club. 10. No article shall be exposed or adver- tised for sale in the clubhouse, nor any sub- scription solicited, unless authorized by the President or Directors. 11. Employes shall not be sent out of the clubhouse by members for any purpose. 12. Persons when accompanied by a mem- ber may be extended the privileges of the Club without a guest card. Members intro- ducing guests in this manner are, however, requested to register them in the Club guest book each time a guest is so introduced. Upon application by a member the secretary may issue a guest card to a non-resident for a period not exceeding two weeks. A guest card may be issued to members of City Club in other cities with which reciprocal mem- bership relations have been established for the same period upon presentation of mem- bership credentials. {Continued on pa> • 116.) ^t(M(jm^viikm 109 New By-Laws for City Club IVzl/ Be Voted on at Annual Meet- ing, April 20. Read J hem Over ! 'TpHE directors have framed a new club code. It will be voted upon by the members at the annual meeting, Saturday, April 20, The old by-laws are the result of much patchwork and tinkering and are incomplete in several important particulars. The directors have endeavored to build a more systematic and complete struc- ture by bringing together under one head all related matter, by adding such articles and sections as are necessary to make the by-laws conform to state statutes and by incorporating a few changes to increase the efficiency of the Club. Other changes are mere modifications of phraseology and ar- rangement. The changes, other than which are merely formal, are as follows: (a) Art, II, Sec. 4. Gives the Board of Directors power to change the initiation fee from time to time. At present it is fixed definitely in the by-laws. (b) Art. Ill, Sec. 2. Makes the Presi- dent ex officio a member of all standing committees. (c) Art. VI, Sec. I. Changes the date of the annual meeting from the third Sat- urday to the third Friday of April. It has been found difficult to get members to at- tend the annual meeting on Saturday after- noons in the spring of the year. Also pro- vides the number that shall constitute a quorum at an annual or special meeting of the Club. This provision is required by the statute. (d) Art. VII, Sec. I, Par. (d) . Pro- vides that the Finance Committee shall be a regular standing committee of the Club, instead of as heretofore a committee ap- pointed by the Board of Directors, without any specific provision in the by-laws. It also provides for the introduction of the budget system in the financial affairs of the Club. (e) Art. VII, Sec. i. Par. (e). Pro- vides for a Social Committee as a regular standing committee of the Club. Here- tofore the Board has been in the habit from time to time, without any definite plan, of appointing an Entertainment Committeee. By providing for such a committee as a regular standing committee of the Club, this phase of the Club's activities will, it is thought, receive greater attention. (f) Art. IX, Sec. I. Provides for the manner of election of officers and directors, especially in case there is more than one candidate. This section is necessary in view of the provision for nominations un- der Section 1, Article V. (g) Art. IX , Sees. 2 and 3. Provides for the method of amending or changing the Articles of Association and by-laws. These sections are introduced to meet the requirements of the statutes. The proposed by-laws are printed in full below. If you have any amendments to offer, send them at once to President Frank I. Moulton, care of the City Club, so they may be published before the annual meet- ing. BY-LAWS OF THE CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO Preamble The object for which it is formed is the investigation and improvement of municipal conditions and public affairs in the City of Chicago, and the establishment and mainte- nance of a library and other facilities of a social club for the use of men who desire to co-operate in the accomplishment of this pur- pose by non-partisan and practical methods. ARTICLE I. Members Section 1. Any male person who has manifested an interest in the objects of this Club as stated in its Charter shall be eligible to a resident or non-resident membership. Sec. 2. Resident members shall be such persons as reside or have their place of busi- ness in the City of Chicago or within fifty miles of the City of Chicago. Sec. 3. Non-resident members shall be such persons as do not reside or have their place of business within fifty miles of the City of Chicago. Sec. 4. The election to membership in the Club shall be by vote of the Committee on no Gf?eait«aiuhBuUeftn Admissions. Elected persons shall upon acceptance by them, be enrolled as members. Sec. 5. Any member or member-elect may become a life member upon payment of Four Hundred Dollars. Life members shall not be subject to the payment of dues but shall have all the rights and privileges and shall be subject to all the obligations of a resident member. The number of life members shall not exceed forty. ARTICLE n. Dues and Initiation Fees Section I. The dues of resident members shall be Thirty Dollars per annum, $1.00 of which is for one year's subscription to the City Club Bulletin, payable quarterly in ad- vance on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year. Sec. 2. The dues of non-resident members shall be Ten Dollars per annum, $1.00 of which is for one year's subscription to the City Club Bulletin, payable semi-annually in advance on April 1 and October 1 of each year. Sec. 3. The dues of new members shall begin with the quarter whose commencement is nearest the date of their enrollment. Sec. 4. The initiation fees of resident members and non-resident members shall be Ten Dollars, subject to the right of the Board of Directors to change the amount of initiation fee of either or both classes of membership from time to time at their dis- cretion, upon giving thirty days' notice of the proposed change to the members of the Club. Sec. 5. Any member who shall fail to pay his dues for a period of seventy-five days from the first day of the quarter when the same became due and payable, shall thereupon for- feit his membership in the Club. The Treasurer shall cause to be sent to each member a bill for dues on the first day of each quarter. At the expiration of thirty days thereafter he shall send a notice to each delinquent that he will be posted on the bulle- tin board of the Club if his dues are not paid within fifteen days thereafter. If any delin- quent shall not have paid such dues within said fifteen days, his name and the amount due shall thereupon be posted on the bulletin board of the Club. If, at the end of sixty days from the first day of the quarter, the dues of any member shall remain unpaid, a notice shall be sent such delinquent that his membership will be forfeited if the indebted- ness is not paid within fifteen days from that time. The posting and forfeiture of membership hereunder shall be effective automatically without further notice at the expiration of the periods named. A member thus forfeiting his membership may be reinstated within three months there- after by a vote of the Board of Directors and upon payment of all arrears. Any person whose membership shall have been forfeited hereunder shall not be eligible to re-election to membership in the Club until all moneys owing by him to the Club are fully paid. ARTICLE III. Officers Section 1. The officers shall consist of a President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer. President Sec. 2. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Club and of the Board of Directors and shall perform the duties usual to his office. He shall be ex-officio a member of all standing committees. At the annual meeting of the Club he shall make a report of the proceedings and activities of the Club during^ the preceding year. Vice-President Sec. 3. In the absence or disability of the President the Vice-President shall act and perform the duties of the President. Secretary Sec. 4. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of all the meetings, shall attend to the correspondence of the Club and keep same on file. He shall be ex-officio a member of the Committee on Admissions, and shall act as its Secretary. He shall notify members of their election, keep a roll of members, issue notices of all the meetings of the Club called as hereinafter provided. He shall have custody of the seal, and perform such other duties as may be provided by the Board of Directors. Treasurer Sec. 5. The Treasurer shall collect and disburse the funds of the Club. He shall be custodian of all bonds and securities of any kind whatsoever belonging to the Club. He shall present a monthly report to the Board of Directors of all monetary transactions and shall make a report to the members at the annual meeting, which shall be verified prior to such meeting by public accountants. He shall deposit the moneys of the Club in any bank in the City of Chicago approved by the Board of Directors. He shall keep proper books of account in books which shall belong to the Club, which shall at all times be open to the inspection of the Board of Directors. At the expiration of his term of office he shall within ten days deliver to his successor all moneys, securities, books or documents of any kind in his possession belonging to the Club. For the faithful performance of his duties he shall furnish a bond in such an amount as may be determined by the Board (Continued on page 118.) GfieGtuGlubBuUettn 111 IF THE BRITISH LINE SHOULD BREAK! America's Future at Stake in Conflict on Western Front, Says Dr. Lansing "/ have been under the influence of five men, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Theodoric the Second, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon Bonaparte. Each of these men dreamed a dream of world empire. They failed. I am dreaming a dream of the German world empire, and my mailed fist shall succeed/' — Wilhelm II. i8q2. "I shall stand no nonsense from America after this war." — Wilhelm II to Ambas- sador Gerard. **T N the great struggle on the Western Front, the life of America and every- thing that we hold sacred is involved," said Dr. J. Lansing of Ridgewood, N. J., in his address last Wednesday. "Germany does not w^ant 'a place in the sun,' her purpose is world domination and America is in her scheme of conquest." Dr. Lansing is pas- tor of the Collegiate churches of Ridge- wood, N. J., and was formerly pastor of the famous Park Street Church in Boston. Dr. Lansing was scheduled to speak upon the "Perils of a Premature Peace." Be- cause of the crisis on the west front, how- ever, he spoke instead upon the "Perils of German Conquest to America," and of America's lack of preparation to assume her share of the world's task of defeating Ger- many. Our Unpreparedness "After four years of war," he said, "we are still being defended — we are not de- fending ourselves. The revelations in the Senate yesterday show that we are far be- hind with our preparations. Our pro- gram of 2,000 aeroplanes has shrunk to thirty-seven which we can deliver by July 1st. Our soldiers in the camps are almost as much in need of defense as our women and children, for men cannot fight without adequate equipment. "We are challenged and threatened by the German purpose to subjugate and dom- inate the world," said Dr. Lansing. "The Central Powers long ago openly resolved to conquer, to enslave, and to despoil the world ; to bring it by conquest under their absolute control, to reduce under their will all men, nations and races; and to seize of what we have, whatever they choose, without our consent. "If the conceited aspirations of those two strange yet very influential characters, the Kaiser and Crown Prince, have been theirs alone, no one would have feared. But the profoundest thinkers and most influential citizens of Germany have endorsed the idea of the German domination of the world. Through the German system of education, these ideas have been implanted in the minds of the people. "What does America stand to lose by a German mastery of the world ? We would lose our liberty. We would become slaves as Belgium has been made a land of slaves. What else are Belgians than slaves when they are dragged from their homes and forced to work for a master who is driving them to a task which they hate? The Will To Power "The Germans are ready to take away our ideas of morality. There is no mo- rality in the theory of the Germans, there is none in their actions, there is only a 'will to power.' Without moral restraints there can be no society of nations. We are fighting today for a moral world. "The Germans, too, are out for plunder. The Huns in Belgium and France stole the underclothing of the women and little chil- dren ; the mattresses from the beds, the bed blankets; destroyed all farm implements; sent the machinerj'^ in the Belgian and French factories to Germany and then blew up the factories. They expect to win this war without paying one cent for it by levy- ing upon the defeated nations. Germany's financiers would never have supported the war if they had not believed this." What May America Expect? America, Dr. Lansing said, can expect no better treatment at the hands of the Germans than our allies have received. The plans of Pan-Germania embrace the domi- nation of America. "It is said on high authority that the Germans have trans- ferred their direct hatred from England to America." 112 GfieQtliGIubBuIietin THE CITY CLUB AND MUSIC The spring ?nusicnle for next Wednes- day evening is one of several such affairs in the history of the Club. On a previous occasion one of our Chicago newspapers editorialized as follows: "Man does not live by bread alone. Neither does a civic organization. The City Club, busy as it is with housing, gar- bage, traction, terminals, and other impor- tant but prosaic topics, surrenders itself for one evening to the charms of music. It announces its second annual spring musical. We note, by the way, that in giving the joy, constitution and reinvigoration of mu- sic to its own members it doesn't forget the community at large. It has organized a new committee, called the music exten- sion committee, to aid in carrying music into quarters, circles and homes not now sufficiently cultivated by our many excel- lent musical organizations. "The City Club, slightly misquoting Shakespeare, warns us not to trust the man that hath no music in his soul. Perhaps we may add that the club or organization that hath no music in its collective soul is likewise to be viewed with distrust. A poet and critic has said that to make or com- plete a home two things are necessary — a fireplace and music. To make a civic or- ganization complete and effective, social in- tercourse, friendliness and a genial atmos- phere, as well as music, are more and more regarded as necessary. The University Club, the Sunday Evening Club and other such organizations give musicals to mem- bers and guests. A touch of nature makes us kin, and music makes us more genial in our civic struggle. Would the militant suffragettes resist a course of musical treat- ment in and out of prison? Soldiers march to music; civic soldiers ^^'ill work better, perhaps, if subjected to the mollifying in- fluence of music." There is a story of a new member who on his first tour of the Club paid a visit to the lounge. It was after lunch and on every couch on the outer rim of the room was the reclining figure of a Club member, relaxing after a hearty lunch. And from every place there rose to the ceiling a thin column of blue smoke from an after-dinner cigar. He gazed about him and said, "My God! It's a hop joint!" BOOKWORMS PLEASE NOTE! The Chicago Public Library has put on deposit in the City Club reading room fifty volumes of light fiction. They cannot be withdrawn for home use, but they will be on deposit for the next three months so you may have plenty of opportunity to use them in your idle half hours after lunch or din- ner. The books are as follows: Baldwin — Holding the Line. Barbusse — Under Fire. Bennett — The Honeymoon. Daviess — The Heart's Kingdom. Dawson, C. — Carry On. Dowd — Polly and the Princess. Empey — First Call. Field— The Little Gods Laugh. Greene — The Grim. Grey—The U. P. Trail. Howard — Breathe and Be Well. Hueston — Sunny Slopes. Lincoln — The Nameless Man. London — Burning Daylight. Mackenzie — The Man Who Tried to be It. Marquis — The Cruise of the Jasper. Norris — The Story of Julia Page. Norton — The Unknown Mr. Kent. Oliver — Ordeal by Battle. Oppenheim — Mr. Crex of Monte Carlo. Oyen — The Snow-Burner. Parker — The Money Master. Poizetto — Pacific Shores from Panama. Porter — Miss Billy — Married. Prouty — Bobbie General Manager. Rice — Calvary Alley. Richmond, G. — Red Pepper Burns. Roche — The Sport of Kings. Seltzer — Vengeance of Jefferson Gawne. Sinclair — The Belfry. Sinclair — King Coal. Sinclair — The Tree of Heaven. The Sturdy Oak — A novel by fourteen Ameri- can authors. Sullivan — ^The Inner Door. Tagore, Rabindranath — The Hungry Stones and Other Stories. Tarkington — Seventeen. Trask — The Invisible Balance Sheet. Turczynowicz — When the Prussians Came to Poland. Vance — The False Face. Van Schaick — A Top-Floor Idyl. Wallace— Kate Plus 10. Wells — Mr. Britling Sees It Through. Wharton, E. — Summer. Wylie — The Hermit Doctor of Gaya. Every member of the Club who signed the dry petition ought to get a copy of the Bureau of Efficiency's report of Water Waste. It can be had for the asking. The Bureau has its ofliices on the sixth floor of our club house and any member may call for a copy when he comes to lunch. GfJsailBGliihBiilfefln 113 m m s»tgn of the Booft The New York State Legislative Budget for 1917. Municipal Research, No. 86. 140 pages. The New York Bureau of Municipal Research reviews the activities of the gov- ernor and the legislature in framing the 1917 budget. The science of budget mak- ing is the Bureau's long suit and this re- port is done in characteristically thorough- going fashion. The book offers a fund of information on budget-making technique and some interesting side lights on legisla- tive methods. Eighth Report of the Tenement House Department, City of New York. For the years 1915 and 1916. The period, covered by this report, is a milestone in housing history in New York. It marks a general shift in emphasis to preventive measures. In 1915, the Depart- ment reports, the fight to eliminate dark rooms in tenements was successfully com- pleted. When the Department was or- ganized in 1902, there were at least 300,000 inadequately lighted rooms in New York tenements. "This condition," says the re- port, "has been remedied and now prac- tically all tenement rooms are ventilated and lighted to the full extent that the law requires." This, with the elimination of the old yard school-sink, the Department considers its two most substantial contri- butions to the hygiene of the city. The Department believes that in the future more of its attention should be directed to fun- damental educational work, among the tenants, rather than to rely too exclusively upon coercive measures. In July, 1916, the Building Zone reso- lution was adopted for New York. To quote the concise summary in this report : "It regulates and limits the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected and the area of yards, courts, and other open spaces; it also regulates and restricts the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specific uses, estab- lishing boundaries of districts for said pur- poses." The adoption of this resolution was a step toward the prevention of the evils against which the tenement house de- partment has been struggling for over a decade and a half. It is the application of scientific city-planning to the housing prob- lem. It will be interesting to see New York grow year by year into a better housed city under the guidance of its new zone regulations. The next legislature ought to empower Chicago to apply similar regulations to guide its own growth and to insure better living conditions for its people. Clje £^ail iBoucl) From a Sailor and His Mother Secretary City Club: Kindly allow me to thank you and the City Club for the privileges which you have extended to the enlisted men. As one, I am more than indebted to you for your kindness. It is a great sense of satisfaction to be able to walk into the City Club and feel as though you were either in your own Club or home, and the friendly spirit with which your members greet us, removes any doubt that may lurk in your mind as to your welcome. Your generosity in only charging the boys the nominal sum you do for meals is also noteworthy and I wish to take this opportunity to thank you and the City Club for the courtesies extended. I am enclosing a part of a letter which I received from my mother in which she also expresses her appreciation. Wishing you and the City Club all the good luck in the world, I am. Sincerely yours, Leonard L. Laird. Co. F, 3d Reg., Camp Dewey, Great Lakes, 111. The letter from Mr. Laird's mother reads in part as follows: "I noticed in your letter of Sunday that 3'ou went to the City Club. It certainly is fine of them to offer their club and its privileges to you enlisted boys. Nobody but a mother can tell what it means to her to know that her boy can go to a place such as the City Club and know that he is in good company with such fine surroundings." Have you an Automobile Blue Book which you would like to give to the City Club? It doesn't have to be the latest edition. We can find good use for it here. 114 GIJfGituGIubBullctin ONCE MORE! Have You Forgotten Your cNew Year's Resolution? / resolve — TO SECURE at least one new member- for the Club — the sooner, the better, TO "BOOST" the City Club loyally and enthusiastically amon^ my business and social associates, TO SEND to the Membership Extension Committee the names and addresses of friends and acquaintances who should become mem- bers; Because — MORE CIVIC-MINDED men should share the advan- tag,es and support the ideals of the Club, MORE NEW MEMBERS are needed to fill the places of those who have and others who will enter military service, MORE DOLLARS must be se- cured to meet the expenses of the Club inasmuch as members entering service are exempt from dues, and cost of operation has in- creased. Information, Literature, Co-operation upon application to the MEMBERSHIP EXTENSION COMMITTEE In Russia Lincoln Steffens, speaking before an- other Chicago audience on the evening of his City Club address, told this story: The owner of a manufacturing plant on the outskirts of Petrograd, came into his club one evening and said: "What do you think they did to me today? The workmen held a shop meeting and decided to take over the plant. They sent for me and asked me to bring in all the books. They told me that they did not know much about financial management and since they liked me wanted to have me take charge of things for them. They asked me how much salary I would want. I told them that I could not estimate that and they then asked me how much I had paid my- self last year. I did not like to tell them how much I had really earned and I told them about 35,000 rubles. 'That is too much,' they said. 'You have always told us that a man could live and support a family on four rubles a day.' " It is in this simple, literal way, Mr. Steffens said, that the Russian people interpret their new democracy. The following day, Mr. Steffens said, the proprietor of this factory again came into his club and said : "Well, what do you think they did to me today?" He said that the workmen had now decided to take over his house. He had told them, he said, that he could not maintain his house on the salary which they wanted to pay him and they had taken literally and decided to make use of the house for a club. ]\Ir. Steffens said that the industries are being organized along syndicalistic lines ; that while syndicalism had not been much thought of before the revolution, the taking over of an industr}^ by the workers in that industry seemed to be the easiest and most natural course of procedure. The man who sits at your elbow in the office is a potential member of the City Club. Why not bring him around some day, treat him to a good dinner, and then shove him an application card? It works. The Soldiers and Sailors continue to come to the Club in large numbers on Saturdays and Sundays. The Club is ful- filling a real need by opening the Club house to these men. WG^iMbEvdknvi 115 What Birds Can Do in the War Massachusetts Ornithologist Says Th ey Are D oi ng Th eir Bit T T has been said that food will win the war, that ships will win the war, that sundry other things will win the war. No- body yet has suggested that birds will win the war, but Edward H. Forbush, in his address on Saturday, March 23rd, said that birds can help in many ways. Mr. Forbush is the state ornithologist of Massachusetts. Here are some of the ways in which birds have helped and are helping accord- ing to Mr. Forbush: Gas Detectors Canary birds are used in the trenches to aid in detecting poison gas. They are more sensitive to it than men and when they become uneasy the men know that it is time to put on their masks. In great battles, when ordinary com- munications are shattered, carrier pigeons are often the only means of sending back word for reinforcements. The Germans try to shoot them but 95 per cent of them make their way back safely. They have undoubtedly saved thousands of lives. Sea gulls are submarine detectors. They are being fed from submarines so they will follow the enemy U-boats and reveal their presence. Flying overhead they can see the submarine even when submerged for a con- siderable depth. Certain kinds of wild fowl will help to augment our food supply if we will have the wisdom to protect them in the spring. Protect Food Supply Birds help in many ways to protect the food supply. Fishhawks destroy other birds which prey upon domestic fowl. Even the hawks and owls help in one way by kill- ing rats and mice. Birds eat caterpillars and worms, insects which injure crops — crickets, grasshoppers, etc. Farmers hate crows. Crows do a great deal of mischief but they should not be ex- terminated. In 1879 in Massachusetts nearly all of them were killed off as a re- sult of the offering of bounties. The next year, however, there was a plague of cater- pillars which did great damage to the crops. Woodpeckers and other birds protect our forests from tree insects. Mr. Forbush showed pictures of corn fields which had been attacked by the army- worm. One of these fields was shown to be completely devastated and the crops ruined. In a near-by field which was pro- tected by birds a full crop was raised. A cranberry farmer of Mr. Forbush's acquaintance lost several successive crops through worms. Finally he put up boxes for birds to nest in. Within a year or two these were occupied by birds and his crops are now amply protected. Mr. Forbush illustrated his appeal for bird conservation by some very interesting slides showing close range pictures of birds feeding their young on the destructive in- sects of the fields and forests. The Library Committee has received a request that a New York paper be added to the reading room files and another re- quest that we subscribe for an Australian newspaper. The Committee wants to know if there are others who also wish these papers. If you do, drop a note to Frederick Rex, Chairman Library Committee, City Club. Absolute knowledge I have none But my aunt's washerwoman's sister's son Heard a policeman on his beat Say to a laborer in the street That he had a letter last week Written in the finest Greek From a Chinese coolie in Timbuctoo Who said the niggers in Cuba knew Of a colored man in a Texas town Who got it straight from a circus clown That a man in Klondike heard the news From a gang of South American Jews Of somebody in Borneo Who heard a man who claims to know Of a swell society female rake Whose mother-in-law will undertake To prove that her husband's sister's niece Has stated in a printed piece That she has a son who has a friend Who knows when the war is going to end. — Chicago Commerce. 116 GtJ^GtuGIubBulMn New House Rules (Continued from pane 108.) 13. Any member introducing a guest shall be responsible for the conduct of such guest and for any debt or liability to the Club in- curred by him. 14. Guest privileges may be terminated, extended or controlled at the discretion of the House Committee. 15.' Guests are not permitted to intro- duce any person to the Club or to give any entertainment in the clubhouse except as may be specifically authorized by the House Com- mittee. 16. The privileges of members as to the use of the clubhouse may be suspended at the discretion of the Board of Directors. 17. The Club is not responsible for the loss of any property sustained in the club- house by members or guests. 18. No game for a wager nor gambling in any form is permitted in the Club. 19. No member or guest in his individual capacity shall date or address from the Club, or on Club stationery, any communication in- tended to appear in any newspaper, period- ical or other publication. 20. Property of the Club broken or in- jured by members or their guests must be paid for by the members responsible for same. 21. Complaints, requests, or suggestions should be addressed in writing to the House Committee. 22. It is the duty of every member of the Club to report in writing to the House Com- mittee any known violations of the forego- ing rules and of the constitution and b5'^-laws. 23. Membership in the City Club consti- tutes an introduction to any other member. 24. The solicitation of business at the clubhouse from fellow members is not con- sidered to be consistent with the spirit of the Club. 25. The privileges of the Club may be extended to ladies related to, or friends of, members, at such times and under such cir- cumstances as the House Committee may authorize. 26. Members and guests are requested not to reprimand the employes. Should any cause for complaint arise, the attention of the House Committee should be immediately directed thereto. 27. No member or guest shall make un- reasonable use of any telephone in the Club. AH tolls must be paid for by the person in- curring the same before leaving the club- house. The manager shall have full author- ity to enforce this rule. 28. Pursuant to the by-laws of the Club, the consent of the House Committee must be obtained for the holding of all meetings in the Club rooms by outside persons and organizations, for any purpose. 29. A copy of these rules shall be kept posted in a conspicuous place on each floor of the clubhouse. 30. No resident of Chicago shall be per- mitted to be a guest of the Club oftener than once in 30 days. (Sd.) House Committee, Bradford Gill, Chairman, Making Laws in New York "Writers have frequently pointed to the fact that our legislatures are not perform- ing the functions of a representative body. With individual initiative and our stand- ing committee system, each standing com- mittee in effect is a small specialized legis- lature. Bills are referred to them. Hear- ings are conducted, and in so far as there is any planning, this is done by the com- mittee. Any attempt at co-ordination must be made in the committee room. Measures which have backing are committee meas- ures. No one can be held accountable to the state-wide electorate, each chairman be- coming the pilot of his measures through the stage of enactment. The legislature is thus is reality a conglomeration of fifty-nine "little legislatures" each enacting the bills consigned to it. "After the appropriation and taxation committees have drafted the bills and brought them before the house the consid- eration given to the measures is usually a perfunctory character. Ninety per cent of the bills enacted by the legislature are passed under the short or the party roll-call. During the closing daj's of the session when procedure is swift and ruthless, the power over the enactment of the appropriation and tax bills is wielded in reality by the committees which draft and introduce them. The bills reach the third reading calendar and are called up one after the other and pass so fast that a moment's in- attention puts even the alert legislator com- pletely at sea. He loses his place in the calendar and bills escape him for several minutes before he can get track of their course again. By means of the short or party roll-call bills are passed with amazing speed." The quotation is from a report by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research on "The New York State Legislative Budget for 1917." Gl^GteGlubBuIIeftn 117 Daylight Saving ' I '■ HE passage by Congress of the so- called daylight saving bill will make of particular interest the following state- ment of the advantages of the plan, pre- pared by the Boston Chamber of Com- merce : A. Health^ Morals and Social Welfare 1. One hour or more for outdoor recre- ation. Recreation is a national asset, an immense force for health and moral well- being. 2. Working mothers and fathers obtain an extra hour for outdoor play with their children, both summer and winter. 3. One hour less for bad lights in tene- ments. 4. Lessened eye-strain for workers and school children due to the use of artificial light. 5. Smaller risk of accident in indus- trial establishments, because there will be a light hour instead of a dark one at the end of the working day at the time of greatest fatigue and more frequent accident. 6. Lessened risk of accident due to transportation and traffic conditions, be- cause the afternoon rush will fall in day- light instead of in darkness. 7. Working girls will be on the way home in the daylight instead of in the dark in winter. 8. Our last hour of sleep will be sounder and more beneficial than it is un- der present conditions, because there will be less light. B. Efficiency 1. General efficiency will, of course, be increased by any improvement in the health, morals and social welfare of the workers and others. 2. In summer a cool hour in the morn- ing is substituted for a hot one in the after- noon. 3. In winter a light hour at the end of the day is substituted for a dark one. This is especially valuable, coming as it does at the time of greatest fatigue, and is peculiarly valuable in some industries where accurate eyesight is essential. 4. Efficiency is lowest in the later after- noon, the time when accidents are more frequent. C. Economy. 1. There will be the greatest of all sav- ings — that of human materials, as pointed out above. 2. Immediate saving in form of reduc- tion of expense for light and heat. 3. Ultimate saving in the conservation of coal and other sources of light and heat. 4. Possible reduction in the cost of living of those who like to work in their gardens, utilizing the extra outdoor hour for the purpose- New Committee Plan (Continued from page 108.) committees will be divided into four groups, Public Safety, Public Works, Govern- ment, and Finance, each group consisting of several committees. For each of the groups there will be a head, a member of the Public Affairs Committee, who will give general direction and stimulus to its work and bring about co-operation. Some Other Suggestions The Survey Committee makes the sug- gestion that the appointment of committees should be for one year only. It suggests also that the Public Affairs Committee should outline for each committee at the beginning of the year some of the work which it should undertake. Present com- mittees, says the report, should be com- bined wherever desirable in order to re- duce the number. These suggestions and others the Directors have referred to the Public Affairs Committee. The chairman of the Committee on Club Activities is R. F. Schuchardt, chairman of the City Planning Committee of the Club. Other members are C. P. Schwartz, chair- man of the Committee on Immigration and Citizenship, Walter A. Shaw, chairman of the Committee on Water Supply, Henry P. Chandler, formerly Secretary of the Club, Paul Steinbrecher, a member of the Board of Directors, and Fred G. Heuch- ling, chairman of the Committee on High- ways, Bridges and Waste Disposal. Any member who has a suggestion about the activities of the Club ought to write to Mr. Schuchardt or to the Public Affairs Committee. 118 GlJ^GtfeGlubBulfetin New By-Laws (Continued from page 110.) of Directors, which bond shall be approved by the Board of Directors and which shall be paid for by the Club, ARTICLE IV. Directors Section 1. The Board of Directors shall consist of the officers of the Club and eight other members to be elected as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. The Board of Directors shall have the general control and management of the activities and property and affairs of the Club. Sec. 3. The Board of Directors shall meet during the second and fourth weeks of each month, except the months of July, August and September, at the pleasure of the President, who shall give, so far as he can, at least two days' notice of the time of such meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called at any time by the President or by any three Directors, provided the call gives twenty-four hours' notice of the time and object of such special meeting. ARTICLE V. Nominations Section 1. A nominating committee of five members of the Club shall be selected by the Board of Directors on or before March 15th of each year. This committee shall nominate a list of candidates for officers and directors, which list shall be prominently posted in the Club House on or before April 1 of each year. Any twenty members may by petition posted at least ten days before the date of the annual election, nominate their candidates for offi- cers and directors. Notice of all nominations for officers or directors shall be given as required by Section 1, Article VI, of these by-laws. Sec. 2. At the regular annual meeting of the Club each year there shall be elected the officers of the Club for a period of one year and four directors to hold office for the term of two years, as well as directors to fill the unexpired term of any director who may have resigned or whose office may have become vacant for any reason. Sec. 3. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in any office, or in the Board of Directors, it shall be filled by a majority of the remain- ing members of the Board of Directors by a majority vote of the members present at any regular meeting or special meeting of the Board called for that purpose. Persons so elected shall hold office until the next annual meeting. ARTICLE VI. Meetings — Quorum Section 1. The regular annual meeting of the Club shall be held at the Club House or some other designated place in the City of Chicago, on the third Friday of April in each year at such hour as may be determined by the President. For the purpose of trans- acting business at any annual or special meet- ing, thirty members shall constitute a quorum. At least ten days' notice of the time and place of the annual meeting shall be given to all members of the Club by the Secretary. Such notice shall contain the names of all nominees for office. Special meetings of the Club may be called (a) by the Board of Directors, (b) by the President, or (c) upon the petition of twenty members in writing to the Secretary, who in either instance shall mail to the members of the Club notice of such meeting at least five days before the date fixed for such meet- ing, which notice shall state the time, place and purpose for which the meeting is called. The day and time for such special meeting shall be fixed by such person or persons at whose instance the same may be called. ARTICLE VII. Committees Section 1. The Board of Directors shall annually appoint the following standing com- mittees: (a) A Committee on Public Affairs, which committee shall have charge of the investigation and discussion of public affairs bv the Club, and of informal meetings of the Club. (b) A House Committee, which shall have charge of the employes, club rooms, fur- niture and equipment of the Club and the management of the restaurant. (c) A Library Committee, which shall have charge of the selection and purchase of books, newspapers and periodicals, and man- agement of the library. (d) A Finance Committee of five mem- bers, of which the Treasurer shall be a mem- ber, which committee shall prepare and sub- mit to the Board of Directors at the earliest date practicable after appointment a budget of receipts and expenditures for the coming year, and from time to time, at its discretion, submit to the Board of Directors recommen- dations in reference to the Club's finances and management. Such budget upon approval and adoption by the Board of Directors shall be controlling upon all officers and emploj^es and committees of the Club, and no expenditures in excess of the amount appropriated in the budget shall be made or liabilities incurred in excess of the amount appropriated in the budget, by GtieGtluGluhBuUetin 119 them, except by authority of the Board of Directors. (e) A Social Committee, which shall have charge of entertainments of a social nature, and shall especially be charged with the duty of introducing new members and fostering a feeling of good-fellowship among the mem- bers of the Club. (f) A Committee on Admissions, to con- sist of nine members of the Club who are not members of the Board of Directors, ex- cept the Secretary of the Club, who shall be ex-officio a member. All proposals for membership in the Club shall be submitted to the Committee on Ad- missions and acted upon by them under such regulations as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe, and upon the election of each new member the committee shall forthwith give notice of the same to the Secretary. All of the foregoing committees shall con- sist of such number of members as the Board of Directors may from time to time deter- mine, except as otherwise herein provided. The Board of Directors may, at its dis- cretion from time to time, appoint additional standing committees and directly or through the Public Affairs Committee, appoint and provide for such civic committees as it may deem wise and expedient. All committees shall be subject to the control and direction of the Board of Di- rectors. ARTICLE VIII. House Rules Section 1. Members shall be privileged to introduce as guests, residents of the City of Chicago and adjoining territory under reg- ulation of the Board of Directors. Non- residents may be accorded the full privileges of the Club for a period of two weeks, upon notice to the Secretary in writing by the member introducing such non-resident, and upon such member guaranteeing all charges incurred by such non-member. Sec. 2. The club rooms may be used as places of meetings by outside persons and organizations with the consent of the House Committee. ARTICLE IX. Elections and Amendments Section 1. Officers and directors shall be elected at the annual meeting each year by viva voce vote, except should more persons be nominated for the position of director than there are vacancies, or should more than one person be nominated for the office of either President, Vice-President, Secretary or Treasurer, then the election shall be by bal- lot, and the polls shall be kept open from 12:00 m. to 5:00 p. m. on the day of election. Sec. 2. The Articles of Association may be changed, modified or amended by a two- thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting, provided ten days' notice by mail of the proposed change, modification or amend- ment has been given to all members of the Club by the Secretary. Sec. 3. These By-laws may be modified, altered or amended at any annual meeting of the Club, or at an adjourned session thereof, by a majority vote of the members present, provided that a notice stating the time, place and objects of the meeting shall have been sent to the members at least ten days prior to the date of the meeting. All by-laws not herein contained are hereby re- pealed. The Survey last week contained this appreciation of Carl B. Roden, recently chosen librarian of the Chicago Public Li- brary. It is in an editorial referring to the examination through which Mr. Roden was appointed: "At the head of the list of the six eligibles stood Carl B. Roden, with a grade of 92.50. In the previous examination, he stood next to Mr. Legler, and he has since served as assistant libra- rian. For thirty-two years, since he started as page when a lad of fifteen, Mr. Roden had been continuously in the library's service. To the use he has made of the library he attributes his promotion from one position to another, and his choice as librarian. Not only has he the most thor- ough acquaintance with the contents of the library and all its operations, but he is recognized to be widely versed in the his- tory of literature. He also studied law and has been admitted to the bar. Thoroughly devoted to the policy and to be credited with the success of the Legler administra- tion next to Mr. Legler himself, Mr. Ro- den's appointment is greeted with great satisfaction, and the success of his man- agement is considered to be assured in ad- vance." "I HAVE NEVER USED THE ClUB" is a reason frequently given by members who resign. Many of them have never tried to use it and don't know what the Club has to offer them. Give the Club a trial and you will never again consider drop- ping your membership on that account. It's HARD TO BE interested in any- thing but the war. But the home fences must be mended. There is need for ac- tivity on the part of every club commit- tee. 120 Gtl^GfeaiubBuUetin EAT AT THE CITY CLUB . Jip'ou'Te missing a good thing every day if you're not eating in the City ;^j^lub dining rooms: regular luncheons at 40c, 50c, 60c and 75c that %ou'll find it hard to duplicate for the money. Try the main dining room service, or eat in the grill room. You'll like the service and the prices. Bring a friend or two. Do your club a good turn. If you belong to an organization that has a "get together" every noon or once a w^eek, use the private dining rooms at the City Club. CITY CLUB BOOK WEEK For Soldiers and Sailors This is "clean-up week" for your book- cases. The books which you have read and which serve now only as "backs" in your library are needed by the soldiers and sailors. The Library Committee of the Club has set this week for its spring offen- sive for books for the men in khaki and blue. What You Can Do You can pass on the books you have en- joyed but will not read again. You can give them some of the books you like best — books you would like to keep. They will like them, too. You can send novels, tales of adventure, detective stories and standard fiction ; up- to-date books on civil, mechanical and elec- trical engineering, the trades, business, the professions and agriculture ; recent text- books on military subjects, mathematics, the sciences, and foreign languages; books of travel, history, biography, poetry and the present war; dictionaries and new encyclo- pedias; interesting books in foreign lan- guages. Make it your duty to examine your li- brary for suitable books tonight. You should deem it a privilege to pass on to the men in khaki the books which you have enjoyed. Where to Leave Books When you have laid out the books you have decided to give, bring them to the City Club and leave them at the desk; or, if more convenient, leave them at the nearest branch or delivery station of the Public Library. They will be forwarded to the camps. This is a simple service within the means of every member to perform. Library Committee. Frederick Rex, Chairman. Why Not Do Your Cigar Buy- ing at the City Club? The high cost of tobacco has not raised cigar prices at the City Club. McCarty can sell you cigars at prices from a nickel up. He can get you any brand. Box purchases save you at least 15 per cent. You can buy a box and leave them in the humidor at the Club for use as de- sired. The cigar department is maintained for vour benefit. H-V m PiPif .David Klnlsy, iriaut OCT l AYMOND HITCHCOCK appeared •■•^ before the club last Tuesday noon in a new sketch entitled: "The Liberty Loan, or Watch Me Get Your Dollars." He arrived just before the hour for the speaking and a committee was on the point of visiting the John Crerar Library or the Billy Sunday Tabernacle in search of him when he appeared, escorted by M, H. Cowen, chairman of the City Club Loyalty Committee. Prussianism never got a harder "strafing" than it got from Mr. Hitchcock. But what really did the business, we believe, was the battery of good stories he brought along. Raymond is a psychologist and knows that a laugh creates a feeling of expansiveness and prosperity which opens the pocketbooks and gets the dollars. His stories, we are sure, sold several good-sized bonds. Does This Hit You? "Any man who can't spare two dollars a week for a fifty-dollar bond ought to hang out the suicide sign," Hitchcock said. "Why, you men spend more than that for liquor!" We saw Lorado Taft and George Hooker wince under that, but Raymond didn't really know who he was talking to, so we let it pass. The Loyalty Committee of the Club did a land office business after the meeting. Over $11,000 was subscribed by our mem- bers. We were the first Chicago Club to get into action, according to a letter from the captain of the division on clubs, printed on another page. The committee has a desk in the Club lobby and a man in charge each noon hour to take your subscription. Why not make your subscription through the Club? The committee asks that you make it a point to file your subscription today! CHANGE IN PROPOSED BY-LAWS The directors have made two changes in the proposed by-laws to be voted on at the annual meeting, next Saturdav, April 20, at 2:00 P. M., viz.: Art. VI. Sec. 3. The third sentence should read: "At least seven days notice of the time and place of the annual meeting shall be given to all members of the Club by the Secretary." Art. IX. Sec. 2. Add the following: "Mem- bers whose dues are in arrears to exceed 30 days shall not be privileged to vote." In l.ast week's Bulletin it was erron- eously stated that Paul Steinbrecher retires from the Board. Mr. Steinbrecher's term extends to April, 1919. G!je«GluhBuUettn 133 Member Attacks By-Laws COME amendments to the proposed new '^ by-laws have been presented by Alberi B. Cone and will be considered at the an- nual meeting, April 20. Mr. Cone has sent out letters to a large number of members in support of his amendments and had asked for proxies for the annual meeting. His letter called for a meeting of members to be held at a down-town hotel last Wed- nesday. The letter follows: Dear Sir: At the last annual meeting of the City Club I offered by-law amendments providing; (1) For a referendum plan, en- closed. (2) For direct primary nominations. (3) For cumulative voting for directors. The opposition succeeded in referring these to the directors. In debate they conceded no argu- ment could be made to these in their sub- stance, but thought the directors could Improve their form. My supporters offered a motion which was unanimously carried, Instructing the directors after considering these measures to call a special meeting of members and report their recommendations to It for Its action. Legally, I believe such Instructions are mandatory but directors have permitted eleven months to pass without complying. Now they offer for vote of members new by-laws which contemptuously Ignore these suggestions and In other particulars are even less democratic than the old ones. Members now do have express right to inspect minutes of meetings of the club and board; this prlvl- slon is omitted. They have by statute the right to amend by-laws at any annual meeting; the new draft attempts to abridge that statute right. I've been sitting on the doorstep for nearly a year waiting for the directors to do something — and they have! Again It's up to me to do something or lie down and be stepped on. I've proposed these measures again as amendments to the offered by-laws. I am sending out this rally call at my own ex- pense, a call for votes, a call for a caucus of all members who will support the main issue, the referendum measure. The caucus is for those who will support that; the other measures, and any other matters, I leave in their hands. Whether five or five hundred appear, I place this Issue and whatever sup- porting proxies I receive In their hands, and join them In the ranks, yielding the initiative which has been forced upon me to whatever leadership may be developed. There's no neutral ground on this issue. If you are against It I can't stop now to convert you. If you are with me in spirit don't stop there. I ask definitely: Firstly — Telephone me at once. I can tell you then where the caucus will be held. I am calling it for Wednesday, April ten, at some downtown hotel. Plate luncheon 12:15 sharp. Tell me you will be there ; or if engagements prevent will try to send a personal representative to act for you ; or will at least send a terse message by wire or mail. Sign enclosed proxy and mail now or bring to the luncheon. Do this even though you EXPECT to attend the annual meeting. We will want to know at the caucus what votes are with us. Leave the proxy line blank so the steering committee can attend to voting it. Thirdly — Be at the annual meeting if at all possible. Reclaim your proxy, vote for yourself and help with motions and debate. Finally — Read "firstly" again and phone me now, before you lay this down. I must know how many covers to order. Harrison four six eight seven from nine to five. Ravenswood one one one one evenings till midnight. There's nothing radical in this referendum. It's merely advisory, not mandatory. It gives members no new power — only a voice. I sus- pect that the opposition to it would disappear If it were fitted with a device something like a casement window fitting whereby it could be manipulated and controlled from the IN- SIDE. One suggestion in that direction was made at the last meeting. Yours sincerely, Albert Benjamin Cone. Associate Editor American Lumberman. Member (sometime chairman) Committee on Publicity and Statistics, City Club. Mr. Cone's proposed amendments are as follows: Article III, Section 4, in the second line after the words "all the meetings" add "of the Club and of the Board of Directors" as in the old By-Laws. At the end of the section add the following, "The record of proceedings of meetings of the Club and of the Board of Directors and the roll of members shall at all times be open to the inspection of members at the business office of the Club." Add the following as a new Article IX, Section 1, headed "Initiative and Referendum," — "Upon reso- lution of the Board of Directors, or upon petition of any twenty members in writing to the Board of Directors, any question relating to the affairs or activities of the Club shall be submitted to referendum letter ballot of the members ; and the returns when duly canvassed by the Board of Directors or by such committee as it may appoint for the purpose shall be spread upon the minutes of the Board of Directors and communicated to the members of the Club." In the present Art. 9 renumbered as 10 add to Section 1, "Members may if they so desire, cast their votes for Directors in accumulative manner." Section 2, Art. IX, I propose to have transferred to the articles of association where it belongs. Section 3, Art. IX. to be renumbered Section 2, cut out the word "provided" and all following words down to the last sentence which retain. I also offer the following amendment to the articles of association as an addition to numbered paragraph 3, "Nominations of candidates for officers and directors to be voted upon at the annual meet- ing shall be by direct primary as further provided in the By-Laws." Amend Article V, Section lA by addition of the following whicli follows the old By-Laws : "This committee shall have no power to commit the Club to any policy or opinion with respect to public affairs or questions." 134 G^^GttuGIuhBuUetm Is Your Diet Right? T>UY no meat till you have a sufficient supply of milk ! Cereals, roots, meat, the muscle tissues to which we are accus- tomed, in any possible combination lack essential elements of food value, including one of the substances — popularly known as "vitamines" — whose exact nature is un- known but which are found in the leaves of plants and more particularly in milk. This is the latest word of science on the subject of diet, brought to the City Club last Friday by Dr. E. V. McCollum of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. McCollum's remarks have immense practical bearing on a situation of national importance. The national vitality requires the maintenance of our present standard of milk consumption, but the production of milk, according to Dr. McCollum, is being curtailed by inadequate returns to the dairy industry. Americans must be educated to buy milk at a price which will afford ade- quate compensation to the producer. Dr. McCollum said in part: A Lack in the Diet "Experiments in feeding have amply dem- onstrated that it is impossible to induce growth in a young animal by a diet of seeds, in any possible combination. An adequate diet consists of proteins, sugar, fats, inor- ganic elements and certain unknown ele- ments — the so-called 'vitamines.' The ab- sence of one of these elements is indicated in eye trouble, blindness and ultimately death. "In striking contrast to the seed diet is a combination of the seed with leaves. Seeds consist of the germ tip and the endosperm, the latter of which is the reserve food for the seed and is not living matter. The leaf on the other hand is living matter and con- tains the elements lacking in the seed. "A diet of potatoes, sweet potatoes and other roots (essentially 'storage foods') is also deficient in certain necessary elements. So are the muscle tissues of meat. There is no combination of seeds, roots or meats which will keep an animal alive and in health. "There are only two classes of what we may call protective foods — 'protective' be- cause they contain the vital elements lack- ing in other foods. They are ( 1 ) milk and its products and (2) the leaves of plants. Milk is the most important. You may com- bine it with seeds, with roots or with meat and get a fairly satisfactory diet. "There are some nations — for instance Japan and China — which use but little milk in the diet, but if they have maintained their vitality it is because they have eaten leafy foods in large quantities. It is not an ex- aggeration to say that only those peoples who use dairy products are strong and virile, with low infant mortality and a long span of life. Peril to Milk Supply "The dairy industry is today in a pre- carious condition. The number of dairy cows which are being slaughtered is alarm- ing. Consumption is going down and pro- ducers cannot make a profit at present prices and with the present cost of feed. Thou- sands of city children are underfed, not through a lack of quantity in food but through the lack of the vital food elements which are found in milk. We cannot per- mit the health of the nation to be jeopard- ized by a decrease in our standards of milk consumption." In the discussion which followed Dr. McCollum's address, he elaborated some of his points in answer to questions. He said : Milk in Cooking "Many people can't take milk as a bev- erage, but our system of cookery has been built up on the use of milk. Our foods should be prepared with milk. There is no appreciable harm to the vital elements in the process of cooking, except where soda is used." "Condensed or evaporated milk is almost as good as fresh milk, although in- ferior in taste. Butter does not fill the place of milk and the importance of milk in the diet is no argument against the substitution of vegetable fats for butter. Skimmed milk contains probably enough of the vital elements of milk to carry the user along, but all the constituents of milk are needed." Some members are not acquainted with the facilities of the Club above the third floor. On the fourth floor, is a good library on civics. Also a shower bath! G^^G«uGlubBulIeltn 135 The Jewish People and the War Restoration of Natiofial Home Under League of Nations, Advocated by Professor Kallen 'T^HE progress of the British armies in Palestine, culminating in the capture of Jerusalem, has the most intense dramatic interest for Jew and Gentile. Something of the glamour of the Crusades is brought down to the twentieth century. But for many people of the Jewish race this twenti- eth century conquest of Palestine has more than a romantic or military interest. It brings nearer to realization their dreams of a reunited Jewish people in the old national homeland of Palestine. The Zionist program as it relates up to the great democratic programs for recon- struction after the war was the subject of Prof. H. M. Kallen's address at the City Club at luncheon, April 4. Dr. Kallen is professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, author of "The Structure of Lasting Peace," and "In the Hope of a New Zion" — both soon to be published. Europe's Reconstruction Prof. Kallen prefaced his statement of the Zionist position with a discussion of the reconstruction programs which Europe is facing. He said in part: "Today the whole world is considering the problems of the future after the war, from the point of view not simply of a recovery of losses but of the reorganization and development of the whole social struc- ture. There are, in general, two programs, one the democratic program of the laboring classes; the other, the program of the ruling classes, jembodying not only various ameli- orative measures, but their economic ambi- tions, their desires with reference to foreign markets, colonies, the economic penetration of undeveloped countries, etc. In the inter- est of an international peace program for the benefit of capital, there has been held in Switzerland an international conference of capitalists to discuss the future after the war. "The other program is that defined in President Wilson's speech of January 28. It is a program which the interallied con- ference of labor has endorsed and which in general the masses of the allied countries are backing as against the classes and even in some cases against their governments. The most significant point in this program is the proposed league of nations and the machinery for avoiding future wars. "The comment of the press in this coun- try and abroad on President Wilson's speech indicates a sharp division of thought regard- ing these points. Clemenceau has sneered at the whole scheme for a league of nations and some members of the British Govern- ment have passed it over very politely. The league of nations has, however, become for America, fundamental to any treaty of peace which we can enter into. In backing it President Wilson, our most liberal states- man since Lincoln, has become the spokes- man for the labor groups who represent the masses of men in all the allied nations, rather than of those frightened vested in- terests represented by such men as Lord Lansdowne. The investing classes gener- ally are opposing the league of nations be- cause it would mean that in the future their foreign investments would no longer be insured by the blood and power of the nation. The American Position "The American position then is the posi- tion of international democracy and the foundation of any settlement for us must be the establishment of the league of nations to prevent future wars. The exact form of the league has not been defined by President Wilson, but its general principles have been laid down — the principles of democracy and of nationality. "The conception of democracy is chang- ing. We no longer hold to the eighteenth century formula that the equality of indi- viduals means their similarity. Democratic movements have in the past been corrective rather than creative — attempts to recover for the mass rights and privileges which have been taken from them. The newer conception of democracy is creative and im- plies opportunity for the free development of the individual. And as we realize that this development proceeds by an ever widen- ing association of the individual with new groups, we grasp the principle that democ- racy must now be interpreted in terms of 136 free groups rather than of individuals. These fall into two classes — natural and artificial. Nationalities are natural groups; states, nations, vocational or religious asso- ciations are artificial. The history of de- mocracy has become the struggle for the liberation of groups — of nationalities. Na- tionality is to the group what personality is to the individual. The need is that there should be a guarantee of law that each social group shall be free to develop its group personality according to its own inner quality. This can only be accomplished through a league of nations. The Jews as a Nation "The Jewish people are the great his- torical incarnation of the principle of nationality. They have maintained their historic continuity through generations. Against all types of imperialism — the reli- gious imperialism of the middle ages and the political and cultural imperialism of the dynastic state of today — represented in its most vicious form by Germanj' — the Jew has been a protestant. So the recognition of the Jewish people as a cultural group becomes inevitably a part of the democratic peace program. "The idea of the re-establishment of the national integrity of the Jewish people was first endorsed by the British Labor group and later by the British Government. It is indicated as one of our war aims in President Wilson's speech of January 8. It has been endorsed here by the Alliance for Labor and Democracy. America, Eng- land, France, Italy, Russia and Belgium have made it a part of their program for the reconstitution of Europe. The Future of Palestine "Inevitably the place chosen for the Jew- ish national home was Palestine, for the Jewish people throughout history have had before them the thought of the ultimate recovery of the promised land. It has been suggested in England that Palestine should be the seat of the proposed league of nations. "Following the conquest of Palestine by the British, a civil government has been established under a Zionist commission. Its present purpose is to develop agriculture behind the lines, for in retreating before the British, the Turks have devastated the country, driving the cattle before them and destroying the countryside. The immediate restoration of the colonies to activity will relieve much shipping and the Zionists are 9ftGt^QmB,vmn gathering a Restoration Fund for that pur- pose. "The program of the Zionist is intended to establish fundamental social justice based on the traditions of the Jewish people. They propose to establish, first of all, eco- nomic democracy, for that implies political democracy, though the converse is not neces- sarily true. We would establish in Pales- tine an experiment for the avoidance of social evils and the promotion of social justice. It would, we hope, be the center of constructive rather than of the protesting democracy of history." City Club friends of John S. Van Ber- gen had a surprise the other day when Mr. Van Bergen walked into the Club, after having started for France for the Y. M. C. A. about two weeks before. Mr. Van Bergen explained that he had just received a new commission as First Lieutenant in the construction division, Quartermaster's Corps. He left again for Washington last Wednesday. First Into Action npHE CITY CLUB was the first Chi- cago Club to get into action for the Liberty Loan. Following the Raymond Hitchcock meeting last Tuesday over $11,000 was subscribed by our members through the Club and up to the time this Bulletin goes to press over $20,000 has been raised. M. H. Cowen, chairman of the City Club Loyalty Committee, received this let- ter last Wednesday from R. S. Ripple, Captain of the subdivision on clubs. Lib- erty Loan Committee: My Dear Mr. Cowen: I am taking this opportunity to offer my heartiest congratulations to the members of the City Club who so gallantly responded to their country's call by subscribing to the Third Liberty Loan on Tuesday. The City Club was the first club in Chicago to report its subscription to me on Tuesday in the amount of $11,200. This should be especially gratifying to the Loyalty Commit- tee and to every member of the Club. Since that time I am glad to say that nearly all of the other clubs have come into line. Assuring you of my sincere appreciation for what you have done in making this loan a success, and trusting you will keep this good work up, I remain. Very sincerely yours, (Signed) R. S. Ripple, Captain Subdivision of Clubs No. 7. V *■ iWX jtl)(Q^a|idioiQI)iciiso JT JourtialofJTcftve aimet»s;hij) Volume XI MONDAY, APRIL 22, 1918 Number 16 THIS WEEK Luncheon from 11:30 Speaking at 1:00 Wednesday, April 24 "National Insurance for Our Fighting Men" HON. CHARLES F. NESBIT Commissioner in Charge of Claims, Bureau of War Risk Insurance, Washington, D. C. The United States Government has launched upon a great scheme of social insurance. It has already written insurance amounting to about $14,000,000,000 — more than four times as much as is carrried on the books of the largest ordinary insurance company in the world. The War Risk Bureau also has charge of allotments to dependents of soldiers and sailors. Mr. Nesbit is at the head of one of the most important divisions of this service. Friday, April 26 An Interpretation of Russia PROF. EDWARD A. ROSS University of Wisconsin Prof. Ross returned from Russia the last of January. During his trip he covered 20,000 miles of Russian territory, reaching as far down as Turkestan. He has talked to all classes of Russians. Wednesday, May 1, at Luncheon. James Weldon Johnson **The Negro Soldier in the War'* 138 GfjeOtilGIubBullcftn a^GttuGlubBuUeim JT Journal of Jlctive QitUen^htp The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS. Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH. Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. JOSEPH Z. UHLIR Died April 13, 1918 JOSEPH SGHAFFNER Died April 19, 1918 ^ ''STENING Victor A. Remy has been appointed to a post with the Aircraft Board, Wash- ington, D. C. Charles H. Prindeville has been commissioned lieutenant in the Construc- tion Division, Quartermaster Reserve Corps, with headquarters at Washington. Clifton R. Bechtel expects to sail shortly for France where he will act in a secretarial position in connection with the Y. M. C. A. He left Chicago for the East April 15. Dr. J. H. Hess has been commissioned as Major in the Medical Reserve Corps. He entered upon active service at Ft. Riley April 10. We ARE GLAD TO WELCOME these new members into the Club: Julius Goettsch, Assistant General Superintendent, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White (architects) ; Richard L. Huehne, Crescent Engraving Company; Frank W. Smith, Secretary Corn Exchange National Bank. The DIRECTORS have just completed ar- rangements for an exchange of courtesies with the New York Civic Club. Mem- bers who are visiting New York may have the privileges of their clubhouse at 14 W. Twelfth Street by presenting a member- ship card, which can be obtained from the City Club office. The Civic Club is an organization similar to our own City Club except that it does not undertake organ- ized work. Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin of the Department of History, University of Chi- cago, has gone to England at the invitation of the University of London and other English universities to deliver lectures on English and American relations, the causes of America's entrance into the war, and allied topics. Prof. McLaughlin goes as a representative of the National Board of Historical Service. He will deliver lec- tures at the Universities of London, Ox- ford, Cambridge and other great universi- ties, before historical societies and other groups. Do YOU EXPECT to visit any of these cities: Baltimore, Boston, Cincinnati, Kan- sas City, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Port- land, Ore., St. Louis, Duluth? If so apply to the club office for one of the new cards which certifies 3'our membership in the City Club of Chicago and you will then be entitled to the privileges of any one of the following clubs: City Club of Baltimore. Boston City Club. City Club of Cincinnati. City Club of Kansas City. City Club of Milwaukee. City Club of Philadelphia. City Club of Portland, Ore. City Club of St. Louis. Duluth Commercial Club. G^l^QtuGIufaBufletm 139 Annual Meeting Held Officers Elected — Frank I. Motilton, Re- tijHng President, Revieivs Chib Work The annual- meeting of the Club was held last Saturday. President Frank I, Moulton surrendered the gavel after two terms of active service for the Club and Prof. George H. Mead was elected to suc- ceed him. The officers and directors elected at the meeting were: Officers (for a term of one year) President — George H. Mead. Vice-President — Charles M. Moderwell. Treasurer — Roy C. Osgood. Secretary — Charles Yeomans. directors (for a term of two years) Arthur L. Hamilton. Bradford Gill. Alfred L. Baker. Harris S. Keeler. The new by-laws submitted by the di- rectors and printed in the Bulletin April 1 were adopted with some amendments which will be printed in the next issue of the Bulletin, The Present Task President Moulton's review of Club ac- tivities showed that during the last year the Club has been principally occupied with matters relating to the war. "The imme- diate future," he said, "will be pregnant with world-wide social, economical and governmental questions, pressing for con- sideration and determination. Their final determination lies with the electorate. No greater service can be rendered the com- munity than to aid in arriving at a correct solution of these problems. This is a serv- ice the City Club has rendered in the past, and must continue to render, by providing a forum for the frank discussion of these questions." The effect of the war upon the activi- ties of the Club was described by Mr, Moulton as follows: Our Finances The fiscal year 1917-18 has been one of dif- ficulty in financial matters. It was believed the readjustment made in 1916-17 would enable us to carry on the ordinary operations and public work of the Club during the present year, with- out the usual appeal for public-work funds be- coming necessary. In this we have been dis- appointed. The number of our members who have been called to the service in the Army and Navy and who have taken Government posi- tions at lowered salaries, together with those whose incomes have been depleted by war con- ditions, has so far reduced our income as to compel a financial appeal to our membership. The response has justified the statement which has been made "that the people are just begin- ning to learn how to give." Nottuit/istanding our difficulties, ive have paid every bill at ma- turity and availed ourselves of every cash dis- count offered. Public Work and the War War conditions have also affected committee work. Our Civic Secretary has given a large share of his time since early last July to the work of the exemption board in the Hull House district, where his wide acquaintance with the people and local conditions has hasn of special value to the Government. Man^ of the most active workers on various civic committees have been among those called to the military or civil service. The situation has also called into being ad- ditional committees, and led into new fields of activity. The War-Time Committee, created to deal with subjects which were being neg- lected, or not fully covered by other organiza- tions, has been one of our most active and effi- cient committees. Doing Our Bit The Loyalty Committee was organized at the request of the Liberty Loan Campaign Com- mittee, to assist, not only in the Third Liberty Loan Campaign, but to be an intelligence corps in the Club for all Government financial mat- ters for the duration of the war. It has secured subscriptions to the Third Liberty Loan from sixty-six members and fifteen employes of the Club, amounting to $28,800. Concretely, the Club's interest in the war is represented by 160 members in the Army and Navy; a number in Y. M. C. A and Red Cross work; memberships on various war boards; the contribution of an ambulance now on the firing line in France; the opening of our Club House and its privileges Saturday and Sunday afternoons to men of the Army and Navy ; the securing of subscriptions to the Liberty Loan; the releasing of Mr. Hooker, our Civic Secretary, and at times some of the office force, for serv- ice on the exemption board. The grateful let- ters which have been received from men in the Army and Navy, and from their parents, for the privileges of the Club House which have been extended to them, have fully repaid the expense and trouble of that enterprise. A Reconstruction Plan During the year, Mr, Moulton said, the directors have dealt with two concrete problems: One, to increase the efficiency of committee work; the other, related to it, to keep our members better informed 140 GlJ^GluGIub Bulletin about club activities. A committee ap- pointed by the directors and composed of members who have been active in the pub- h'c work of the Club, reported a plan of committee reorganization, as previous!)' noted in the Bulletin. This plan provided that the committees should be grouped into four divisions of related subjects, each group to be represented on the Public Af- fairs Committee, that semi-annual reports should be made by committees to the club membership and that appointments to civic committees should be for a term of one year, thus securing an annual reorganiza- tion of committees. The Directors adopted that part of the report relating to the com- mittee groups and referred the other recom- mendations to the attention of the Public Affairs Committee. Discussing these points, Mr. Moulton said: A Grave Defect I have been convinced for some time that a grave defect exists in the plan under which our civic committees have been operating, in that it has not provided for more frequent account- ing to the full membership of the Club of their activities. The intimate touch that there should be between the members and our com- mittees is lost under the present methods. I believe that a definite requirement that the civic committees shall make semi-annual re- ports would incite the committees to greater effort, and serve to keep alive interest of Club members in committee activities. Whether the committees are doing little or much, the fact would be disclosed by mose frequent reports. Keeping Up Interest. The recommendation of the special commit- tee that appointments to civic committees should be made definitely for one j'ear ought also to give new life and vigor to the committees. It has been found that where the membership of committees has been continuous from year to year, some of them have gradually frayed out, because of members moving or losing interest and not enough attention has been given to drafting new men to fill these vacancies. There is a great reservoir of ability in the member- ship which has not been drawn upon, and from which we should be able to get a constant re- newal and reinvigoration of our committees. There is ample scope in our various civic com- mittees for the exercise of the talent of all of our members. A Publicity Plan The other matter considered by the Board of Directors, Mr. Moulton said, was the desirability of greater publicity for the work being done by the various com- mittees and for Club activities in general. To effect this purpose, the Bulletin was changed from a publication at irregular inter- vals to one appearing definitely each week. By securing second class mailing privileges and by utilizing the Bulletin for the announcement of meetings, the saving in postage has approxi- mately equaled the increase of expense incident to changing to a weekly publication. The Bul- letin is now published under an editorial board which brings to the service of the Bulletin va- ried talents and qualifications for the work. Through the Bulletin our members are kept constantly informed of all discussions and ad- dresses at our noon meetings, and of the results of the activities of our various civic committees. Mr. Moulton reviewed the work of va- rious civic committees, w'hich will be sum- marized in the next issue of the Bulletin. He spoke also of the unusually interesting program of luncheon talks which the Club had last year and of the accomplishments of the House Committee in improving the service in the dining room. Finding a Middle Ground "In considering the field work of the City Club," Mr. Moulton concluded, "it seems to me some middle ground must be found between pure idealism and mere priv- ilege and corrupt and inefficient adminis- tration of public affairs. This was possibly in the mind of the founders of the City Club when they wrote into its charter the desire to accomplish the purposes stated in the charter, 'By ?ion-partisan and practical methods.' Dreams are of small value un- less they can be made to come true. The Club should strive to formulate its ideals into a concrete program, and endeavor by all practical methods to carry the program into effect. To this end we must enlist all of our forces; and there should be co- operation with such other agencies and or- ganizations as will travel with us the w^hole or any part of the way. Toward the Goal "If 'Lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,' is true, so may it be said of better- ment in civic matters, that the journey is long and the goal still far distant. It was many years after the battle for civil serv- ice reform, and the merit system began, be- fore the fruits of the agitation were real- ized ; and it has been a constant struggle since to hold the ground gained. This is true of every local advantage gained by those sincerely interested in the improve- ment of civic conditions. The struggle will continue, and there is yet work to be done by the City Club, and a justification for its being." The report of Roy C. Osgood, treas- urer of the Club, is printed elsewhere in this issue. 0!C(IiU5aiu''Bull£tln 1+1 Efficiency Plan for City Purchases Proposed by Club Committee A MERICANS are learning rapidly these "^ days from events at Washington the importance of those tedious words "co- operation" and "centralization" as applied to the affairs of government. Democracy must have her battle cry of freedom, but she must also do a little prosaic thinking from time to time on the problems of managing her household efficiently. The City Club Committee on Public Ex- penditures has been doing some hard think- ing on one of these problems of organization in our city government. It is the problem of how the city should do its buying. The City Comptroller last fall announced a plan for centralizing all city purchasing in the hands of the comptroller. The Public Works Department approved the central- ized purchasing idea but favored the Public Works Department as the purchasing agent. The City Club Committee on Public Ex- penditures after a thorough examination of the merits of the proposals, made some sug- gestions of its own on the subject, which were transmitted last week to the City Comptroller. The committee believes thoroughly in the principle of centralized purchasing, "Cen- tralizing of purchases of supplies and ma- terials," it says, "is in line with the move- ment for centralization of administrative services which are common to all depart- ments and is now recognized as essential for responsible and effective service and for economy of operation." The plan of organization proposed by the committee contemplates the organization of a separate purchasing department rather than the centralization of purchases in any existing department. At the head of the new department would be a commissioner of purchasing appointed by the Mayor. The committee outlines the general duties of the new department — which include the prep- aration of standard specifications as well as the operations of buying — proposes certain methods of operation and suggests the pro- cedure by which the civil service employes of the present department of supplies, which would be abolished under the revised plan, should be transferred to the new depart- ment. Briefly stated, the following are the major suggestions which the committee believes should be incorporated in an ordinance pro- viding for the purchasing of supplies and materials: (1) There should be one administrative head of the department, a Commissioner of Purchasing, un- fettered by sul)ordination to a board (as recom- mended in the report) intermediate between him and the appointing power and thereby interfering with a direct line of authority and exact location of responsibility. The Commissioner of Purchasing should be appointed by the Mayor, without sub- mission for approval to the City C^ouncil. (2) The committee believes that a centralized plan of purchasing supplies and materials should include purchasing, storing, distribution of and ac- counting for supplies as well as preparation of standard specifications and testing and inspection of commodities purchased. (3) The Committee is of the fir:n opinion that the bureau of standards, inspections and tests should be located in the proposed purchasing de- partment and not in the Comptroller's office, as recommended in the report. This also would look toward definite location of responsibility as op- posed to a dififusion of responsibility. (4) Standard specifications should be prepared in the bureau of standards, inspections and tests, in consultation with a technical advisory board con- sisting of the head of the bureau of standards, inspection and tests, a technical representative of the department requisitioning the commodity to be purchased and a member of the technical staff at present attached to the Committee on Finance of the City Council. (5) The proposed central purchasing department should not let contracts for a construction of pub- lic improvements, but the letting of these con- tracts should be left in the respective departments. (6) The central warehouse should be under the control of the proposed purchasing department as recommended in the Comptroller's report, but the "capital account" method of financing, purchasing, storing and distribution of supplies and materials should be abolished, the funds for these purposes should be replenished by annual appropriation and not by payments from other departments. Under this plan the amount charged the several depart- ments for commodities purchased will be the actual cost of the items and delivery to the city, whether the point of delivery be the warehouse or the point of use. This will discourage the storing of com- modities in the warehouse except for the purpose of buying advantageously and holding for inspec- tion or testing. It will end the practices of un- necessarily purchasing and holding goods in the warehouse and of cumulative charges of warehouse overhead to other departments. It also will en- courage the practice of obtaining prices f. o. b. warehouse and f. o. b. point of use before ordering so that cost of delivery by the city from the ware- house to the point of use may be calculated in and the buying done in the more economical way. (7) The present ordinances giving sundry de- partments the right to contract independently for purchases in excess of ^5W should be repealed and the proposed purchasing department should be au- thorized to contract for such purchases without referring them to the City Council for approval. (8) Going farther than the points covered by the Comptroller's report, after the proposed cen- tral purchasing department is created, with a Com- missioner of Purchasing at its head, the present office of Business Agent should be abolished and the staff of civil service employes in the present Department of Supplies should be transferred to the new department, together with such civil serv- ice employes in other departments whose major duties consist of work in connection with purchas- 142 GfjeaauGIubBullettn ing. Where the work of these employes at present includes duties other than those of purchasing, re- adjustments of the duties should be made, hut from each of the larger departments at least the proposed central purchasing departments should obtain the services of employes sufficient to main- tain its work. The committee believes that it is desira- ble to present and adopt a complete plan for the organization of a central purchasing department at this time rather than to try piecemeal methods. The latter, it pointed out, resulted in the experience of the pres- ent Department of Supplies which was or- ganized twenty years ago as a "first step" toward central purchasing but which has never functioned as such. "With the changes herein briefly out- lined," the letter concludes, "the Committee on Public Expenditures endorses heartily the broad central purchasing plan and ex- presses the hope that it may be installed in the city government. The committee be- lieves it to be a long step in progress toward business-like management in city affairs and hopes it ultimately will result in a centralization of purchasing for all pur- poses of local government, when consolida- tion of local taxing bodies shall have been brought about." The letter is signed for the committee by J. L. Jacobs, acting chairman. Members' daughters may buy City Club cigars for their gentlemen friends at members' rates! The new table lamps in the grill give a touch of color which adds greatly to the attractiveness of the room. Treasurer's Report Year Ended March 31, 1918 The Treasurer's Report for the year ended March 31, 1918, is appended hereto consists of the following Statements: Statement of Assets and Liabilities as at March 31, 1918. Income and Expenses for the year ended March 31, 1918. Surplus Account for the year ended March 31, 1918. Departmental Accounts for the year ended March 31, 1918. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) Roy C. Osgood^ Treasurer. Statement of Assets and Liabilities ASSETS. Leasehold Building and Equipment at Cost $i 73,719.98 Furnishings : Furniture and Fixtures 7,796.69 Kitchen Equipment 1,978.60 Crockery and Utensils 2,576.20 Silverware 1,661.43 Linen 451.48 House Linen 40.61 Inventories : Provisions Cigars Dining Room Supplies Accounts Receivable : Unpaid Dues Unpaid Restaurant and Cigar Checks. Rents Receivable Subscriptions to Deficiency Fund General Accounts Sundry Prepayments: Leasehold Ground Rent Insurance Premiums . . Cash in Bank and on Hand. Deficiency $U.505.01 ? 1,232.46 991.02 49.50 $2,272.98 .$ 1,753.75 289.75 59.14 3,699.25 115.77 $5,917.66 5 845.80 850.20 $1,696.00 .$ 1,231.21 5,598.il $209,9^1.25 LIABILITIES. First Mortgage Leasehold 5% Bonds, Authorized Issue, Due 8-1-1941. $200,000.00 Bonds Issued $182,000.00 Scrip Issued (secured by deposit of $3,900 City Club Bonds with Northern Trust Company) $ 3,650.00 $185,650.00 Notes Payable, National City Bank. (Secured by deposit of $14,000 of City Club Bonds) U,000.00 Accounts Payable 3,6i6.8l Reserves : Dues paid in Advance $ 590.00 Bond Interest Accrued 3,871.73 $i,i61.7S Unexpended Balances Sundry Funds: Christmas Fund $ 303.32 Quarter Section Publication 554.13 Educational Research Bureau 18.41 Terminal Publication 35.51 Housing Exhibit Publication 49.40 Publication Fund 663.64 Neighborhood Center Publication Fund.. 64.35 North Side City Planning Study Fund. . 48.00 Chamber of Music Fund 97.97 Ambulance Fund 235.45 Posterette Fund 1.50 Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Fund 111.03 $2,182.71 $209,9il.25 ^eGtuGlufaBuil^tin 143 Income and Expenses EXPENSES. Fixed Charges: Leasehold Ground Rent $10,150.00 Taxes 5,832.25 Fire and Employers' Liability Insurance. 537.12 Interest on Bonds and Loans 10,065.98 $26,585.35 Building Maintenance and House Expense: House Employes' Wages .$10,510.16 House Employes' Meals 2,370.60 Electric Power 1,609.80 Electric Light 848.35 Fuel 1,794.86 Building Repairs, Etc 874.42 Uniforms 372.74 General House Expense 1,402.48 Laundry 603.61 $20,387.02 Administration Expenses : Office Salaries $ 4,438.49 Stationery and Printing 907.65 Postage 761.40 Telephone 955.15 Newspapers and Periodicals 405.96 Premiums on Surety Bonds 73.50 Entertainment 73.75 Membership Extension Expense 158.87 General Expense 323.46 Membership in ^Organizations 18.00 Art Exhibit 5.00 $8,121.23 Departmental Accounts: Restaurant Operating Loss $ 4,515.26 Add Depreciation on Equipment : Kitchen Equipment 600.00 Crockery and Utensils 1,051.98 Linen 646.25 Silverware 39.70 Total Loss on Restaurant $6,853.19 Profit on Cigars $627.70 Profit on Billiards 342.54 970.24 $5,882.95 Club House Depreciation : Furniture and Fixtures $1,080.00 House Linen 100.00 Christmas Fund: Distribution Amongst Employes. $1,180.00 l,6U-80 Public Work: Provided from General Fund : Miscellaneous : Salaries of Civic Secretary and Assist- ants $4,143.11 Sundry Expenses 1,632.07 Symposium 157.70 Bulletin 3,200.65 Library 683.25 Milk Investigation 618.89 General Investigation 31.00 $10,466.67 Provided by Special Contributions : Quarter Section Publication $ 7.52 Terminal Publication .60 Publication Fund 36.14 Chamber Music 352.45 Ambulance Fund 1,718.55 Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Fund 655.55 $2,770.81 $13,237.48 $77,038.83 INCOME. Members' Dues $54,529.50 Rents 3,708.00 Profit on Rental of Stereopticon 38.13 Profit on Umbrella Rentals 7.00 Christmas Fund, Donations transferred to cover Expenditure per contra 1,644.80 Special Contributions to Specific Items of Public Work to cover Expenditures as per contra 2,770.81 Loss FOR THE YEAR, carried to Deficiency Account 14,340.59 $77,038.83 Departmental Accounts RESTAURANT. Credits : Receipts from Members and Banquets. . .$48,822.15 Guests and Symposium 916.10 Employes' Meals 2,370.60 $52,108.85 Charges : Provisions Used $30,347.50 Kitchen Wages 9,682.88 Kitchen Expense 2,212.79 Dining Room Wages 8,958.30 Dining Room Expense 2,289.16 Manager's Salary (Proportion) 1,450.22 Cashier's Salary (Proportion) 1,185.00 Electric Light (Proportion) 498.26 $56,624.11 Operating Loss for the Year Before Con- sidering Depreciation of Equipment $4,515.26 CIGARS. Credits : Receipts from Members $5,784.80 Charges : Stock Used $ 4,472.10 Wages 660.00 License 25.00 $5,157.10 Profit for the Year $627.70 BILLIARD ROOM. Credits : Receipts from Members $ 856.95 Charges : Wages of Attendant Supplies 480.00 34.41 $514.41 Profit for the Year $342.54 Surplus Account CHARGES. Loss for the Year Ended March 31st, 1918 $14,340.59 Dues, for Periods Prior to April 1st, 1917, Charged Off $920.00 Less : Recoveries on Dues Pre- viously Written Off 30.00 890.00 $15,230.69 CREDITS. Balance April 1st, 1918 $ 9.14 Deficiency Fund 7,838.04 Contributions to Public Work Fund, for year ended 3/31/17, received during cur- rent year Initiation Fees, appropriated to deficiency account the year ended March 31st, 1918 1,630.00 Balance as at March 31st. 1918 5,598.41 $15,230.59 155.00 We hereby certify that we have audited the Books of Account and Vouchers of the City Club of Chicago for the year ended March 31, 1918, and that in our opinion the foregoing statements of Assets and Liabilities, Income and Expenses and Depart- mental Accounts accurately exhibit the Club's financial condition as at March 31, 1918, and the result of its operation during the year ended that date, A detailed report 144 G^QlliGIubJBuMn showing the extent to which we were able to verify the Contributions to the Special Funds has been submitted to the Directors as of even date. Ernest A. Reckitt & Co., April 19, 1918. Certified Public Accountants. THE NEAR EAST AND PAN-GERMANISM The allied governments must resist Ger- many's efforts at domination in the Near East, even if a satisfactory settlement could be arranged in the West, according to Mr. H. Charles Woods, of London, who ad- dressed the City Club last Wednesday. A continuation of German intrigue there, he said, would mean continued unrest and the disturbance of the peace of the world. Mr. Woods is a close student of problems of the Near East. He has traveled exten- sively in the Balkans and Asia Minor, as correspondent for the London Times and the London Evening News. He was lec- turer for Lowell Institute last winter. Mr. Woods said in part: "The German infatuation for domina- tion in the Near East dates approximately from the accession of the present emperor to the throne. The Kaiser's carpetbagging expeditions to Turkey in 1889 and 1898, the dropping of Bismarck in 1890 and the reversal of his policy, the German military mission to train the Turkish army, the intrigues of Baron Marshall von Bieber- stein, the sowing of the seeds of unrest in the Balkans to prevent the consummation of a Balkan League were all part of a def- initely conceived plan for German su- premacy. "Since the outbreak of the war, events such as the enforced disappearance of the German fleet from the high seas have com- pelled Germany to turn her attention even more definitely in a direction where she does not need to rely upon sea power, i. e., the East. It is this particularly which has led her to seek peace with Russia and Roumania — with the former to remove a menace on the north, with the latter in order to facilitate her communications with the east. The possibility of using this op- portunity depends in part upon the attitude of the Russian Black Sea fleet toward Ger- many, in part to the resistance offered by the Armenians in the Caucasus. "When England, unexpectedly to the Germans, joined in the war, German policy in the East had to be changed so that mili- tary operations might be conducted against the British in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia. To bring this about Germany had first to get Turkey into the war, which she accomplished largely through an under- standing with the Ottoman Committee on Union and Progress, which is the secret government of Turkey. She had then to establish communications with Turkey by bringing Bulgaria and Roumania into the war. Failing to bring Roumania to her side, Germany probably through Pan-Ger- man influence in Russia, pushed her into the war on the side of the allies, preferring her as an enemy rather than as a neutral, and then easily accomplished her defeat. "The Bagdad Railway has been the back- bone of the plans of Pan-Germany in the East. Of the fifteen hundred miles from Constantinople to Bagdad, about twelve hundred may now be accomplished by train. This railway has been of great military profit to Germany and to Turkey for it has enabled them to bring troops not only to the Mesopotomian front but to the Caucasus and Syrian fronts as well." The success of Germany's diplomacy in the East was probably due, Mr. Woods said, to the fact that its brutality was better understood by the peoples of the near East than was the straightforward diplomacy of the allies. BUY YOUR BOND FROM THE LOYALTY COMMITTEE OF THE CITY CLUB tV v*"^ r t ^^ P^f .David Klnley, 111. Volume XI pijlilisl)«lQI(«Wgl>i! tl)((K!>(9 Jf Jouiraal ofBlive Qimenship MONDAY, APRIL 29, 1918 Number 17 AT LUNCHEON U WEDNESDAY, MAY 1 The Negro Soldier and the War'^ JAMES WELDON JOHNSON Field Secretary, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The negro soldier played an inspiring part in the Civil War. What is he doing in the present crisis ? Mr. Johnson, who is to speak to us on this subject, represents the national organization which is trying to secure a "square deal" for the black man. He was formerly in the U. S. consular service. Mr. Johnson is the author of several books, the latest a volume of verse entitled, "Fifty Years and After." FRIDAY, MAY 3 ''Unemployment — Before the War and After'' HORNELL HART Helen S. Troutstine Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio What will happen when the war is over and our soldiers come marching home? Will there be jobs for them ? Will there be jobs for the hundreds of thousands of war workers, whose occupations will be gone ? How shall we re- absorb our first and second lines of defense into civilian occupations ? Mr. Hart has been making a special study of these questions for the Troutstine Founda- tion. He was formerly secretary of the Mil- waukee City Club. SPEAKING AT 1:00 THE LISTENING POST Samuel H. Holland, attorney, joined the Club last week. Theodore T, Redington is in Army Y. M. C. A. work at Camp Dodge, Iowa. Seize every opportunity to enlist your friends as members of the City Club. R. E. ScHREiBER is Serving in the Con- struction Division, Contracts Branch, Quar- termaster's Corps, at Washington. Elmer S. Batterson leaves today (Monday) to serve as a secretary of the American Y. M. C. A. with the army in Italy. There were sixty-eight luncheon ad- dresses last year, according to the report of the Public Affairs Committee, submitted at the annual meeting of the Club. Fifty of these were devoted to aspects of the war. Eugene T. Lies left last Friday for Washington to assume charge of the new department of investigation under the Di- vision of Military and Naval Insurance in the War Risk Bureau. It will be his task to organize 25 or 30 district offices in the more important cities of the country, to secure and train a group of investigators and to secure the co-operation of social agencies in promoting this service. It is not only an important piece of war work but a new type of social service of the high- est order. Mr. Lies takes with him the best wishes and the confidence of his many friends in the City Club. A RESTFUL eating PLACE on a quiet street in the loop! The City Club. 146 GltCMQmj^mtai JT Journal of JJctive Gititeuship The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the im.provem.ent of the political, social and economic conditions of the com.munity in which we live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD. President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD. Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH. Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS C. COLTON DAUGHADAY PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917. at the postoffice at Chicago. Illinois, under the act of March 3. 1879. Hail and Farewell ! Frank I. Moulton is a modest man, but he must have felt not a little puffed up at the resolution of appreciation adopted by the members at the annual meeting April 20 for his two years of service as president of the Club. The resolution reads: In view of his large measure of service and unselfish devotion of time, labor and thought to the City Club, be it unanimously resolved that the members in their annual meeting as- sembled render to Frank I. Moulton by a standing vote their appreciative thanks. To Mr. Moulton, said Prof. Mead, should be given the chief credit for two important accomplishments, the placing of the Club on a firmer financial foundation and the execution of the plan for a weekly publication of the Bulletin — "a policy," he said, "which I am sure has won the hearty approval of the members." Continuing Prof. Mead said: "The City Club is under obligation to play its part at this time in the affairs of the city. Because of our absorption in the war, we are in danger of forgetting the task near home. It is the duty of the City Club to meet this obligation and I am sure that during the coming year it will fully realize and undertake this responsi- bility. "Related to this is our own attitude to the war. This is a war for democracy, and democracy is bound to conquer if we at home are conscious of the issue. But to be conscious of the issue we must be demo- cratic ourselves. There is no moral ath- letics more invigorating than the exercise of democracy at home. This attitude the City Club should exemplify in all its affairs." Freed from the cares and responsibilities of office, Mr. Moulton left last Friday evening for a six weeks holiday in Cali- fornia. Loaves and Fishes A T the annual meeting of the Club, Sat- "^^ urday, April 20, Bradford Gill, chair- man of the House Committee, told of the efforts of his committee to satisfy the inner animal of the Club members last year in the face of "war prices, war delays and war prohibitions." The House Committee was faced at the beginning of its term with an alarming decrease in the patronage of the dining room and an increasing loss. It decided on radical alterations of policy, with results which patrons of the dining room know. Feeding the Multitude The new practice was to put into the service every possible touch to make it at- tractive to the eye and palate. New dishes were served and the old ones made more attractive. A baker was employed so that our breads and pies might be made to our own taste. The present neat uniform of the waitresses was adopted. Various other touches were made to increase the attractive- ness of the service. Then the committee, with the aid of a special advertising commit- tee consisting of Fred J. Stebbins, J. R. Ozanne, Claude K. Brown, Oliver Gale, E. S. Brandt and J. Willard Bolte, through the columns of the Bulletin endeavored to acquaint the members with these changes. How the Money Rolls In ! The result Mr. Gill described as fol- lows : "In December we started to see light in a recovery in the number of patrons at each meal, in fact, there were enough new customers to offset the losses of war and other things, but the losses were still bad. It was in February that we nearly had heart failure when we balanced up to find a loss in that one little month of only twenty open days of over $800. March (^Continued on page 151.) ©jeGtuGtobBuOeftn 147 Uncle Sam, Insurance Agent Provision for Soldiers and Sailors Makes U. S. A. the World' s Greatest Insurance Corporation "IXTHEN the United States government went into the insurance business for its soldiers and sailors last fall, the most sanguine advocates of the plan had no idea of the colossal scale upon which the ven- ture would work out. Their wildest dreams, according to Judge Mack, author of the insurance act, did not contemplate the insurance of more than 75 per cent of the men in service for an average policy of about $6,000 each. Within five months, 92 per cent of the men have been insured with average policies of over $8,000. The total insurance written is more than $14,000,- 000,000 — almost twice the combined totals of the first three liberty loans. The gov- ernment is also, under the same bill and through the same administrative machinery, supervising allotments of pay by soldiers and sailors to their dependents, providing allowances for these dependents and com- pensation in case of death or disability. The War Risk Bureau The administration of this plan, the world's greatest experiment in social in- surance, is in charge of a War Risk Bureau under the Treasury Department. Charles F. Nesbit, Commissioner of Military and Naval Insurance, in charge of one of the two great divisions of that bureau, in an address at the Club last Wednesday told of the perplexing problems of organiza- tion and policy which that bureau is fac- ing. With him at the speaker's table sat Judge Julian W. Mack, author of the bill, a former member of the Board of Directors of the City Club, and Eugene T. Lies, also a member of the City Club, who has been selected as head of the newly created department of investigation under the bureau, and who left last Friday to take up his duties at Washington. "Fifty-Fifty" The "allowances" by the government to the dependents of soldiers and sailors are substantially on a "fifty-fifty" basis, accord- ing to Mr. Nesbit. They are made on the condition of a substantially equal allot- ment of pay by the soldier and sailor whose family is concerned. "Compensation" for death or disability is on a much sounder basis than the old- time service pension, said Mr. Nesbit. "Since the Civil War, most states have adopted plans for workmen's compensation and it would be most unfair for the gov- ernment to take a man from an occupa- tion in which he is entitled to compensation in case of accident and to enroll him in the more hazardous enterprise of war without provision for fair and adequate compensa- tion in case of death or disability. It was the aim of those who proposed the bill that the compensation should be in the first in- stance liberal and that there should then be no further compensation. Otherwise, pension legislation would inevitably become a political football as it did after the Civil War." Government Insurance The principle behind the insurance fea- tures of the plan Mr. Nesbit described as follows: "When the government takes a man into the service, it destroys his in- surability. That is fair enough, for the insurance companies are handling trust funds — your money and mine — and there is no way by which they can compute the risk. The American people could hardly afford to penalize military and naval service by forcing the men to pay higher premiums for their insurance. "The cost of government insurance is about $80 a year for a $10,000 policy. The demand for this insurance among the men in service has been far beyond expectations. In the five months since the act went into operation, fourteen billion dollars of insur- ance has been written. In 1916, all the insurance companies in the United States wrote only five and one-half billion. The total insurance on the books of all the com- panies in the United States — about thirty- three billion dollars, twice the amount of insurance elsewhere in the world — is only a little more than twice the amount which the government wrote in five months." The act went into operation immediately and machinery had to be improvised at once for its administration. Mr. Nesbit said "It was like building a dam with the water 148 6^0t«GIubBuIIetin running over us." During the first five months of its existence, the Bureau handled 1,672,000 applications for allotments and allowances, each of which required at least eleven operations, a mistake in any one of which might cause serious difficulties. The sources of confusion in dealing with such an enormous clerical task can hardly be estimated — e. g., in the duplication of names, difiference in spelling, etc. Problems of policy in respect to indi- vidual cases have frequently been very knotty. Fraudulent claims have to be guarded against and the government must take steps to insure that the allotments and allowances go to the person entitled to them. The investigation service, of which Mr. Lies has been put in charge, will have to meet and solve many of these difficult problems. The Russian Ferment npfiE key to the events which have fol- ■*■ lowed the Russian revolution, accord- ing to Prof, Edward A. Ross, of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, who addressed the City Club last Friday at luncheon, is to be found in the balked desires of the people under the autocracy. When the obstacles were removed, people began immediately to do the things which they had formerly been prevented from doing. They began to express their opinions. There was a furor for public meetings. All day long the ears of the people were filled with new doctrines, as they tried to acquire in a few days political wisdom which we have had a life- time to acquire. Discipline was relaxed and people refused to obey rules whose purpose they did not understand. The subject nationalities which had chafed under Romanoff rule began to pull away from Russia, although the reason for their dis- aliection had disappeared with the revolu- tion. Groups of working people tried to better their economic conditions, to get higher wages and shorter hours; the peasant demanded lower rentals. But in spite of all, there was little disorder because of the in- nate reasonableness of the Russian people. The unreasonable demands of which we have read in the papers are the extreme demands among a people of 150 million. Prof. Ross spent several months in Russia. During his stay, he traveled 20,000 miles, visited all classes of the people and inter- viewed leaders of all factions. He returned to America last January. Backward Russia Russia is backward, said Prof. Ross, but for reasons which do not reflect on the Russian character. For two hundred and forty years her people were under the yoke of the Mongols. Then until the time of Peter the Great, her people were prevented from cultivating the rich black soil belt because of raids by the Tartar tribes. About the time of Queen Elizabeth, Russia began to tie the peasants to the soil. For a long time outright slavery existed and white people w^ere sold in the slave markets. About one hundred years ago the slave markets were suppressed and it was not till the sixties that Czar Alexander freed the 23,000,000 serfs. The people have been bowed down by the oppression of the autoc- racy. The Russian People "I believe," said Prof. Ross, "that the Russian people have as high natural gifts as any people in the world. They are a friendly people. I have never seen human beings more responsive to others or more instinctively democratic. Russians are not militaristic ; they do not believe in the glory of war, although at one time Russia was the most dangerously militaristic power in Europe. You must learn to think of the Russians as a fundamentally pacific and democratic people which has had erected upon it a Germanic government with a Prussian spirit. The Millstone "For from two to three generations, the autocracy had been a millstone around the neck of the Russian people. As the more enlightened and liberal spirits drew away from it and rebelled against it they were by thousands sent to prison and to Siberia. The autocracy organized the dregs of society into the infamous 'black hundred' to crush out men of liberal sentiments and sowed the seeds of discord among the subject nationali- ties to keep them in subjection. "In Russia, I was struck by the concen- tration of wealth. I saw evidences of the {Continued on page 150.) GtjeGtuGIubBuUettn 149 Direct Primary and " I. and R." Proposals Bring Lively Contest npHE NEW BY-LAWS proposed by the directors and printed in the Bulletin of April 1, with some amendments, were adopted at the annual meeting April 20. The discussion of these bj'-laws was en- livened by the debate over two proposals submitted by A. B. Cone — one an amend- ment to the Articles of Association which would provide a direct primary method of electing officers and directors, the other an amendment to the by-laws providing for the initiative and referendum in the determina- tion of Club policies. The Direct Primary The direct primary, Mr. Cone asserted, is of the City Club's own political stock of merchandise. The City Club advocates this principle in public, he said, "but when its members appear to choose the officers who are to 'represent' them they are handed a ticket with a single candidate for each office." The argument that efficiency re- quires expert knowledge and experience and a consistent control from year to year is plausible but "out of step with the basic principle of democratic government. . . . There is no room on our soil for any gov- ernment by rulers with power to choose their own successors." Mr. Cone's charge that the present method of electing Club officers is undemo- cratic was denied by Herbert J. Friedman, chairman of the directors' sub-committee which drafted the proposed new by-laws. Under the old by-laws and under those now proposed, he said, any twenty members could by petition nominate candidates in opposition to those proposed by the nomi- nating committee — a method of nomination which is easier and more liberal than that of a direct primary. The "I. & R." The proposal for the initiative and ref- erendum on matters of Club policy was advocated by Mr. Cone also on the ground of its fundamental democracy. The com- mittee which drafted the new bj'-laws had for a time considered such a proposal favor- ably, Mr. Friedman answered, but had altered its position when the dangers of dividing the Club on controversial issues were pointed out. At the present time, the public work is conducted by committees and the Club as a whole is not committed by their action. Among those who spoke in favor of Mr. Cone's plan was Robert M. Buck, among those who spoke against it. Prof. George H. Mead and Henry P. Chandler. There was no debate as to the principle of the initiative and referendum. The issue between those who favored Mr. Cone's proposal and those who opposed it nar- rowed down in the last analysis to the advisability of committing the Club as a whole to one side or another of public ques- tions. That has not been the policy of the Club in the past and the members by a large majority voted not to change from the present system of committee action. Publicity Mr. Cone's proposals were both defeated by considerable majorities when put to a vote. Another amendment proposed by Mr. Cone and published in the Bulletin of April 15 provided that the proceedings and membership roll of the Club should be open to the inspection of members. Mr. Friedman stated that this provision from the old by-laws had been omitted by over- sight and the amendment proposed by Mr. Cone was accordingly accepted as a part of the original draft and adopted with the by-laws. It reads as follows: Art. III. Sec. 4. At the end of the section add the following: "The record of the proceedings of meetings of the Club and of the Board of Directors and the roll of members shall at all times be open to the inspection of members at the business office of the Club." Voting by Mail Approved An amendment proposed by R. F. Schuchardt, providing for voting by mail under certain conditions, was adopted unanimously. It reads: Art. X. Sec. 1. Add: "In case of illness or absence from the city, members may also submit their ballots by mail and such ballots shall be counted if received at the City Club before noon of the day of election. Such ballot shall be written on plain paper and may be enclosed in a plain envelope without identification marks and then enclosed in an outer envelope which shall bear the name of the member sending the ballot. The changes in the proposed by-laws printed on page 132 of the Bulletin of April 15 were embodied in the draft pre- sented by the directors for ratification. 150 GJ^CPuGtabBuflrfln THE RUSSIAN FERMENT {Continued from page 148.) most lavish scale of expenditure in the cities, but when I came to the villages I found the most complete destitution. The people lived in one and two room cabins. Villages with 8,000 or more population had no amusements — no pleasure animals, no moving pictures, no amusements of any kind. There was nothing to absorb the nickels because there were no nickels to absorb. "Russia is in reality a rich country but the methods of siphoning the wealth from the places where it was produced to the pockets of the wealthy privileged classes were more efficient than anything which we have evolved in this country. The Roman- offs and their bureaucracy, their secret police, agents provocateurs, nobility, landed estates, cossacks, etc., produced this result. The Land Question "The land question was most acute after the freeing of the serfs, for instead of giving to the serfs the land which they had for- merly tilled for themselves and instead of paying them to work upon the land which they had tilled for the landlord, they were compelled to buy the land on installments at inflated values, payments continuing for a period of 49 years. One-third of the land of Russia was left in the hands of a few thousand nobles. "The Bolsheviki are now nationalizing the land. They have adopted the principle that no man shall have more land than he can till. If he has so much land that he needs to employ a hired man, a part of the land will be lopped off and given to the hired man. The idea is to do away com- pletely with the system of exploiting labor upon the land. "Before the revolution, the workingman received about one-third the 'real wages' which the workingman in this country re- ceived. And I have been assured that be- fore the revolution 20 per cent was as com- mon a return upon capital in Russia as 10 per cent was in the United States. Thus millions of rubles that under American institutions would have stayed in the pock- ets of labor went to the capitalists. This was possible because labor was not allowed to organize, because strikes were outlawed, because ignorance was deliberately fostered among the people." Prof. Ross, referring to the present situ- ation, said: "The Bolsheviki are planning to nationalize the factories. Trotzky has stated that the factories would not be con- fiscated, that the owners would be paid probably 5 or 6 per cent. Their operation would be controlled by committees but they would be run for the benefit of society as a whole. No factory, he said, would be allowed to retain trade secrets and no factory would be closed because it failed to produce a profit so long as its product was needed by the people. The Social Revolution "The Bolsheviki differ from other parties in that they wish to keep the working class in a position of dictatorship. The revolu- tion of March was a political revolution. The Bolsheviki revolution of November was a social revolution — a revolution different from any that the world has ever seen. The Soviets are the rulers of Russia and the idea behind their government is that every- body shall have a share in the government except the propertied classes. "I do not believe that Lenine and Trot- zky are German agents. They are more interested in the class war than they are in national war and they wanted peace so as to preserve the working classes who were being destroyed by the war. I do not at this time see any power in Russia capable of over- throwing the present broad-based govern- ment of the Soviets. In the end the peasants will decide, for they are the large majority of the people. The Soviets "The soviet government is now a 'fifty- fifty' arrangement between the peasants and the workmen. If it were on a strict basis of representation the ratio would be about 85-15, but the workmen are at present bet- ter organized and more class conscious." Prof. Ross stated that prohibition had come to stay in Russia. It has been con- tinued under the revolution. Wine cellars in the Winter palace and in hotels in Petro- grad have been destroyed by revolutionaries. "One reason," he said, "why the revolution was so free from gigantic horrors was that the liquor traffic had been suppressed." On "talk days" 40c, 50c and 60c table d'hote with wide selection a la carte. You CAN HELP YOUR DIGESTION and that of your neighbor by starting a little table talk. GtJcGtuQIubBuU^to^ 151 Wasteful Economy By George L. Rogers, Chairman City Club "North Shore Committee." A RE the American people indulging in ■^^ wasteful economy? Last year consid- erable effort was made in promoting war gardens. Wide publicity was given the movement, and a great deal of enthusiasm aroused, largely among those who had little or no experience in such work. The North Shore Committee of the City Club has undertaken the investigation of last year's garden efforts on the North Shore and has reports of the results in nearly all of those communities. Last week a conference was held at the Club to which were invited the leaders of the work in Chicago. There were present J. H. Prost of the State Council of Defense, Mrs. Tif- fany Blake, who is promoting the Woman's Land Army Movement, Mrs. W. D. Rich- ardson, well known for her excellent work on vacant South Side properties, Mrs. Ed- ward Gudeman, chairman of the Garden Committee of the Woman's City Club, Dudley Grant Hayes of the Board of Edu- cation and Alfred B. Yeomans, in charge of the executive work for Mrs. Pelham. Many interesting facts and experiences were developed at this conference and from these reports that are deserving of serious con- sideration. High Cost Gardens On the North Shore, under the spur of patriotic duty, many engaged in garden work who had not before done so. Having large plots of ground but little knowledge of the secrets of the soil, they employed men to do the work at salaries as high as $75 a month. Many such gardens did not yield $50 in food during the season. Common barnyard fertilizer was purchased at $9 a load. Potatoes costing $4.25 to $4.50 a bushel were encased in clay soil and impris- oned under newly turned sod. Weeds were encouraged to mature and spread their dev- astating seeds where only grass had grown before. Many other similar mistakes were reported. The Community Gardens appear to have been another error of judgment, and prac- tically every municipality reports that as a result of last year's experience, these will be abandoned. The principal mistake seems to have been the belief that men would volunteer their labor to produce vegetables to be sold to others under the market price. After these gardens were planted it became necessary to employ help to cultivate and harvest the crops, most communities report- ing a loss on this account. At one place a $700 canning outfit was installed, although but few vegetables were canned and some of these spoiled. In some places the men in charge of the work were inexperienced and in others experiencd men were hampered by an amateurish advisory committee. On the other hand, many small individual gardens, worked by the owners, were a decided success. The conference was a most enthusiastic meeting. Each of the parties present is heart and soul in the work. It developed, however, that each knew little of the work being done by the others, and the State Council of Defense is endeavoring to rem- edy this condition by having its department act as a clearing house for all other groups and organizations. Some Hints The following suggestions may assist those contemplating the planting of a gar- den this spring: 1. Don't be in too much of a hurry to get your garden in. May 10th is sufficiently early for ordinary vegetables in this climate. 2. Wait until your ground is crumbly before plowing. You will ruin your garden for sev- eral years if you work the wet clay. 3. Plant vegetables that can be stored and will keep during the winter. 4. Do not employ help, but do your own gardening. One man can cultivate 40 acres on a farm. He cannot earn his salary with a hoe. It is not economy and you do not increase the food supply by withdrawing needed help from the farms. 5. Club together and purchase fertilizer by the car. One community did this last year at a cost of between $2 and $3 a load. 6. Study the seed catalogues. {Continued from page 146.) brought hope with the abolition of heatless Mondays, a rather general reduction in prices and slightly decreased portions. We enjoyed an increasingly good and profitable patronage of our facilities by outside parties in the evenings. And now, much to our joy, we are able to report a profit of about $550.00 for March." Mr. Gill praised the co-operation of Mr. Joseph Palise, manager of the Club, and of the entire staff. Mr. Palise was pro- moted to his position last year, following the resignation of the former manager. 152 G^fQtuGliibBulfeftii Open House for Enlisted Men A Statement by the Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Committee. Beginning December 8, 1917, the Club has been open ever}^ Saturdaj' and Sundaj' afternoon and evening to enlisted men of the army and navy. The War Recreation Board of the State Council of Defense and a committee of the Woman's City Club co- operated in making arrangements, and the Canteen Service of the American Red Cross undertook to furnish and sell light refresh- ments on Sundays when the club kitchen is not running. Club members donated pho- nograph records, posters and announcement cards, and have been on hand regularly at the Club to receive the men and to explain the facilities available. To defray the expense involved in keep- ing the clubhouse open on Sundays, which amounts to from $25.00 to $35.00 per Sunday, a special fund was raised from members. Receipts and disbursements to date have been as follows: Receipts $766.58 Disbursements — Fuel 212.20 Light 57.00 Wages 328.50 Laundry 19.50 Printing 42.75 Sundries 38.30 $698.25 Balance April 18, 1918 $ 68.33 All food and tobacco have been sold at cost and no charge has been made for use of the pool and billiard tables. The maximum attendance on any one day has been about 200, and many of the soldiers and sailors have expressed their appreciation of the club privileges. Closed on Sundays Owing to the recent opening of the Cen- tral Soldiers' and Sailors' Club on W. Washington St. and to the falling off in attendance with the approach of warm weather, the committee has thought it un- necessary to continue the Sunday "Open House" after April 21, but enlisted men will be welcome as heretofore on Satur- days. The balance of the fund remaining, after deducting expenses for Sunday, April 21, will be applied to extra telephone service and other incidentals. {Sd.) Charles Yeomans, Chairman. Death's Valley "if the German offensive should succeed, and the Germans should get to Calais," said Charles W. Whitehair, speaking at the City Club, Saturday, March 20, "we need not be surprised to see fighting on our own coasts within two months." Mr. White- hair as a representative of the Y. M. C. A. has traveled over the whole British front — the training camps, the hospitals, the prison camps, the front trenches. He was at the front line when "the big push" was made last September. The Lx)nesome Road What does a soldier do and how does he feel under fire? "The stories of men going into battle laughing, singing and whistling are a pack of lies," said Mr. Whitehair. "Don't think that the men like to go 'over the top.' The most lone- some road a man ever travels is that road. But I have never yet seen a man who wanted to turn his back on that hell. The men are ready to go in and to die rather than to submit to a dishonorable peace. "I asked our American boys for a mes- sage to take back to America. They said, 'Tell them over there that we would like to come home — but we won't come home till the show is over!' They are living in barns, in haymows and chicken coops, but I heard less complaining from them than I have heard here in America over wheat- less and meatless davs, etc." The Human Sacrifice Will the world ever fully understand the tremendous human sacrifice that has been made in this war? The smallest loss in any one month's fighting on the British front last year, according to Mr. White- hair, was 30,000 men and boys. "I went over the battlefield of the Marne," he said, "and there were times when I could not get my feet off the graves. I visited Ver- dun and the hills were thick with graves. I am sick of the talk that 'food will win the war' and 'liberty bonds will win the war.' These are necessary to victory but the war will be won by the human sacri- fices of the boys in blue and khaki. In the face of what they are giving, can any sacrifice here at home be considered too great? The man who hoards his money at this time is not a slacker, he is a traitor to his country." Buy Liberty Bonds from the City Club. Prtf .DAtld Klnl®y, myEnmy of umis imm iAaM, 111. Gl^^GteQtabBwMin puWisljed ^JUecklgh^ tfjf (|?tj;(I|ub of (PjicagO JT Journal ofJjtttYe aitUemhij) Volume XI MONDAY, MAY 6, 1918 Number 18 LUNCHEON TALKS THIS WEEK WEDNESDAY, MAY 8 ''Illinois War Work SAMLJEL INSULL 9) FRIDAY, MAY 10 Chairman Illinois State Council of Defense ''Prussia and Our Schools CHARLES H. JUDD 99 Director School of Education, University of Chicago "The Elementary Schools of the United States," says Prof. Judd, "borrowed their plan of organization and the general definition of their course of study from Prussia. For more than half a century, we have harbored this borrowed institution and have tried to use it for the purposes of a democracy. We have failed conspicuously." LUNCHEON FROM 11:30 SPEAKING AT 1:00 Pershing Boys at Club T^ IFTY-TWO of our members joined the "Plus Club" at last Thursday's lunch- eon and subscribed $4,600 more to the Liberty Loan. The total so far subscribed through the Loyalty Committee of the Club is $40,400. A variety of missionary talent was on hand at the luncheon and talent of a sort which held the audience fast in their seats a half hour beyond the usual quitting time. First came the Jackies' Band. After their appearance, conversation ceased except among the shouters. After weeks of cam- paigning the boys had apparently lost none of their wind and the bass drummer's pitch- ing arm was in splendid trim. Fred Dale Wood was the speaker. He won instant approval for his plan for end- ing the war, namely, to tie Kaiser Bill and his generals to a persimmon tree and let them pucker to death. The war, Mr. Wood said, is not only for democracy's sake but 154 Gtl^GrtuGtubBuU^tm ae«GlubBuUetm H Journal of JIctiYC Gitiien^hip The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS. Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postofRce at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. for the humanization of the world. It must bring back the condition of civilized living among nations which existed before the rape of Belgium. For this no sacrifice is too great and the man who buys his bonds without some personal sacrifice has not met his full obligation. Then came the surprise — something not on the program ! Two of Pershing's dough- boys — Corporal Merle Skinner and Albert Montgomery — walked in — tin hats and all — and, with the band blowing like a Kansas cyclone, marched up the aisle to the front table. Both had served in the front trenches, lived with the rats and the other little ani- mals which infest Northern France, slept in mud and water and had finally gone over the top. Both indicated that they would rather do all those things than talk to an audience, but they got away with it and were enthusi- astically cheered. At the end, Montgomery gave a demonstration of the use of a gas mask. Aren't you sorry you missed this meeting ? Don't wait till Christmas to send a box of cigars to a soldier. We will ship to any address. The safe arrival in England of Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin was announced in last week's dispatches. STENING Ifev.poST Lieutenant Geo. J. Anderson, for- merly chairman of the City Club commit- tee on vice conditions, has been appointed head of a new section on vice and liquor control in the reorganized law enforcement division of the commission on training camp activities. Lieutenant Anderson has been closely identified with the law enforcement work of the Committee of Fifteen. It is expected that a closer supervision of Chi- cago conditions will be the result of the ap- pointment. The many City Club friends of Ma- jor Abel Davis congratulate him upon his promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colo- nel. The press dispatches state that his promotion to the rank of Colonel is ex- pected shortly. He is with the 132d In- fantry, at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas. The Public Utilities Committee of the Club has the banner record for staying on the job. The committee had fifty-two meetings last year with an average at- tendance of nine. Be a mixer! You will find that your neighbor at the table is a cordial "good fellow" after you have thawed his icy exterior. James Witkowsky has entered the service of the Enforcement Division of the Food Administration and will travel through the Northwest. Professor C. S. Duncan of the Uni- versity of Chicago, who assisted the City Club Milk Committee in the preparation and presentation of its case before the Chicago Milk Commission, has written an article on "The Chicago Milk Inquiry," which is published in the April number of the Journal of Political Economy. Captain Patterson, a Canadian chap- lain, recently returned from the front and now a volunteer speaker in the Liberty Loan Campaign in this section, has visited the Club recently on several occasions. He has seen service on the western front and in Africa. GfjeGitUGIubBuUeKn 155 Our Industrious Committees TXT" HAT did our civic committees do ^^ last year to justify their existence? Not every committee which has a low score in number of meetings or attendance loafed on the job. Some were shot to pieces by the war. Some found little or nothing to do in their respective fields, again often because of war conditions. Many of the committees can point to a very creditable year of activity and accomplishment. The following information is gathered mainly from the report of the Public Affairs Com- mittee on civic committee work for the year just ended: At Springfield Several of the committees, according to that report, found their chief field of opera- tions in the state legislature which closed its fiftieth session last June. By brigading their efforts with those of other organiza- tions, they assisted in bringing about the passage of several very useful bills. The Committee on State and Local Charities, for instance, gave its support to the bill for the licensing and regulation of "loan sharks," the bill authorizing the establish- ment of a state penal farm colony to replace the vile county jails of our state as places for the commitment of offenders, and the enabling bill for the establishment of a municipal farm colony — all of which passed. The Committee on Public Health sup- ported the bill for a state commission to investigate the subject of health insurance — a commission now at work. The committees, however, were not suc- cessful on all fronts: The woman's eight- hour bill, a measure which was endorsed by the Club Committee on Labor Condi- tions, was defeated after one of the hottest and most prolonged contests of the session. Taking One Trench The bill for non-partisan municipal elec- tions favored by our Committee on Polit- ical Nominations and Elections, failed to pass but made progress over previous ses- sions ' by securing the endorsement of the House Committee on Elections. It may take several sessions to put this bill "across," but some of the most important legislation on our statute books has been put there only after persistent effort, continued from session to session. So the committee was not down-hearted by that defeat. A bill for the "zoning" of cities, sup- ported by our City Planning Committee, came so close to passage that its friends were confident it could not be defeated. A surprise attack upon the bill at the eleventh hour threw it back to a defeat. Another attempt will surely be made at the next session to get legislation along these lines. Camouflage Two bills, the alleged object of which was to secure the development of Calumet Lake as a harbor in connection with certain arrangements for filling in adjacent land and changing title thereto, were passed by the legislature. Examination of these bills by our Club Committee on Harbors con- vinced that committee that these bills were undesirable and a communication was sent to the Governor pointing out the objection- able features. The Governor vetoed both bills. The committee was not so successful in its opposition to another bill which it considered objectionable. This was a bill granting to the Iroquois Iron and Steel Co. certain submerged lands in Lake Michigan near 95th street under conditions and at a rate of compensation which the committee considered unfavorable to the State. The State Constitution Committee of the Club supported the proposal for a con- stitutional convention and is planning to back the resolution strongly when it comes before the voters for approval next No- vember. The committee wrote to the Gov- ernor in favor of legislation allowing this resolution to be incorporated in the party columns, but this legislation failed of pass- age. A Major Attack The Public Affairs Committee went into action on its own account in an effort to secure the validation of certain county taxes which had been declared invalid by the courts. The validation bills were opposed by certain firms of attorneys (including that of which the Attorney-General of the State had been a member) who had col- lected large fees for services in securing exemptions from these taxes. The bill validating the 1916 taxes was passed, but that relating to the 1915 taxes was de- feated. The civic committees in addition to their maneuvers at Springfield last year carried 156 GljeGtuGIubBuHelin on a number of local operations of consider- able importance. The work of the Milk Committee has been so frequently cited in the Bulletin that no further recital of its efforts is necessary. The committee is still on the job and is gathering further ammunition for a renewal of its attack on this problem. Library Policies P'ollowing the death of Henry E. Legler, fears were entertained that the public library might be thrown into politics and that the position of librarian might be filled by some person not inspired with the standards of efficiency and library expan- sion which had characterized Mr. Legler's administration. At the memorial meeting for Mr. Legler, under the auspices of about a dozen Chicago organizations but arranged largely through the activity of our Com- mittee on Public Education, the ideals of library development for which Mr. Legler had stood were put very prominently before the public. The Education Committee later used its best efforts to secure the appoint- ment of a non-political library board and jointly with the Civil Service Committee urged the adoption of methods in the exam- ination to fill Mr. Legler's position which would secure the competition of the best library talent in the country. It is impos- sible to weigh accurately the influence of these activities, but they probably helped the situation very materially. The choice of Carl B. Roden for the position has been universally commended. Thrown for a Loss The Health Committee of the Club on grounds of health and safety opposed the ordinance legalizing the use of the sub- basement of Mandel Brothers' store as a salesroom. A similar ordinance opposed by the committee had previously been defeated, but on this occasion the ordinance was passed. The Committee on Public Expenditures has a couple of deep notches in its stick: 1. It joined with other civic organiza- tions in opposing a special session of the legislature to increase the city's taxing power until certain economies in city ad- ministration had been accomplished and the need for additional revenues demonstrated. A number of these economies have been brought about. (Continued on page 158) NEWS FROM RUSSIA A RECENT news dispatch from Petro- ■^^ grad says that "the only Americans remaining in Petrograd are Graham R. Taylor of Chicago and Arthur BuUard." Advices through Washington, however, ap- parently of later origin, indicate that Mr. Taylor has been transferred to Moscow. He is a son of Prof. Graham Taylor and has been for many years a member of the City Club of Chicago. Assistant to Ambassador Mr. Taylor has been in Russia for about two years as special assistant to the United States Ambassador. Before the declaration of war with Germany he was assigned as a representative of this government to the oversight of German prisoners in Russian internment camps, with headquarters at Orenberg. The United States as a neutral was at that time acting on behalf of the German government in the administration of relief funds in these camps and in caring for the needs of prisoners — a work which has now been taken over by the government of Sweden. Mr. Taylor's work covered the entire Ural Mountain region, a territory as large as all France. He made trips some- times as long as thirteen or fourteen hun- dred miles on wheels or runners, sleeping frequently in the huts of peasants. In Moscow When Mr. Taylor was relieved of this work, after the declaration of war, he made an interesting trip through Turkestan and the Caucasus and then returned to Mos- cow, where for a time he was attached to the American Consulate. He was in that city during the week of terror in November when street fighting was so intense and had some thrilling experiences. Counteracting German Intrigue Last December he was transferred to Petrograd and put in charge of the United States publicity work in that city to assist in counteracting German intrigue and propaganda. This was done through com- munications to the Russian press and through the use of billboards. One hun- dred thousand posters, some large enough to contain President Wilson's message, were displayed. Don't wait for the other fellow to start the conversation. Gfl^GttyGIuhBwUettn 157 Preparedness for Peace Make Plans Nozv for Unemploymeyit Crisis at Close of War^ Urges Hornell Hart "■flT^HEN the war is over," said Hornell '^ ' Hart in his address at the City Club last Friday, "an unemployment crisis of un- precedented severity is likely to sweep over the country unless preventive steps are taken now by the government. From 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 soldiers and perhaps as many war industry workers will be thrown out of work by the declaration of peace. Abnormal expansion such as we are now passing through is always followed by reaction." Mr. Hart has been making special studies of this subject for the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation of Cincinnati. He was for- merly civic secretary of the Milwaukee City Club. After the War Measures to prevent the unemployment of our defenders when they return should be, according to Mr. Hart: Plans to give returning soldiers access to the 60 per cent of our tillable land which is now idle, and which should be producing food for a famished world ; Plans for extending and improving the railways, with specifications ready to let contracts immediately when peace is de- clared ; Plans to push public buildings, high- ways, waterways and other public projects immediately after the war; Plans for adequate housing for Ameri- can workmen, to be put into action when demobilization commences. Unemployment Cycles "Severe unemployment crises have oc- curred about every six years," said Mr. Hart. "The years 1902, 1908, and 1914- 15 each saw from three to seven million city workers out of a job. In January, 1915, nearly one man out of every four in American cities was unemployed. In- telligent planning ahead by the government could largely avoid such social catastro- phies. "Nearly 2,000,000 women and farm workers have been drawn into industry by the recent intense demand for labor. At the same time, a million and a half have constantly been unemployed, due to seasonal Fluctuations, changing from one position to another, strikes, sickness, and general lack of organization of the labor market. A government monopoly of the employment business would greatly reduce this unem- ployed margin of labor. "The peak of demand for labor seems to have passed. Ordinary building fell off tremendously in 1917, and other peace industries ceased the rapid expansion which went on in 1915 and 1916. War demands are now filling gaps left by the falling off of normal business. Seasonal Occupations "Seasonal changes cause wide fluctuations every year in the demand for labor. The demand is usually greatest in October and least in January. Transportation and build- ing employ two millions more men in sum- mer than in winter, while school teaching, coal mining, and amusements occupy a mil- lion more in winter than in summer. Retail and wholesale stores have two busy seasons — one in spring and one in fall. "The number of children working in industries other than agriculture has de- creased in recent years at the rate of about 20,000 annually. Immigration "Although immigration has practically ceased, the number of foreign born workers in cities of the United States is still 7,500,- 000 as compared with 7,700,000 three years ago. If normal immigration had continued, we should now have 8,400,000 foreign workers." Down deep in the cellar is the billiard room. Why don't j^ou submerge some day and "shoot a few." NEW MEMBERS R, F. Adams, Associate Editor, "Paint, Oil and Drug Review," Sol Kline, Kline Bros. F. M. Vawter, Baker- Vawter Co. (Of- fice Supplies). 158 GfieOtgGtuhBuUetin OUR INDUSTRIOUS COMMITTEES (Continued from page 156) 2. It prepared a plan for centralized city purchasing which has been submitted to the City Comptroller and the Finance Com- mittee of the City Council as an alternative to the plan proposed by the Comptroller. It is too early to estimate results. Drainage and Streets The Harbors Committee has gone on record in favor of the request of the Sani- tary District to be allowed to take more water from the lake through the drainage canal by reducing the outflow at other points. The Highways Committee opposed the ordinance for the boulevarding of Ad- dison street — a half-section line street which the committee believes should be reserved for general traffic and business develop- ment. The City Planning Committee has suggested to the Chicago Plan Commission a modification of the proposed Ogden ave- nue extension. A New Jail? Chicago needs a new county jail, but when the County Board failed to give as- surance in submitting the jail bond issue to the voters last November that the new building would embody modern ideas of jail construction the Club Committee on State and Local Charities, cooperating with other civic organizations, advised a nega- tive vote. The bond issue was defeated, as similar propositions had been on previous occasions. Through a special committee appointed for the purpose, the Club has cooperated with other organizations in getting public attention to the proposal of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency for funda- mental changes in the government frame- work of the city, including the adoption of the city manager plan. Representatives of the Club have partici- pated in several important conferences on the coal problem. The Wartime Committee The Club has recognized the funda- mental concern of all citizens in the prob- lems of the war by organizing a Wartime Committee, which has been meeting weekly. It was through this committee that the Club's milk inquiry was instituted. The Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs will celebrate the admission of Illi- nois into the Union with a great pageant to be given at the Auditorium Theatre Saturday, May 11, afternoon and evening. The pageant is largely the work of Wal- lace Rice, the official pageant writer for the state, appointed by the Illinois Centen- nial Commission, There will be 2,000 persons in the caste from the ages of 6 to 80 years. History will be told in panto- mime, tableaux, music and dancing. The Chicago Fire will be featured in an im- mense ballet. The proceeds of this pageant are to be devoted to the work of the Com- mission on Training Camp Activities. The League to Enforce Peace, of which Hon. William Howard Taft is Pres- ident, is to hold a convention in Philadelphia May 16 to 18. The object of the convention, as stated in the announcement, is: "To sus- tain the determination of our people to fight until Prussian militarism has been defeated, confirm opposition to a premature peace, and to focus attention on the only advantage the American people are holding to gain from the war — a permanent peace guaran- teed by a League of Nations." Boys in the training camps must have thousands of new magazines. The Col- legiate Periodical League is conducting a campaign to secure this sort of reading mat- ter for them. At least 5,000 magazines are needed at the Great Lakes station every week. As soon as you have finished reading your magazines will you either take them to the Chicago Public Library or leave them at any branch library marked, 'Tor the soldiers and sailors"? The Club Arsenal Up on the fourth floor of the Club house, next to the office, is the powder magazine and arsenal for civic committees. Here is stored quantities of ammunition in the form of data — books, magazines, pam- phlets, special articles, etc., on practically every subject in which a committee is in- terested. The Library Committee at the annual meeting of the Club, reported that the library contains about 3,500 books and 15,000 pamphlets. Think what a lot of "damage" that ammunition could do if the civic committees would only get busy and load their guns with it. GfjeGttuGlubBufletin 159 A New Idea in Zoning CENATOR EDWARD J. GLACKIN ^ is preparing a new bill, to be introduced in the Illinois legislature of 1919, for the "zoning" of Illinois cities. Last Tuesday he met with the City Planning Committee of the Club to discuss its provisions. Senator Glackin's proposal differs rad- ically in two particulars from zoning legis- lation heretofore proposed or adopted in American cities. The New York plan now in operation and the plan embodied in the Chicago bill defeated by eleventh-hour oppo- sition at the last session of the Illinois legislature, are based upon the power of the community — commonly known as the police power — to promote the health, com- fort, safety, and welfare of the people. The community in securing such conditions is under no obligation to pay compensation to any vested interest which might be adversely affected. Senator Glackin's Plan The theory underlying Senator Glackin's proposal is that the creation of such a build- ing zone or district would be a local public improvement, similar, for instance, to a street-paving or street-widening operation. Property prevented by the districting regu- lations from attaining its most profitable use would be compensated by damages, while property benefited by the restrictions would be assessed. The city would per- haps contribute from general taxes in cases where the improvement is of more than local importance. Senator Glackin provides in his plan for hearings of all parties inter- ested before the board of local improve- ments, for the veto of a districting plan or of a change from a plan already adopted by a petition of 40 per cent of the property frontage, for the approval of districting ordinances by the City Council and for opportunity for property owners to file ob- jections to the assessment roll in the courts. There is another fundamental difference between Senator Glackin's plan and that, for instance, which New York has adopted. The New York districting regulations are conceived fundamentally as a city planning enterprise. The major part of the city is districted according to a zoning plan, the relations of one district to another being carefully worked out in advance. The Glackin plan leaves the initiative largely in the hands of local property owners and an adverse petition by 40 per cent of the front- age owners in any community would effect- ually prevent the formation of a "district." Some Questions Senator Glackin's plan is a departure from accepted theories of "zoning." What would be the practical effect of its adoption? The property owners would be more amply protected. Would he be too well protected? Would a minority of local property inter- ests, armed with a veto power upon any proposal for the formation of a district, be able to check regulations needed for the benefit of adjoining districts or of the city as a whole? Would this veto stand in the way of a comprehensive zoning plan for the city and bring about only a "spotty" regulation? Would the penalty of having to pay an assessment to keep his neighbor from erecting an objectionable structure deter many property owners — particularly those of small means — from agreeing to a desirable districting plan? The Glackin plan, as at present worked out, provides no procedure by which the boundary lines of a proposed district would be determined. And yet the character of the regulations — in fact the question of whether or not a protesting minority might block the plan entirely — would depend upon the boundary lines arbitrarily drawn by the Board of Local Improvements or by local petitioners. Perfecting the Details Senator Glackin's bill is still in an em- bryonic stage. Some of the difficulties sug- gested in the above questions, if they are difficulties, can probably be met without changing the fundamentals of the plan. Other difficulties may be more vital. In any case Senator Glackin has some brand new ideas on the subject, ideas which are of more than local interest and which ought to have the earnest consideration of public officials, city planners and "average citi- zens" everywhere. Senator Glackin asserts that in his opin- ion the plan proposed at the last session can not be passed, that the more conserva- tive proposal which he outlined would stand a better chance of adoption. 160 GfJ^OtiJGlubBuUetin Negro Soldier Praised Drawing of Color Line Against Black Men Is Condemned by Club Speaker 'T^HE negro, as a bearer of arms in Ameri- ca's struggle against Prussianism, is displacing no new attitude, according to James Weldon Johnson of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, who spoke at the Club last Wednes- day. He has a military record, Mr. John- son said, which has never been stained by disloyalty and of which he may well be proud, reaching from Bunker Hill to San Juan. Over 200,000 negro soldiers served in the Civil War. But in spite of the negro's high contribution to American mili- tary success, in spite of his eager response to his country's call at this crisis, there has been evidenced against him in some quarters, Mr. Johnson said, an ugly spirit of preju- dice, which is endeavoring to put him in a separate class from his white countrymen. Negro Workers Segregated At the great Hog Island shipyard many thousands of negro workers — skilled and unskilled — are employed in the service of their government and for a long time there was a common democracy with the white men. But a certain Senator visited Hog Island and in a few days came an order for segregation. Signs were put up saying that colored men should eat at one place, white men at another. "It seems a small thing," said Mr. Johnson, "but I want the Ameri- can people to see that the prejudice of which this is an illustration not only is a violation of the common democracy which should exist in such a place but a hindrance as well to the efficiency of the negro workers. For- tunately, the segregation order has been rescinded." Prejudice Shown Blacks Mr. Johnson told the story of a young negro officer, traveling in the uniform of the United States, who was ordered by the conductor of his car to go into "the car for niggers" and upon his refusal was ejected, thrown into jail and fined. In another instance, men in a colored division were told not to apply for admission at places of amusement w^here their presence would cause resentment. "Can't you see," asked Mr. Johnson, "the dampening effect of an order like that on men who are willing to pay the last full measure of devotion to the cause of liberty?" He pleaded that we should apply in our treatment of the negro here the same democratic principles for which we are fighting "over there." A Chance for the Negro "The war has already set in motion," Mr. Johnson said, "forces affecting greatly the future of the negro. The negro exodus from the South to fill the vacuum created by the return of immigrant labor to Europe at the beginning of the war is having pro- found effects. The negro in the South had been robbed of his civil rights although he possessed a fairly assured economic status. In the North, however, where his political rights were more fully recognized, his chance to earn a living in competition with white labor was much restricted. For the first time, now, the negro has the oppor- tunity to live in the free states of the North and to earn his bread in the industrial cen- ters by the side of the white man. It means much for his economic, social and intellectual progress. "This shift of negro population has also improved the condition of the negro in the South. The people of the South are more inclined to listen to the demands of the negro, to provide him with good schools, to insure him a better chance in the court and better police protection." Why take a bath at home in a tub when the City Club has an excellent shower bath free to its members? Good food — tastefully served at moderate prices Where? At the City Club! !;f^ !Sl*;''e'-;;tit'i'. 9 UNIVERSITY OF ILUHOIS LIIRARY OCT 23 1913 Gfl^GtBGtohBHMm publisljed QJeddgb^ tht(^j;(Ihib of Qhicago n Journal ofjfTcttve aitHet\;2^hlj) Volume XI MONDAY, MAY 13, 1918 Number 19 Next Friday, May 17th, at Luncheon A Story of the Invasion of Belgium BY Mlle. SUZANNE SILVERCRUYS Mile. Silvercruys is the 1 8 year old daughter of the Chief Justice of Belgium. She came to this country two years ago as a refugee. At that time she could not speak a word of English but has since developed into an unusually gifted speaker. In her address she tells what she saw and experienced during the German invasion. Mile. Silvercruys has addressed large audiences in the East. SPEAKING PROMPTLY AT 1:00 ^^Made in Germany" /^UR eight-year elementary schools, de- ^-"^ voted to rudimentary education, are an imported institution, according to Prof. Charles H. Judd, of the School of Educa- tion, University of Chicago, in his address at the City Club last Friday. What is worse, they are an adaptation of a w^holly undemocratic system of education, devel- oped in Prussia in the interest of the aristocratic classes. The Volkschule, the school for the common people of Germany and the institution on which our elementary schools are modeled, gives only the most rudimentary instruction, suited to the sta- tion in life to which its pupils are expected to graduate and to which they are bound by class restrictions. Prof. Judd demands for the later years of elementary education an enrichment of the school course, which would afford opportunity for varied types of development for the children of the common people. Prof. Judd spent a part of 1913 in Germany, studying the Volk- schule. (Continued on next page.) 162 GfjeGfeGlubBulIettii »mGluftBuUetm J[ Journal of Jlctive aUuet\5hip The purpose of the Club is to bring together in infortnal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the coTnmunity in which we live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917. at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. NEW MEMBERS A. E. Cooke, Western Trunk Line Committee. Alexander J. Resa, Lawyer. King C. Thorn, American Posting Service. John W. Williams, Sec.-Treas. Harris Safe Deposit Co. (Continued from preceding page.) Germany's undoubted influence on the school systems, not only of America but of Europe and Japan, Prof. Judd ascribed to the fact that Germany had a well organ- ized system of education earlier than any of the other great nations. National Education Germany before this war, said Prof. Judd, knew better than any other country how to relate education to industry. She also realized that education is the most potent instrument of government, the one instrument through which people may most easily be brought to a sense of loyalty to the state. America, however, has had no national policy of education. In our consti- tutional convention there was no recogni- tion of education as a national question. Our Bureau of Education today is only a small bureau without authority. We have one educational system in Illinois, another in Indiana and another in Wisconsin. Aristocracy and People "If we examine the history of educa- tion," Prof. Judd continued, "we find that the early schools were for the training of the sons of the aristocracy. In Germany today such training has a definite part in the system of education. Only from the Gymnasium, the institution for the aris- tocracy, can a student enter the University. Only the boys from the Gymnasium may be officers in the army. There is no access to the Gymnasium or to the University for the common man. "The institution from which 92 per cent of the German people receive their educa- tion is the Volkschule. Schools for the common people always begin with religious instruction — as a missionary enterprise — and in Germany, the Volkschule teaches religion as its most fundamental subject. The Volkschule is an institution absolutely distinct from the Gymnasium. It is a free school which admits both girls and boys. Its teachers are especially trained for this work and never come in contact with the Gymnasium or the University. "The Volkschule has a fundamentally different course of study from that of the Gymnasium. Only the rudiments are taught. In the Gymnasium even'thing is opened up — in the 4th grade the boy begins his Latin, in the 6th grade his French. He is recognized as one of the chosen few, to be trained for the higher professions. No boy who fails in the Gymnasium can hope for a social career. But 92 per cent of the people are denied these privileges. In 1913 only 178 students entered the Gymnasium from the Volkschule. "The Deestrik' School" "From 1800 to 1830, the district school was the typical school for the common peo- ple in America. Years after Chicago was incorporated, the district schools remained, with local autonomy and a variety of courses of study. Some of the district schools held for a few weeks only, when boys were not needed on the farms, very few held for more than five months. The course of study depended very largely on what the teacher knew and was in most cases restricted to the must rudimentary subjects — the three Rs. (Continued on page 168.) Be(MGIiibBuMn 163 Illinois in the War "LJ OW is Illinois as a state meeting the test of the present crisis? The offi- cial body appointed by the governor to or- ganize Illinois war activities is the State Council of Defense. Its chairman, Samuel InsuU, addressed the Club at luncheon last Wednesday. His talk was in part an ex- position of the work of the Council and in part a reply to a letter sent him by the War Time Committee of the City Club. Represents Entire Citizenship "The State Council," Mr. InsuU said, "has among its members a wide representa- tion of interests and points of view. At various times, some of them would be looked upon with great favor and others would be looked upon with disfavor by the membership of the City Club. There are representatives of labor, of capital, of agri- culture, of the banking interests and the learned professions. Notwithstanding the diversity of the point of view, no decision has failed to be unanimous." The appointment of the State Council, Mr. Insull said, was in obedience to the request of the President that such bodies be formed in the various states for the assistance of the federal authorities in the prosecution of the war and for the conduct of such affairs within the state as might from time to time be necessary as a part of war operations. "Our policy," he stated, "has been to follow the instructions of the federal authorities — not to branch out on lines of our choosing. Our attitude is necessarily more or less a waiting attitude. We have guarded ourselves against falling into a habit very common among bodies that do not have the full responsibilities of office, of general criticism of those who are charged with responsibility." Loyalty Propaganda Mr. Insull described a number of the important activities and accomplishments of the State Council. "About the first ac- tivity in which we engaged was the en- deavor to bring the entire citizenship of the state into full accord with the govern- ment's war policy. A year ago there was no such unanimity of feeling as exists to- day. Some of our citizens were slow to realize the situation and the call of the blood temporarily overcame the call of the plighted word. I am glad to say that with rare exceptions, the entire citizenship of the state is now, we feel, strongly back of the government. "In bringing home to the people the fun- damental principles governing our entry into this war, the agency which has prob- ably been more effective than any other connected with the State Council, is the Woman's Committee presided over by Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen. That committee has 15,000 active, volunteer officers in the state and over 700,000 women registered and subject to call for war work. In connec- tion with the patriotic propaganda, we also organized a thousand local neighborhood committees through the state. The prop- aganda through these two agencies has had a great deal to do with bringing the state to a point where it is 100 per cent behind the government, whereas I doubt whether it was forty per cent behind the govern- ment when the war started." The County Auxiliaries The State Council has also, in all but three counties of the state, auxiliary com- mittees which deal with problems of food, fuel, conservation, etc. Typical of the work of these bodies, said Mr. Insull, is their response to the appeal for aid in rais- ing funds for the War Recreation Board. With their co-operation and practically without expense, the fund was oversub- scribed by 40 per cent within a few weeks. The county organizations have also been very active in liberty loan work. Among other activities of the State Coun- cil, Mr. Insull mentioned the assistance rendered the federal authorities in the fuel crisis last winter. He spoke also of the work of the conservation committee in stimulating food production. That com- mittee has, in every county, a subcommittee which works with the local auxiliary. Last January, an investigation showed that the Mississippi Valley as a whole was in very bad need of seed corn. The situation was serious, "We organized the whole state to look for seed corn. The agricul- tural department of the state university co- operated by testing samples of corn to see if they were good for seed. It was neces- sary for us to get financial assistance in order to provide the farmers of Illinois 164 Gtl^GrtuGluhBuUetln Hold Your Banquet at the City Club If you belong to an organization that holds a banquet or a dinner now and then, remember that the City Club can take excellent care of you. 200 people can be easily accommodated, and the best of service assured. Ask Mr. Palise, the manager, for details. He will lay covers for any number you desire and will show you the rooms that are available. Private dining rooms for small parties. Main dining room for larger numbers. with seed corn, to finance the operation from the time the seed is purchased until it is paid for by the farmer. Two or three of the leading bankers of Chicago promptly provided us with a fund of a million and a quarter dollars. That is now making possible in Illinois a corn crop that would have been impossible without it. A Food Program "In a conference between the agricul- tural staff of the state university and ex- perts representing the State Council a food production program was mapped out. This program has the widest circulation not only in Illinois but in a great many of the other states of the Mississippi Valley. "The State Council organized a food show to teach our people how to shop and to cook economically. That food show has been copied all over the United States and the recipe book has an international circulation. Making Farmers "We thought we were going to be short of farm labor," said Mr. Insull. "The shortage is not as great as we at first an- ticipated it might be, although it may be con- siderably increased by the new draft. To help the farm labor situation and to co- operate with the federal authorities in their plan for a Boys' Working Reserve, we got the various educational authorities of the city and state to join with us in a plan to educate the boys for farm work. As a result we have a series of high school lessons of such a character that if all the farmers of the state would get a copy and read it, they would be better farmers during 1918 than they were in 1917. "We took up the subject of war gardens and we are told that the movement is be- ing handled in Chicago with greater in- telligence and in a more practical way than elsewhere in the country." "When the National Guard was mus- tered in as a part of the federal forces, the state of Illinois was left absolutely with- out any form of military protection. The Governor, in case of riot, would have been dependent upon assistance from the federal authorities, at a time when the federal authorities would need every soldier that they could muster. The State Council of Defense through its Military Committee, which is presided over by Lieutenant Gov- ernor Oglesby and Mr. Speaker Shanahan, took up the subject and legislation was passed at Springfield empowering the Gov- ernor to create certain new militia regi- ments and militia reserve regiments. The State Council of Defense was authorized to organize volunteer training corps. As a result of that operation we have provided the state with about 20,000 men. "In all the various activities our key- note is patriotic propaganda. All of them {Continued on page 166.) GfjedtfilGtiibBuU^ftn 165 Over- Seas for Uncle Sam Forty-two members of the City Club are in over-seas military or other war service or are on the way, according to our club records. Except as indicated, they are in France. The following list is probably incomplete and there have undoubtedly been some promotions. Will any member who knows of additions or corrections which should be made to this list please notify the editor? Lieut Lieut Field Artillery Maj. Noble B. Judah, Jr. Lieut. Wheaton Augur Earl O. Blair Marshall G. Simonds Lieut. Walter B. Wolf Lieut. H. S. Marsh Corporal F. O. Mason K. K. Richardson^ Field Artil- lery School of Instruction. Engineer Corps Lieut. Harold R. Howes Capt. John B. Jackson Capt. Francis W. Taylor Aviation Service Lieut. Norris W. Owens Lieut. J. C. Bollenbacher Lieut.-Col. Bion J. Arnold Gale Willard American Red Cross Raymond Robins^ Chairman Permanent Red Cross Mission to Russia — Moscow. Elbert Beeman, Bureau of Personnel Laird Bell, Field Service Paul E. Wilson Ernest P. Bicknell^ Director of Red Cross Work, Belgium William R. Dickinson RussEL Tyson Medical Service Major Channing W. Barrett, Base Hospital Unit No. 36 Quartermasters Corps Lieut. A. K. Atkinson Lieut. Charles B. Benjamin Capt. Perry M. Shepherd Ambulance Service J. Arnold Scudder H. M. CONARD Y. M. C. A. Elmo C. Lowe Clifton R. Bechtel Allen Hoben Edward B. DeGroot Francis W. Parker Fred A. Grow John K. Simons Signal Corps Lieut. Arthur Mannheimer War Risk Bureau Capt. William J. Mack Serg. Leon Lewis U. S. Shipping Board Prof. James A. Field, Statistical Service National Board of Historical Service Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, Eng- land Diplomatic Service Graham R. Taylor, Assistant to Ameri- can Ambassador, Moscow, Russia. Capt. Charles E. Merriam, Chairman U. S. War Propaganda Bureau, Rome, Italy. The Listening Post Frank T. Hennessy is now a member of the National Army, stationed at Fort Jefferson, St. Louis, Mo. As predicted in last week's Bulletin, "Major" Abel Davis, after enjoying for a few days only his new dignity as Lieut. Colonel, has been promoted to the rank of Colonel. John A. Lapp visited the Club last week. Mr. Lapp is known to many of our members as former legislative reference librarian for Indiana. He is now the secre- tary of the health insurance commission of the state of Ohio. When the dog days come, you will be glad of that shower on the fourth floor. 166 BitCMQhibQmtixi ILLINOIS IN WAR WORK (Continued from page 164.) tend distinctly to increase the patriotic fer- vor of the people engaged in the work and by example and reflection the patriotism of the whole people of the state. Work by Volunteers "Except in one or two rare instances the entire service to the State Council of Defense is by volunteers. We have be- tween 50,000 and 75,000 men in the state engaged in public work because they want to do it and without any expectation of reward. Don't you think that the effect of this will be felt beyond the period of the war and that many of these men, after the struggle is over, will realize the duties of citizenship and instead of being mere critics of government will pull the laboring oar in public affairs?" The latter part of Mr. InsuU's address was in reply to questions propounded in the letter of the City Club's Wartime Com- mittee. The letter asked, first : Are We Getting Results? "Is satisfactory progress in your opinion be- ing made in Illinois in the production of food, ships, coal, munitions, the provision of trans- portation, the necessary conversion of indus- trial plants, the determination of priority be- tiveen essential and non-essential industries, and the elimination of ivastes? Are the material resources and the six million people of Illinois doing all they might toivard luinning the tvar quickly?" In reply Mr. InsuU said: "The answer- ing of that question is a very big contract. I can't answer it without getting into an attitude of either praise or criticism of the people from whom I get my instructions — the federal authorities. A great many of those questions have no possible connec- tion with my work. If I should see some- thing which ought to be done in connec- tion with such a question I wouldn't try to do it myself because I would be throw- ing a monkey wrench into the machinery. I would draw it to the attention of the people at Washington. "The production of food is within our sphere of operations. I believe that every- thing possible is being done with relation to that but if not we would like to get the advice of people who think they can do it better. But if they come around with ad- vice they are very likely to be put to work, for we are a little impatient with the fel- low who comes around and just criticizes. "Ships I know little or nothing about. When the shipping board asked us to en- roll men we went to work and in the course of a couple of weeks had enrolled 30,000 men, although Washington had asked us for only 20,000 or 25,000. Next Winter's Coal Crisis "In my judgment we will have more trouble with coal next winter than we had last winter. In proportion to the amount of material to be moved, steam railroads will have fewer cars this coming winter than last. Illinois will have very little an- thracite coal and very little high class bitu- minous coal from Kentucky and Virginia. We will have to rely mainly upon our own production. Everything possible should be done to arouse our people to the necessity of storing coal during the summer months. Everybody ought to store coal and persuade his neighbor to store it — to store more than he needs and place it at the disposal of the fuel administrator for distribution among the poor classes when the pinch comes next winter." The second question asked by the com- mittee was: Coordinating War Effort "Ho'zv far is it possible for the State Council of Defense to serve as a central agency for stimulating co-ordinating and controlling the effort of citizens in the state." "I disclaim," replied Mr. Insull, "any desire on the part of the State Council to control the citizens of the state. If we have not succeeded in stimulating and co- ordinating their efforts we have failed in the purposes for which we were created. We have probably done more of this out- side of Chicago than in the city. We are now trying to bring the various organiza- tions in Cook County into one central body." The committee's third question was: Should We Have Clearing House? "JVould it not be advisable to establish a clearing house of information as to ivar activi- ties of all sorts of organizations in the state and in connection luith it to hold conferences either of special groups of persons or upon special problems for the benefit both of the Council itself and of the public?" Mr. Insull replied : "It is very desirable to have information on those things but we haven't the money to establish an expensive organization. Whenever there is a spe- cific subject needing consideration we have GfitG8«Gli*Bwfl^ 167 a conference on that subject, but the offi- cials of the council are too busy to deal with anything but live immediate issues. We think it would be wasted effort on our part to discuss a program of theoretical subjects — so many volunteer agencies are doing that at this time. It is impossible to lay out a program of our work. We have to do largely as we are told. Every morning I open my mail looking for the next subject that Washington wants us to deal with." The last question asked by the commit- tee in its letter was: Some Specific Problems "Hoiv is the State Council of Defense noiv dealing ivit/i the following important subjects? (a) The promotion of shipbuilding in Illinois. (b) The question of industrial relations, (c) The application of industrial labor according to the priority demanded by luar needs, {d) The prompt conversion of industrial plants ivhere necessary to meet such priority demands, (e) The elimination of waste of man power and material resources in the production of luxuries or other non-essentials or in non-pro- ductive advertising or other forms of competi- tive wastes, whether in respect to production for war purposes or for essential civil needs. (/) The question of demobilization, so that we may be able to insure wise action in that regard when the time shall come." "The promotion of ship building in Illi- nois," Mr. Insull replied, "I think is com- ing along very well. "The conversion of industrial plants is being looked after by the federal authori- ties and is not within our control. We are sometimes asked by a department at Wash- ington to look for various establishments just as we are asked to find men for the various departments there. Business as Usual? "The elimination of waste of man power and material resources by the stoppage of non-essentials is a subject upon which all we can do is to preach. And we get into a great deal of trouble with our citizens when we do preach it. We are told that business should go on as usual, but I think that when public opinion is fully aroused that situation will very largely take care of itself. "The question of demobilization will have to be taken up as a federal propo- sition and we will have to join with the federal authorities in helping and assisting in that work but we are more concerned now with helping to get the men and to get them over there than we are at this moment with bringing them back. The time for us to consider demobilization is later on when we will be ready to carry the burden that our allies have carried for three years past. "As to whether the six million people of Illinois are doing their part, whether their services are being availed of to the best advantage, that is a personal question for every citizen to answer. The first duty of a citizen is to see that his services are being availed of to the fullest possible extent in connection with the great work we have in hand." The purpose of the questions which the War Time Committee presented to Mr. Insull is indicated in the following quota- tion from the letter: Our Maximum Effort "Our committee feels very keenly the importance of affording a wider and better opportunity for the zeal and devotion of great numbers of persons to find scope, and a chance for such persons to under- stand and to help forward the war efforts of Illinois. We feel that the enlargement of such opportunities is vital to the main- tenance of the public morale in this crisis and still more to the realization of the maximum powers of the people of Illinois toward a quick victory. "Speaking not only for ourselves, but, as we believe for other organizations as well, we believe that the State Council of De- fense should be the center of all war ac- tivities in this state and we should like therefore to be able to look to the Council for information, advice and guidance in our own activities." Are you a magazine hawk.^ A magazine hawk is a bird who pounces down on three or four of the latest periodicals, gathers them under his wing and goes to roost for an hour on an easy chair. You can see him occasionally in the Club lounge. He is usually surrounded by three or four hungry-looking members. Another unpopular bird in our Club ornithology is the one who takes his after- dinner nap without troubling to remove the magazines or afternoon newspapers from the couch where careless members have left them. In these times of high prices, be thankful for the City Club's low dues. 168 wcmcmm^utti "MADE IN GERMANY" {Continued from page 162.) "Another American educational institu- tion of this period was the academy. In the academy was taught anything that the teacher could possibly teach. It repre- sented the demand of the democracy for more training and greater opportunities. "The interesting fact about the district schools and the academies was that they articulated. There was no aristocracy and the academies were open to the common people from the district schools. In Ger- many, when a boy goes to the Volkschule at six years of age, he knows just where he is going. If he enters the Gymnasium, also at six, he knows that he is in the school for the aristocracy. But in America we created a unified continuous school system, without class distinctions. Importing Our Schools "In the thirties, Horace Mann and sev- eral other Americans interested in educa- tion were greatly disturbed by the lack of uniformity and standards in our schools, so they packed their grips and went to the place where they could find a good school system — to Prussia. When they came back they brought home with them this Prussian Volkschule which T have described, and gave it to us. And because the Volkschule had an eight-year course and was restricted to the rudiments, our children in this coun- try have been studying the rudiments for eight years. Now there is nothing to prove that eight years is the time needed for mastering the rudiments. The eight-year period exists in the Volkschule because the child is confirmed into the church at the age of fourteen and the school is intended to prepare the child for confirmation. But that fact has determined the form and character of our elementary schools. Too Much Arithmetic "In 1830, when school kept at the most about five months of the year, perhaps it was proper to teach arithmetic for eight years. Under those conditions, perhaps, there was enough arithmetic to last, but as the length of the school year has ex- tended, it has been hard to find enough to go around. Attempts have been made to bring a little algebra and geometry from the higher grades, but these efiforts have generally been resisted. What we need in these higher grades is to give the children new types of study and of experience. "Another result of having adopted the eight-year course of the Volkschule is that our boys enter the professions about two years later than those in Europe. A student who is going into one of the professions must mark time for two years in the 7th and 8th grades. "It is time that American communities should recognize that in the schools they have the most potent influence for the development of the next generation. The Volkschule doesn't need to teach anything about self-government. Religion is taught and after that loyalty to the Kaiser. But in America we must put something into the schools to train the children to take their part in government. When we have done that we will have the type of nation- alism appropriate to a country where 100 per cent of the people make up the aris- tocracy. If we are to have a school system appropriate to our democracy we must get away from the Prussian system. "We should develop beyond our sixth grade a highly differentiated educational system. We have offered equal opportuni- ties of education but have insisted that they should be offered to all in the same way. In the higher grades, differentiated oppor- tunities of the richest types should be given. After the war we must determine for our- selves the kind of democracy we are to have and must develop a type of educational organization appropriate to our way of thinking." It must have been a new and exquisite sensation for the "drys" who sat in the gallery of the City Council last Monday to hear the impassioned oratory of the wets in favor of suspending the special bar permit ordinance. They harked back in memory to those not distant days when the wets refused them even the "littlest" concession toward stricter regulation. But now, thanks apparently to Secretan' Daniels and the "five-mile zone" order, the debate narrowed down to an issue between a mere suspen- sion of the ordinance for the period of the war and its complete repeal. The suspen- sion advocates won out but the drys do not seem seriously downcast or suffering over their defeat. Many of them expect to see the national prohibition amendment in the federal constitution before the special bar permit can be resurrected as a Chicago in- stitution. ^? Pr#f .DavlcS Klnley, 111 puWisljed QJeckijj bu %(5tj;(Ilub of (Pjicago JT Journal of Jjcttve auuemhip MONDAY, MAY 20, 1918 Volume XI Number 20 NEXT THURSDAY AT LUNCHEON — MAY 23 The Present Situation and Prospects in Russia VICTOR S. YARROS The first interpretation of the Russian Revolution to the City Club was given by Mr. Yarros over a year ago. Since then a second great revolution and other events of world sig- nificance have taken place in Russia. Many different interpre- tations of Russia have been brought to us. Mr. Yarros will round up this complex subject for us and interpret Russian conditions in the perspective of the year's developments. SPEAKING PROMPTLY AT 1:00 A Daughter of Belgium "\X7'AR as we saw it over there, how the Germans took our towns and killed our people" was the story told to a large City Club audience last Friday by Mile. Suzanne Silvercruys, twenty-year- old daughter of the Minister of Justice of Belgium. Mile. Silvercruys was clad in her country's colors — "Red," she explained, "for the blood that had been shed, black for her country's sorrow and gold for the glory that would be Belgium's in the end." Mademoiselle told how the war had fallen upon Belgium as from a clear sky. A few days before, not dreaming of what was to come, she with her father had gone to their country home, near Liege. It was there that the news of Germany's threat- ened invasion reached her and it was there that messengers came in the night, knock- ing upon the doors and calling upon the men, in the name of the king, to join the army. Her brother had gone and was among the defenders of Liege. At that time a sixteen-year-old girl, she was play- ing in the garden with her dogs when the first sound of guns reached her ears. But it was at Brussels, she said, to which she had returned immediately with her father, that she first fully realized the war. "When you see the boys going away you 170 GfieGitijaiufaBuUettn »Gtty;GlufaBuMm H Journal of Hctive Gitueuship Published Weekly By The (— CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postofRce at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. NEW MEMBERS J. Esten Boiling, Chief Engineer, Drying Systems, Inc. N. B. Hodskin, Barrett Cravens Co. (Trucks.) Victor E. Russum, Associate Edi- tor, "The National Underwriter." don't know. Even when you hear the guns you don't know. But when you see the wounded coming in, covered with blood and mud, then you do know." Too Young! Sixteen-year-old Mademoiselle volun- teered at once for hospital service but was refused because of her youth. Pursuing an unswerving resolution to be of use, how- ever, she found a place in the kitchen of a large hospital, peeling onions and potatoes and washing dishes. Later she was pro- moted to a ward, where she worked as a nurse for the soldiers. She told of the arrival of the Germans, of the steady stream of gray-clad soldiers that marched for two days through the streets on their way to the south, of Ger- man insolence and tyranny and of the in- domitable spirit of resistance and of long- suffering among the Belgian people. "We were not beaten," she said, "we have not been beaten, we never will be beaten!" Cruelties of the Germans Mile. Silvercruys told some hideous sto- ries of massacre and deportation, whose authenticity she guaranteed. "The Ger- mans seem to enjoy making people suffer," {Continued on page 176) LISTENING I .^v_POST President Mead last week appointed the following standing Committees of the Club: House Committee: Bradford Gill, Chair- man ; Fred J. Stebbins, Morris L. Greeley. Finance Committee: A. B. Hall, Chair- man; Allen B. Pond, Bradford Gill, Roy C. Osgood. Some of our members are actively pro- moting at this time the work of the Na- tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Among them are Judge E. O. Brown, Robert McMurdy, William T. Chenery and T. W. Allinson. Walter L. Fisher has been appointed by the ship-building labor-adjustment board as its representative for the Great Lakes District, which extends from Buffalo to Duluth. This board has jurisdiction over wages, hours and other labor conditions in all ship yards having contracts with the emergency fleet corporation and the navy. The board was formed under an agreement between the navy department, the emer- gency fleet corporation and the American Federation of Labor. Urban A. Lavery is in charge of work for the American Protective League, oper- ating under the direction of the Depart- ment of Justice at Washington. Victor Elting is one of the national directors of this League. Many of the soldiers and sailors who use the Club house at week ends, repeat from week to week. With the influx of negro workers and their families from the South, there is an increased demand for nursery care of the children of colored working mothers. In spite of this demand, however, the two nurseries caring for colored children have had to close their doors. A special com- mittee of the Chicago Association of Day Nurseries has been formed, with Mrs. Emil Levy as chairman, to promote a plan for the creation of three new nurseries to meet this need. G^tOihlGlBfiBii'fefin Wcx-^-U*(m'^^j Americanization * U* OR the sake of national unity and for all practical purposes, English should be the common language." This is the first plank in the Americanization platform of the Committee on Foreign Born Women, Council of National Defense, a committee of which Miss Mary McDowell of Chi- cago is chairman. The committee urges national legislation making the use of the English language compulsory in all ele- mentary education. Can't Speak English The instruction of non-English speaking adults in this country is a problem of very great magnitude. In 1910, according to a bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Education, there were in this country, over two and one-half million foreign born white persons, 21 years of age and over, unable to speak English. Of these only 1.3% were in school and the report, published in 1916, concludes that "practically no aliens are making any systematic effort to acquire the English language." English should be taught, according to the committee above quoted, both as a means of accomplishing national unity and as a protection and aid to the foreign born workers themselves. They are easily de- ceived and exploited by the unscrupulous and have little chance for advancement. They become victims of unprotected ma- chinery and fire because they cannot heed the warning given in print or by word of mouth. Interest Decreasing But how is our language to be taught to this legion of the foreign born, many of whom have already passed the age when learning is easy? A pamphlet on this sub- ject just issued by Mr. Max Loeb of Chi- cago, says that the attendance in the evening schools in large cities is actually decreasing in spite of many ingenious plans to arouse interest. In four years, he says, the registration in the elementary classes of evening schools in Chicago has shrunk from 18,000 to 8,000. What explains this indifference? The Committee on Foreign Born Women points to some considerations which explain it perhaps to some extent. Wages "have not been equal to the growing American stand- ards of the' family. The unskilled worker wants a home of his own and tries des- perately to meet the monthly payments. In the struggle his wife often has to go to work either at night or in the day time and the children are neglected. Can we wonder why they do not flock to our evening schools to learn English after long days of monotonously ugly work. . . . We have not considered good housing, good in- dustrial conditions and recreational facili- ties are fundamental to Americanization." Poor Teaching a Cause Another reason for the failure of the evening schools to realize their full poten- tialities in the education of the immigrant is the inappropriateness in many cases, of the teaching. In Cleveland recently, an investigator found a class (which was typi- cal of others) in which husky laboring men were engaged in copying "I am a yellow bird. I can sing. I can fly. I can sing to you." The Committee on Foreign Born Women urges that the instruction "must be simple but with a content which will appeal to the intelligence of the adult." English related to the every day life of the working people — their food, clothing, shel- ter and work — will be of the greatest practical value to them. Later, lessons in civics should be given. Volunteer or Compulsory Methods? Mr. Loeb, in the pamphlet which has been referred to, concludes that "volun- teer methods" of training our foreign born having failed, we must resort to compul- sory methods. "Every adult, able-bodied and between the ages of 16 and 45 should be compelled to learn to read and write English." He suggests certain methods of bringing this about, including the utiliza- tion in modified form, of our present truancy machinery. Whether the futility of the "volunteer system" has been finally demonstrated is a point on which there is apparently a dif- ference of opinion. "Until there is a friendly response from the neighborhood people themselves," says the Committee on Foreign Born Women, "the time is not ripe to begin further work." The Com- mittee proposes, not compulsion, but more 172 GfieQtgGIubBuUetm attractive types of instruction, the better training of teachers and larger opportunities for school attendance, including free classes in factories on company time. The Committee does not sympathize with the extreme view that foreign people should he denied the right to retain their native customs and language. "In their first years in this country, our language cannot feed their minds." "Culture is a possession that grows best by handing its life roots from one generation to the other. If the first generation Americans are cut loose from the culture of the past of their parents, they start their young lives in our country with- out nourishment for the higher sides of their nature." Ct)e S^ail jaoucl) G lac kin Zone Plan Criticized O ECENTLY we published an article re- ferring to a new zoning bill which is being prepared by Senator Edward J. Glackin. In that article we raised certain questions about the bill, which seemed fun- damental. An answer to some of these questions comes this week in the form of a letter from Herbert S. Swan, Executive Secretary of the Zoning Committee of New York. This is the committee which has put into operation the New York zone plan, the most ambitious and comprehen- sive plan yet adopted by any American city. Mr. Swan condemns the idea under- lying Senator Glackin's proposal and says that it would be "a calamity to zoning if this method should be followed generally." His letter is as follows: New York, May 15, 1918. Dear Sir: In a clipping from the City Club Bulletin, which I obtained a few days ago from Mr. Clinton Rogers Woodruff, I note that Hon. Edward J. Glackin, a sen- ator in the Illinois Legislature, is prepar- ing a zoning bill. According to the infor- mation which I have this bill will follow in its general outline the one passed a couple of years ago in Minnesota. This bill provides for the creation of industrial and residential zones through the assess- ment of benefits and damages. I think it would be a calamity to zoning if this meth- od should be followed generally. I do not think it is at all possible for Chicago or any other city to obtain the most satisfac- tory results under the condemnation meth- od. Zoning in order to be practical and useful will have to be sustained under the police power of a state, not under the power of eminent domain. It is very unlikely that a city could be zoned as a comprehensive whole under the condemnation method. In all probability it would mean piecemeal zoning. Each piece zoned would be zoned without reference to other neighborhoods and, of course, many would not be zoned at all. I do not know Senator Glackin's address or I would write to him, too. If there is any aid that I can give you in this matter, kindly let me know. Yours very sincerely, (Signed) Herbert S. Swan. Learning About Russia Do City Club members realize what a rounded view of the situation in Russia they have been getting at the noon meet- ings? Soon after the Revolution, Victor Yarros, who is thoroughly conversant with the background of life and political condi- tions in Russia, gave us an interpretation of events. We have since had the benefit of hearing a series of men who have had the most recent personal contact with events in Russia: Charles R. Crane, a member of the "Root mission" to Russia; Dr. Frank Billings, chairman of the relief mission sent by the Red Cross; representatives of the Russian Peasants Council and of the All-Russian Railway Union, direct from Russia ; Prof. Edward A. Ross of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, who traveled 20,000 miles through the Empire studying the con- ditions among all classes of people since the Revolution. These men have been per- sonally acquainted with the Russian leaders, some of them have participated in Russian events as more than mere observers. They have been able to translate Russia's aspira- tions and picture her distress to us from first-hand acquaintance with conditions. Next Thursday Victor Yarros who gave us our first interpretation of the Revolution over a year ago is to speak about Russian conditions today. In the billiard room: Rates for billiards, 40 cents per hour; for pool, 60 cents per hour. GJl^GfeGlubBullefin 173 Light on the Gas Controversy ■pjONALD R. RICHBERG, special counsel for the city in its ten-million- dollar gas litigation, won the first round last week in his controversy with Corpora- tion Counsel Ettelson. This controversy, one of the most bitter in recent City Hall history, involves the conduct of the City's suit to enforce the gas rates fixed by the City Council in 1911. Mr. Richberg charged that Mr. Ettelson had interfered with his conduct of the case and was play- ing into the hands of the gas company. Mr. Ettelson answered by "discharging" Mr. Richberg and Richberg countered by denying Ettelson's authority to do so. The Litigation Committee The gas litigation for two and a half years has been in charge of a special Gas Litigation Committee of the City Council, with Mr. Richberg as its attorney. This Committee was appointed by the Mayor in fulfillment of a pre-election pledge. The Law Department of the city, until recently had not participated in the litigation, which so far, has been largely a battle for posi- tions. Mr. Richberg claims that the tech- nical points have now been settled, that the city is in possession of all the high ground and is ready for a trial of the case on its main issues. The Sutter Case The dispute between Mr. Richberg and Mr. Ettelson arose over a suit filed in the Municipal Court by a consumer, apparently to test the validity of the 1911 ordinance. The law department, according to Mr. Richberg, without consulting the Gas Liti- gation Committee or its counsel, into whose hands the city had given entire con- trol of the gas litigation, joined in this new suit — the so-called Sutter suit — and also joined with attorneys of the People's Gas Light and Coke Co. in a request to the Circuit Court for a postponement of the original litigation. "Collusive and Fictitious" Mr. Richberg claims that the Sutter case is "collusive and fictitious," that the issues have been inadequately presented and that the prosecution of the case at this time would endanger the ground won by the city in its litigation so far. Mr. Ettelson's former affiliation with a law firm employed by the gas company is given by Mr. Rich- berg as an additional reason which should bar him from participation in the case. "Dilatory and Political" Mr. Ettelson replied that Mr. Richberg has been dilatory in his conduct of the liti- gation and extravagant with the city's money. The Sutter case, he claims, ofifers opportunity for an earlier conclusion of the litigation. He charges that Mr. Richberg has prolonged the case for the benefit of the fees involved and for political reasons. Mayor Thompson in his annual message supports Mr. Ettelson as against Mr. Rich- berg, whom he calls "a political ally of Charles E. Merriam." Round One The controversy is now before the City Council and Mr. Richberg has won the first encounter before that body. On Sat- urday, May 11, the Gas Oil and Electric Light Committee, a standing committee of the Council — not to be confused with the special committee on Gas Litigation — approved a resolution directing the Corpora- tion Counsel, pending further investigation, not to interfere in the conduct of the litigation and directing Mr. Richberg to continue in charge. "The Corporation Counsel," says the resolution, "has not made public any adequate justification of his sudden and arbitrary attempt to remove the attorney in charge of the City's interests in a critical time of litigation between the city and the gas company, following the winning of substantial victories for the city by this attorney before the State Utilities Commission and in the Circuit Court." This resolution is now before the City Council for consideration. In "Status Quo" At its meeting last Monday, the Coun- cil by a vote of 56 to 11, adopted an order which directs that pending consideration of the resolution presented by the "G. O. L. Committee," neither Mr. Ettelson nor Mr. Richberg should take any action contrary to the terms of the resolution. Mr. Ettel- son has however pursued his intention of displacing Mr. Richberg from the suit by appearing in court before Judge Torrison to 174 GfieQtuGlubBuUetm prevent recognition of Mr. Richberg as the city's attorney. The "G. b. L. Committee" last week approved another resolution designed to place the conduct of the litigation exclu- sively in Mr. Richberg's hands. The out- come of the controversy will evidently depend upon whether the city council has legal authority to employ special counsel independent of the city law department. The New Committee The special committee on gas litigation for the present Council year has not yet been appointed. Bound up with the Rich- berg-Ettelson controversy is the question of whether the Litigation Committee should be appointed by the Maj'or, as heretofore, or by an amendment of the rules, made a standing committee of the Council. A reso- lution to make it a standing committee and nominating as its members, Aldermen Capi- tain, Nance, Richert, Lipps and Littler, has been approved by the Judician^ Committee of the Council and will probably be voted upon at the Council Meeting May 20. of tl)e Boofe Education Outdoors The United States Bureau of Education has published a book on "Open Air Schools" by our friend and former member, Sher- man C. Kingsley, now of Cleveland, in col- laboration with Prof. F. B. Dressier of Nashville, Tenn. It is a comprehensive treatment of the whole movement in its various manifestations in the United States, Germany, England, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Hungary, Holland, Canada and Australia. Keeping Them Well The open air school has developed out of our increasing consciousness of the effects of adverse physical, economic and environ- mental conditions upon the intellectual at- tainments of the child in school. "Indoor schools," says the report, "have for the most part grown and developed under the idea that teachers had to do with the minds and not with the bodies of the children, while open air schools are based on the conception that the first essential to a wor- thy education is sound bodily health." The first open air school was established in Providence, R. I., in 1908. For so re- cent an institution, they have gained an important place in the American educa- tional system. There are now more than 1,000 open air classes in 168 cities in 32 different states. For Normal Children Too While the open air school has been so far primarily for the physical sub-normal child, recognition of its advantages for nor- mal children is increasing. There are al- ready open air schools for nonnal children in 30 cities. The open air school is much more than a school in the open air. Children are given the best medical attention and proper feeding. An investigation of 598 children in Chicago open air schools, as reported in Mr. Kingsley 's book, indicates that — 43 per cent had tonsils removed. 40 per cent had adenoids removed. 74 per cent had teeth corrected. 62 per cent had eye defects corrected. 38 per cent had ear defects corrected. 29 per cent had nose defects corrected. Permanent Results The results of such attention upon the later life of children are inestimable. "The immediate purpose of the open air school," Mr. Kingsley 's report concludes, "will be realized only when all debilitated children now in the regular schools have a chance for fresh air, sufficient food and a general hygienic life." The National Federation of Settlements which meets in Chicago this week will be glad to have members of the City Club attend any of its meetings. They will be held at Bowen Hall, Hull House, Thurs- day at 8 p. m., Friday and Saturday at 10 a. m. and Sunday at 10:30 a. m. and at the City Club at 8 p. m. Friday and Sat- urday. The two meetings at the Club would probably be of chief interest to our members : 1. On Thursday evening Prof. John R. Commons will speak on "New Industrial Problems," and Horace Bridges on "The British Labor Party and Its New Pro- gram." 2. The Friday evening session will be on the topic, "Immigration and Americani- zation." The speakers have not yet been announced, but good ones are guaranteed. G^WGIubBuUetm 175 ^'NATION PLANNING" To avoid and remedy the irregularities and wastefulness of ill-directed growth in our cities, the science of "city planning" has been formulated. But is not the principle of orderly growth that underlies "city plan- ning" equally applicable to the development of national resources and the organization of industr;^? The pooling of the railroads, which has for the first time allowed our transportation problem to be considered in terms of what Zueblin calls "national strat- egy," has already resulted in the elimina- tion of some competitive wastes and a more effective adjustment of the railway system to its task. A Reconstruction Plan In various countries programs have been prepared for reconstruction after the war. Some of these programs contain very inter- esting suggestions for nation-wide industrial reorganization. One of these, proposed bv the coal consen^ation sub-committee of the Reconstruction Committee in England, is a plan for the centralization of electric power production under a national board of elec- trical commissioners. The 600 different companies for the supply of electrical power would be eliminated and the country di- vided into sixteen districts, in each of which should be erected a large power station for the supply of that area. These stations would be located at stra- tegic points outside the boundaries of dense population and would be equipped with the most modern appliances for saving fuel and reclaiming by-products — fertilizers, crude oils, etc. "By locating either the main or supplementary plants in or near the collier- ies," according to the committee, "much coal that is now wasted or left in the pits could be profitably utilized and coal which would otherwise be burned to transport the coal used would also be saved." Another advantage claimed for the plan would be a more economical distribution of the "load" as a large plant of this sort would serve many different types of consumers. Saving the Nation^s Coal Fifty-five million tons of coal, the Com- mittee estimates, could be saved annually under this plan. With other economies and with the profits from by-products it is be- lieved that the plan would bring a net an- nual return of about £100,000,000. The scheme has social implications also. "To those interested primarily in the cleanliness and healthiness of the towns and cities," says E. W. Marchant, writing of the plan in the Town Planning Review for April, 1918, "this scheme foreshadows the be- ginning of that time when the dirt and squalor of the town, due primarily to the smoke from the house and factory chim- neys, will disappear." The plan of the English coal conserva- tion committee is an example of how the science of planning may be applied to in- dustry as a whole. A similar plan has been embodied in the elaborate reconstruction program of the British Labor Party. GHILDRENS' YEAR During the year special efforts are to be made throughout the country to save the lives of 100,000 of the 300,000 chil- dren who die annually in the United States and to promote better conditions for the development of child life. A national pro- gram for the year has been mapped out by the General Medical Board, Council of National Defense, by the Federal Chil- dren's Bureau and by the Child Welfare Department, Woman's Committee, C.N.D. As outlined in the Woman's City Club Bulletin for May it includes: 1. The complete registration of births. 2. Prenatal instruction for every moth- er and adequate care by doctor and nurse at confinement, and afterward. 3. Weighing and measuring of all chil- dren under six years of age. 4. A campaign of publicity and educa- tion in child hygiene. 5. Children's conferences where well babies can be taken periodically to be weighed and examined, and clinics where sick children may be given medical atten- tion. 6. Public health nurses throughout the state. 7. The guarding of the milk supply, that every child may have his quota of clean, pure milk. McCarty tells us that he will sell cigars to members by the box at very favorable prices. The Boston City Club has over 5,000 members. It has $15 dues. If we had 5,000 members, we could have $15 dues. We ought to have more members. 176 GfjeQtuGlubBuUeftn To Help Win This War This Club, at the request of the U. S. Food Admin- istration, has disregarded its own interests by voluntarily agreeing to serve no Wheat in any form until the present wheat shortage is relieved. Each one must save if our army and the nations associated with us are to be fed. You Can Help Win This War by supporting those eating places which are under- taking to make this sacrifice. You will have good food and a better conscience. UNITED STATES FOOD ADMINISTRATION A Daughter of Belgium (Continued from page 170) she said. Men have been forced to dig their own graves. In Dinant, they shot people down with machine guns, and of the six hundred killed, two hundred were small children. Men deported to Ger- many from Louvain were forced to stand four days in cattle cars — in one train sev- enty-five were dead at the end of the jour- ney. The unconquerable spirit of the Belgians is nowhere better shown than in the secret publication, during the last four years, of a Belgian newspaper. The Germans have never been able to locate its place of pub- lication. It circulates secretly among the people and is then destroyed, for severe penalties are attached to the possession of it. For several months Mile. Silvercruys was in charge of the feeding of a group of about 250 children. Later she managed to leave Belgium, went through Holland to England and came finally to this country. She is speaking under the auspices of the Belgian Relief. Here is one of Raymond Hitchcock's stories told at the Club's Liberty Loan luncheon the other day: An old lady met a Tommy in a London street. One of his legs was gone, one arm was in a sling and he had only one eye left. "My poor man," said the lady, "I do sympathize with you. Your experiences in the trenches must have been terrible indeed. Tell me j'our most agonizing moment so that I may grieve with 5'ou." "Lidy," answered the Tommy, "h'it was this wy, H'l was four dys in the trenches with water up to me chest, h'and not a drop to drink. The Boches were shootin' at us h'and we couldn't get h'awy. So there we stands with water h'up to 'ere and not a drop to drink. Finally we was sent back to rest, h'and first thing we knows we comes to a saloon. H'l goes up to the saloon, puts me 'and on the door knob and there H'l was — four dys in the trenches, and not a drop to drink — and one of those bloody German shells comes h'over an' blows the saloon right out o* rrie 'and. That was me most hagonizin' moment, ma'am — four dys in the trenches and not a drop to drink!" f ^ (^iyvXAuMi^ hjCJL, Volume XI publisli«IQ}(el(Igbj! tl)(Qti!(I|iibiilQI)icajO JT Journal Of Jlctiw GitHenshlp MONDAY, MAY 27, 1918 Number 21 NEXT WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, AT LUNCHEON The Censorship of Moving Pictures Should the Proposed New Ordinance Pass? Clarence Darrow Harriet Vittum The new ordinance which vests the censorship of moving pictures in a board of eleven instead of in the second deputy superintendent of pohce, promises to be one of the most hotly contested measures before the City Council. It was recom- mended for passage by the Judiciary Committee of the Council last Tuesday. SPEAKING AT 1:00 Regulating the Movies ' I ^ HE Judiciary Committee of the City Council last Tuesday approved the Maypole ordinance changing the methods of censorship of moving pictures. Indica- tions are that the ordinance will bring a lively contest on the floor of the Council. The purpose of the new ordinance, accord- ing to its proponents, is to do away with the existing "one-man censorship." Its op- ponents charge that its purpose is to "get" Major Funkhouser and that its effect would be to lower the standards of censorship now maintained by the office of the second dep- uty superintendent of police. At present the second deputy is charged by ordinance "with the censoring of mov- ing public pictures and public performances of all kinds." He is assisted by a board of censors, which has, however, no ordi- nance powers, and whose decision is not final. No picture may be shown without a permit from the police department and the department is directed to refuse a per- mit for the exhibition of any picture which is "immoral or obscene or portrays any riotous, disorderly or otherwise unlawful scene or has a tendency to disturb the pub- lic peace." The new ordinance transfers the censorship to a board of eleven whose decision is reviewable by the courts. 178 Gil^OtUGlubBuMn »GttiJGluhBuUettn M Journal o(JIcnvc Gituet\ship The purpose of the Club is to bring together in infortital association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the political, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. Published Weekly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postofRce at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Gray Says that full many a flower is born to blush unseen and waste its fragrance on the desert air. We Don't Propose to blush unseen or waste any of the City Club luncheons on the desert air of an uninformed or unenlightened member- ship. For Your Sake we are going to keep on telling all of you what there is here for you until you get out of the rut of eating elsewhere and come here. City Club House Committee ^^ I- ISTENING l^tv.POST Last wkek Charles T. Jeffrey and Dr. James C. Gill joined the Club, The Club subscribes for sixty period- icals. It receives others in exchange. R. Lee Megowen has received a com- mission as captain in the National Army. The Club house will be locked and barred against all comers next Thursday, Decoration Day. If the City Club means anything to you, remember that your friends will en- joy it too. Give them the opportunity to join. Captain William J. Mack, formerly of the War Risk Bureau in France, has been promoted to the rank of major and as- signed to the Judge-Advocate's department. Louis W. Mack, who was formerly as- sociated with the Division of Films under the Committee on Public Information, is now in the Quartermaster General's De- partment, Washington, D. C. Commonplace meals are no longer served at the City Club. If that is the reason you are staying away, get wise to the new conditions. Don't miss the discussion next Wednesday on the "movie censorship." Homeward bound! Raymond Rob- ins, according to reports from Russia, has left Moscow in company with other rep- resentatives of the American Red Cross and is on his way home. A special cable from Captain Charles E. Merriam, Rome, Italy, was printed in the Daily News last Friday, "Italian Day." Captain Merriam is organizing the United States Propaganda Bureau in Italy. His message was a tribute to the Italian people for their ideals and sacrifices in the war. If you have a dress suit, you can change into it after business hours at the City Club. There are lockers in the shower room. GfjeGttuGIubBuUetin 179 a Diplomacy of the Red Gross" Stistains Civilian Morale in Eu- rope, Says Prof. Robert Herrick "'T'HE Diplomacy of the Red Cross" was "'■ the subject of Prof. Robert Herrick's address at the Friday luncheon last week. He said in substance: I was in Italy when war was declared. Italy's attitude toward the war has been much misrepresented in this country. What swayed Italy was not a desire for additional territory. The upper classes and the aristocracy were against the war. The socialists were cynical of all national wars and the hard working peasants were also opposed. It was very largely the in- tellectual, middle and lower-middle classes who realized the menace of Germany and supported the demand for war. Italy entered the war in the expectation that it would soon be over. Her troops were not well prepared or equipped for a long war. I was in Italy again about a year ago. At the time of my second visit Italy's loss in man power had been less perhaps than that of any other country, but she was evidently staggering. The spirit of the people was much lower than when they went into the war. The Breaking Point The war has shown that when any na- tion gets to a point of misery which they can no longer sustain, they break. That is what happened in Russia. Italy, being closer to the allies than Russia, was saved then from the danger of social collapse, but she is not yet out of that danger nor will she be until the end of the war. One of the means by which the spirit of Italy was sustained when the break came was the Red Cross, which rushed supplies to her, took care of the refugees and entered upon the social work of re- construction behind the lines. That work behind the lines is of vital importance if Italy is to be kept in the war, and she must be kept in the war if the allies are not to lose the entire Eastern Mediterra- nean. Italy needs coal, iron, food, medical and other supplies such as are furnished by the Red Cross. The supplying of these needs, it seems to me, is not sentiment but business. Italy's man power is still to a great extent untouched. We can draw upon that man power if we will equip it and look after the condition of the people behind the lines. In France The story in France is more complex. France has suffered under the war more than any other country and it is small won- der that the structure of her civilization is cracking. A civilization is not made of buildings and roads, but of customs and habits, family relationships, the spirit of the people and their attitude toward their lives. There can be no question but that these things have been subjected to a ter- rible strain — indicated by an increase in tuberculosis, alcoholism, acute depression, lowered morale, etc. When I was in Paris the spirit was at a low ebb. Fortunately we believe the worst da3^s are over but in France, as well as in Italy, the spirit of the people has been sustained by the civil- ian aid such as the Red Cross is giving. Even before the war America gave gener- ously to France. When we entered the war there were 400 American charities registered in Paris. These different agen- cies have now been taken over by the Red Cross — not without some dissatisfaction among organizations which were super- seded, but with a great gain of efficiency. America's Reputation In 1915 the reputation of America in Europe was at a low ebb. It seemed that we were getting the blood of Europe in the profits of our war industries. We had a long way to go to make up our rep- utation. The American Red Cross ambu- lances were then our best symbol for the American spirit and the work of the Amer- ican Red Cross has immensely increased our moral prestige in Europe. In Europe I met few people who did not believe that war was eternal, but Americans, except those among us who are cynics, do not believe that war is in- evitable. We entered the war with a feel- ing of faith and hope for the future. America has a great part to play in the 180 GfjeOtuGIuhBuUetin war, not only in a military way but spir- itually. We must have tlie deciding voice in peace. Liberal opinion in Europe re- gards President Wilson as the saviour of mankind and looks to him for the realiza- tion of a just settlement. What that set- tlement is to be depends upon what we stand for. Europe believes that if we stand for the dollar, we have little power but if they understand that our motives are unselfish our influence in the settlement will be greatly increased. An institution like the Red Cross which increases our moral prestige in Europe and our reputa- tion for disinterested motives will add strength to our cause. ETTELSON vs. RIGHBERG 'TpHE Richberg-Ettelson controversy, out- lined in last week's Bulletin, involves issues of great importance to the gas users of Chicago. It is very much more than a personal contest between the two men for control of the gas litigation. Mr. Ettel- son claims that the course of action which he has taken in backing the "Sutter suit" will procure a more expeditious and less costly settlement of the litigation in favor of the city. Mr. Richberg claims that the Sutter suit is "collusive and fictitious" and that in it defenses are raised by the Gas Company which it is prevented from making in the Circuit Court. Mr. Ettelson's participation in this case, he charges, tends to jeopardize the chances of the gas con- sumers to recover the ten million dollars of excess charges under the rates fixed by the Council in 1911. At the City Council meeting last Mon- day, Mayor Thompson vetoed the order passed at the previous session, directing Ettelson and Richberg to take no action in conflict with the pending resolution of the "Gas-Oil Committee." That resolu- tion directs Ettelson not to interfere with the litigation and retains Richberg as counsel pending investigation. The order was promptly passed over the Mayor's veto by a vote of 52 to 15. Later in the session, the Council, after eliminating the clauses containing criticisms of Mr. Ettelson, passed the resolution. Another resolution of the "Gas-Oil Com- mittee" is now before the City Council and will probably be discussed Monday, May 27th. It appointed Mr. Richberg special attorney for the city in the gas controversy, thus making the record of his emplo\'ment by the City Council clear. If this resolu- tion is adopted, the outcome of the con- troversy will depend upon the decision of the Court as the right of the City Council to employ special legal assistance outside the Law Department of the city. MORALE "/^NE of the very remarkable things in ^"^ this war is the preservation of the morale, both in the field and at home, of the countries in the war — if perhaps we make an exception of Russia. All of the communities have risen to a level of morale which has not been reached I think, for evenness and lack of break, in any past war which may in any sense be compared with this. One of the explanations for this, I think, is to be found in the fact that this war is being conducted by the peoples, not simply in the sense that we have conscrip- tion — conscription of men, conscription of capital, of incomes and even possibly of labor — but that it involves the intelligent activity of the entire community. "You are all familiar with that, but I do want to emphasize the fact that we can all get into this war, into the conduct of it, in some sense ; that we are not simply called upon to give — give our life and give our money — but that we can actually help to take part in it. That is responsible for the fact that the nations all over the world have stood up as they have. It is a bit of psychology that only in those causes in which you can be yourself active can j'ou be continuously and uniformly interested." — George H. Mead, at the City Club, May 8, 1918. It is the penalty of those who do not come to the noon meetings of the Club that they often miss some unusually in- teresting things which lack of space pre- vents us from publishing in the Bulletin. The low dues of the Club are main- tained in order that the membership may be on as broad and democratic a basis as possible. Committee members! The City Club library has a large collection of material on your special subject. GfreCPuQIubBuIWtn 181 Bolshevik Power Rests on Force Must Hold National Election and Stirrender Dictatorship to Gain Allies Support, Says Yarros 'T^ HE soviet government in Russia is holding its power at the point of the bayonet, said Victor Yarros in his address at the Club last Thursdaj^ It is a self- appointed government, representing only a minority of the Russian people. It is to have the support of America and the Al- lies, it must show that it really stands for freedom and democracy by putting itself to the test of a national election. Too Much Sentimentality There is as great danger today of senti- mentalizing about Russia, Mr. Yarros said, as here was a few months ago of exagger- ating her so-called "treason" to the allies. We should by all means win Russia for the allies, for not to do so would be to push her into the arms of Germany and of Czar- ist reaction. We should do this, however, not by flattery or by a recognition of the bolshevik minority, but by a perfectly can- did exposition of what Russia must do as a condition of our support. We should send to Russia representatives who really understand democracy, who can explain that we are against counter-revolution but that Russia, to gain our support, must es- tablish real freedom and democracy. "Peace and Bread'^ The Russian "revolution" of months ago. fourteen Mr. Yarros said, was not in fact a revolution, it was — quoting a writer in the English Nation — simply a gigantic, national riot for peace and bread. The Russian people had come to the point where human flesh could no longer stand the strain. It was not a people's war. The people were not consulted about it and many of them didn't know whom they were fighting or why. When the first provi- sional government was formed, there were only two demands in the platform of the Russian people — peace and bread. Rus- sia, it has often been said, does not think in political but in economic terms. Fam- ine in Russia has been chronic and when the people demanded "bread" they wanted not soup-kitchens, but permanent relief. That meant a settlement of the land ques- tion. The new provisional government was not able to satisfy the demand for "peace and bread." The government felt bound to the allies and would have considered it treachery to make a separate peace. It would take years to bring about a settle- ment of the land question. The govern- ment failed to command the confidence of the people because it was composed almost entirely of men belonging to the bour- geois classes whom the people blamed for existing conditions. The provisional gov- ernment had an amazing record of con- structive achievements, but it could not give the people "peace and bread" and the rest- less intellectuals and socialists brought about their downfall. Kerensky The one man who commanded the sup- port of the radicals and was yet sufficiently moderate to hold the confidence of the more conservative elements was Kerensky. Kerensky 's platform was substantially that of the first provisional government. He at no time even considered a separate peace, but his plan for a general peace conference at Stockholm was misunderstood by the allies and interpreted as "treason." The allies couldn't understand why Kerensky didn't put the "peace talkers" in jail or "shoot them down." But Kerensky knew that he couldn't do this. It was one of the tragic misunderstandings of history. Ke- rensky couldn't give the people "peace." In the settlement of the land question and in summoning a national assembly, Kerensky did not act with sufficient prompt- ness. The setlement of the land question meant the taking of the land for the peas- ants without compensation and Kerensky felt that this should await the action of the national assembly. He, in common with many of the leaders in the struggle for Russian democracy, — for instance, Kropot- kin and Catherine Breshkovsky, — begged for patience, but the people wouldn't wait. All the time, a new power was rising, the power of the Soviets, the councils of workmen's and soldiers' deputies. They were irritating to the government. They made all sorts of charges against it. The 182 GfjeOtuGlubBuUefin government felt that it could beat the bol- sheviki, represented in the Soviets, and then go ahead with its reforms, but Kerensky had failed to get "peace and bread" for the people and in the end he was overthrown. Whom did the new government represent? There are several types of socialism in Russia. There is a national and an inter- national socialism. National socialism in- volves no break with Russia's past but a building up on the foundation of Russian institutions. It has been said that the Rus- sian people are born socialists for they al- ready have their village communities. The new government represented not national, but international socialism. It had no re- spect for the old institutions and was ready to destroy the village communes. It classed the small proprietor with the large proprie- tor, among the bourgeoisie. It wanted to establish, first of all, a socialist state and then hand down such measure of local self- government as it considered expedient. The Bolshevik Peace On the question of peace, the bolsheviki stood for the program of the people. It opened negotiations. But even the bol- sheviki didn't want a separate peace. Trotsky postponed the meeting at Brest- Litovsk as long as possible, hoping to induce the allies to join in the negotiations. He said that although Russia did not want to make a separate peace, it might be forced to make one. And that was what hap- pened. The land problem was an easy one for the bolsheviki. They simply issued paper decrees saying, "The land is yours, take it." They said, "See, we have given you peace and land." But they have delivered only on paper. Has Russia peace today? There is fighting going on in every part of Russia. Trotsky has told Germany that if her invasions of Russian territory do not cease, Russia might have to raise a new army. In some cases the peasants have taken the land but, on the whole, the paper decrees have been just paper decrees. The actual government in Russia today is the old local self-government of the peas- ant. The peasant is taking things into his own hands. The power of bolshevik government rests upon force alone. It is taking no step toward a final settlement of these great problems. Why? Because it knows that it does not represent the peo- ple and it doesn't dare to go ahead. Many of the champions of Russian liberty have been imprisoned, papers have been sup- pressed, the constituent assembly has been dissolved because the bolsheviki were so clearly in the minority. They have de- fended this use of force on the ground that it was for the benefit of the people not of a Czar. Soviets Must Surrender Power As long as there was danger of a coun- ter-revolution, we could tolerate almost anything from the bolsheviki. But there is no such danger now — and the bolsheviki may be thanked for having made that clear. But if the bolsheviki are for freedom and democracy why are they afraid to put them- selves to the test of a national election ? They call their government "a dictatorship of the proletariat," but any kind of a dic- tatorship is inconsistent with a democracy. The soviet are self-appointed bodies. How do we know, without an election, that they represent the people? The fact is that they know they are a minority and that if they are put out of power Russia's problems will not be settled' their way. The only ray of light is that the leaders are now showing some signs of moderation and willingness to make concessions. They must put into power with them men from other parties, for all the brains and ability in Russia are needed for the solution of her problems. Until they are ready to do these things there is no reason why we should recognize them. Campaigning Against Industrial Evils. Report of the Consumers' League of the City of New York, 1917. Among its other useful activities, the League last year carried on an agitation against "the returned goods evil." Here are a few facts it gathered: "Twenty-five per cent of the goods purchased at the re- tail stores of New York City are returned. One-fifth of your purchases have already been purchased by somebody else. It costs 25c to deliver a package. It costs the same amount, minus the price of the wrapper, when a purchase is returned." The elimi- nation of this waste is urged by the League as a patriotic duty. Shake off the inertia which has kept you away from the Club and pay us a visit. You will be surprised at the advantages which are offered for the low dues. G^GfeGtobBuMn 183 "The Postal Breakdown" 'T*HE New York Merchants' Association -*■ has just made public the results of a nation-wide inquiry by postal experts into delays in the United States mails. The percentage of delayed letters is astonishing, sa3's the Association. In response to letters sent to business associations in all parts of the United States, answers came from 119 different cities and towns that mail service is less prompt and efficient than formerly. "Many of them severely condemned the present service, alleging that delays are constant and protracted." In February and March, the Association sent 9,612 test let- ters to 82 different railroad points and of these 54 per cent were delayed for periods of from 4 to 48 hours. Cutting Down Service In locating the causes of these delays, the Association states that, concurrently with a large increase in postal business, postal facil- ities have been greatly reduced. Between July 1, 1916 and December 31, 1917 pos- tal car service was withdrawn from or greatly reduced upon 44.23 per cent of the total line mileage and 25.32 per cent of the trains. This curtailment was made as an incident to the introduction of the "ter- minal postal station" system which the de- partment claims is equally efficient and cheaper. The sorting of large portions of the mail in these terminal stations, the As- sociation says, has resulted in the serious detention of mails in the terminals. Con- solidation of mails into minimum space rather than frequent dispatch and continu- ous movement became the paramount con- sideration. Under the former conditions, the railroads were paid according to weight of mail, under the new conditions on a ba- sis of floor space occupied. The result of the new policy, says the re- port, is two-fold: "(a) In some cases a reduction in the number of mail trains in order to consoli- date the mails in a minimum of space, with a corresponding increase in the intervals between dispatches and corresponding de- lay to mails. "(b) Insufficiency of space to provide for mails awaiting transportation at large sta- tions. ... It frequently happens that sev- eral trains having no mail space pass be- fore one arrives upon which the mail can be taken, and in some instances the delay has extended to days. . . "The transfer, in large part of the func- tion of sorting the mails from railway postal cars to terminal postal stations has materi- ally diminished the celerity of mail move- ment. Mail arriving unworked must re- main in the terminal while being worked and must in many cases be subject of a de- lay of several hours." Inferior classes of mail are particularly subjected to delays. The Association cites as an example of delays because of "un- worked mail" a train from Washington to New York which during eleven daj's in December brought in daily from 50 to 584 packages of "unworked" mail. "Post-office officials in Chicago and in Boston have attributed belated deliveries to the defective operation of the railway post-office branch. In Chicago the excuse was given that the postal clerks were un- able to work up the mails in time to make proper distribution at Cleveland. That is to say, that the clerks on the trains east of Cleveland could not complete the separa- tion of the Chicago mail which was there- fore carried into Chicago unworked." Not Due to Railroad Congestion The Department has endeavored to charge the delays, the Association says, to the congestion of the railroad system. Train delays, however, it asserts as a cause of delayed movement of mails has been se- riously exaggerated. Eighty-two per cent of the mail trains during November were substantially on time. Many of the de- lays, moreover — on some trains more than 50 per cent — were due to methods of han- dling mail. The Association, therefore, concludes that "insufficiency in the number of postal cars, their withdrawal from a great number of routes throughout the United States and reduction of the crews of railway postal cars appear to be the main causes of the conditions shown." The Merchants' Association has re- quested Congress to create a special joint congressional committee to make a compre- hensive investigation of postal methods with a view to causing such improvement there in as may be found necessary and prac- ticable. 184 GlfeGTititQliibfiuUeOn :at m msn of the 20oofe Some Library Acquisitions Direct Costs of the Present War. By Ernest L. Bogart, Profressor of Econom- ics, University of Illinois. No. 5 of Pre- liminary Economic Studies of the War, published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1918. 43 p. A Statistical study of the money outlay of the various belligerent countries for the purposes of war. The author estimates that up to December 31, 1917, the total of such expenditures was $117,831,000,000. The indirect costs, through destruction of property, etc., is probably as much again. On the other hand, the author says, the expenditures are not all loss. In some cases, as in the building of railways and merchant marine, they are positively pro- ductive. It is also quite obvious, the au- thor says, that a partial explanation of the growing cost of the war lies in the depre- ciation of the money unit. Vocational Rehabilitation of Disabled SoLpiERS AND SAILORS. Letter from the Federal Board for Vocational Education with report. Senate Document No. 166, 65th Congress, 2nd Session, 1918. 112 p. The nature of the problem dealt with in this report is indicated by this statement: "There are at present 13,000,000 wounded and crippled soldiers in the belligerent countries of Europe, including 3,000,000 cases of amputation." The number of dis- abled men for whom America will have to care will depend of course upon various factors which cannot be computed, includ- ing the length of the war. This report es- timates fully 100,000 such men will be re- turned during the first year of fighting. Vocational education of these men is needed to insure economic independence, avoid vocational degeneration, prevent ex- ploitation, conserve trade skill, insure na- tional rehabilitation, adjust the supply of labor to the demand, and to develop new vocational efficiency. The report discusses the need of such education, measures adopted by the various belligerent coun- tries and suggestions for the work here. The dimensions of the problem are indi- cated by the 35-page "bibliography of the war cripple" at the end of the report. Government Houses T AWRENCE VEILLER, Secretary of the National Housing Association, writes in the Architectural Record for April about the policy of the government in respect to the housing of war workers. Methods of Finance "The policy of the Housing Adminis- tration, as thus far announced," he says, "is to encourage the formation in each lo- cality of a responsible housing corporation, organized and financed by the leading business men of that community, and to loan to that corporation a very consider- able proportion of the funds needed for the building of workingmen's dwellings ; as a rule, the Government plans to lend 80 per cent of the total capital required. While the Housing Administration expects to function chiefly in this manner it also recognizes that there will be cases where it will be necessary for the Government to do all the work itself; for, there will be communities where there are isolated plants and where there is no possibility of local capital being interested or secured. "Under whatever system it operates the Housing Administration has recognized the following principles: Housing Standards "First: That in order to attract and hold the right kind of skilled worker it must build houses of an attractive type; houses that will not only provide the essen- tials of light and air, shelter, warmth and convenience of living, but also be reasonably attractive. "Second: That in order to protect the Government's investment in the property the houses must be built substantially and well. "Third: That in order to have the property of use after the war the houses must similarly be built substantially and attractively. "For all of these reasons the Housing Administration has been hard at work for some months past formulating 'Standards of Types of Houses for Permanent Construc- tion,' which it expects to have followed where houses are built with Government money." The Architectural Record pub- lishes, as a supplement to Mr. Veiller's paper, the complete text of the govern- ment's housing standards. e.1-3-^ GfJi^GteQto&BwMm f ubIisi}edQJe«kIj]b)i th((^(]|ubof(IhiCQgo JT JountalofJTctive Qituens^hlj) Volume XI MONDAY, JUNE 3, 1918 Number 22 No Luncheon Meetings This Week NEXT WEEK Monday, June 10, at Luncheon Rescuing the Children of the War Zone **The Infantile Mortality Situation in France** DR. PAUL F. ARMAND-DELILLE, Public Health Service, France, and Major in the French Army. *'Child Welfare Work in France'' DR. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, Chief Children's Bureau, American Red Cross, in France. One of the saddest features of the European struggle has been the suffering inflicted upon the helpless children of the war zone and upon other children throughout France made fatherless by the great war. The infant mortality rate, always high in France, has been greatly increased. The American Red Cross has been doing an extensive work in caring for the war orphans, including the children from the evacuated towns. Major Armand-Delille and Dr. Lucas who have been engaged in this work came to this country from France only last month. How IS THIS, you City Club members? The Secretary has just received a letter from a non-memher, which says: "I am en- closing my check for $5.00, made out to the City Club of Chicago, to express my ap- preciation in a small way of the fine action of the Club in opening its doors to the en- listed men during the week ends." Charles D. Waterbury, formerly of Pond & Pond, has been commissioned cap- tain in the Quartermaster's Corps of the National Armj^ He has been assigned to duty in the Engineering Branch, Construc- tion Division, where he has been in service for several months past. Mr. Waterbury is stationed at Washington. 186 GfjeGtuGIubBuUeftn a^GttuGlufaBuUetitt JI Journal of Jlctive Gitiiensh\p The purpose of the Club is to bring together in informal association those men who are genuinely interested in the improvement of the polittcal, social and economic conditions of the community in which we live. Published Wekkly By The CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. n Major Charles H. Prindeville is at Washington as assistant to the office in charge of the Engineering Branch of the Construction Division, National Army. F. L. Daily has entered military service and is stationed at Camp Wheeler, Ga. Another member overseas not in- cluded in the recently published list is Dr. Ralph C. Hamill. He is in Italy in Red Cross Service. Dr. Hamill has the rank of Major. Dr. Harry E. Mock has just been pro- moted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He is assistant director of the Division of Reconstruction which is planning the sys- tem of care for returning disabled soldiers. Dr. Mock will address the Third Annual meeting of the American Association of In- dustrial Physicians and Surgeons, of which he is secretary, at the Congress Hotel, Mon- day, June 10th, at 2:45 p. m. The subject of his address will be: "Lessons from the Reconstruction of the War Disabled, Ap- plicable to the Industrial Army." Erwin R. Lillard now has the rank of Lieutenant. He is stationed at Camp Grant. Dr. B. M. Linnell, Major M. R. C, has been ordered to active duty in the Base Hospital at Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C. We regret TO learn of the death of Mr. D. C. Prescott, a member of this Club since 1916. Fred A. Grow, who has been engaged in Y. M. C. A. work in France for the past few months, has returned to Chicago. Lawrence Veiller^ Secretary of the National Housing Association, visited us last Saturdaj'. Newton H. Carpenter, business man- ager of the Art Institute, died last Monday night. Mr. Carpenter had been a member of the City Club for the last six years. He had been connected with the Art Institute since its founding, forty-two years ago. He was president of the American Association of Museums and of the ^Association of Art Museum Directors. Max Loeb and O. E. Griffenhagen were elected vice-presidents of the Chicago Civil Service Reform Association at its an- nual meeting last Tuesday. IVIajor William B. Jackson, Quarter- master's Corps, is stationed at Camp Mer- ritt, N. J. Spencer Gordon is attending the United States School of Military Aeronaut- ics at Champaign, 111. R. W. Miller is another new recruit for overseas service with the Y. M. C. A. Your palate and your "tummy" are the two chief objects of concern in the Cit}'^ Club kitchen. Are you ''loggy" about business after a heavy feed in the middle of the day? The City Club's forty-cent lunch will satisfy your appetite without "crowding" you. GfjeGttuGIubBuUeftn 187 The Censorship of ^^ Movies'' Clareiice Darrow and Harriet Vittum Debate New Ordinance A NEW ordinance for the censorship of "^^ moving pictures, drawn by Alderman Maypole and approved by the Judiciary Committee, was considered by the City Council, Monday, June 3, and referred back to the Committee for further exam- ination. Under the present ordinance, the censoring is done by the second deputy su- perintendent of police. He has been as- sisted in this by a paid board of censors, selected by civil service. The new ordinance takes away the cen- sorship powers of the second deputy and lodges them in the hands of a board of twelve. It provides also that if, in case of a refusal of a permit, the applicant should take the case into court and the court should find the picture not to be within the prohibitory provisions of the or- dinance, a temporary permit shall be issued pending an appeal. The case for and against the new ordi- nance was discussed by Clarence Darrow and Harriet Vittum at the City Club luncheon last Wednesday. Mr. Darrow said: Criminal Offence Now "The proposed ordinance would make a change in two particulars only. As the ordinance stands now, and as it will stand if the proposed amendment is passed, it is a criminal offence to exhibit pictures which are obscene or which depict riots, disturb- ances, or scenes of that sort. The state and federal laws also make such an exhibition a criminal offence. So even if a picture which violates the law gets by the censor, the person who shows it may be arrested and the exhibition stopped. "The present city ordinance provides that one man and one man only shall de- cide whether a picture should be exhibited or not. Of course this censoring is done in the name of the child. Whenever any- body wants to put something across, he al- ways does it in the name of the widows and the orphans. "The new ordinance proposes that the censoring power be left with a board of twelve. Such a board already exists. Its members are selected by civil service. The board looks at the pictures but if the Sec- ond Deputy of Police wants to overrule them he can do so and he does. The pres- ent censorship board is purely ornamental. "Except for the placing of the censor- ship in the hands of a board instead of one man, the only other change from the present ordinance is that when a picture finds its way into court and the court says that the picture does not violate the law, a tempo- rary permit shall be issued pending an ap- peal. That seems to me to be in accord- ance with every principle of law and right, for without it one man can prevent a pic- ture from being shown until it is out of date. "The people are very much agitated about this question and false issues have been raised, but there is only one issue and that is whether the pictures shall be passed upon by a representative board made up of men of different creeds, races, political opinions, etc., or by one man. Less than 10 per cent of the population of the United States live under censorship today, and in every other city of any size where censor- ship exists, the censoring is done by a board. Here alone we say that one man shall de- cide whether a particular picture contains an attack on some religion, nationality, creed, or code of morals. Any Censorship Bad "To be frank, I do not believe either in the present ordinance or in the proposed new ordinance. One is simply worse than the other. The censorship itself is a medieval institution and Chicago is the most provin- cial city in the country in this regard. The theory of our constitution has been to leave people free to speak or to publish what they choose, holding them responsible for any abuse of this right. It is true that evil may come of this freedom, but I believe that more evil would come if we should do away with it. There are many things which ought not to be printed in the news- papers, but we don't submit our papers in advance either to a board of censors or to one man. Many people make foolish speeches, but the constitution leaves them 11 Glj^GtuGlubBuUetm free to talk, holding them responsible for what they say. It is an anomaly in a free country to guarantee freedom to speak, to publish, or to put anything upon the stage and to single out the moving pictures as subject for censorship." Miss Vittum spoke in favor of the ordi- nance: "I did not understand," she said, "that we had come here to discuss the gen- eral subject of the censorship, but rather to consider the ordinance which is before the City Council. The people of Illinois and Chicago have gone on record in favor of censorship. An Educational Asset "I believe that motion pictures ought to be an important educational and social asset. I know their importance and value, particu- larly in a foreign neighborhood. They are a universal language. No matter what country a person may come from, he can read the pictures and enjoy them. They are one of the cheapest forms of amusement and the people do not have to go down- town to enjoy them. But how do we want this influence presented to our children? How may it be used in helping make them into the best type of American citizen? It is to answer this question that the censor- ship has been established. "What has our present ordinance meant to us so far? In the days of Jerry O'Con- nor, before the censorship was put into the hands of the Second Deputy, whatever pleased Jerry O'Connor was passed. Jerry O'Connor was a sergeant of police. The pictures which were shown to the people of Chicago (nearly 200,000 of them visited the movies every day) were many of them unspeakable. The children in the streets were taught the newest brands of stealing, methods of breaking jail, etc., and imitated them in their play. Beginnings of Censorship "Under the police reorganization ordi- nance the censorship was put into the hands of the Second Deputy and the first person to hold this position was Major Funk- houser, chosen by civil service. He was im- pressed with the need of a real censorship and called into conference thirty or forty men and women from many representative groups in the city. For a time when there was any question about a picture this vol- unteer censorship board passed upon the pictures. The Mayor and the Chief of (Continued on page 190.) Some City Hall Pick-ups Events of the l.ast few weeks have widened the split between Mayor Thomp- son and the City Council. On every vote affecting the Richberg-Ettelson controversy over the gas litigation, the Council has op- posed him by a large majority. Last Mon- day his veto of the Nance resolution direct- ing Mr. Richberg to continue in charge of the case was defeated by a vote of 53 to 15. The council also refused by a vote of 51 to 19 to ratify his appointment of E. S. Davis, Albert H. Severinghaus, and John A. Tortensen to the School Board. An in- teresting feature of the vote on these two questions was its political complexion. The Mayor's support came mainly from Demo- crats, only two of the twenty-two Repub- licans in the Council voting with him. The refusal of the City Council last week to ratify the Mayor's appoint- ments to the School Board will probably have the effect of retaining Mr. Davis and Mr. Severinghaus together with Charles S. Peterson, retiring members of the School Board, in office until after the municipal election in the spring of 1919. It was pointed out by those who proposed the Mayor's appointments that the ratification of these appointments would perpetuate the administration's control of the School Board for the next three years, although Mayor Thompson's term expires next spring. Donald Richberg seems to be winning all the trenches in his contest with Corpora- tion Counsel Ettelson over the gas liti- gation. Last Monday the City Council adopted an ordinance definitely appointing him as special counsel in the gas litigation. On the previous Saturday, Judge Torren- son ruled that the City Council had the legal right to employ such counsel. The Corporation Counsel has stated that he will appeal against this ruling. The boulevarding of a two-mile portion of Addison Street, a half section line street on the North Side, is being opposed by the City Club Committee on Highways, Bridges and Waste Disposal. The ordinance for boulevarding this street is now before the Streets and Alleys Committee of the City Council. It is advocated by property owners along Addison Street. The Club Committee takes the position that this is ^QttuQIubBulleltn 189 not a matter of merely local interest, that the city plan requires that section and half section line streets be reserved for general traffic. E. F. Hiller represented the com- mittee last week before the Council sub- committee which has the subject in hand. A New State Constitution? T LLINOIS in one hundred years has had ■*• three constitutions — one adopted in 1818 upon the entrance of the state into the union, one in 1848 and one — the present constitution — in 1870. Many people in this state believe that fifty years (it would be 1920 before a new constitution could be adopted), is long enough, in these times of rapid political and social changes, to live under any one instrument of government. The constitution of 1870 is so inflexible that corrections of some of its evident mistakes, to say nothing of amendments to meet new conditions or to harmonize it with the spirit of the times have been very difficult to make. The Coming Election After many years of public agitation on this subject, the legislature of Illinois under the leadership of Governor Lowden, has given the voters a chance to decide whether a convention shall be called to revise the constitution. The resolution will be voted upon next November. It is the biggest political question before the people of Illi- nois for it may involve the form of our government for a generation or more. "Constitutional Conventions in Illinois," prepared and just issued by the State Legislative Reference Bureau, is (or ought to be) the voters' handbook on this subject. It provides not only the historical back- ground of constitution-making in Illinois and a careful analysis of the procedure to be followed in calling, organizing and con- ducting a convention, but an impartial pres- entation of the case for and against a con- vention and a statement of the problems likely to be considered. Why Revise the Constitution.^ "Any argument in favor of a convention necessarily assumes the need for amending the constitution," says the report. Among the more important problems which would come before the convention, it lists and dis- cusses the following: 1. Amendment of the taxation system to abolish the inequalities of the general prop- erty tax. 2. The initiative and referendum. 3. Reduction of the number of elective offices (the short ballot). 4. More complete suffrage for women. 5. Modification of the constitutional pro- hibition of legislative amendments by refer- ence to title. 6. Limitation of Cook County repre- sentation in the legislature. 7. Increased measure of home rule for Chicago and Cook County. 8. Reorganization of the system of county and township government. 9. Needed changes in the judicial ma- chinery. 10. Needed changes in the methods of levying special assessments and taxes and making appropriations. A number of spe- cific proposals would be dealt with under this head. 11. Cumulative voting. In Wartime Should a constitutional convention be as- sembled in wartime? Would it interfere with our vigorous prosecution of the war? Would the delegates and the public be suf- ficiently interested in problems not bearing directly on the winning of the war to insure due consideration and a satisfactory result? The advocates of the convention reply that at the earliest, the convention could not complete its work before 1920 and that the legislature might even postpone the conven- tion until 1921 or 1922. In any case, they say, the war is no excuse for shirking the problems of government. They do not be- lieve that the war will interfere with care- ful work by the delegates or due considera- tion by the voters. Upsetting Decisions Another objection to the convention plan is that a revision of the constitution would upset present judicial constructions. As the argument is stated in this report: "A new era of judicial construction would follow and confusion would ensue, not to be dis- pelled until the new provisions were ex- plained and interpreted by the decisions of the Supreme Court." How do the advo- 190 9]t(J\lis\ It urges purchasers not to be over-fastidious in the kind or quality of coal they exact. They should be willing to use the coal that is available and, preferably, that which is nearest home. They are also admonished to make every effort to use screenings for current use. The enhanced demand for prepared sizes caused by the storage campaign will flood the market with screenings which cannot be disposed of unless a strenuous effort is made by every steam user to burn screen- ings for the current summer consumption. To Get Maximum Production "Early buyers of coal should not get impatient if their orders are not filled promptly," saj^s the State Council. "The intention of the early buying campaign is to flood the producers with orders so there will be no excuse for either mines or rail- roads to lose a single day's production. De- lay in filling orders will mean that the campaign has been successful." "It would be difficult to overesti- mate the importance of bringing about the adoption at the November election of the proposal to hold a Constitutional Conven- tion in Illinois. A thorough overhauling of the present Constitution is absolutely necessary to place the people of this great State in a position to deal properly with problems that confront them at this time and those that undoubtedly wmU arise out of this war. Unless our form of govern- ment is a failure the people can safely be trusted to act wisely and fairly upon the proposition submitted to them by a Con- stitutional Convention. T believe that if a Convention is called it v/ill bring together as fine a body of men as ever sat in any similar body in any State, and that their work will prove vastly beneficial to the en- tire commonwealth. In my opinion no public service that can be performed by any one who cannot go to the war is more patriotic than to help to carry the Conven- tion proposition at the coming election." — Governor Lowden. PECIAL ' Arranged after going to press! Wednesday, June 12, at luncheon f Conditions in Sweden and Finland During the War'' )r, Karl G. Dernby from Stockholm JT Journal ofjpw GitUetishlp Volume XI MONDAY, JUNE 10, 1918 Number 23 TODA Y! Monday, June 10, at Luncheon Rescuing the Children of the War Zone **The Infantile Mortality Situation in France" DR. PAUL F. ARMAND-DELILLE, Public Health Service, France, and Major in the French Army. ** Child Welfare Work in France^' DR. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, Chief Children's Bureau, American Red Cross, in France. SPEAKING AT 1:00 America's Wasted Water -Power Club's Utilities Committee Urges Meas- ures to Protect Great National Asset 'TpHE City Club Committee on Public Utilities last week in a letter to the House Committee on Water Power at Washington recommended a number of amendments to the water-power develop- ment bill, proposed by the administration. Private corporations have for j^ears been urging the greater development of the wa- ter-power resources of the country. Legis- lation to bring this about has been before Congress at many sessions. It has been charged by conservation advocates that this proposed legislation was selfishly inspired and did not sufficiently protect the rights of the public. The Shield's water-power bill, which has been a target for the con- servationists, has twice passed the Senate — the second time last December. There has now been introduced in the house, however, a bill which, according to Mr. Gifford Pinchot, meets the objections to former proposed legislation on this sub- 194 GiieGtuGIuhBuUeftn ISIjeGituGIufiBwMm JT Journal of JIctive_GitUet\ship Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber; bi-weekly during July, August and September CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH. Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the postofiHce at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. ject and "opens the way to save for the people of the United States their most val- uable national asset." It was formulated under the direction of the Secretaries of War, of Agriculture and of the Interior and has the backing of President Wilson. It proposes to create a federal power com- mission, consisting of the secretaries of these three departments, with an executive officer in charge. The commission would be authorized to issue licenses for periods of not to exceed fifty years for the construc- tion and maintenance of hydro-electric power plants on the navigable waters of the United States or on streams upon the public lands. A condition of any grant is that the project must be "such as in the judgment of the commission, will be best adapted to a comprehensive scheme of im- provement and utilization for the purpose of navigation, of water-power development and of other beneficial public uses." A minimum annual compensation to the gov- ernment is provided for. Keeping the Way Open The proposals of the City Club Com- mittee on Public Utilities in reference to this new bill are for the purpose of further protecting the opportunity for a policy of public ownership and control. "Every rea- sonable encouragement and facility should be provided," says the committee, "for the expansion of government ownership and complete control of public utility service undertakings and natural resources. On that basis, water power or like resources should not be tied up in private hands with- out the right or power to recover for a long period." The bill, as it stands, provides for the recapture of the rights and the properties by the government, upon an agreed valua- tion, at the expiration of the license term. The committee recommends that provision also be made whereby the United States, a state or a municipality after five years from the date on which the first part of the project is put into operation might acquire or recover on a year's notice the property and rights of the licensee. The committee recommends (in fairness to the investor who may have made large initial expenditures without a material return) that in case the project is taken over by the government before the expiration of twenty years from the time of the grant a bonus shall be granted to cover development cost. The maximum bonus, the committee sug- gests, should be 10 per cent, with ^/^ per- cent reduction for each year the plant has been operated. For a Just Purchase Price The committee insists that ample de- preciation, redemption, renewal and sink- ing-fund account provisions should be made, based on the cost value of the prop- erty, so that, in case of government acqui- sition, the property may be obtained at its true physical value at the time of purchase. Bond issues should also be limited in amount so that the property may not be unduly loaded when the government is ready to take it over. The committee rec- ommends that in the valuations for pur- chase, no allowance be made for good will or for the "going concern" value of the enterprise. Finally, the committee proposes that the government be empowered not only to reg- ulate the rates for the sale of power but to charge a license fee for the use of power if it is employed in the production of staple articles of interstate commerce. The pur- pose of this recommendation is to prevent undue monopoly advantages in production resulting from the possession of cheap water power. The bill as drawn provides for regulation of rates, service and security issues by the regulatory bodies of the sev- eral states and in cases where such bodies do not exist or where interstate agreements cannot be reached, the exercise of such power is reserved to the federal commis- sion. Interstate rates must be "reasonable, non-discrimatory and just to the consumer." The Public Utilities Committee accom- panied its letter by a draft of the amend- ments needed to put its proposal into effect. G^eartuGIufaBuUetin 195 Housing War Workers in Chicago City Club Institutes Inquiry at Request of Government 'T'HE City Club last week, at the re- quest of the government, and with the co-operation of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, undertook an im- portant piece of war work. Thousands of new workers are coming to steel towns of northern Indiana to enlist in the great war industries which have grown up there like mushrooms. These towns do not have sufficient housing ac- commodations for the workers brought in by this rapid expansion of industry. As in other great war-work centers, the finding of decent living quarters for the army of industrial recruits is essential to the un- interrupted production of war supplies. So serious is this problem in many places throughout the country that Congress has provided an appropriation in excess of a hundred million dollars for the construc- tion of new houses. Providing Transportation The government is also endeavoring, wherever possible, to supply the housing needs of the war industries by providing special transportation facilities by which workers may utilize housing accommoda- tions at some distance from their places of work. In the case of the Indiana towns, it is attempting to ascertain the possibility of housing the workers at points in Chicago quickly accessible by train. It has been represented that there are many vacant houses, apartments, and rooms within a ten- minute car ride of the Englewood Station, from which express trains could be run to the war-work centers. In order to ascertain the housing op- portunities within this area, the Housing Bureau at Washington on May 31st wired the City Club to undertake a census of the vacancies to be found there. The call was urgent, the time allowed was short. A conference was called immediately, the work was planned and the investigation in the field started last Tuesday. It involved, besides a count of the vacancies an inves- tigation of the character of the accommoda- tions offered. The investigators were pro- vided with cards on which they recorded the facts concerning the rentals, conditions as to heat, light, sanitation and other in- formation which a prospective tenant would wish to know. Approximately 350 blocks were covered in the survey. School Supplies Workers The investigation was carried out mainly through the assistance of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, which provided thirty-six trained investigators for the work. Several volunteer workers from other sources were also enlisted. The sur- vey was under the immediate supervision of Mr. Harry K. Herwitz, whose services were loaned by the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency, and of Miss Helen R. Wright, of the Department of Social In- vestigation, School of Civics. The City Health Department also aided by a special plumbing inspection. The field work for the investigation cov- ered a period of three days. The returns have been tabulated and a preliminary re- port forwarded to Washington. iiiiiiiiiniiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiiitiiniiiiiiiiitiMiiiiiiiiiininiiiniiiiiiiiiMiiniiMiUMiiriirMiHitiiiiiiiiiitiiiEiiinuiiuiiiiiitritiiiii^ = yiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnininitiiiuiiHiniiiiiiuiMiiiiniiiuininiiiiiitiiiiiniiiinMiiiuiiMHiiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiinuiiiiiitiiiiiiiiHiiiMininMiiiiniiiMii = II To Help Win This War || 11 This Club, at the request of the U. S. Food Admin- || II istration, has disregarded its own interests by H ll voluntarily agreeing to serve no Wheat in any form || until the present wheat shortage is relieved. || 196 GiJ^QtuGIubBuUetm STENING I NEW MEMBERS Arden B. Lapham, Jr., Lapham Bros. & Company (hide brokers). Bruce B. Paddock, Vice-Pres., At- las Exchange National Bank. Edmond W. Pottle, attorney. Walter L. Read, Editor, Lyons & Carnahan. Bowen W. Schumacher, Attorney. Colin McK. Tennant, Robert G. Tennant & Son (insurance). Boutelle J. Williams, C. M. & St. P. IVIagazine. Lucius Teter last week was appointed regional director of the Chicago zone for the War Industries Board. This zone in- cludes the northern part of Illinois and a portion of Indiana and of Iowa. Oscar E. Hewitt, formerly of the Chi- cago Herald, has left for England, France and Italy on special assignment to collect data for articles to be published by the Y. M. C. A. William L. Chenery has accepted an appointment with the Committee on Public Information in Washington. John W. Scott of Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. has accepted appointment as chief of the newly-created textile division of the War Industries Board. Mr. Scott will as- sist in such matters as arranging for co- operation with government bureaus in fur- nishing their supplies of textiles and textile products, in establishing and maintaining relations between the board and the indus- try and in determining with the industry' the procedure to be followed in meeting civilian requirements. Watch for the Ham and Egg 40c spe- cial. The fn' cook was swamped the last time it was on the bill. City Club Sirloin a la minute is the steak that makes your mouth water. Our chicken salad is the pride of the culinary department. THE MAIL POUCH Clean "Bathing Beaches Municipal bathing beaches will be open June 14th, according to an announcement of the Department of Public Works last week. Here is a letter from the Chairman of the Bathing Beach Committee of the Woman's City Club which contains a sug- gestion in this connection which ought to be remembered : The Committee on Bathing Beaches of the Woman's City Club has endeavored from year to year to interest the public in keeping the bathing beaches free from refuse. Will you be willing to insert in the spring issues of your bulletin a notice to this effect? We feel that if our club women and men set the example and spread the publicity the public will probably follow suit. There are on most of the beaches waste bas- kets where refuse can be deposited and at several beaches there are men employed in pick- ing up refuse matter constantly. Perhaps by calling the attention of the public to these facts we will be able during the coming season to keep our beaches in better shape than the ad- ministrators have been able to do without the co-operation of the public. (Signed) Mrs. M. L. Purvin. Chairman, Bathing Beach Committee. ON YOUR GUARD! Please refrain, when in public places, or before strangers, from any remarks of a nature to weaken patriotic energy and confidence in our leaders and in our Allies, or from statements re^ardin^ the number or move- ment of our troops, the work in munition plants, etc. Information overheard may be reported where it can ^ive aid or comfort to our enemies. The above notice is being published throughout the country by the Fifth Ave- nue Association of New York under au- thority from the committee on Public Information, Washington, D.C. The Wartime Committee of the City Club recommends it to the attention of our members. JI Journal offlcttw Gimensh^j) Volume XI MONDAY, JUNE 17, 1918 Number 24 The Human Side of Tommy Atkins Next Thursday, June 20, at Luncheon ADA WARD of London Official Entertainer to the British War Troops in France "My Experience While Entertaining the Troops at the Front" "The series of entertainments given by Miss Ada Ward and other concert artists have afforded the greatest pleasure to thousands of sol- diers behind the firing line," says the London Sketch. SPEAKING AT 1:00 Our Ambulance in France npHE City Club ambulance on the West Front has been serving on a quiet sec- tor, according to our latest information. But even a quiet sector has its moments of interest. A recent letter from Rembert C. Anderson, the driver of our car, says in part: "Was interrupted last night by the call of ' A inericaine une voiture tout de suite.' It was raining out, and what a ride I did have! Some places in among the trees it was so dark that I had to stop and wait for a star shell to light up the road for me. Of course I ran in low speed until I got out of these trees. On one side of the road is a mountain and on the other side a high fence of burlap camouflage, so that ahead, while it rained, was dense blackness. I could just make out the dim sky by looking up and guiding by that. One place I heard a wagon ahead and he heard me and both of us stopped. I pulled over to one side, hoping I wouldn't go into a ditch, and 'hollered' to him, 'allez,' and, by George, he nearly took something off the back of my car as he passed. "When I reached the tirage it had stopped raining. The 'couche' in back, who had been wounded by machine gun fire, probably thought he was going to Paris from the length of time it took me to get him to the tirage. The poor old devil had another ride before him then, as one of the tirage cars took him immediately to a hos- pital further back." Mr. Anderson also describes an air bat- tle which he witnessed. In this fight, a French "75" brought down a German air- 198 <(M(llnbQaMm JT Journal of Jfctive Gititenshlp Published neekly t^xcepi July. Augusl and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD. President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER. Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT Jl.OO per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter. December 8, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. man. A piece of "eclat" struck within twenty feet of Mr. Anderson, after which, he sa_vs, he "ducked." "The Frenchmen think that Americans have no fear at all," he writes, "because we generall}' stand out and watch shells break, while a French- man will always break for an abri. The truth is that they have had three years and a half of it and know better than to take chances, while we are fascinated by the novelty." Water Meters ■^^ EXT Thursday, June 20th, is field day at the City Hall for those who have ideas on the subject of water meters. The Subcommittee on Water Meters, con- sisting of Aldermen Capitain, chairman, R. H. McCormick and Woodhull, re- ported to the Finance Committee last Fri- day a set of ordinances designed to bring about a general metering of Chicago within the next ten years. The Finance Commit- tee has set next Thursday afternoon for a public hearing on these ordinances. The ordinances provide that after August 1st all new premises must be metered. All existing service pipes are to be metered by districts and as rapidly as possible. All premises within a district are to be metered without discrimination. The city would own all meters and pay for their installation and maintenance out of the Avater fund. The present rate of (>% cents per thousand gallons would be re- tained, with a minimum charge of $4 per year for each household or other single occupancy. This minimum charge would be about 40 per cent, less than the present flat-rate minimum charge for similar prem- ises. If the proposed ordinarjces are passed it is expected that about a million dollars a year will be expended on water-metering during the next ten years, during which time the work of metering existing prem- ises would be completed. It is expected, however, that the metering will make un- necessary expenditures for a large amount of new construction which would other- wise be required to make up for the water wastage. The ordinances follow, generally speak- ing, the proposals of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efificiency in its report on water metering published last January. Harris S. Keeler, Director of the Bureau, discuss- ing these ordinances last Saturday, said: "The adoption of these ordinances would make it possible to render better service to the consumers of water in Chicago. In the first place, the great reduction in water wastage would bring about better pressure conditions and allow water to be served regularly to the higher floors of buildings which at certain periods of the year, be- cause of insufficient pressure, are only ir- regularly supplied. In the second place, the small consumer who is careful to avoid un- necessary waste and leakage would have his bills reduced from one-third to one-half. At the present time he is paying for the wastage by his neighbors. If water meters are not installed, an increase in water rates seems unavoidable for the expenditure for more pumps to make up for the wastage has depleted the water fund to such an ex- tent that higher rates would have to be charged." The proposal for universal metering has been endorsed by the City Club Committee on Water Supply. It also has the approval of the Woman's City Club, the Political Equality League, the Civic Federation, and the Citizens' Association. Other citizens' organizations are also considering the sub- ject. City Club coffee is the solution of the drink problem. The forty-cent luxch is a popular feature in the dining-raom. BitGi^G-nb^vUmn 199 The Future of Music Extension /^y Victor S. Yarros, Chairman City Club Committee on Music Extension In the following article Mr. Yarros dis- cusses the city's present opportunities for musical enjoyment and its need for more and better music and a wider audience. He invites suggestions on the subject for the consideratioTi of the Music Extension Committee. They may be addressed to the Editor of the Bulletin. ■\\7" HAT more should be done in Chi- ^ ' cago in the way of the peopleization of good music? Has not this city all the good music it can possibly assimilate? If there is a lack in any direction, just what is the lack, and what the particular direc- tion? Such questions as these have been asked of, and by, the members of the City Club committee on music extension. They are legitimate and interesting questions. Mem- bers of the Club who have ideas on the subject are cordially urged to give the com- mittee their ideas. Meantime the writer, having pondered the matter for years, will set down a few suggestions of his own. They are not original, but they will bear repetition. Chicago's Present Opportunities Remarkable progress has indeed been made in Chicago in the way of civic music extension. The Civic Music Association has done splendid work and would do even more and better work if it were more lib- erally supported. It has the right idea. It brings music to the people. It uses neighborhood centers, schools, small parks and school buildings in spreading the gospel of musical appreciation. It encourages community singing. It sends good musi- cians into, sections remote from the loop and not likely to patronize the great mu- sical organizations of the city. There is no limit to its activities; the only limit it is obliged to consider is financial. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra gives each season a remarkable series of ten pop- ular, low-priced concerts. No city in America offers any opportunity compa- rable to this to its humble lovers of music who aspire to full understanding and en- joyment of the regular symphony concerts and the high-class recitals. The programs of the popular concerts are ideal. All we can ask is that the trustees of the orches- tral association shall persevere and, if pos- sible, slightly extend the series. It is doubt- ful whether sufficient patronage could be counted upon for more than twelve such popular concerts. We have other good orchestras that give fairly interesting concerts at popular prices. One of these gives a few concerts each year in some of the city's schools. More con- certs should be given in the schools, and this too is a question of funds. Our Chief Present Need What we need more than anything else is an improvement of the scheme and meth- ods of teaching music in the public schools. Here a radical overhauling is necessary. Music can be taught in a dull, uninspired, wearisome way, and it can be taught in a way that arouses love of and enthusiasm for all forms of good music. A feature of sound and vital musical instruction in the schools should be a series of young people's concerts and recitals. Special programs should be arranged and interpretative talks given for the benefit of the children that are being introduced to the world of beau- tiful and significant music. The cultiva- tion of love and enjoyment of good music should begin at school, and this implies competent teachers of music and sound, in- telligent methods. In our schools the teach- ing of music is admittedly inadequate and perfunctory. Popular Chamber Music What Chicago further needs is a sys- tematic effort to popularize chamber music. The experiments made in this direction by the City Club committee were full of promise and encouragement. A series of chamber music recitals at popular prices — the programs being carefully arranged and all purely technical or academic or ultra-modern compositions being rigidly excluded — would gradually attract a suffi- ciently large group of patrons and amply justify itself as a means of elevating the musical standards of the community. Will 200 gjeOttuGIiibBulIetm some generous friend, or friends, of cham- ber music come to the rescue and support a chamber music organization? The com- mittee has plans and ideas concerning chamber music, but it has no funds. Education and Pleasure The public demand for good music is great. Only, it must be intelligently met. Education should always go hand in hand with pleasure, and yet the public should be given not "what it wants," or thinks it wants, but what it can be taught to enjoy and admire. One or two compositions on each program should always be a little ahead of the average taste and standard. To give the same repertory year after year, especially if it be narrow and lim- ited, is to alienate many potential music lovers from the popular art and produce the wrong impression on them. Hackneyed music is destructive of interest in and love of music. Variety is the spice of musical as of other vital activities. Professional musicians, and especially professional con- ductors and program makers, are as a rule not sufficiently in touch with the lay, ama- teur patrons of concerts and recitals. Much could be done for music extension if the musicians and lovers of good music had a club or other organization, or common meeting ground, where they might exchange notes and ideas regarding programs, new composers, tendencies and currents in mu- sical life. LISTENIMG I l%v._POST Albert A. Henry is camp secretarv for the Y. M. C. A. at Rockford. Arthur M. Barrett has left for France to engage in Y. M. C. A. work. Albert B. Dick, Jr., has entered the service of the United States Navy. He will be stationed at the Great Lakes Camp. We had a visit last week from Edward L. Burchard. Mr. Burchard is editing "The Community Center," official organ of the National Community Center Con- ference. His headquarters are at Wash- ington. Recently we reported the appoint- ment of Walter L. Fisher as the repre- sentative of the Ship-Building Labor Ad- justment Board for the Great Lakes Dis- trict. Mr. Fisher now has Irving K. Pond and Professor F. S. Deibler as associates in this work. Dr. John R. Williams, of Rochester, N. Y., was the guest of the City Club Wartime Committee last Wednesday. Dr. Williams is the author of a report of milk distribution methods in Rochester, recog- nized as one of the most convincing dem- onstrations of the wastes and extravagances of competitive milk delivery systems. Addison L. Winship, civic secretary of the Boston City Club since 1907, is re- tiring from that position to engage in busi- ness. Sydney Stein, a member of the Club since 1914, died last week. He was a member of the law firm of Stein, Mayer and Stein. Captain James A. Britton visited the Club last week. He is division tuberculosis specialist at Camp Wheeler, Macon, Ga. Dr. Britton says that the United States Army is the "best ever." President Harry Pratt Judson of the University of Chicago has been made chairman of a commission which is to leave the United States for Persia within a month to make a survey of conditions there and to determine upon methods of relief. Persia is reported to be suffering both from lack of food and from disease. A postcard from London received by Mr. Hooker last week from Major A. J. Carlson reads as follows: "The Gothas have been trying to make us step lively in these parts of late, but once here we feel sure that in the end the waltz is not going to be one of the Hun's liking." Before going overseas, Major Carlson, who is pro- fessor of physiology at the University of Chicago, was engaged in scientific work at Washington in the Food Division, Sanitary Corps, Surgeon-General's office. He was formerly chairman of the City Club Com- mittee on Public Health. GfJ^GfeGIubBuUeftn 201 Children of the War Zone "DECAUSE the children of a nation are its secondary defenses, because upon them depends the future of the nation, France today, with the co-operation of the American Red Cross, is undertaking a great program of child conservation. The child welfare work of the Red Cross there was described at the City Club luncheon last Monday by Dr. W. P. Lucas, chief of the Children's Bureau of the Red Cross in France. Dr. Paul F. Armand-Delille, of the Public Health Service and Major in the French Army, told of the work which his government is doing for children, par- ticularly for the repatries returning from the occupied portions of France through Switzerland. In the Toul Sector The staff of the Children's Bureau of the American Red Cross has grown from eleven to about four hundred within a year, according to Dr. Lucas. There are about fifty or sixty doctors and the remain- der are nurses and aides. The first work of the bureau, undertaken within a week of landing, was to take charge of a colony of evacuated children from the Toul sec- tor. The order had gone out that chil- dren under seven (unable to wear gas masks) be removed at least twelve miles behind the lines. Over 2,000 children have thus been put in charge of the Bureau. It established a hospital, which now has two hundred beds, including fifty matern- ity beds. From this beginning, hospital and dispensaries have been placed at other points behind the lines. During the recent offensive the Bureau has been conducting emergency camps to care for refugee women and children. A similar service has been started for refugees in Paris. But not all the work of the Children's Bureau is in the war zone. It has been aiding the French government in caring for repatries. One of its most acute prob- lems has to deal with the children of the congested refugee centers. Lyons, for in- stance — before the war a city of 450,000 — has become a city of over 700,000 through accessions of war-workers and refugees. Building under war conditions was not possible, so temporary shacks were built to meet the congestion. To solve the special problems arising out of this condition, the Children's Bureau established a contagious diseases hospital, a hospital for acute cases and a convalescent home. Similar steps were taken in Bordeaux and other crowded centers. Educational Work Educational work is an important part of the Bureau's program. Infant welfare exhibits giving information about prenatal care, nursing, children's foods, dental hy- giene, etc, have aroused much interest. Seventy-two thousand people visited the exhibit at Lyons in the first nine days. Courses for "health visitors" have been established on a co-operative basis by the French government, the Rockefeller foundation and the Children's Bureau in connection with the tuberculosis and chil- dren's welfare work in a number of large cities. Major Armand-Delille, who spoke par- ticularly of the work among the repatries, was for two years engaged in sanitation work at the Dardanelles and Saloniki. The repatries are mostly women and children and very old people who are discharged from the occupied districts through Switzer- land. Many of these people are in bad physical condition. They are given medical care and precautions are taken to prevent the importation of contagion. Major Armand-Delille is studying American "infant welfare" methods. A Farm for Prisoners npHE CITY OF CHICAGO is soon to ■■■ establish a municipal Farm Colony for men prisoners of the House of Correction and a House of Shelter for women, if plans approved by the Finance Committee last Friday are ratified by the City Council. The creation of these two institutions was recommended by the Merriam Crime Com- mittee in 1915 and a bond issue of $250,000 to provide the necessary funds was approved by the voters. There has been a long delay in putting the plans into effect owing to the need of obtaining additional enabling legis- lation and to the difficulty of finding an appropriate site, A site has now been found. Both institutions are to be located, if the proposed plan is adopted, on a 372-acre 202 GtieGtuGlubBullettn tract near Willow Springs. The farm col- ony for men will contain 346 acres. It is expected that about 200 men from the House of Correction will be placed upon it during the summer months and about 40 men in winter. The work to be done by these men will consist of truck gardening, dairying and other farm work. The ap- propriation asked for the farm colony is $173,000, $100,000 of which is for land and the balance for live stock, farm imple- ments, horses and trucks, equipment of buildings, water ser\n'ce and sewering, dairy buildings, greenhouses, heating plants, etc. The farm colony plan is in accordance with modern ideas for the reformation of prisoners. The men during their service on the farm would be taught habits of industry and their environment would be more conducive to reform than the environ- ment of the House of Correction. This reclamation work is the primary purpose behind the farm. At the same time, the men, with the produce raised on the farm, would contribute financially to their own support. It is estimated that this produce would amount to thirty or forty thousand dollars per year. The appropriation asked for the House of Shelter for women is $48,400. The House of Shelter would be located on prop- erty adjacent to the farm colony. Where Chicago Stands A recent statistical study of thirty-six American cities, published by Reed College, Portland, Oregon, attempts to rank these cities in respect to eighteen different cate- gories. "Readers should be on guard against draw- ing conclusions from this study which sur- pass the evidence," says the report. In some cases the available data were not very recent and the ranking in such cases may be very different today. Nevertheless, how- ever crude and tentative the figures may be, they are perhaps roughly indicative and Chicagoans will be interested in observing the ranking accorded "the Windy City." Chicago stands as follows: 1. Highest wage rates (average union wages in cents per hour in ten trades, 1914) 6th 2. Lowest cost of living (index numbers of the retail selling prices of seventeen food commodities, 1914) Hth 3. Lowest death rates (per thousand of population, 1911, corrected to a standard age and sex distribution) 16th 4. Lowest infant mortality rates (death rates of infants under one year per 1,000 born in 1915) 21st 5. Highest per cent of population mar- ried (25 years of age and over), 1910 8th 6. Largest church membership (per thousand population, 1916) 19th 7. Least child labor (per cent of chil- dren from 10 to 15 years of age, gainfully employed in industry, 1910) 17th 8. Largest park area per inhabitant, 1915 29th 9. Largest per cent of street area paved, 1915 13th 10. Least annual fire loss per inhabitant, 1910-14 18th 11. Largest amount of public property (in value) owned by city, 1913 25th 12. Largest circulation of library books for home use, per capita, 1910* 29th 13. Highest school attendance (children 6 to 20 years of age, 1910) 22nd 14. Largest amount (value) of school property per child in attendance, 1915 11th 15. Largest teachers' salaries, 1913-14 5th 16. Smallest number of pupils per teach- er in public schools, 1913-14 35th 17. Least illiteracy (per cent of popula- tion 10 years and over unable to write, 1910) 18th 18. Fewest foreign born unable to speak English, 1910 30th Safety First! Safety for the Household. Circular No. 75, U. S. Bureau of Standards. January, 1918, 127 p. "The hazards of the home have increased in modern times from the service of gas and electricity and the use of such dangerous articles as matches, volatile oils, poisons and the like," says this report. It treats com- prehensively proper methods of installation and the personal precautions which are necessary to avoid accident. It is too vol- uminous and technical for general circula- tion, but it provides just the sort of infor- mation an Accident Prevention Committee should have in conducting safety propa- ganda for the home. Watch for the summer cold specials. Extra scouts are out looking for new ones. Send us your suggestion. ♦These figures represent the conditions prevailing in the Chicago Public Library at the beginning of Mr. Legler's administration. Chicago now ranks high in this field. WCMG-'obJiisMti 203 One Thousand Dollars for Your Ideas A HOUSING competition, with five ^^ prizes ranging from $100 to $1000, is announced in the Journal of the Ameri- can Institute of Architects for May. The Journal describes the purpose of the com- petition, in part, as follows: "While the indispensable contribution which architecture has to make to the world-wide problem of the house is of the highest importance, the experiences of the last half-century, in all the leading nations of the world, have demonstrated beyond further doubt that society must now and in some manner grapple with and correct those fundamental economic laws which have produced their cjxles of congestion and slums in all our communities. . . , Land and building speculation continue to be the prime motives behind all housing undertakings, with the exception of those where there is sought a certain result which may be measured in terms of labor stability. "As a result, we are continually piling up a more and more mountainous barrier between society and the democracy we pro- fess to seek, while our communities, one and all, are given over to speculation, to congestion, and to all the evils of our un- checked policy of development, in which the individual is permitted to take his profit, no matter what loss or damage he may cause the community. "With these bald facts now staring us in the face — with the known condition of landlordism to which the United States has descended as though inexorably doomed to the fate of other nations — with the knowledge of that huge loss in time and money in our war-making activities, due to bad housing and no housing — with the certainty that as a nation we must now boldly face this insistent social and eco- nomic problem with which the future of the United States is indisolubly bound up, the Journal of the American Institute of Architects believes that the time has come when we must cease the futile application of philanthropy and charity to the house problem, discontinue the hopeless attempt to solve the problem by restrictive legisla- tion alone, and offer a positive and con- structive program which may in some man- ner serve as a basis for future eflfort." The competition is open to all citizens of the United States and Canada. It will close October 31, 1918 and the solutions will be reviewed by a jury of which Thomas R. Kimball, President of the American Institute of Architects, is chair- man. The competition is under the gen- eral auspices of the American Institute of Architects and the Ladies' Home Journal. Full details can be obtained from the Jour- nal of the American Institute of Architects, Octagon Building, Washington, D. C. Should We Use Our Traction Fund for This? nrHE CITY OF CHICAGO has in- curred an indebtedness of about five million dollars to the Sanitary District, principally for the installation of the new street lighting system but partly also for current. The 1910 contract provided that the cost of the street lighting improvement should be met by the city in six annual installments, but the city because of its straitened financial condition has been un- able to make these payments. Since 1916, judgments under this contract amounting to about three million dollars have been entered against the city in favor of the Sanitary District. Unless the city should find some extraordinary source of revenue for paying the other installments, judg- ments will presumably have to be confessed up to the full amount of the indietftedne^ — - which is now about five million dollars. It is now being suggested that the city buy up these judgments with a part of the twenty-seven million dollars in the trac- tion fund. The corporation counsel has given an opinion that such an investment from the traction fund would be legal. The plan was considered at the meeting of the Finance Committee last Friday. Objections to the plan were raised by some of the aldermen and the proposal was laid over for later consideration. Harris S. Keeler, speaking for the Chi- cago Bureau of Public Efficiency, said that the trustees of the Bureau had given the proposal preliminary consideration and were unanimously of the opinion that it would be very bad public policy to MSe the kmd tor such a purpose. 204 GfJ^QtuGlubBuUeftn H Health Insurance EALTH INSURANCE as a subject for social legislation in this country is in the stage of intensive study by the states — apparently repeating the history of workmen's compensation legislation. Work- men's compensation, which, within a few years, has been almost universally adopted by the states as a method of dealing with industrial accidents, was preceded by a series of almost simultaneous investigations by official state commissions. In nine states at the present time — including Illinois — official commissions are studying the ques- tion of health insurance. Recently a joint conference of all these commissions was held at Cleveland for an exchange of experiences and methods. It has often been said that organized labor is opposed to health insurance. Broadly speaking, this statement is inac- curate. The New York State Federation of Labor has approved the principle of health insurance and has drafted and in- troduced in the New York Legislature a bill for its adoption. The President of the California Federation of Labor in a recent letter said: "The American Fed- eration of Labor is a democratic organiza- tion. We have taken no action as yet, as an organization, in the matter of health insurance. In eleven states, organized labor has gone on record for it, the New York Federation of Labor recently pass- ing it without one dissenting vote. Or- ganized Labor is on record here in Cali- fornia for health insurance, because we believe that it offers the same protection against the risks of illness that industrial accident insurance now gives against the hazards of industrial injury'." Remaking Men '"p HE American Association for Labor ■*■ Legislation estimates that during the next three years if the war lasts, America must be prepared to care for 120,000 men disabled by the war. It calls atten- tion, however, to the additional heavy toll which industry will take. There are now it says fully 100,000 disabled industrial workers in America. "Social necessities," says the Association, "have developed wonderful possibilities of vocational re-education providing for the maimed and crippled the power of self-sup- port, self-respect and economic usefulness. Clearly there is not a day to be lost if we are to do our duty by the boys who risk their future earning capacity for the ideals of democracy. And the industrial army likewise must be conserved !" The bulletin of the Association is sent in support of Senate Bill 4284 now pending in Congress for re-educating war cripples under the direction of the Federal Board of Voca- tional Education. The Association is also working for an amendment to this bill which would permit industrial cripples to regain their economic usefulness through the same system. Club Committee Starts Work for New State Constitution 'T^ HE State Constitution Committee of the City Club, which is to work dur- ing the coming months for the adoption of the constitutional convention resolution at the polls next November, had its first meet- ing last Friday. Andrew R. Sheriff is chairman of the committee. An Executive Committee, consisting of Mr. Sheriff, chair- man, George C. Sikes, vice chairman, Frederick D. Bramhall, William S. Hay, and Charles M. Thomson, was appointed to plan and direct the work. The membership of the Committee is as follows : Andrew R. Sheriff, chairman Harry Brown H. G. Spaulding C. R. Holden L. A. Stebbins Harold F. White W. F. Dodd Frederick C. Woodward James G. Skinner A. A. Rolf A. A. McCormick Shelby M. Singleton John P. McGoorty Major E. B. Tolman William D. McKenzie John A. Fairlie William R. Medaris James J. Forstall Walter Clyde Jones Samuel B. King. Everett L. Millard John J. Arnold Fayette S. Munro Farlin H. Ball Roy C. Osgood Frederick D. Bramhall Philip S. Post, Jr. Randall W. Burns Donald Richberg J. Francis Dammann Henry Schofield Brode B. Davis Charles H. Sergei James A. Davis John D. Shoop Eugene H. Dupee George C. Sikes Stephen A. Foster Douglas Sutherland Clarence N. Goodwin Charles M. Thomson George I. Haight J. Lyle Vette William S. Hay Victor S. Yarros Henry Horner Hubert E. Page The Committee discussed plans of work for the coming months. JT Journal of JTctive Gitiietythip Volume XI MONDAY, JUNE 24, 1918 Number 25 WEDNESDAY, JUNE 26, AT LUNCHEON ^'Shall Chicago Have Universal Water Metering?" A discussion of an ordinance pending before the City Council HARRIS S. KEELER Director, Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency FRIDAY, JUNE 28, AT LUNCHEON (C ^y Americans Labor Mission to the War Zone JOHN P. FREY A Member of the Mission The rise of the English and French labor groups to greater politi- cal power, their formulation of labor's war aims and their demand for so- cial and political reconstruction after the war have been among the most significant tendencies of the year. The American labor mission to Eng- land and France brings important news of these great movements. SPEAKING AT 1:00 Life on the Ocean Wave "np O GO ALOFT fn a howling breeze may tickle a landsman's taste," ac- cording to the Gilbert-Sullivan song of several decades ago. But before the war, steam transportation and our big "hotel" liners were making the sea rather uninter- esting and unromantic. "Fritz," with his mines and U-boats, is making the sea inter- esting again for the adventurous landsman. Perhaps that has something to do with the enlistment of so many of our City Club members in the Navy of Uncle Sam. Some of them are already seeing service and more are in course of training. Some are doing important work in various branches of the service "behind the lines." Ayres Boal, who before the war was in the prosaic business of "real estate," is now ensign on a destroyer and presumably chas- {Continued on page 210) 206 GfjeaituGIubBuIfeftn i^tj^GttuGlubBuUetm J[ Journal otJIctiw Qttuensh^ Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS. Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the poetoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. STENING Jaspersen Smith, of the law firm of Montgomery, Hart & Smith, died last Tuesday. Mr. Smith had been a member of the City Club since 1912. His death was a shock to his many friends in the Club. Prof. P. Orman Ray, of the Depart- ment of Political Science, Northwestern University, is to teach at Columbia Uni- versity during the summer session. We ARE GLAD to welcome into member- ship in the Club the following persons, who joined last week: Henry M. Brooks, Secretary Wisconsin River Power Company. J. Paul Clayton, Commercial Manager, Middlewest Utilities Company. Albert E. Lucius, lawyer, Lucius & Lucius. J. F. de la Motte, lawyer, Mayer, Meyer, Austrian & Piatt. L. E. Schoenfeld, Vice President Gari- baldi Company, importers. J. F. Strouse, Assistant Sales Manager, J. P. Black Company, printers. Raymond Robins, head of the Ameri- can Red Cross Mission to Russia, has re- turned to America. He arrived in Chi- cago yesterday (Sunday). Mr. Robins left Moscow on May 14th. Of course, Captain Merriam couldn't stay away from the fight ! A dispatch from Italy concerning the present Austrian of- fensive says: "One phase of the battle, a secondary operation near Lake Garda, had as spectators Judge Ben Lindsay, and Capt. Charles E. Merriam of Chicago. During a luncheon with the colonel com- manding they were able to note the progress of a successful counter-attack. The colonel left them temporarily, but returned before the dessert was over and announced that the operation had been entirely successful. Judge Lindsay spoke to a group of Italians from the United States and was able to realize how much of the heart of America is in the Italian and with what enthusiasm the Americans announce their intention of returning to the United States after the war. Lindsay and Merriam departed for Venice to meet Rizzo, the popular hero of the day." Everett W. Lothrop, formerly a mem- ber of the Club staff, is a lieutenant with the A. E, F, A letter received from him last week says that he is stationed at a large camp where newly arrived soldiers are "cleared" for the front. E. S. Ballard, formerly attorney for the City Club Milk Committee, has written from France to acknowledge a letter of appreciation from our directors. Mr. Bal- lard is in the service of the Director-General of Transportation, A.E.F. He says of his work for the Milk Committee: "I felt honored in being selected for the work and the approval of the Committee is most gratifying. The preparation and trial of the case and the daily conferences at the Club were exceedingly interesting and en- joyable and your letter makes my recollec- tion of those rather strenuous weeks even pleasanter than before. Please give my cordial remembrances to all of the Com- mittee's members and accept my thanks for your kindness in writing, "This piece of work over here looks rather long, but I am glad to be in it and have no doubt of the ultimate outcome." GfteQtgGIubBuIfefin 207 The Finnish Revolution Wealthy Classes, Backed by German Mili- tary Power, Make Finland Vassal State **'T^ HE collapse of Russia and the subse- ■*■ quent events in Finland, which have ended in making that country virtually a German province, have entirely changed the Scandinavian situation," said Dr. Karl G. Dernby of Stockholm, speaking at the City Club luncheon, June 12. "Prior to the war there was an equilibrium between Rus- sia and Germany in the domination of the Baltic. Swedes and even Norwegians re- garded Russia as the most dangerous of their neighbors and, without any deeper love for Germany in other respects, looked upon her as a safe counter-balance to Russia. Denmark, however, ever since Germany robbed her of Schleswig, has been decidedly but silently anti-German. But when it be- came evident that the main issue of the Kaiser's game was not to save Europe from the Russian barbarian, as the German press liked to say, but to establish a world hegemony, most people in Scandinavian countries changed their views. And his ruthless warfare, especially the treatment of neutral vessels, also caused great losses in the number of his sympathizers. Pro-Germans Powerful Minority "The only country where the pro-Ger- mans played any role was Sweden. Some persons in that country, few in number but rather powerful, have constantly tried to drag Sweden into the war as a vassal of German. As to their number, it may be said that the conservatives in the second chamber have only 58 out of 230 seats, and that the 'activists' constitute only a very small fraction of the conservative party. They are to be found among officials, army and navy officers, the clergy and university people. The most significant thing is that behind all the 'activist' movements can be traced German-Finnish conspiracy. "A brief review of the events in Finland will explain this: The bulk of the popula- tion in Finland, about three and a half millions, consists of Finns, a rather pure Mongolian race. There are also in Fin- land about four hundred thousand de- scendants from Swedes, who many hun- dreds of years ago conquered the country. There have always been racial struggles between these two layers of population. The Swedes are as a rule the governing class. They are the wealthiest and the most cultivated. In many respects they are like the Prussian junkers. Therefore the social controversies in Finland have been most bitter. Trains "White Guard" Leaders "In 1809 Sweden had to give up Finland to Russia. For many years Russia treated Finland liberally, but about 1890 the Czar tried to deprive her of all her rights and make her a Russian province. This united for a time both Finns and Swedes, social- ists and conservatives, in a stubborn resist- ance to Russia. Germany soon understood how to profit out of the situation and years before the war planned to stir up anti- Russian movements in Finland. During the war, more than two thousand young Finlanders were taken over to Germany and given military education, in order eventually, with Swedish assistance, to go back and start a revolution. Those be- came later on the officers of the 'white guard.' "The Russian revolution broke out and made Finland free. But the different popu- lation layers could not keep together. The socialists had a narrow majority in the diet of 1916. At the new election they lost it and that created a lot of discontent. Still more discontent was aroused by the formation of a bourgeoisie 'white guard.' This was followed by the establishment of a 'red guard' by the workingmen. Who really started the civil war it is impossible to say. But it was started. First the 'whites' were defeated, but after obtaining German assistance, they were able to claim the victory. Incredible atrocities were committed by both sides — the 'whites' espe- cially seem to have slaughtered their pris- oners en masse. In THE Kaiser's Grip "Who deserve our sympathy? It is im- possible to judge easily, the situation is too complicated. But the 'reds' — poor, igno- rant, cruel though they may be — fought for the freedom of their country and for their constitutional rights, whereas the educated, 208 GfjeGfeGIufaBuUctm wealthy 'whites,' in order to save the cul- ture and wealth of Finland and to keep down their political opponents, fought to make their country a German vassal state. Of course many 'white' Finlanders look on this regretfully, but it cannot now be helped. Finland is at present in the Kaiser's grip and he holds military control of both the Baltic and the ice coast. The Scandi- navian countries now have only one power to fear. To resist Germany with military force would mean suicide. They have to remain neutral because they are between the devil and the deep sea." Cl)e £Patl jBoutt) If you have a good idea, why not "pop" it in your own "vox pop"? The following letter was received last week: Inefficient Marketing "Dear Sir: For a number of years it has been my custom to ride south on West- ern Avenue to the Beverly and Midlothian Country Clubs, and I have seen great num- bers of wagons on this road coming north late in the afternoon, loaded with farm produce which, according to my under- standing, is hauled to our South Water Street markets, the wagons getting in there early the next morning. It seems to me that this is a most inefficient method of bringing this produce to our markets. I realize the fact that it would be difficult to get the co-operation of the railroads in handling this, but it seems to me that ar- rangements could be made with the street car company to provide cars for the han- dling of this produce — the farmers to bring their wagons to the car line terminals, their produce to be packed into the street cars and hauled during the night downtown to the nearest point possible to our mar- kets. "It seems to me that our Club would do well to interest itself in this idea, and, if possible, lead to a more economical handling of this produce." (Signed) L. H. Crawford. Wanted— YM.CA, Workers National War Work Council Y. M. C. A. 347 Madison Ave., New York. My Dear Sir: At the suggestion of Dr. Orr of our Educational Department, I am writing to ask your co-operation in discovering secre- taries for our Y. M. C. A. work in Italy. We need fully 200 before the middle of July who can qualify for this work in the Italian Army and I shall esteem it a great favor if )^ou can bring to my attention any desirable candidates. We can send Italians who are forty-five years of age and Ameri- cans above draft age ; no clergymen can be sent. (Signed) Charles D. Hurrey. Legislation by Lawyers '"Tp HE National Voters' League has just -*■ completed an investigation to dis- cover the occupational character of Con- gress. The result is most interesting and significant. "An overwhelming majority of voters throughout the country are farmers and laborers. Yet there are only 6 farmers and 4 representatives of labor among the 435 members of the House. The Senate has only 3 farmers and no laborers among its membership of 98. "Lawyers predominate in both branches, with business men next in number. Of the 435 House members, 306 are lawyers and 90 are business men. This leaves 39, divided as follows: Newspaper men, 26; farmers, 6; laborers, 4; salesmen and clerks, 5 ; preachers, 2 ; educators, 3 ; physicians, 2, and social worker, 1. The latter is Jeanette Rankin, the only woman member. "In the Senate 76 of the 98 are lawyers. Thirteen are business men, 2 newspaper publishers, 3 farmers, and 2 physicians." — From "The Searchliffht on Congress." The drift into war service continues among our members. All the more reason why you should loyally back the Club at this time. Why not increase the number of your acquaintances at the Club? If you see a member sitting lonesomely by himself at lunch, introduce yourself. C'mon, Skinnay! Strawberry short- cake at the City Club every day ! ^QtgGIubBuUeftn 209 Cleveland Meters a Success 'TpHE proposal to meter Chicago's water •*■ supply was given a "boost" last Fri- day by E. W. Bemis, public utility expert for the city and formerly head of the Cleve- land Water Department. Prof. Bemis spoke in favor of the proposal at a public hearing of the Finance Committee of the City Council. The entire City of Cleve- land was metered under Prof. Bemis' direction and the results there, he claims, are a convincing argument for universal metering. Prof. Bemis is a member of the City Club Committee on Water Supply, which has endorsed the proposal for a gen- eral metering of Chicago. Whole City Metered "Scarcely 2 per cent of the premises in Cleveland are now unmetered," said Prof. Bemis. "That metering is popular there is shown by the fact that it has been con- tinued and extended under different ad- ministrations and that the appropriations for meters have been passed by the City Coun- cil unanimously. No Discrimination "The Cleveland plan was similar to that proposed for Chicago, namely, that the work should be done by districts and that all premises within a district should be metered without discrimination. The city protected the revenues of its Water Depart- ment and guarded against any tendency among consumers to use too little water by charging a minimum bill, as proposed in the ordinance under consideration here, though in a somewhat different form. Stops Waste and Saves Money "The effect of metering in Cleveland was to stop the waste. People found they could get all the water they wanted, if they would only cut out the leaks. "What effect did the stoppage of water waste have on the need for new construc- tion? When metering was adopted, Cleve- land was just putting in a new pumping station, but this was to replace an old sta- tion and did not increase the pumping capacity of the city. From this time, 1904, to 1911, there was no new construction except in one district which would other- wise not have been served. Prove Practicability of Chicago Meter Ordinance "My belief in the value of meters has been confirmed. At first there was popular prejudice against them, but the consumers have saved so much in their bills that they do not worry about meters any more. The fear that the health of the people might be impaired passed away in a few months when it became evident that there would be no such result." City Engineer Favors Metering The Chicago metering proposal was also advocated at this hearing by City Engineer Ericson. A survey of the Chicago water system has convinced Mr. Ericson that from 60 to 70 per cent of the water pumped in Chicago is wasted. Pumpage require- ments, he said, have increased faster than the population. "Under existing conditions we cannot add tunnels and pumping sta- tions rapidly enough to keep up with the growth of the city. After my investigation I came to the conclusion that the only solu- tion is metering," Health Conditions Good Dr. Bundeson of the Health Department said that hundreds of communities which have been metered show a reduction in sickness and death rates rather than the contrary. It is often true, he said, that, where the faucets are left running, toilets are not properly flushed. He predicted that health conditions would be better rather than worse under a metering system. The proposal was explained to the Com- mittee by Harris S. Keeler, Director of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency. Mr. Keeler is to address the City Club at luncheon on this subject next Wednesday, June 26. At a subsequent meeting of the com- mittee, last Saturday morning, the meter ordinance was approved for passage. It now goes to a vote of the City Council, The metering of the city involves an expenditure of ten million dollars during the next ten years. It involves the water rates which you will pay for years to come. It is claimed that metering will save Chi- cago many millions of dollars. As a citizen and as a consumer of water you should hear Mr. Keeler's discussion of this important subject, next Wednesday. 210 GfJfWGIub Bulletin Life on the Ocean Wave {Continued from page 205) ing Hun U-boats. He hints at some ad- ventures worth telhng about, but for the present those are deep, dark secrets. Be- fore entering active service, Ensign Boal spent four months at Annapolis, learning the tricks for "strafing" Fritz. Lieutenant Herbert H, Evans, for- merly secretary of the City Council Com- mittee on Local Transportation, is allow- ing others to settle Chicago's traction ques- tions, while he "puts in his licks" for Uncle Sam at the Norfolk Navy Yard. Lieu- tenant Evans directed the overhauling of several of Germany's big boats, comman- deered by the U. S. A., and their refitting for service in the cause of the allies. He is at home at this writing on a ten-day furlough. Lieutenant Evans is not a new recruit in Uncle Sam's Navy. He is a graduate of Annapolis and was on the In- diana when Sampson — or was it Schley? — sent Cervera's fleet to Davy Jones' locker in 1898. Robert M. Curtis, after a three months' intensive training course at An- napolis, was awarded his anchor as ensign and was put in command of a submarine chaser. Good-night Fritz! Ensign Curtis is only twenty-two years old, but it will be an unlucky U-boat that gets in his path. He is a son-in-law of Alfred L. Baker, for- merly president of the City Club. Ogden T. McClurg has the rank of lieutenant commander, with headquarters in the office of Capt. Moffett, Great Lakes Station. He has charge of the Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Naval Districts. Arthur H. Boettcher of Brown, Hanson & Boettcher, patent attorneys, is in the ordnance department of the naval aviation service. He is stationed at Wash- ington. The reports of his efifective work there, particularly along engineering lines, are confirmed by his recent promotion from the rank of ensign to that of lieutenant. Lieutenant E. H. Clark, of the firm of Otis & Clark, architects, has since May or June of last year been in charge of the public works office at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station. This office super- vises all the construction work for the sta- tion. Two of our members are helping to hold the money bags: Lieutenant D. Himmelblau, for- merly of the accountancy stafiE of the North- western University School of Commerce, is assistant paymaster, stationed at Washing- ton. E. L. Johnson, of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank, is similarly employed, with the rank of ensign. He is at present at Harvard University taking a special course in cost accounting for naval con- struction. John A. Jameson is a lieutenant in the naval reserves and is stationed at Great Lakes. Henry B. Freeman didn't have to leave Chicago to do his bit for Uncle Sam. He is a lieutenant in the naval ordnance department with headquarters in this city. His duties relate to the inspection of work on government contracts. Lieutenant Free- man was formerly a fire protection engineer with the Underwriters' Laboratories. Frank Van Inwagen, vice-president of the Illinois Engineering Company, is now Ensign U. S. N. R. F. and is in training at Annapolis before going into active service. Lieutenant Malcolm MacNeill is executive officer of the naval auxiliary re- serve school at the Municipal Pier. This is a school for the training of future officers of the navy. Ensign James Curtiss is instructor in navigation at this school. Dr. John F. Urie is in charge of a naval hospital which is located just outside New Orleans. A. B. Dick, Jr, and H. F. Oates are the most recent recruits. Mr. Dick has just enlisted and, according to latest re- ports, is still "in detention" at the Great Lakes Station. Mr. Oates joined the naval auxiliary reserve school at the Municipal Pier last week. Who's next? The Elizabeth McCormick Mem- orial Fund which has been one of our sixth-floor tenants for several years is soon to move to larger oflices in the Tower Building. The National Conference of Social Work will then move from its present office oh the sixth floor into the rooms which are being vacated. Our sixth floor has so far been occupied only by civic or social agencies and it is hoped that in rent- ing the space vacated by the National Con- ference another tenant of this sort will be found. The Club's baker makes heavenly pies. GfteGtuGIubBuUefin 211 Should We Amend Our Constitution in Wartime ? 'T F the proposal for a constitutional convention in this state is voted down next November," said Governor Lowden, addressing a meeting of the Midday Club recently, "you are going to meet the great problems growing out of the war with your hands tied by an iron-clad constitution, un- responsive to the changing conditions in- capable of amendment. The situation will be serious." Governor Lowden in this ad- dress answered as follows the argument that no attempt should be made to alter the Constitution in wartime: War Makes Changes Necessary "A good many people say, 'But the war is on.' In my humble opinion, that is the most persuasive reason in favor of a con- stitutional convention at this time. The war will bring new problems. "We are not going to abandon the essen- tials of our old Constitution. Any new Constitution that we may adopt will take the old Constitution of 1870 as its ground- work and will build around that and mod- ernize it in the way in which it would have been modernized if it had not been for the illiberal provisions against amendments which it now contains. Prepare for Action Now "If this resolution passes next fall the next General Assembly will be called upon to provide for the convention. If the war is still on and they in their wisdom so decide they can postpone the convention to 1920. Or, suppose they do not postpone it, the 102 men are elected; when they meet they have it absolutely within their power — there is no restraint upon such ac- tion by the convention — to adjourn from time to time just as has been done in Ar- kansas under similar circumstances, until in their judgment the time is propitious. If they wish to postpone actual forming of the Constitution and adoption until the war is over, that power is with them. But when the war is over you are in a situation to act, you are in a situation to make our Consti- tution comply with our needs. "If on the other hand this resolution is voted down next autumn no one can tell when we will have a chance again to amend the Constitution. Because under the Constitution, with minority representation, there are enough of men in the General Assembly who probably are voting them- selves out of office, to defeat the two-thirds vote required in order to submit the Con- stitution, and those of you who have been familiar with the efforts made in late years know how difficult it has been to secure such a resolution. Hands Tied "If it be voted down next fall you are going to meet the great problems growing out of the war with your hands tied by an iron-clad Constitution, unresponsive to the changing conditions, incapable of amendment. The situation will be serious because, let me tell you, any man who be- lieves that a Constitution when it no longer meets the needs of the times is a safeguard against revolutionary action is relying upon a false philosophy. A constitution must de- velop to meet changed conditions. If anyone thinks that a Constitution can permanently safeguard any right of the in- dividual when that Constitution is perma- nently opposed by a majority of the people he does not understand the essence of demo- cratic government. One of two things will be inevitable if we have to meet changed conditions without changes in the Consti- tution which will enable us to meet these changed conditions. Either the Constitu- tion will be disregarded, and our Supreme Court, coerced by the absolute need of the time, will be driven possibly to a strained construction of many of its provisions, thus doing another and equally great injury to the cause of orderly government, or govern- ment will itself break down. Opportunity of Decade "My opinion is that we miss not only the opportunity of this decade, but we miss our most imperative duty if we refuse to vote for this resolution next fall. My de- liberate opinion is that we do untold injury to the orderly development of our State and its institutions if we fail to have the cour^ age to face the representatives of our people in a constitutional convention and thrash out deliberately these great questions that are in the popular mind." Are you a good soldier? If so, you will not grumble because we are serving no wheat in the club dining-room. We are doing this at the request of Mr. Hoover. 212 GtJ^GtgGlubBuUeftn The Human Side of Tommy The human side of Tommy Atkins was pictured to our members last Thursday by Ada Ward of London. She has seen Tommy in France under all sorts of con- ditions except those at the firing line — on his way to the front, during his rest period, behind the lines, in the hospital to which he has returned, perhaps shattered in body and mind. A "Comic Stunt" Miss Ward was in France as an enter- tainer for the British soldiers. Her dreams of going to France as a new Joan of Arc vanished, she said, when the opportunity to go came as an invitation to furnish a ten- minute "comic stunt" with a British con- cert party. She went, she took her blackboard and did her "stunt" and she has returned to tell us what she thinks of "Tommy" Atkins. Among the pictures which she drew for us last Thursday was one of the hospital where her first appearance was made and of the wounded — some carried in, some limping in, some groping in, eager for the amusement which was to be provided for them. She found them a cheery lot after all. "One boy, so battered and bandaged that only one eye was visible, still managed," Miss Ward said, "to wink at me with that eye." Another picture was that of a great audience at a military camp, packed together, perspiring, suffocating and smok- ing till it was almost impossible to see across the room. "I was thoroughly smoke- cured before I left France," said Miss Ward. A Case of Nerves Miss Ward told many stories of the boys — not the least pathetic and amusing being that of the Tommy who, after eight days in the trenches, lost his nerve at the sight of clean sheets and wept for an hour and a half. Miss Ward thinks that Tommy is "splen- did." He is not the ungodly, uncouth person that he is sometimes pictured. He is after all, only a big child, with a naive sense of humor and an infinite capacity for fun. Summer Reading The Public Library has just placed the following books on deposit in the City Club Reading Room. They will remain there for three months: Balzac — Old Goriot. Barclay — White Ladies of Worcester. Beach— The Ne'er Do Well. Beach— The Net. Bottome — The Second Fiddle. Brown — The Prisoner. Burnett — T. Tembaron. Campbell — A Soldier of the Sky. Dilnot — Lloyd George. DuMaurier — Peter Ibbetson. France — Crainquebille. Harrison — Angela's Business. Howells — The Rise of Silas Lapham. Kelley — Over Here. Kester, P. — His Own Country. Knyvett — "Over There" with the Australians. Kyne — Webster — Man's Man. Lagerlof — The Emperor of Portugallia. Leacock — Further Foolishness. Leblanc — Golden Triangle. Lowndes — The Red Cross Barge. Mason — The Four Feathers. Munday — Eyes of the Army and Navy. Nepean — My Two Kings. O'Brien — Best Short Stories. Oppenheim — The Pawns Count. Poe — Tales. Poole — The Harbor. Poole — His Family. Porter — Oh, Money! Money! Rocheleau — Transportation. Shaw — Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant. Sparks — Men Who Made the Nation. Spring — Non-Technical Chats on Iron and Steel. Stevenson — A King in Babylon. Strindberg — Plays. Talbot — Submarines — Their Mechanism and Operation. Train — The Earthquake. Trolloppe — Barchester Towers. Turgenieff — Fathers and Children. Turgenev — Smoke. Walker — Portmanteau Plays. Webster — Just Patty. Wells— Bealy. Wells — Vicky Van. Wharton — Custom of the Country. White — The Leopard Woman. Wright — The Winning of Barbara Worth Zangwill — The Master. The kitchen staff wants to put on the bill of fare your favorite summer dishes. Write your suggestions to the chairman of the House Committee, City Club. f 3-t' fl' Journal oCBtive Gimett^hij) Volume XI MONDAY, JULY 1, 1918 Number 26 ANNOUNCEMENTS There will be no luncheon meetings this week or next, unless announced by a special postcard. Beginning with this issue and for the rest of the summer, the Bulletin is issued every two weeks in homeo- pathic doses of four pages. To afford members an opportunity for shooting firecrackers and re-reading the Declaration of Independ- ence, the Club House will be closed all day next Thurs- day, the Fourth of July. The address by John P. Frey on the labor situation in Great Britain and France was crowded out of this week's issue. We will print it in our next number. One of Our Flyers VXT" HEN the City Club purchased an ambulance for service on the West Front, it was planned that Mr. Gale Wil- lard, a member of the Club, then in France, should be its driver. At the last minute, Mr. Willard changed his plans and joined the aviation corps. A cablegram from France last week announced that Mr. Willard — now a lieutenant — had been mentioned for bravery in action. Learning to Fly Lieutenant Willard's training with the LaFayette Escadrille began in June, 1917, and he was breveted in October. Then he was sent to Pau for acrobatics, and after- ward was with the French at Belfort. Last February he was ordered to report in Paris for transfer to the American Army, and, while waiting, was sent by the French to a school for shooting in the forest of Chantilly. Some of his experiences at this school, as related in a letter to his mother, are printed below. In March he was given his commission in the American army and ordered to the front. A Chicago newspaper last week, in re- ferring to Mr. Willard, said: "Gale Willard, one of the American youths mentioned in the dispatches, was called before his fellow soldier comrades and given the insignia that tells to the world that the wearer is worthy of special mention for his brave acts. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Willard, 6018 Stony Island Avenue, and although only 23 years old has won the certificate of appre- ciation awarded to him bv the French 214 GfJ^QluGtubBuUetm aeGttiJGlufaBuUetin JT Journal of JTctive GitUenship Published Weekly Except July. Auicust and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS. Editor $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8. 1879. government for his services in the French aviation branch of the service. This certifi- cate was forwarded by him to his parents and was only received by them a few days ago. And the message coming to them to- day telHng of his services with the American flyers completed the joy in their home, where he is the only son." Some Letters Two letters, long delayed in transit and just received, have been sent us by Lieu- tenant Willard's mother and are printed below, in part: March 14, 1918. I am at a shooting school in the heart of one of the oldest forests in France. The forest is very beautiful, no undergrowth. It is just such a spot as we fancy Robin Hood and his merrie men gamboled in. I had quite an interesting time today. I shot from a plane at a target on the ground. We have a Vickers machine mounted on the plane so that when you fire the plane has to be turned in the same direction, in other words to aim the gun you aim the machine. The French — all of them. — glided at the target so that they had to get the up and down as well as the sidewards (this is a bit obscure but I hope 3'ou understand it). I dived perpendicularly at the target with the result that I put ten balls in it. The target is a huge white object built in the shape of an airplane. Of course when I came down I was most severely reprimanded for having dived so steeply. I said one had to do that way at the front. To which the lieutenant merely shrugged his shoulders and said, "But this is not the front." There was nothing to say to that kind of reasoning and so I retired as gracefully as possible. The lieu- tenant then put out his hands and congratu- lated me heartily as having broken the record. The Bochcs come every night on their way to Paris. The lights have to go out at the first alarm. The French are furious. They say two or three times a week is all right but that every night is disgusting. The other night a bomb struck the corner of a hangar destroying that part of the building, threw dirt all over the place but injured "nary a one." The Huns then slipped along to Paris and "tossed a few eggs." April 3, 1918. I received my own machine yesterday and it was camouflaged to the Nth degree, but is almost new as it has had but a few hours in the air. Patrolling in the Clouds I had a patrol yesterday and took my new machine. It went off the ground well enough. I climbed steadily until I had thirty-five hundred metres when the clouds closed in under me. In coming down thru the clouds I shut off the motor. It's an eerie feel- ing. You are all enclosed in a white fog with not even the tips of the wings visible. There you are sliding down thru the enveloping wet white cloud with just your feet, hands and instruments visible, and, always when you come out, the machine is lopsided, nose high or something off. Today I took out the machine to try out the machine gun. There is a large field near us with a white cross on the ground which constitutes the target. I got off all right, and went up to five hundred metres, nosed the plane over, threw the gun in gear and fired. One of the great inventions of the war has been the synchronizing of the gun with the propellor, a statement which means so timing the gun that it will only shoot when the blade of the propellor is not in front of it. In the early daj'S of the war the aviators used to touch their hats to each other and sail on by. Then it was the French pilots, we must confess, who started taking up shot guns. After that Garros, who so recently escaped from Germany, conceived a plan of putting short slabs of steel on each blade of the propellor so that, altho some of the machine gun bullets would be deflected by the metal, the vast majority would go through. Then came this last invention which is really a remarkable though rather compli- cated one. An Air "Circus" The group flying of the airplanes is really a most beautiful sight. There is a bomb- ing squadron here which has all the machines ready to start from the ground at once when going out to make a raid. The planes, at a given signal, leave the ground at intervals of about thirty seconds. Then place them- selves in goose formation above the field and fly away. You know each escadrille has a distinctive mark painted on the fuselage and so when a number of planes all of the same type and all with the same insignia leave in a formation it is really a very interesting sight. G^^GttuGIuhBuMm 215 To Avoid a Water Shortage And to Keep Rates Down, Our Water Supply Should be Metered, Says Keeler np HE only sure and satisfactory method of improving our water service and of avoiding higher rates is to meter our water supply, according to Harris S. Keeler, Director of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency, who addressed the City Club at luncheon last Wednesday. Mr. Keeler spoke in support of the water meter ordi- nance recommended by the Finance Com- mittee and now pending in the City Council. Waterlogged "The Chicago water works," said Mr. Keeler, "is pumping 260 gallons of water per capita per day — more than is pumped by any other American city except Buffalo and about twice as much as can possibly be consumed for any useful purpose. Of this we know that the amount used for industrial purposes, which is now metered, is equivalent to about 50 gallons. Statistics from places like Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Oak Park, where metering is universal, show that an average of about 40 gallons per person per day is all that can be made any real use of for domestic purposes. If to these two items is added that which is used for public purposes — fires, parks, etc. — and that which is lost through leakage in distribution, it will be found that a daily per capita pumpage of about 125 gallons would provide an abundant supply for Chi- cago. Thus more than half of the present pumpage is lost through waste and leakage which can be prevented. This preventable loss is equal to the load of 700 sixty car freight trains daily. It exceeds the com- bined pumpage of Milwaukee, Cleveland, Boston, and St. Louis. To pump this wast- age requires the consumption of more than 100,000 tons of coal annually. We Pay for Service "Because we have Lake Michigan at our doors, many persons seem to think that the water is free and that we do not need to bother about water that is wasted. But Chicago's water problem is essentially a problem of transportation. Of course, the water in the lake is free. But to be of use to us it must be delivered to our homes and places of business. What we pay for is not the water itself but the service of trans- porting and delivering it. "In certain parts of the city it is often impossible to get water upon upper floors. The reason is that because of excessive waste and leakage we have to overload our transportation facilities, pumping water which serves no one. The pumping and transporting of this waste and leakage means an increase in the velocity of water through the mains; this in turn increases the friction loss and brings about a reduc- tion of pressure at the point of consump- tion, which sometimes prevents the supply of water from reaching the second or third floors of apartment houses. Efforts in the past to overcome this difficulty by installing more pumps and larger mains have failed to keep pace with the growing wastage and to remedy satisfactorily pressure conditions. Similar efforts in the future are not likely to meet with any greater success. If, how- ever, unnecessary waste and leakage were eliminated the problem of pressure would be solved. Leaks Cost Us Millions "This improvement in service is the primary object of eliminating waste and leakage, but reduction in the amount of water pumped would also mean a great financial saving. We are spending millions of dollars for new tunnels, pumps, and mains to pump and transport this water which is afterward lost through waste and leakage. Expenditures for this purpose have already exhausted the water fund and have made it necessary to resort to borrowing on water certificates. If similar expendi- tures are to continue year after year a raise in water rates will be unavoidable. On the other hand, if we will only elimi- nate the wastage, not only will such an increase be unnecessary but ultimately it may be possible to make a reduction in present rates. If a policy of universal metering is adopted now the total saving in water works costs during the next thirty- five years will probably be not less than $135,000,000. (Continued on next page) 216 GljeGituGlubBuUetm "But how are we going to eliminate water waste? The method of house to house inspection of plumbing facilities has never been successful. It is expensive, annoying to the consumer, and ineffective. It penalizes both the careful and the waste- ful consumer. Metering of the water sup- ply, on the other hand, wherever tried, has been very effective. In communities where it has not been tried metering is often violently objected to, but I know of no city that has adopted meters and has later gone back to the flat rate system." Mr. Keeler cited the successful metering experience of Cleveland, which was described in last week's Bulletin. Water in Abundance "The objection to metering," Mr. Keeler continued, "comes from a lack of under- standing, particularly from a belief that metering would restrict the normal and de- sirable use of water and that the public health might suffer. This has not been the experience of communities where metering has been adopted. The Health Commis- sioner of Milwaukee, where metering has been in effect for a long time, told me the other day that he was convinced, after in- vestigation, that there is no connection between metering and health conditions. And Milwaukee has no provision for a minimum bill such as that provided for in the Chicago ordinance, which encourages the use of water up to a minimum amount. In Cleveland consumers must pay for a minimum allowance of water whether they use it or not, but two-thirds of them find that less than this minimum allowance, which they must pay for, satisfies their re- quirements. With unnecessan'^ waste and leakage eliminated in Chicago everyone, including those who live on upper floors, could obtain promptly and at all times an abundant supply of water. Such a condi- tion has never existed in this city, and it is safe to predict that it never will exist until meters are universally installed. When this is done water in abundance can be fur- nished so cheaply that no one need think of restricting his use of it. The New Ordinance A small percentage of the premises in Chicago are already metered, according to Mr. Keeler, but over ninety per cent are still paying a flat rate. The meter ordi- nance before the City Council provides for a complete change to a meter basis. After August 1st, all new service pipe installa- tions would have to be metered and old pipes would be metered within the next ten years. This metering would be done by districts, and all consumers within the district would be metered without dis- crimination. The cost of installing and maintaining the meters would be borne by the City out of the water fund. Referring to this minimum charge, Mr. Keeler said: "The average consumption per household in Oak Park, where meter- ing is universal and where water is used lavishly, could be purchased at the rates charged in Chicago for $4 per year, which is the amount of the minimum bill fixed by the pending ordinance. Consumers could use up to this amount without any extra charge. This is considerably less than is now paid by thousands of small consumers who at present are paying too much for the water which they use and who under the new ordinance would have their bills substantially reduced. The estab- lishment of a minimum charge will also prevent any crippling of the water fund while the meters are being installed. Department Favors Meters "The officials of the water department," Mr. Keeler said in conclusion, "have been urging metering for many years, and con- sidered from every angle it seems to be the only sure and satisfactory method of eliminating waste and leakage and of mak- ing it possible to furnish satisfactory' and economical water service in Chicago. The Council should adopt the meter ordinance now before it." At the conclusion of Mr. Keeler's ad- dress, there were numerous questions from the floor. Two of his hearers stated that meters had been installed on premises owned by them — consisting of six-flat apartment buildings, with three baths for each apartment — and that their water bills had since materially increased. In reply Mr. Keeler said that premises of this sort on a frontage basis are probably getting more water than they actually pay for and that the metering of such premises will in- crease the cost of water. On the whole, however, general metering of all consum- ers would mean, not only economies to the City, but substantial reductions in the water rates paid by the average consumer. This is a club! Be clubby! -^7 i^^XTrTl/ ' ' u/tAix^ UMiyEMITY OF ILimOIS LIIR?fr°^'^*^^^ ^^^^®y » Ifrbaaa, <^r»T - 111 JT Jouimalof JTcttvt GitHet\3hij> Volume XL MONDAY, JULY 15, 1918. Number 27 TWO "TALK DAYS" THIS WEEK Tuesday, July 16, at Luncheon (( 99 Recruiting the Second Line Nicholas Van der Pyl U. S. Employment Service To insure the speedy production of the huge quantities of ships and munitions needed for the prosecution of the war. Uncle Sam has put into operation some radical measures for obtaining the necessary labor supply and distributing it among the various war industries. Under regulations recently adopted, no manufacturer of war products, employing one hundred or more men, may hire workers except through the U. S. Employ- ment Service. Mr. Van der Pyl will speak of this and other measures designed to change the American labor market from a peace to a war footing. Thursday, July 18, at Luncheon ''Life in London in Wartime Andrew Home-Morton of london President British Association of Rotary Clubs What the air raids and other wartime factors have done to the home and business life of London will be the subject of Mr. Home-Morton's talk. SPEAKING PROMPTLY AT ONE 99 Uncle Sam's Labor Market One of the big tasks involved in getting our industries upon a war footing is that of obtaining quickly a sufficient supply of labor for essential war industries and of distributing it among the various branches of government work in such a manner that the war industry program will move for- ward to a co-ordinated result. The gov- ernment's measures to meet this emergency are radical and far-reaching. While they 218 GiJ^GttuGlubBuUetm ae«GlufaBuUetm JT Journal of Active Qitiieti^hip l*ubli.sh^ Education laws, and the universal es- tablishment of a minimum school-leaving age of sixteen years. "12. The establishment of complete systems of modern physical education. "13. The establishment of a Federal Department of Education, headed by a cab- inet officer. "14. The wider use of the school plant, securing increased returns to the community through additional civic, social, and educa- tional services to both adults and children. "15. The establishment of self-govern- ing school and district councils of teachers for the purpose of utilizing the experience and initiative of the teaching body in the conduct of the schools, the recommenda- tions of such councils to be made a matter of official public record. "16. A thorough-going revision upward of teachers' salary schedules, to meet the GtJfQifeGIub Bulletin 239 increased cost of living, and the growing appreciation of the value to the community and the nation of the teachers' services. "17. The liberal, ungrudging reorgan- ization and increase of school revenues on a vvar-emergenc}' scale, as the onl}^ basis upon which to secure the expansion of our schools along these lines. "England and France, with their re- sources strained by the past four years, and facing unprecedented immediate demands, are making huge increases in the appropri- ations for their schools. Surely the people who gave the world the conception of free, democratic education must not longer loiter behind." England's Political Revolution r^ REAT BRITAIN has just completed ^^ a great political revolution. Under the "Representation of the People Act," adopted by Parliament last winter, after a prolonged deadlock between the Commons and the Lords, the electorate has been in- creased from eight to sixteen million and a thorough-going revision of the election ma- chinery has been brought about. Woman's sulifrage, proportional representation, absent voting and many other radical innovations were made. The new law "erects an elec- toral system which is almost entirely new," writes Frederic A. Ogg in the American Political Science Review for August; "and the measure itself is to be thought of as a general electoral law, more comprehensive and far-reaching than any kindred act in English history." An Outgrowth of War Why did Great Britain, her energies bent upon the prosecution of the world's greatest war, undertake at this time the working out of a great democratic, polit- ical revolution? The war itself supplies the answer. "It was seen," says the London Nation, "that no future Parliament, charged as it must be with the reconstruc- tion of the social order, could spring from a register that shut out the soldiers and sailors who were deciding the point whether there should be an Empire or a Parliament at all; or if it included them, excluded the munition workers, who kept the soldiers and the sailors fighting; or if it opened the door on the men munitioners, shut it on the women ; or again in taking all these classes in, omitted their substitutes and helpers. And the moment this new constituency came into scale, its weight broke down the old machinery of registration and classifi- cation." The extensions of the suffrage to hith- erto disfranchised classes were made, broadly speaking, upon the principle that the right to vote is a personal right inher- ent in the individual. Residence is the chief qualification. "The act," says Prof. Ogg, "swept away the entire mass of ex- isting intricate parliamentary franchises and extended the suffrage to all male sub- jects of the British crown, twenty-one years of age or over and resident for six months in a constituency." It establishes practically complete manhood suffrage, add- ing thereby about 2,000,000 men voters to the electorate. The Franchise for Women Six million voters are added by the granting of a limited suffrage to women. The act confers the parliamentary franchise upon every woman over thirty years of age who occupies a home (without regard to value) or any landed property of the an- nual value of £5, of which either she or her husband is the tenant. In local elec- tions women twenty-one years of age or over, occupying premises in their own right, were already entitled to vote; under the new act, the wife of a man who so occu- pies premises is also entitled to vote, if she is thirty years of age or over. The de- gree of suffrage granted to women is not so large as its most ardent friends had hoped, but it reaches farther than any sim- ilar grant made to men in previous exten- sions of the franchise. The demand that the soldiers and sail- ors be allowed to vote was one of the most conspicuous reasons for the enactment of the new reform bill. Many of the men in service had lost their residence and other qualifications as voters; they were also, in most cases, too far from home to vote. The new bill provides the machinery for absent voting or voting by proxy in the case of soldiers and sailors. It also provides for absent voting by the civilian electorate, thereby extending the suffrage to thousands of men who had been disfranchised because 240 GfJ^QlgGIubBuiletm their occupation had kept them from home at election time. A Compromise on "P. R." The deadlock between the House of Lords and the Commons, which almost de- feated the bill, was caused by a division of opinion on the subject of proportional rep- resentation. Three times the Lords put in amendments providing for this innova- tion, and each time the Commons refused to concur. The backing of this radical measure by so conservative a body as the House of Lords has occasioned much sur- prise. The explanation is made that the Lords feared the consequences of the extension of the franchise and desired to assure the election of at least a con- servative minority. A compromise was finally reached under which Commission- ers are to be appointed to work out a plan for the election of about one hundred members by "proportional representation," from constituencies electing from three to seven members each. Plural Voting Limited There has been a long agitation in Eng- land for the adoption in elections of the principle of "one-man-one-vote." "Plural voting," the system by which some per- sons may vote in more than one constitu- ency, has been much modified but not en- tirely elminated by the new act. No elector may now vote in more than two constituen- cies ; formerly it was not uncommon for one person to vote in six or seven. Plural voting was made convenient by the custom of hold- ing elections in different constituencies on different days. Under the new act, par- liamentary elections will be held on the same day in all constituencies. The act also provides for a redistribu- tion of seats so as to equalize more nearly the electoral strength of the constituencies, for changes in the methods of registration, for the further limitation of campaign ex- penses and for various other important changes in political methods. One very novel provision of the act is that requiring a deposit of £150 by every candidate, to be forfeited if he receives less than one-eighth the votes cast. The purpose of this is to prevent a multiplicity of candidates. The new reform act is looked upon by the democratic forces of Great Britain as an instrument of great potentialities for the future. "A new political order begins," saj^s the Nation, "inspired by fresh ideas and springing from an almost unused tap- root of experience, and if it does not at once make all things new, it illumines the hope of social justice and throws out a sig- nal of defeat to the now prevailing king- dom of violence." STENING "^v-POST The clubhouse is now open at all hours to enlisted men in the United States Army and Navy. For a long time the club's facilities have been utilized on Sat- urday afternoons and evenings by men in uniform, but many of the boys have in- quired if the club's privileges might not also be available at other times. The Sol- diers and Sailors Entertainment Commit- tee of the Club believes that this further extension of the courtesies of the Club will not in any way interfere with the use of the club by the members and are glad to add in this way to the comforts of the en- listed men when on leave. John D. Shoop^ Superintendent of Schools, who died suddenly August 9th, had been a member of the City Club since 1914. He was a member of the Club's Committee on Immigration and of its Com- mittee on State Constitution. Last Monday, at luncheon, Augustus Nash of Cleveland, representing the Pro- vost-Marshal General, explained to the members of the City Club a new plan for the preliminar\' instruction of selective service men. Sixteen members of the City Club, following the address, volunteered their services in the working out of this plan in Chicago. Other members who care to enlist in this service should get in touch with Herbert J. Friedman, 6 S. Clark St., Franklin 3230. The recent appeal to Club members for contributions for the Salvation Army brought in pledges in excess of eight hun- dred dollars. Some cash contributions also were made following the address of Major Atkins. The opportunity is still open for Club members to subscribe. Just send us word and the amount pledged will be collected with your quarterly dues, Oc- tober 1st. d-fd ^ University of Illinols,LlDr3,rv Urbana, 111. n Journal ofBfiw Gititemhip Volume XI MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1918 Number 31 n Listening |iv.P0ST Urban A. Lavery sailed for France the last week in August. Charles E. Reed entered Great Lakes August 5 in the disbursing office. John M. McVoy left September 4 for Camp Forest, Ga., in infantry service. Schuyler C. Brandt, manufacturer's agent (wholesale furniture), has joined the Club. Albert W. Chase, copy reader on The Chicago Tribune, enlisted in the navy Au- gust 6. Dr. Henry B. Thoivlas has been called to the service as surgeon with the title of captain. Prof. Ralph E. Heilman is in New York city with the ship building adjust- ment board. Dr. Jesse R. Gerstley left last week for the medical training camp at Camp Greenleaf, Ga. Malcolm D. Vail has been enioUed in the Quartermaster's Corps of the Navy, Ground Force Aviation. Dr. Frank Billings is in active service overseas and it is understood he is to remain for the period of the war. W. J. Morden has entered the active service of the United States Army as first lieutenant, Engineers' Reserve Corps. The Club House will hereafter be open on Saturday afternoons and evenings. During August it was closed after 3 p. m. I>awrence G. Leopold has enlisted in the U. S. Naval Reserve as first-class yeo- man and is stationed at Pelham Park, New York. Temple Williams of the law firm of Zane, Morse & McKinney has joined the legal staff of the Fuel Administration at Washington. Earl D. Hostetter is in the field ar- tillen\ Central Officers' Training School, at Camp Taylor, Ky., and has enlisted for the period of the war. Roy F. Perkins, cashier for the Peter Schuettler Company, has accepted a posi- tion as an accountant with the Income Tax Division at Washington. George E. Traub has entered the motor car service in the Army and will undergo a two months' course of training at the Harrison Technical High School. Harry McClure Johnson has received a commission as first lieutenant and is at present assigned to the quartermaster gen- eral's office, Methods Control Division, at Washington. E. J. Fowler, of the Commonwealth Edison Company, is a Major in the Quar- termaster Corps at Washington. He is with the Information and Statistics Branch of the Methods Control Division. Northwestern University, through the Lindgren Foundation, is sending Dr. Lynn Harold Hough, professor of his- torical theology in Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, abroad to lecture on the churches and the moral and spiritual aims of the war. Professor Hough's speaking mission has re- ceived the favor of the British Ministry of Information, under whose auspices his work will be done. He expects to be in 242 StjedrtuGlufaBuUetm ae«GlufaBuMm Jf Journal of Hctive Gituenship Published Weekly Except July, August and Sepleni- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DV/IGHT L. AKERS, Editor Officers of the Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL, Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS CHARLES M. WILLIAMS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XI Monday. September 9, 1918 No. 31 America in time to offer courses in the winter quarter at Garrett. Professor Hough has sailed for England. Several of our members have entered the chemical warfare service of the army. Bruce D. Smith, vice-president of the Northern Trust Co., and Urban A, Lavery, formerly on the staff of the American Pro- tective League at Washington, have re- ceived commissions as Captain. Ridsdale Ellis is also assigned to this branch of service. He is stationed at present in Chi- cago. Labor to Gain From War LJ UGH REID of the U. S. Department *• ■'■ of Labor spoke on August 26 of the chaotic condition in the labor field resulting from employers bidding against each other. This resulted in an enormous turn-over with unsatisfactory results to the employer and employe. To remedy this and other unsatisfactory conditions of labor for war production it became apparent that some adequate means of control would have to be worked out. The final result was the creation of the War Labor Board made up of six representatives chosen by labor organizations and six representatives chosen by the employers. Each group was then requested to choose a chairman for its group, the chairman of each group to alter- nate every other day to preside over the whole board. Frank P. Walsh was chosen to represent labor and ex-President Wil- liam H. Taft to represent the employers. Each group has pledged itself after due consideration to abide by the findings of the War Labor Board, whatever they may be, for the period of the war. One important requirement or ruling that the board has established is that no employer having more than 100 men in his employ can hire men without making his request through the United States Employ- ment Service. A ruling has also been put into effect that labor must not be taken away from its own field into another ter- ritory if it can be employed there. One of the fundamental principles agreed on by the employers and employes was the eight-hour day as being the most efficient for production. Mr. Reid predicted that the methods of adjustment and the principles established for the working out of the labor problems by the War Labor Board would probably be maintained after the close of the war and that the gain to labor in rec- ognition of these principles would be of in- estimable value for its future welfare. City Club Publishes Map The City Club today, September 9, is publishing a large-scale base map of Chi- cago. This map, originally prepared by the Playground Association of Chicago, was presented to the City Club when that or- ganization was discontinued. It has now been corrected to date and application is being made for copyright. The proceeds of the sale will be placed in the Publication Fund of the Club. The map is printed in 24 sections and when mounted measures about eleven by eighteen feet. Its scale is eight inches to the mile. It is the largest base map of Chi- cago which has been published. The price for a complete set of blue line prints of the map unmounted \v'\\\ be $35 — the price for a set of brown line prints, $50. The price for single sections will be $1.50 for blue line prints and $2 for brown line prints. A reduction in price will be made to educational institutions, civic or- ganizations and to others using the map for public or educational purposes. GfJf«GluhBulIetm 243 England Plans Big Educational Reform T N the last issue of the Bulletin there was printed a memorial sent by two City Club committees to the National Council of Defense. It called attention to the impairment of our school system under war conditions and urged — as an emergency war measure — the promotion of a program for educational betterment. A Product of the War England has already been stirred by the war to a consciousness of the need for more and better education. It has come home to her that the generation which is growing up must "carry on" for the hundreds of thou- sands who have given their lives or their health and strength for their country. The House of Commons a few weeks ago gave its assent to a great educational reform bill and the approval of the House of Lords, if not already given, is assured. The bill has the support of practically all classes. The British Labor Party has made the improve- ment of the educational system the corner- stone of its program for social reconstruc- tion after the war. The purpose of the new education bill, according to Mr. Herbert Fisher, Minister of Education, its author, is to obtain as great an extension of public education as possible consistent with preservation of the present administrative system. Puts Millions to School First, it does away with the "half time" system and provides compulsory full-time education for children up to fourteen years of age. As originally introduced, the bill forbade the labor of children under that age, but before it passed the House of Commons it w^as amended so as to allow parents to put children to work for an hour before and an hour after school. There are in England nearly three mil- lion young people between the ages of four- teen and eighteen, two-thirds of whom have received no systematic schooling since the age of fourteen. The new bill, as it was presented by Mr. Fisher, extended educa- tional opportunities to these young people through a system of compulsory attendance at continuation schools for at least eight hours per week. This encountered opposi- tion from some employers, and before the bill passed the Commons a compromise was arranged. As the bill is now drawn, com- pulsory attendance at continuation schools, in so far as it affects young people of over sixteen, is suspended for a period of years. This compromise, in fact, is formal only, for it would be practically impossible for several years to obtain a sufficient number of competent teachers for the millions who would be added to the school rolls. The bill works many other important changes in England's educational system. It provides liberal state aid to local author- ities in support of educational plans which have received the approval of the national board. It provides for the training of mothers in prenatal and infant care. Nur- sery schools are to be established for chil- dren un^er six whose mothers are at work. The system of medical attention and school nursing is to be extended and improved. Better facilities for recreation and physical education are to be provided. The British Labor Party, while com- mending the bill as far as it goes, considers it only a first step and has formulated a program which looks beyond it to a more complete and more ideal system. That ideal, perhaps the most forward-looking of any which has been expressed in England, is the corner-stone of the social recon- struction program of the party. It is em- bodied in the following resolution adopted early in July: That the Conference holds that the most im- portant of all the measures of social recon- struction must be a genuine nationalization of education, which shall get rid of all class dis- tinction and privileges and bring effectively within the reach, not only of every boy and girl, but also of every adult citizen, all the training, physical, mental and moral, literary, technical, and artistic, of which he is capable. That the Conference, whilst appreciating the advances indicated by the proposals of the present Minister of Education, declares that the Labor Party cannot be satisfied with a system which condemns the great bulk of the children to merely elementary schooling with accommo- dation and equipment inferior to that of the secondary schools, in classes too large for effi- cient instruction, under teachers of whom at least one-third are insufficiently trained ; which denies to the great majority of the teachers in the kingdom, whether in elementary or in sec- ondary schools (and notably to most of the women), alike any opportunity for all-round culture as well as for training in their art, an adequate wage, reasonable prospects of ad- vancement, and suitable superannuation allow- ances ; and which, notwithstanding what is yet 244 GlieGttuGIiibBuII^ttn done by way of scholarships for exceptional geniuses, still reserves the endowed secondary schools, and even more the universities, for the most part, to the sons and daughters of a small privileged class, whilst contemplating nothing better than eight weeks a year continuation schooling up to eighteen for 90 per cent of the youth of the nation. The Conference accordingly asks for a sys- tematic reorganization of the whole educational system, from the nursery school to the univer- sity, on the basis of (a) social equality, (b) the provision for each age, for child, youth, and adult, of the best and most varied education of which it is capable, (c) the educational institu- tions, irrespective of social class or wealth, to be planned, equipped and staffed according to their several functions, up to the same high level for elementary, secondary or university teaching, with regard solely to the greatest pos- sible educational efficiency; and (d) the recog- nition of the teaching profession, without dis- tinction of grade, as one of the most valuable to the community. of tl)c Booft The Meaning of Architecture. An Es- say in Constructive Criticism by Irving K. Pond. Marshall Jones Co. 1918. 226 pp. $2.00 net. A S an expression of the idealism domi- ■^ nating the work of an architect who is a philosopher as well as a craftsman, this book will appeal to many readers outside the architectural brotherhood. Members of the City Club will find many reasons for being interested in it besides the initial — and very good — reason that they know Mr. Pond as a member of the Club and his firm as the architects of our building. Perhaps to our members Mr. Pond's book will have two main lines of appeal: 1. It embodies, as a detail of the au- thor's general philosophy, a criticism of much of our present-day "civic architec- ture." Architecture, Mr. Pond holds, should be an expression of its own time and place. So, while he goes to the Greeks for inspiration and for those ideals of honesty, proportion and restraint in art, which are the heritage of all sincere artists, he ap- peals strongly for expression in terms of our own modern democratic "time-spirit." Much of our "civic architecture," hiding its steel framework behind "Greek col- umns," mere shells serving no structural purpose, Mr. Pond regards as dishonest and a confession of architectural barrenness. 2. Members of the City Club will be more than ordinarily interested in Mr. Pond's general ideas of architecture because they are the key to the structure of our own clubhouse. "To him who conceives of life as a struggle — a battle royal — and to him especially whose philosophy holds that the struggle is not to be ignored, but that it is to be made a means to the final achievement of the ideal," Mr. Pond's book is chiefly directed, for, that conception of life domi- nates his book and is embodied in his archi- tecture. That struggle toward better things in the civic field — the fundamental purpose of the City Club — Mr. Pond wrought symbolically into the architecture of our club building. This conception Mr. Pond develops in his architecture by a revelation of the con- flicting strains and stresses in the structure. To him, a building is not simply an ar- rangement of dead masses in forms which are pleasing to the eye; it is a living thing, the embodiment of elemental forces. In it there is an interplay of strains and stresses which the sincere architect, far from con- cealing, will strive to render poetically in the lines of his structure. For instance: Soaring vertical lines, revealing the ris- ing, supporting forces of a structure, stir in us emotions of aspiration and faith — hori- zontal lines, on the other hand, with their efFect of heaviness and restraint, appeal chiefly to our intellectual nature. Members of the Club, who are interested in the working out of this idea, will find it illustrated in our clubhouse — not only in the fundamental lines of the struc- ture, but in those puzzling little designs or motifs in the wall decorations, in the wood-can'ing and elsewhere in the Club. Those designs, with their vertical or "as- piring" lines, meeting the horizontal lines or the cube-like obstructions, bending but not breaking under the pressure, symbol- ized in the mind of the architect the civic endeavor for which this Club stands — struggling upward against obstacles, bend- ing but not breaking under them and yield- ing gracefully to the dominating influence of the intellectual and logical forces. The book contains much else that is stim- ulating and instructive. It has been placed in our reading room. Cheerful talk is better than silence. Your table neighbor is probably inclined to Iie chntt\' if you give him the opening. ^ v_fU=, EXTRA ISSUE SPECIAL TRACTION NUMBER— A ^"'I'^^s/rrer^: Aiir JT Journal of B«w aitiiet\3hlp Volume XI. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 1918 Number 31a Yesterday — Alderman Capitain spoke at the City Club in favor of the proposed traction ordinance. TODAY— Aid. Ulysses vS. Schwartz and Aid. Walter P. StefEen will tell why they are opposed to it. Speaking promptly at 1:00 Tomorrow — George C. Sikes will continue the discussion in the negative. Monday — Walter L. Fisher will close the discussion. These discussions are intended to aid you in deciding how to vote on the traction issue next November. DONT MISS THEM! Traction Ordinance Urged Aid. Capitain Explains Provisions at First Meeting of Traction Series A/'OTERS of Chicago were urged yes- ^ terday to support the proposed trac- tion ordinance by Aid. Henry D. Capitain, Chairman of the Local Transportation Committee of the City Council. He spoke at luncheon at the first of the City Club's series of traction meetings. "The consolidation of surface and ele- vated railway lines, in conjunction with necessary subway construction, has come to be considered the ideal solution of the trac- tion problem," he said. "It is this solu- tion which the present ordinance is trying to accomplish. "What we are to bring about," continued Aid. Capitain, "is the improvement of our transportation system. Our people are scattered over an area of nearly 200 square miles, the average ride is longer than in any other city and yet 80 per cent of those who ride in our cars have to rely upon the slowest means of transportation-surface lines. By this ordinance we are planning to extend primarily our rapid transit sys- 246 ^[itCMQivb^Viktm aeGttuGlufaBuMin JI Journal of Jlctive GUiKt\5hip Published Weekly Except July, Augrust and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS. Editor Officers of thb Club GEORGE H. MEAD, President CHARLES M. MODERWELL. Vice-President ROY C. OSGOOD, Treasurer CHARLES YEOMANS, Secretary GEORGE E. HOOKER, Civic Secretary Editorial Board HERBERT H. SMITH, Chairman FREDERICK D. BRAMHALL S. R. WATKINS CHARLES M. WILLIAMS PAUL R. WRIGHT $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. Vol. XI Thursday, September 19, 1918 No. 31a tern, SO that by the end of six years, from 60 per cent to 70 per cent of our people (instead of 20 per cent) may have fast transportation. Estimates of savings of time on single trips range from fourteen to thirty-nine minutes per trip. These sav- ings in time will enable many of our oeople, particularly our working people, to move into the outskirts of the city where they can own their homes." Aid. Capitain outlined the elaborate con- struction program contained in the ordi- nance, comprising elevated and surface line extensions, rapid transit and surface line subways, additional trackage for express service, extensions of platforms to allow the operation of longer trains, additional rolling stock, etc. Congestion downtown will be much relieved, he asserted, by the construction of the surface line subways, which he estimated would remove at least 200 cars per hour from the streets, and by the increase in rapid transit facilities, which will reduce the load on the surface cars. Estimates have been made that from 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the cars can be kept from the downtown district. The "trustee plan" is one of the most discussed features of the ordinance. Re- ferring to this. Aid. Capitain said: "Many people in Chicago believe in municipal own- ership and operation ; others in municipal ownership but private operation. The Committee decided upon a modified form of the so-called Boston plan. When the trustees were first approached with the plan of turning the traction properties over to trustees, to be operated without profit, they strenuously objected but finally agreed to a modified plan for furnishing transpor- tation at cost. Under this plan there will be no division of net profits but all surplus receipts will go to an amortization fund. The companies also agreed that after 1929 they would forego all control over the lines and allow the city to name the trustees. Until that time, however, the properties are to be controlled by a board which has been selected by agreement between the com- panies and the city. Most of those who comprise that first board were selected, not by the companies, but by Mr. Fisher and myself. "After 1930 the city will name all the trustees. After that date, therefore, the city will to all intents and purposes own and control the properties. Some people contend that it is preferable to get the properties by purchase but they haven't shown us yet how it can be done. In any case, the right is reserved for the city to purchase on six months' notice. This or- dinance gives the city the prospect of mu- nicipal ownership in 1930 without having to pay for it. "It has been said that we should have had more members on the initial board who are in favor of municipal ownership or closer in touch with the car riders. But would not the desire to discredit munici- pal ownership be an incentive in itself, for the members of the board to give the best service possible, prior to the date when the city itself will determine the method of selection. In any case, we ought to have men accustomed to handling big prop- erties." The rate of return to investors, Aid. Capitain said, would be about 6.2 per cent up to 1932 and after that date about 5.7 per cent. "The reason," he said, "why we have been able to hold the return down to this figure is that the fares and transfer charges will be regulated to meet the fixed charges. . . Some people are afraid that we are taking away the transfer privilege. That is not true. Between surface lines or between elevated lines transfers will be {Continued on page 248) GftfOfeGIubBuUeftn 247 A. B. G. of the Traction Ordinance 'T*HE proposed traction ordinance, sub- mitted to the citizens of Chicago by the City Council to be voted on at the November election, is the most compre- hensive traction legislation proposed since the 1907 ordinances. It has aroused much controversy. The City Council approved it by a vote of 48 to 20. The Mayor ve- toed it and the Council passed it over his veto by an increased majority. The or- dinance was attacked before the grand jury and two cases are now pending in courts to keep the proposition oiif the ballot at the November election. The ordinance was prepared by the Lo- cal Transportation Committee of the City Council through its special Traction Counsel, Walter L. Fisher, in negotiation with representatives of the traction com- panies. Its "high spots" are as follows: 1. Construction Program. It provides for a comprehensive program of extensions and additions to the surface and elevated lines and the building of new subway lines, substantially according to the plans recom- mended by the Chicago Traction and Sub- way Commission of 1916. The new subways are to be provided from funds furnished by the city (includ- ing its traction fund) and shall be owned by the city but privately operated. The operating company is to pay a rental of 6 per cent upon the investment for the use of these subways. 2. Unification. The ordinance pro- vides for the unified operation and control of all the traction properties — including the subways when built — by a single com- pany, which shall, according to the ordi- nance, be "a corporation not for profit." 3. The Trustee Plan. Control of the company and its affairs is lodged in a board of nine trustees, with no financial interest in the property and declared by the City Council to be, in its judgment, "men of business ability and public spirit and quali- fied to direct and manage the local trans- portation system." Trustees may appoint an executive committee of three of its members to have immediate charge of the management and operation of the prop- erties. The Board of Trustees for the period up to 1930 (approximately) has been named and the selections approved by the City Council. It consists of E. D. Hulburt, Harrison B. Riley, George G. Tunnell, John F. Smulski, Joseph E. Otis, John W. O'Leary, Henry A. Blair, Leonard A. Busby, and Britton I. Budd. After 1930 the city may, in a manner to be provided by ordinance, designate the trustees who are to be elected by the company. 4. Returns on Capital Account. The new company is to take over the properties subject to outstanding liens, which shall not exceed 65 per cent of the capital ac- count, and which shall be entitled to a return of not to exceed 5 per cent. The remainder of the capitalization is to con- sist of obligations having no rights of foreclosure or bearing any date of redemp- tion. These obligations are to be entitled to an annual return of 8 per cent until July 1, 1932, and of 7 per cent thereaf- ter. Together, it is estimated, the return on all outstanding obligations at the ef- fective date of the ordinance will average a return of 5.96 per cent over a period of 30 years. 5. Capital Account. The capital of the company is fixed at $220,114,428.46 plus additions or minus deductions since June 30, 1916. This capitalization is based upon the capital accounts of the sur- face lines as certified by the Board of Su- pervising Engineers and upon the valuation of the elevated lines by the Traction and Subway Commission in 1916. 6. Amortization. An amortization fund is established into which shall be paid annually after the first five years one- fourth of one per cent of the then out- standing capital — this amount increasing in five year intervals to one-half per cent, three-quarters per cent, and finally one per cent. Into this fund shall also be paid all "surplus receipts" remaining after all prior payments required by the ordinance have been made. This fund is to be used for the reduction of the capital account. From it expenditures may be made for betterments or extensions which would otherwise be added to capital, and for the retirement of outstanding obligations. 7. City Purchase. The properties may be purchased by the city upon six months' notice, subject to outstanding liens. The purchase price is fixed at an amount equal 248 GftifGtuGIubBuUeftn to the capital account less the outstanding liens. 8. Fares and Transfers. The ordi- nance retains the present five-cent fare for a continuous trip in one general direction within the city limits, but the company may impose a charge of not to exceed two cents for a transfer between rapid transit and surface lines. Rates of fare or trans- fer charges or both are to be increased to meet any deficit caused by expenditures (other than capital expenditures) required under the ordinance. These expenditures consist — in order of priority — of ( 1 ) op- erating expenses, including payments into certain special funds and taxes, (2) inter- est charges, (3) subway rentals, (4) pay- ments into amortization fund, and (5) payments on obligations not secured by liens. (See item 4 above.) Deficits oc- casioned by these expenditures are cumula- tive and are to be paid out of the gross receipts of subsequent years. 9. Service. The Company agrees to comply with all lawful regulations of serv- ice which may be prescribed by the city and the city reserves the right to make and en- force service regulations "which may be necessary or appropriate to secure in the most ample manner the comfort, health, safety, and accommodation of the public." I 10. Maintenance and Renewals. The \company is required to set aside for main- kenance and repairs at least 6 per cent of the gross receipts and to pay into a renewal land depreciation fund 8 per cent of the gross receipts. 11. Franchise Period. The franchise grant to the company is for an indeter- minate period, subject to the right of the city to purchase the properties. The City of Chicago does not at this time have the powers necessary to make this ordinance effective. If it receives the approval of the voters at the November election the necessary additional powers will be sought at the next session of the legislature. Those who wish to study the provisions of the ordinance in greater detail than as outlined above will find it in the Council proceedings of August 22d, pages 1021-59. Traction Ordinance Ur^ed (Continued frotn page 246) issued as at present, but a two-cent charge may be made from one system to another." The amortization feature, said Aid. Capitain, puts the city in a position to ac- quire the property later on very good terms. "The city will probably invest about $150,000,000 in subways and in thirty years about $75,000,000 to $80,000,- 000 of the value of the other properties will be amortized. I believe that at the end of thirty years, the property can be acquired for approximately $250,000,000. If any mistake was made in the framing of the 1907 ordinances it was that the net receipts were placed in a traction fund where they have lain idle instead of being used to amortize the capital. The cap- ital account of the surface lines would be about $110,000,000 rather than $150,000,- 000 if that had been done." Aid. Capitain was not able in the time allotted to complete his discussion of the ordinance. Other features will be brought out at the ensuing discussions. Among the questions asked Aid. Capi- tain from the floor at the end of the dis- cussion was that of the valuations allowed in the ordinance. He said in reply that it is true that the valuations under the 1907 ordinance, upon which these are based, con- tain many intangible values. He quoted Governor Dunne, however, as having said that in 1907 the city had made a bargain with the companies and that since that time all changes in capital account had been carefully checked by the board of super- vising engineers. In the new ordinance. Aid. Capitain said, no allowance is made for construction profits and these intang- ibles will not be included in the charges to capital account for new construction. The question of the relation of the agreed valuations to the actual physical properties of the companies was also raised, but on account of the lateness of the hour not fully discussed. Good food, tastefully served, at moder- ate prices! Where? At the City Club. Suggestions for new dishes are al- ways welcomed by the management. "// is passe for public officials to resent the queries and criticisms of plain citizens. The modern way is to turn attack into co- operation, to clear away doubt and uncer- tainties, and to carry out the will of the leaders of public opinion or fearlessly to show why not." — Philadelphia Bureau of Municipal Research. ^y c-' EXTRA ISSUE SPECIAL TRACTION NUMBER— B JnlverslLy of 111 inols, Library > Urbana, 111, JT jouttialoWcttw GltHenshij) Volume XI. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1918 Number 31b TWO MORE TRACTION DISCUSSIONS TODAY— Friday, September 20 George C. Sikes will continue the discussion in opposition to the or- dinance. Speaking promptly at 1:00 Monday — September 23 Walter L. Fisher will give the closing affirmative argument. These discussions are intended to aid you in deciding how to vote on the traction ssue next November. DON'T MISS THEM! Assails Traction Agreement A LD. ULYSSES S. SCHWARTZ yes- ^^ terday, at the second meeting in the City Club's traction series, replied to Aid. Capitain's argument for the traction ordi- nance as reported in yesterday's issue of the Bulletin. He attacked the provisions of the ordinance and urged its defeat by the voters next November. "The plan of physical improvement out- lined by Aid. Capitain," he said, "I, in the main, accept. Nor does my opposition arise because this is a trustee plan. I was for the plan as it was first presented, at a time when the committee was against it and the chairman of the committee called it 'cam- ouflage.' But when I saw the trustee plan maimed and mutilated, I thought it my duty to oppose the ordinance. "The City Council, in this ordinance, has accepted the valuation of the surface lines as arrived at under the 1907 settlement — a valuation of approximately $150,000,000. This was made up of the $50,000,000 valu- ation of the old properties agreed upon in 1907 ($8,000,000 in excess of actual value) and the additions to capital since that time, which — with the 15 per cent allowed for contractor's profits and brokerage — amount- ed to $1.15 for every dollar invested. Ef- forts in the City Council to obtain a new valuation of the surface lines were defeated. "The proposed ordinance makes it the duty of the board of trustees to raise the fares or the transfer charge when the rev- enues fall below the amount necessary to bring the agreed return upon this valuation. According to the report of Barrow, Wade, and Guthrie, the surface lines prior to 1916 earned 7.55% on this valuation. Taking into account the 15% which represented no investment, they earned over 8 J/2%- But the companies felt that under prevailing con- ditions, the 5-cent fare would not continue 250 Gtl^QtuGIubBuUeftn aeGttiiGlufaBulIelm JI Journal otJIcftYC GUneti^hip Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Jl.OO per Year - lOc per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the March 3. 1879. 1917. act of Voy. XI Friday, Sept 20, 1918 No 31b to provide the earnings to which they had been accustomed. "The rate of return to the surface lines provided for in this ordinance has been esti- mated at 6.2% prior to 1932 and at 5.8% thereafter. But there is no assurance that this is the rate that will have to be paid, for the securities of the companies are to be refunded during the term of these trustees. There is no guarantee that they will not be refunded at a higher rate. "Assuming the estimated return of 6.2% to the surface lines — that return will be, not on every dollar of investment, but on $1.15 for every dollar of actual value. That means an actual return of 7.1%. And it will be the duty of the trustees to raise the fares when this return is not provided. "In the case of the elevated lines, the valuation agreed upon is about $72,000,000. On this valuation the annual return under the ordinance will be about $4,300,000. As the past revenues of the elevated companies have not exceeded $3,200,000, we are giv- ing them an increase of $1,100,000 in their annual earnings. "Another feature of the ordinance: The companies under the 1907 agreement were required to pay $5,000,000 toward the nev/ subway. Under this ordinance they are re- leased from this obligation. "That is the price we pay. What are we getting? We are getting what is called a trustee plan. I was for the trustee plan at a time when the members of the com- mittee were against it. But when the trus- tees were announced I was amazed to find among them Mr. Busby, Mr. Budd, and Mr. Blair. The others also had large busi- ness interests. The board, in fact, differs very little from the board of directors of any large corporation. With Busby, Budd and Blair at the very fountain-head of control — for the other men cannot give the time to the affairs of the company — the transporta- tion system will be run very much as it has been run in the past. "It has been urged in justification of this plan, that during the period for refunding the securities, the investors should retain control of the properties. But the bond- holders have no voice now in the manage- ment of the properties. The men who are in control are not the men who have put money in the property. Before the term of this board expires large sums of money are to be raised and the securities are to be re- funded. My belief is that in this the con- trolling influence on the board will serve its Wall Street masters as it has in the past. "It had been my hope that through this board of trustees we could get honest financ- ing. I insisted that the city should have representatives on the board, for the city, if it ever buys the property, must ultimately pay for every dollar added to capital and the board will determine what charges shall be made to capital. The city's traction fund is to be invested in subways under the di- rection of this board but the city has no representative on the board. Only a repre- sentative of the city can be trusted to look at questions primarily from the service point of view. The board will be respon- sible to no one during the most important decade of traction history. But my amend- ment to place representatives of the city on the board received no consideration. "We can lose nothing by u^aiting. Con- struction of new lines cannot possibly be started for two years, longer if the war lasts. If we wait, the time for the expiration of franchises will be nearer at hand. Perhaps, if a constitutional convention is held, we may be able to get financial powers which will enable us to obtain a much better ordi- nance than we can get today. If the ordi- nance is defeated next November, the com- panies within a few months will be asking for a new ordinance or better terms than this, as they have done in the past each time they have been prevented from getting what they asked." Aid. Schwartz stated that he was also influenced in his opposition to the ordinance by the rumors of dishonest methods used in obtaining its passage. He quoted the find- ings of the grand jury upon evidence of cor- ruption and undue influence used in its pas- sage. liCTION NUMBER C. JT Journal ofJTctive GitUeiishij) MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1918 Volume XI. Number 32 CALENDAR OF COMING MEETINGS TODAY — Monday, September 23, at Luncheon *'THE TRACTION ORDINANCE" Final Meeting in the series. WALTER L. FISHER THURSDAY, September 26, at Luncheon **WAR TIME EUROPE" England, France and Italy E. N. NEWMAN Mr. Newman, the well known travel lecturer, has just returned from a tour through some of the allied countries. He was accorded exceptional privileges by the governments of these countries, which enabled him to gather unusual material. Sikes Attacks Traction Program 'Tp HE traction program now before the community is the culmination of a sin- ister frame-up on the part of the traction interests, and these interests, under cover of war conditions when the people are not alert to local issues, are trying to obtain terms which they could not hope to obtain in peace times, according to George C. Sikes, who spoke at the third City Club traction meet- ing last Friday at luncheon. He charged that the ordinance had been jammed through and that the ordinary citizen had been given little opportunity to form a judgment based on understanding, but had been compelled to base his opinion upon confidence in or prejudice against the personalities of lead- ers. "I insist," he said, "that most of the pub- lic-spirited supporters of the ordinance art not acting upon independent judgment, but are blindly following the leadership of Wal- ter Fisher and Aid. Capitain — whose hon- esty of purpose I concede — but whose judg- ments, I believe, have become distorted and lack proper perspective because of long-con- tinued, close and nerve-wearing contact with the exasperatingly difficult Chicago traction problem. ... I believe that Mr. Fisher, after years of honest and clever ef- fort on this traction question, has been out- 252 GfJifQluQIubBulIetm ejeGttiJGlubBuUetin JT Journal of Jlctive Gituenshlp Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO il5 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor tl.OO per Year 10c per Copy Entertnl as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XI. Monday, September 23, 1918 No. 32 mamtuvered at the finish, and has been jockeyed out of his position on nearing what he expected to be the victorious home- stretch." The ordinance has not been properly pre- sented to the people, said Mr. Sikes. Few copies are available and no non-technical analysis has as yet been prepared for the ben- efit of the voter. The champions of the or- dinance are trying to drive it through by "the force of business, political and news- paper power." Only Part of Program Neither has the program been given to the people in full. Additional legislation will be necessary before the ordinance can become efFective. "But what kind of leg- islation ? Who is authorized to say what the form of the bill shall be? Suppose Walter Fisher should die before the legislature meets. A person might favor this ordinance and yet be very much dissatisfied with a leg- islative act framed to give it effect." Mr. Fisher, said Mr. Sikes, should make public before election day the precise draft of the bill he has in mind, and the trustees and the City Council should go on record publicly as saying that they will favor the passase of that bill and no other. "Why the haste anyway?" asked Mr. Sikes. "Construction work cannot begin un- til after the war is over and little can be accomplished now except to give added value to traction securities." Coming to the ordinance itself, Mr. Sikes criticized it on these grounds : "It sanctifies and gives full legal effect for all time to excessively high valuations. "It provides high rates of return, not upon new capital to be raised in war times under difficult conditions of the money mar- ket, but on old capital already invested in the plant, upon which the owners have been making liberal profits in the past. Much of the actual new money first to be spent in construction work is to be furnished by the city, out of its traction fund, at a lower rate of return than that allowed by the or- dinance to the stockholders on old capital. The Right to Raise Fares "The ordinance gives to a board of trus- tees, representing primarily the investors, composed almost entirely of traction men and bankers, the absolute power to raise fares to any figure they may deem neces- sarj'^ to insure the payment, not of reason- able returns upon a fair valuation, but of excessively liberal returns upon a high valu- ation. "The grant is far more liberal in nature than would be given to a corporation of the ordinary type, yet the men who are to ex- ercise the dominant control under it are the same old crowd. The City Council virtu- ally has offered to abdicate its powers of control over local transportation matters in Chicago for the next twelve years, and has vested its authority in such matters in a self-perpetuating board of nine trustes, re- sponsible in no wise to the public, and not removable in any way or for any cause. The board as now constituted has the power to fill vacancies in its own membership with- out asking the approval of the City Coun- cil or any other agency. "I am informed that refunding provisions are likely to operate to benefit existing bond- holders, at the expense of the public, through the early refunding at higher rates of interest of low-interest bearing bonds now selling considerably below par that do not mature for a decade yet. I ask the champions of this ordinance for light on this point. Return Is Excessive "Public utility commissions, in ascertain- ing a reasonable rate, are presumed to do so in relation to a valuation that disregards all fictitious elements, or water. Rates ilxed by utility commissions, too, are for undertakings in which the element of risk is prominently involved, while under this proposed trustee plan risk is practically eliminated. Under various provisions of the ordinance, too complicated to explain in brief space, the profits to be allowed to investors are somewhat higher, even than G^GtUQUibBidl^to 253 the figure of 8 per cent on stock given ibove and the prescribed rate of return on bonds. Nowhere else, so far as I know, are rates allowed stockholders under the service-at-cost plan, with our without trus- tee management, so high as in this ordinance proposed for Chicago. The Same Old Crowd "I know of no other instance of trustee management in which utility men have been placed in control, as they have been in Chi- cago. Of the nine trustees, five, or a con- trolling majority, may be classed as traction men. Mr. Busby and Mr. Blair are impor- tant officials of the surface line system. Mr. Budd, of the elevated system, is assumed to be the representative of Mr. Insull on the board. Mr. Riley is a director of one of the surface line companies. Mr. Smulski has shown that he is in sympathy with the point of view of the traction interests. Of the other four trustees, Mr. Tunell is a man of progressive views as well as ability. He is probably the only one of the nine trustees who is in sympathy with the public ownership point of view. Mr. O'Leary, Mr. Hulbert, and Mr. Otis are said to be high class men — of the type that might properly constitute part of the membership of such a board. They are conservative, however, and might naturally be expected to defer much to the men of actual street railway experience on the board. The board as constituted doubtless will be dominated by Busby, Blair and Budd, the last named acting as Sam InsuU's dummy." Clearing Up Some Points Taking up various "talking points" for the ordinance, Mr. Sikes said : "Complete unification is highly desirable. It will be of benefit to the traction interests as well as the public, however, and the city should not be required to pay a hold-up price in order to secure unification. "The amortization feature is of value as a recognition of the correct principle, but the payments into the amortization fund for which provision is made are absurdly inadequate. "The program of physical construction as outlined looks attractive. However, this building program, which is to extend over at least nine years, is outlined in detail in advance, so far as the City Council is concerned, and the power of the Council to modify the program is surrendered abso- lutely. Whatever discretion is left regard- ing improvements rests with the trustees. "It is said that the program represented by this ordinance should be adopted because the effect will be to take the traction ques- tion out of politics. That, to my mind, is the most damnable feature of it. To take a question out of politics is to take it out of popular control — to prevent the people from having any real voice in dealing with it. In Germany questions of war and peace are not in politics. The kaiser decides those matters without interference from the rep- resentatives of the people. We do not want transportation questions, either of the na- tion or of local communities, taken out of politics. We want them kept right in poli- tics all the time — that is, continuously sub- ject to complete public control. Playing Politics with Traction "Taking the traction question out of pol- itics is quite a different thing from 'playing politics' in a trifling way with important public issues or from requiring the men given by this ordinance control of the Chi- cago traction system to refrain from using their power to dominate politics. I believe this traction program as partially set be- fore the public by the City Council has within it serious possibilities of political manipulation of the most dangerous sort. The tendency of all self-perpetuating bod- ies is to deteriorate. As I have stated, the board itself fills any vacancies that may oc- cur in its membership. It is not a violent assumption to suppose that Sam Insull and Roger Sullivan might be made trustees. With Insull and Sullivan to furnish the leadership, and with Busby, Blair, and Budd as followers, the five constituting a control- ling majority of the board, there is no limit to what might be expected in the way of political activity of a dangerous nature. With large contracts and enormous patron- age possibilities at their disposal, the trus- tees might become the dominating factor in the politics of city and state. This picture may be characterized as fanciful. But its realization is a possibility." Mr. Sikes concluded his address by pro- pounding ten questions to Mr. Fisher, which were as follows: 1. Don't you think the draft of the bill to be presented to the legislature, as a necessary part of the traction program, should be made public before the referendum vote is taken on the trac- tion ordinance as passed by the City Council? 2. Please explain what may happen, and 254 G^QIuQIubBuU^ttn what is likely to happen, under the refunding provisions of the ordinance. 3. Please state in precise figures how much, if anything, various financial provisions of the ordinance will add to the rates of return as stipulated — that is to the 8 per cent on stock or debentures and the interest rates bond money will draw. 4. Do you agree with the assertion of some champions of the ordinance that the traction question should be taken out of politics? 5. What was supposed to be the effect of the stipulation in the ordinance that no trustee should be financially interested in the under- taking, if Messrs. Busby, Blair, and Budd can qualify as trustees? 6. Do you know of any instance of service- at-cost or trustee management of a public utility in which such a large return as 8 per cent or even 7 per cent on the stock is allowed? 7. When this ordinance was drafted, vesting large discretionary powers in the board of trus- tees, without the safeguards, checks and forfeiture and penalty clauses that usually attach to a fran- chise grant, was it ever supposed for a moment that Busby, Blair, and Budd would be trustees? 8. If the usual safeguards and forfeiture and penalty clauses of an ordinary franchise ordin- ance are dispensed with, on the theory that the trustees are virtually public servants, then ought not the trustees, following further the analogy with public officials, to hold for shorter terms, or as least be subject to removal? 9. Why does this traction question have to be settled so quickly in war time, when construction work cannot begin until the war shall be over? 10. Don't you agree that driving this ques- tion to a settlement now — in view of the differ- ences of opinion about it and the certainty of the development of animosities over it — tends to impair that spirit of unity and mutual confidence among the people that is essential to the most effective prosecution of the war? If the pro- posed traction program be not received with a fair degree of popular unanimity, is it not the part of patriotism to postpone the settlement for a time? Mr, Fisher speaks to the Club on the traction question Monday, September 23, at luncheon. This will conclude the series of traction talks. STENING I ^v-POST Stephen T. Mather, formerly Vice- President of the Club and now director of National Parks, Washington, D. C, paid us a visit the other day. He was returning to Washington from a trip to California. He spent some time in the High Sierra country. Arthur W. Burnham now holds a commission as Captain in the Infantry, and is at present instructor in the Central Offi- cers' Training School, Camp Lee, Virginia. Buckingham Chandler has accepted an appointment for service overseas with the Red Cross. Harold H. Swift has received a com- mission as 2nd Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps. Dr. Daniel N. Eisendrath has been called into service of the U. S. Army under the Surgeon General. I John S. VanBergen has been promoted to the rank of Captain in the Quartermas- ter's Corps, Washington, D. C. Alfred T. Carton has been enrolled as a Lieutenant in the U. S. Naval Reserve. He is on active duty at Great Lakes Naral Training Station. The following persons have been re- ceived into Club membership: Dr. Frank O. Beck, Wabash Parish and Boys' Court. L T. Kahn, Christian Science Practi- tioner. Oliver E. McCormick, Middle West Utilities Company. James F. Sanborn, O'Bannon Corpora- tion. The death of Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones on September 12th removes from the roll of the Club one of our charter mem- bers. Mr. Jones was born in South Wales in 1843 and came to this country while a child. Completing his education after three years of army service during the Civil War, he entered the ministry. In 1882 he founded All Souls Church in Chicago and was its pastor from that time on. He was also the founder and director of the Abraham Lincoln Centre. He was instrumental in founding the Congress of Religions and was its secretary until 1905. Mr. Jones' activi- ties outside his church were varied. He was an editor, an author and a teacher, and he engaged in many philanthropic and civic enterprises. He was a prominent peace ad- vocate and gave much of his energies in his later years to promoting the peace move- ment. ♦^' Prof .David Klnley, Hrbana. UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS LlBMn. * 111. ^f^lr ~t /\ A r\ * r\ JT Journal of Bttve aituenship \'0LUME XL MONDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1918 Number ZZ CLARENCE DARROW will address the Club NEXT WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 9, at Luncheon His subject will be 'My Experiences in the War Zone (( 99 Mr. Darrow, during his ten weeks' trip, visited all parts of the French front Speaking promptly at 1:00 The Listening Post The Bulletin with this issue resumes weekly publication. Herbert F. Perkins is in Washington where he is associated with the War Labor Policies Board, of which Felix Frankfurter is chairman. House Rule 23: "Membership in the City Club constitutes an introduction to any other member." Arthur S. Fielding has left for Washington to serve in the Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division of the U. S. Shipping Board. If you were traveling to Europe, how would you enjoy the experience of having two sub- marines suddenly "bob up" in the midst of your convoy? That is what happened when Ernest N. Newman, who addressed the City Club, Thursday, September 26, crossed the Atlantic in his recent trip to the fighting fronts. There were in the convoy thirty-two destroyers and eighteen transports carrying 47,000 men. The first shot from one destroyer sounded the knell of one U-boat, the other submarine was sunk after it had torpedoed a tanker. Mr. Newman described this experience in his City Club ad- dress. Lt. Henry C. A. Mead, a member of the City Club and son of the President of the Club, Prof. George H. Mead, was reported in last week's' castralty list as having been severely wounded. Prof. Mead, however, has had word that the would is not serious. Signaler Tom Skevhill of the First Australian Army Corps, a veteran of five fronts, spoke at the City Club Saturday, Sep- ember 21. He made an eloquent appeal for civilian support of the armies. The efforts of the allied armies had failed more than once on the point of complete success, he said, and the heroism and sacrifice of the men rendered vain, because of the inadequacy of the supplies needed to drive the results home. This reminds us that You Can Still Buy Liberty Bonds. 260 GfjeGituGlubBuUetin J[ Journal of JJctive Gitiienship Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during: July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor tl.OO per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postofBce at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3. 1879. Vol. XI. Monday, October 7, 1918 No. 33 The Assistant Librarianship "A noticeable calm has succeeded the feverish haste with which the Chicago Public Library Board sought to flII the position of assistant librarian. Can it have any relation to the fact that Civil Service Commissioner Alexander J. Johnson was nominated for Cook County Com- missioner in the recent primary? "Last summer the board was in such a hurry to secure an assistant librarian that it could not wait to call an examination. It asked the civil service commission to certify an appointee from the list for librarian. Mr. Johnson was third from the top of this list. Uncharitable persons charged that the library board was actuated by a desire to provide a comfortable berth for Mr. Johnson, having a strong intimation that the two out of town men ahead of him would waive ap- pointment rather than leave better paying posi- tions for a subordinate post in Chicago. "The first two waived as expected, but the board calmed down in its enthusiasm after Mr. Johnson was put forward as the city administra- tion candidate for county commissioner. It lost interest altogether when he was nominated, and a few days after asked the civil service commis- sion to set aside for the present its request for a certification. "The chain of circumstances is unpleasantly suggestive. If the need for an assistant librarian is so great that the librarian list must be called upon to fill it, the board should go through the list of eligibles until one is found in a position to accept it. If there is more time in which to fill the place an examination for the position should be called. If the place is not actually needed for the proper management of the library it most assuredly should not be held open as a haven of refuge for any political lame duck, who- ever he may be. The board should act now, not after the November election, if it would keep its motives free from suspicion." — Civil Service NeivSj September 26. Road Bonds Urged NEXT November, Illinois voters are to de- cide whether the $60,000,000 road pro- gram, provided for by the state legislature in 1917, shall be approved. Construction will, of course, not begin until after the war, but it is planned that all the preliminaries shall be cared for now in order that work may begin as soon as materials and labor are released from war uses. Last Thursday at luncheon, Robert W. Dunn, general coimsel of the Illinois Highway Im- provement Association, explained the road- building program to members of the City Club. The motion picture exhibition announced for that meeting was not given owing to a delay in the shipment of the film. "The backward condition of Illinois roads is well known," said Mr. Dunn. "The question is how are we to improve them and do it quickly. State Aid Plan Too Slow "Formerly road improvements and repairs in Illinois were under the control of three road commissioners in each road district or town- ship. You can imagine the result of leaving this work in the hands of petty politicians. The Illinois Highway Improvement Association was formed to secure legislation for a more sys- tematic and centralized control of road-build- ing throughout the state. The Tice bill was passed providing for the apportionment of auto- mobile license fees among the counties of the state for road improvement on the condition of equal contributions from the counties them- selves. The control of the expenditures, how- ever, was left with the state. In many coun- ties, the state ran up against the jealousies of local road commissioners and others and by the end of four years only four hundred miles had been built. Sixteen thousand miles of improved road are needed in Illinois. You can judge for yourself how far we could get on this pro- gram at the rate at which we were going. A Big Program "Some new plan was necessary, so the $60,- 000,000 bond issue proposal upon which we are to vote in November, was presented to the legislature. This provides that, subject to a referendum, the state may issue, for road im- provements four per cent bonds, aggregating $60,000,000. The bill adopted by the legisla- ture embodies a construction program covering 4,800 miles of hard road, extending in every direction throughout the state and touching practically every important point. "The bonds are to be issued only as required and the proceeds are to be spent under the di- rection of the Highway Department of the State. Construction will not start until after the war and will then proceed simultaneously GfJ^GhjQIufaBuUctm 261 REMEMBER, Thai thi» propo»ilioD mojt rccave a majority of the toU» cait at the November, 1918, election, in order thut the (tropoted fjtlem may be built. REMEMBER, Principal and intere»t of bcn Ji to be paid entirely from iiiotor_fgj«._ Map of the System of Improved Roads provided for in the 860,000,000 road-buildingr program to be voted upon November 5. in all parts of the state. The entire system can be completed within five years. "Governor Lowden has promised that he will not permit the bonds to be issued until after the war. The Governor in a recent statement called attention to the fact that this construc- tion program at the close of the war would help to take up the expected slack in labor at that time. He estimates that half of the total expenditure will be in the nature of payments to labor. "Another bill passed by the legislature at the same session provides that automobile license fees, the amount of which have been fixed by law, shall be placed in a fund to pay the interest on these bonds and eventually to retire them. The fees, it is estimated, will yield about $3,- 400,000 per year, more than enough to pay the entire cost within the twenty-five-year term of the bonds. Not one cent of additional taxation will be required." The approval of this measure, Mr. Dunn said, requires an affirmative vote by a majority of those voting at the election. A failure to vote on the proposition is, therefore, equivalent to a vote against it. The Control of Traction Sikes Replies to Fisher /^EORGE C. SIKES, who spoke before the ^^ City Club, Friday, September 20, in op- position to the traction ordinance, has asked permission to reply to assertions made by Mr. Fisher, who followed him in the traction de- bate. Mr. Fisher has been invited to reply to Mr. Sikes through the columns of the Bulletin. The letter from Mr. Sikes follows: To THE Editor: — Inasmuch as Mr. Fisher had the last say in the traction debate before the City Club, I ask the privilege of a few words in rebuttal through the Bulletin. Critics of this ordinance make certain asser- tions concerning it, which are met by counter assertions from its champions. I believe that a group of fair minded men should be asked to pass judgment on disputed points, after listen- ing to arguments, and render for the informa- tion of the public a responsible statement in writing as to the merits of rival contentions. I wish in this communication to deal especially with the subject of control. In my talk before the City Club, 1 asserted that the City Council, by this ordinance, "vir- tually has offered to abdicate its powers of con- trol over local transportation matters in Chi- cago for the next 12 years, and has vested its authority in such matters in a self perpetuating board of nine trustees, responsible in no wise to the public, and not removable in any way or for any cause." Mr. Fisher countered with the assertion that my position was grossly in- correct, and read the ordinance provision on the subject of regulation. I used the word "con- trol," which is broader than the word "regu- lation." The language of the ordinance on the subject of regulation sounds well, but Mr. Fisher must understand better than I do that it is of little value without other legislation from Spring- field than that which we are certain of obtain- ing as a part of this traction program. An act of the Legislature merely ratifying this ordi- nance, without repeal of the portion of the utilities law depriving Chicago of home rule, would leave of small worth the section of the ordinance purporting to reserve to Chicago powers of regulation. While Mr. Fisher and some of the other champions of this ordinance personally favor the policy of home rule, they have never indicated that the restoration of home rule was an essential part of this traction program. Other champions of the ordinance, including the politically powerful utility interests, have no intention, if they can help it, of permitting the repeal of the provision of the existing public utility law under which regula- tion of public utilities is transferred from the city to the state. It was the purpose of the 1907 ordinances to reserve to the city by con- tract larger powers of regulation than were 262 GllfQtuGluhBullettn given by statute, which could be done under the law of that time, though not under the law as it now stands, because by the existing statute the Council's powers are subordinate to those of the state commission. By the 1907 ordi- nances, the companies were obligated "to comply with all reasonable regulations of the service" prescribed by the City Council. It was further stipulated that the companies should be bound by the opinion of the board of supervising engi- neers as to what regulations might be reason- able. The pending ordinance obligates the com- pany "to comply with all laivful regulations" prescribed by the city. Under the existing utili- ties statute, few city regulations of importance would be lawful; or at least council regula- tions could be overridden by the utilities com- mission. Nor would they be made effective by a legislative act validating this ordinance, un- less accompanied by other legislation affirma- tively conferring the powers upon the city, as against the state commission. And, as I say, we have no assurance that the champions of this ordinance who believe in home rule intend to insist upon legislation restoring home rule. If they were following the spirit that actuated the community in insisting upon the repeal of the Allen law, as a preliminary to the settle- ment of 1907, they would make it a vital and indispensable part of the present traction pro- gram that the provision of the utilities law taking home rule away from Chicago be re- pealed. If the policy of state regulation is al- lowed to remain in effect, the Legislature might interfere again in 1928, and prescribe some other method of selecting the trustees at that time than the method provided in the ordinance. Passing from regulation to control, which is the term I used. While the City Council now has little, if any, regulating power over public utilities that cannot be overridden by the com- mission — nor can it acquire such power by a contract ordinance without affirmative legisla- tive sanction — it does possess a large measure of control in the broader sense, which I contend it is surrendering by this ordinance to the board of trustees. The ordinance outlines in detail an elaborate and costly construction program, which it is expected to take a decade to carry out. The Council will have nothing further to say about that program; it will have no power to modify it. The ordinance reads: "The fore- going improvements, extensions and additions to the local transportation facilities in the City of Chicago shall be made under the provisions of this ordinance, as and ivlien directed by the trustees." except that certain things shall be done within the first three-year period and cer- tain things in the second three-year period. However, there are no penalties for failure on the part of the trustees to carry out the spe- cific directions of the ordinance. Under the 1907 ordinances, supervision of construction and control of accounting rests with the board of supervising engineers, of which B. J. Arnold is chairman, one of the other two members of which is an appointee of the mayor, subject to council confirmation. Un- der the pending ordinance, the board of super- vising engineers is abolished, and its powers conferred upon the board of trustees. Another matter as an illustration of my point. A full and complete grant of authority, unlim- ited as to time, is given by the ordinance to "carry and handle express matter, baggage, mail, milk, parcels, and such other package freight as may be designated by the trustees, and at rates to be fixed and regulated by the trustees." I be- lieve in the policy of using street cars as car- riers of express matter and parcels. But the development is still experimental, and the Coun- cil should retain the power to modify the grant as well as to regulate use under the grant. Instead, it has turned its powers of control in this respect over to the board of trustees. It has abdicated. Limitations of space forbid further comment along this line. Just a word, however, about an alternative program. IVIr. Fisher says critics of this ordinance have no constructive program to propose. The local transportation committee refused to consider suggestions, which were offered, to work out a solution along other lines. The program of direct municipal ownership can be put into ef- fect within three years, if the constitutional convention be authorized at the November elec- tion, and if the defeat of this ordinance be so decisive as to make it evident that the people desire no settlement of the traction question except upon the basis of actual direct municipal ownership and operation. George C. Sikes. Registration Remember — Your last chance to register for the Novem- ber election will be Tuesday, October 15. Every person who failed to register October 5, must res^ister on this date if he is to vote November 5. All previous registrations are cancelled. Not only are important state and county offices to be filled at this election but vital ques- tions of public policy are to be settled. These questions involve the approval or disapproval of: The resolution for a state constitutional con- vention; The proposed traction settlement ordinance; The sixty-million dollar bond issue for good roads; The three million dollar bond issue for the Michigan Ave. extension; The private banking act adopted by the leg- islature at its last session. Remember! October 15 is the last day on ivhich you can qualify for voting on these im- portant issues. le going to press, the seriousness of thf>y«Qf ^jjg^yj^^j Kin ley, emic situation has made it seem desirable l>i',lVERSil7 OF ILi.lNO!> a'^Ki Y : no public meetings should be held unless {jTudXiQ, 9 )luteiy essential. The meeting announced ^w has, therefore, been cancelled. NOV 2 19lo 111. JTIouiraalotBttw Gimemhip Volume XI. MONDAY, OCTOBER 14, 1918 Number 34 NEXT SATU rnor Lowden address the City Club .AiQGTOBER 19, at 1:15 P.M. WHY ILLINOI^J^EEDS A NEW STATE CONSTITUTION Speaking in the Lounge — Promptly at 1:15. Gome early for Lunch World Relies on Wilson, Says Darrow " A SIDE from the military geniuses of the ■^*- war, the one man upon whom the eyes of Europe rest is President Wilson," said Clarence Darrow in his talk at the City Club last Wednes- day. "The working people believe in him, more even than in themselves. They believe in his democracy, his sense of justice. His words are never misunderstood. They feel that victory is certain and that there will be a just settlement — just to the allies and just also to our enemies. For such a peace, every man in Europe relies first of all upon President Wilson." Mr. Darrow made a ten weeks' trip this sum- mer to England and France. In his talk he sketched those countries as he saw them at war — from the time when he left New York with a troop convoy of fourteen ships protected by aero- planes, destroyers, a cruiser, and other means of fighting the U-boats, to the time when he stood upon Vimy Ridge and watched the allied armies hurling thousands of projectiles upon the German lines in one of the great battles of the war. That England was at war, Mr. Darrow said, was evident from the moment he set foot in Liverpool. Soldiers were everywhere — soldiers from every country, "including Germany." The great parks and estates along the railway to Lon- don, formerly used only for their scenery, had been cut up into farms. These farms were worked 264 GfJ^GtuGIubBulkttn BtjeGttoGlubBuMin J[ Journal of Jlctive Gititenship Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor Jl.OO per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XI. Monday, October 14, 1918 No. 34 mostly by women. "England before the war," said Mr. Darrow, "produced for herself about twelve weeks' food. She now produces thirty weeks' food. England is learning by experience that however important land may be for scenery it is more important for the support of human life. She will remember this after the war." In London, as at Liverpool, soldiers were everywhere. Everywhere women were doing the work of men. At the depots soldiers were going to the front; day after day also the long trains of wounded came in, the daily grist of maimed and crippled soldiers. In France The English Channel when Mr. Darrow crossed was filled with ships. There were sea- planes overhead and destroyers ever5'where watching for submarines which might evade the nets. Submarines, he said, sometimes get inside the nets but they almost never get out. Bou- logne was dark when he arrived but in the morn- ing the fact of the war was revealed by the buildings which had been gashed by bombs from the aeroplanes. The channel cities have been subjected to constant raids. "One wonders," Mr. Darrow said, "that the people of those cit- ies can sleep at night. But they have got used to the war. They have simply learned a new way of facing death and they have accepted it as one of the many ways in which it comes. The war is apparently a commonplace today." The Destruction of War Progress toward the battle line was marked by constantly new evidences of the war — the destroyed buildings and towns, the huge ammu- nition dumps — stacked like cord-wood and stretching for mile after mile — the great train- ing camps, the streams of motor trucks, of can- non, of soldiers — all going east. "As we neared the front, we saw no trees — only men who could fight or those who look after the fighting men. All through Northern France the towns are destroyed, often so completely that the land- marks are entirely gone and even the location of houses cannot be determined. All life is gone except that of the soldiers. The fields are marked so thickly with shell-holes that it seems impos- sible that men could have lived there — yet men have lived there, men have died there, and men have gone again back to risk their lives." Mr. Darrow visited Amiens, soon after it had been freed from the menace of the enemy's guns. It was a deserted city — a city whose population of 125,000 had melted away to escape the Ger- man cannon, leaving everything behind. One of every dozen houses had been destroyed — the city was as if it had been stricken by a plague. At Vimy Ridge Vimy Ridge, formerly a peaceful vineyard re- gion but now the graveyard of probably a hun- dred thousand soldiers and strewn with the debris of battle, was the viewpoint from which Mr. Darrow saw the two armies, burrowed into the earth, locked in in their struggle. Mr. Darrow spent a part of that day with some officers in a dugout on Vimy Ridge. "When we left," he said, "nobody seemed to care to go away with us. They had been in the presence of death for months and were used to it. Fatalism of Soldiers "I have tried to analyze their ps5'chology. When the war broke out, it is said, there was a great religious revival. The cathedrals and churches were filled with people. Men were stunned and, faced with something beyond their comprehension, turned to religion for consola- tion. Mediums drove a thriving business. Many people, finding consolation nowhere else, turned to drink. But all this is changed. The churches are filled no more and no less than before the war. I have talked with many French, English and American soldiers and find that they have become fatalists. 'If a bullet is meant for me,' they say, 'it will get me. If not, it won't touch me.' They are used to death. There are no doors, they feel, strong enough to bar it. So they go on about their business. Going up to the bat- tlefield, their faces show no signs of hesitation or fear. They go as they would go to their day's work in a rolling mill and they come back as they would come when their day's work is fin- ished," America's Contribution "American is a word to conjure with in England and France," said Mr. Darrow, discussing our relations with those countries. "There is no complaint that America delayed so long but only gratitude that we are there. England and France feel that there is now no possibility of losing the war. The American army has not only added its own strength to the forces of the allies but has doubled the strength of every British or French soldier who had grown weary of the fighting," GftifGIy;QIwbBuII^tin 265 Japan in the World War A MORE sympathetic attitude on the part •^"^ of the American people toward Japan was urged by Dr. Sidney L. Gulick at the City Club Tuesday, October 1. Dr. Gulick was for many years a resident of Japan and is the author of many books and articles on American and Japanese relations. He is the proponent of the much discussed plan for a general limita- tion of the annual immigration from any na- tionality to 5 per cent of the naturalized citi- zens from that nationality and their American- born children. By such a plan, having universal application. Dr. Gulick believes that a limitation of oriental immigration can be effected without friction. Dr. Gulick at present represents the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in Am- erica. The subject of Dr. Gulick's address was "Japan and the World War": "In spite of the great service rendered by Japan in the war," said Dr. Gulick, "there has been in this country a widespread agitation against the Japanese and suspicion against the sincerity of their motives in the war. Americans have ac- cepted uncritically charges against Japan, many of which are absurd. on their face. They have suspected Japan of a desire to set up a great militaristic empire by the over-throw of other Asiatic nations. "One of the charges against the Japanese has ibeen that she failed to send armies to the as- 'sistance of Russia and France because she was getting ready to strike for herself at the ap- propriate moment (possibly in alliance with Germany) to establish control over Siberia and other Asiatic countries. If this had been her aim the time to strike would have been a year ago. It is true that some of the professors at the Imperial University at Tokyo, believing that Germany would win the war, were urging that the Anglo-Japanese alliance be given up. The Japanese government, however, did not I follow this imperialistic element and even placed 1 a representative of Great Britain in the for- ' eign office as advisor to Japan on international I questions. If there had been any idea of throw- ; ing over the alliance, certainly no such action would have been taken. Easy To Explain "The failure of Japan to send military as- sistance to Russia and France is easy to explain. I Neither Russia or France sent any request to Japan for assistance. To have participated in Russia, Japan would have had to send her army six or seven thousand miles over the single track Siberian Railway, a line of communication over which the Japanese government has no control. Russia did not want a Japanese army; she wanted munitions and Japan shipped her large quantities of war supplies. To have sent troops to France, Japan would have had to transport them for a distance of twelve to four- teen thousand miles. Who's ships would she have used? It is estimated that it would have taken Japan six years to transport a million men to France in her own ships. "The failure of Japan to return Tsingtao to China after she had conquered it from the Germans is another ground of criticism against Japan. The reason for withholding it was the existence of a treaty between China and Ger- many in which China was required to pay Ger- many for its return. Until China declared war this treaty held and China would probably have been compelled to return Tsingtao to the Ger- mans. The Ultimatum To China "Japan's twenty-one demands upon China have been much misunderstood. Japan's ulti- matum to China included substantially only those points to which China had previously agreed by negotiation. In considering Japan's demands upon China, this must be taken into account: China and Japan are an economic unit. For every acre of land in Japan capable of cul- tivation there are 4.2 persons. From this land, the Japanese people cannot possibly get food and clothing and produce the other necessities of life. Japan, for that reason, has entered into treaty relations with China. She is dependent on China for her very life. The Japanese feared that when the war was over the plundering, militaristic nations of Europe would try to get their hands on China. The attitude of Euro- pean nations towards China has, I am sorry to say, been far from fair. Even Great Britain forced the opium trade on China and estab- lished a British sphere of influence. Japan is so dependent upon China that she could allow no nation, not even China herself, to keep her from the necessities of life. I grant that her policy is militaristic, but it is a policy which has been adopted in view of the militaristic attitude of the Occidental nations. "Many Americans believe that Japan was anxious to intervene in Siberia, but the evidence for this is very faulty. Japan hesitated to fol- low the request of France and Great Britain that she intervene. The military and naval party was, of course, strongly interventionist but the political powers felt that Japan would be taking a dangerous step. America's Policy "My mind is clear as to the policy which America should adopt toward Japan and China. I am a friend of China as well as of Japan and have been anxious that Japan's policy should not work injury to China. It is important that 266 Gfje<»GIufaBulIeftn Japan should not overrun China. But we should on the other hand, be fair to Japan and give her the assurance that the Western nations will not interfere in China. That can be accomplished, I believe, only by the acceptance of President Wilson's policy for the creation of a League of Nations. Such a league would give Japan ready access to her raw materials in China but would refuse to permit the exercise of military con- trol. China, too, must be prevented from shut- ting Japan away from her raw materials and the military spirit which is already developing in China must be checked. Finally America must treat the Japanese people fairly in this country." Dr. Gulick described his immigration re- striction plan, mentioned above. "We can't open our doors wide," he said. "We should admit the number from each nation that we can readily assimilate and that depends upon the number who are already in this country, and who have been Americanized." Our editorial board has lost two of its five members. Charles M. Williams has entered Y. M. C. A. service, "Somewhere Down South." Paul R. Wright has gone to Siberia as a war correspondent for the Daily News. Chairman Smith, Professor Barmhall and "Si" Watkins remain to us and we have hopes of retaining them. Mr. Smith is on the staff of a Con- gregational weekly, which we believe is an es- sential industry. Professor Bramhall served Uncle Sam at Washington this summer but has now been restored to us. Si's military genius, we fear, is born to blush unseen at the chess- board. Napoleon, it is said, could not have passed our army examination and Si is just about his size. Joel D. Hunter, assistant superintendent of the United Charities, is again a member of the City Club. Mr. Hunter was formerly chief pro- bation officer of the Juvenile Court. He resigned last winter and left Chicago to become secretary of the California State Board of Charities and Corrections. He returned to Chicago, Septem- ber 1, to accept his present position with the United Charities. We are glad to welcome him back to Chicago and into the Club. Andrew R. Sheriff, chairman of the City Club committee on state constitution, has been ap- pointed chairman of the speakers' committee for the constitutional convention campaign in Cook county. Orville J. Taylor, Jr., is major judge advo- cate with the 86th Division of the army in France. // you have not returned your committee card, with first, second and third choices indicated, please send it in at once. Capt. a. a. Sercomb Killed in Action * Two Gold Stars i^ Last week, word came of the death of two of our members in service. Capt. Albert A. Sercomb, in command of Battery F. of the 124th Field Artillery, was killed in action. He was wounded by shell fire and died in the hospital. Capt. Charles D. Waterbury died in Washington, Oc- tober 9th, of pneumonia. Albert A. Sercomb enlisted in the First Illinois Field Artillery, now the 149th, in 1915. He served on the border as mess sergeant. Battery C ("the Millionaires") ; later he was promoted to the rank of first sergeant and was transferred to the 3rd Illinois Field Artillerj^, now the 124th. He was made regimental sergeant major, then promoted to a lieutenancy and received his captain's commission January 8, 1918. Capt. Sercomb was born in Chicago and was 38 years of age. He was the son of the late A. L. Sercomb, manager of the International Silver Company, Chicago, and was himself identified with that firm as manager of one of its depart- ments. He was an alumnus of Williams College. He leaves a widow and a brother, Henry H. Sercomb. Charles D. Waterbury was in charge of the drafting room of the cantonment division, Quart- ermaster's Department at Washington. Here he had the supervision of over one hundred drafts- men engaged in this most important government G^GlnGOiubBulfetin 267 work. He had been in Washington since last January. Capt. Waterbury was born in 1868, at San- dusky, Ohio. He graduated from the Mass- achusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. Since 1901 he has been associated with the firm of Pond & Pond. He joined the City Club in 1904 and was active in its committee work. His chief civic interest was in the field of housing and he served faithfully and capably as a member of the City Club Committee on Housing Conditions and of the Housing Committee of the Associa- tion of Commerce. Capt. Waterbury was a resident of LaGrange. He leaves a widow. The Control of Traction A Letter from Mr. Fisher Editor: ly return to Chicago I find your lettter _ me to reply to the letter of Mr. George C. Sikes, published in your issue of October 7th. Mr. Sikes calls his letter a rebuttal, but inas- much as the advocates of the traction ordinance have the affirmative of the issue, they are cer- tainly entitled to what Mr. Sikes calls "the last say in the traction debate." Otherwise objec- tions might seem to be without an effective an- swer. The people of Chicago are to have the last say on the ordinance after the debating is finished and no "group of fair-minded men" such , as Mr. Sikes suggests can be substituted for the people or for the contending parties in the de- bate. Personally, all that I ask is that those who decide this question shall be "fair-minded." I am not without hope that among even the present objectors there may be men "fair- minded" enough to admit that their objections have been shown to be unfounded. Mr. Sikes states that his communication deals "especially with the subject of control," which he evidently regards as the most important ques- tion. I shall, therefore, devote what I have to say especially to the question — what, if anything, does the City lose, and what, if anything, will it gain by this ordinance in the jnatter of control? If we are to decide intelligently whether the City's control will be increased or diminished by the ordinance we must compare the control which the City now has with the control it will obtain under the ordinance. Mr. Sikes expressly concedes that under the present statutes of Illi- nois the "City Council now has little, if any, reg- ulating power over public utilities," "because by the existing statute the Council's powers are subordinate to those of the State (Public Utili- ties) Commission," but he attempts to draw a distinction between "regulation" and "control" and claims that now the City Council "does pos- sess a large measure of control in the broader sense," which he contends "it is surrendering by this ordinance to the Board of Trustees." I am unable to find any justification whatever for this assertion and I invite the attention of all "fair-minded men" to the indisputable facts. "Regulation" certainly embraces everything that "control" can cover with respect to service and rates of a public utility after it is constructed. It probably includes all extensions and improve- ments that are essential to adequate service. The only possible question that could arise is whether the power to "regulate" gives "control" over construction of new lines or additions not authorized by ordinance. This seems to be Mr. Sikes' idea, because the particular matter to which he refers in support of his assertion that the City is "surrendering" by this ordinance some measure of "control in the broader sense" is that the ordinance provides a definite construction program to be made "tinder the provisions of this ordinance as and when directed by the Trus- tees" with the definite requirement that certain extensions and improvements must be made within the first three-year period after the ordi- nance takes effect, and that certain others must be made in the second three-year period. As to these first six years', his claim can only be that because the City Council absolutely requires the Trustees to carry out the construction and im- provement program provided for this period, the City Council has in some way lost "control" over construction. By this argument, the more the City requires the Company to do and the more definitely it requires it to be done, the less "con- trol" the City has over the matter. By this argument the City loses control by exercising control, and in a certain sense this is true, but it is no objection to the exercise of control. If we are to have what we so desperately need — a comprehensive local transportation system — we must adopt a definite construction program, even though it be "elaborate and costly," and when we require this program to be carried out within a definite period of time we voluntarily limit our control by its very exercise to this ex- tent. I assume, however, that this sort of limi- tation is precisely what the people of Chicago wish. We cannot eat our cake and still have it uneaten. Having decided, after the most ex- haustive investigation, upon the extensions and improvements that should be made during the next six years, we wish to provide that these improvements and not something else shall be carried out. So far as the extensions and improvements outlined in the ordinance to be made after the 268 GfJ^GtuGlubBuUeftn first six years, what the ordinance does is to obligate the Company to carry them out "as and when directed by the Trustees" but "under the provisions of this ordinance," and this ordinance expressly provides not only what Mr. Sikes quotes with respect to compliance "with all laiv- ful regulations of the service" prescribed from time to time by the City but expressly reserves to the City "the right to make and enforce all such orders and regulations as shall be necessary or appropriate to secure adequate local trans- portation accommodations for the people and to insure their comfort and convenience" (Section 9), and further that "the Company shall at all times construct such additions to and extensions of both the rapid transit and service lines as may be required for furnishing adequate local transportation facilities and service under the principles and provisions in this ordinance and in Exhibit B set forth" (Section 5). Mr. Sikes does not refer to these provisions. They destroy every possible objection to the substitution of the word "lawful" for the word "reasonable," which I made because I thought it better to have the Company agree to comply with any regula- tion which the City could hereafter acquire the lawful right to make. The ordinance further expressly provides that "the City shall have the right to proceed by in- junction, mandamus or other appropriate legal proceeding to compel the performance by the Company and by the Trustees of their respec- tive duties and obligations under this ordinance." (Section 29.) It does not provide for fines or other penalties, for the conclusive reason that under the principle of "service at cost" the strap hangers would be the ones who would pay the fines. It does not provide for a forfeiture be- cause forfeiture provisions are practically never enforceable, and because the City would be for- feiting this ordinance because of the action or inaction of its own trustees. The security hold- ers would have to be given a permanent and controlling voice in the selection of the trustees if there was a forfeiture provision. The principal objection of Mr. Sikes has been that the City has not had sufficient "control" over the selection of the first Board of Trustees, although he admits that at least four of its mem- bers are proper selections. Surely the City makes a distinct gain in selecting the Trustees of whom Mr. Sikes approves. If this ordinance docs not become effective, the City will have absolutely no voice whatever in the selection of any of the Directors who will manage the street railways until 1927 and the elevated railways for many years thereafter. Surely Mr. Sikes would not — because the City does not now "control" the se- lection of all of the Trustees or Directors — have the City refuse to permit extensions and im- provements which, on the best information and advice we now have, would clearly be proper parts of a comprehensive local transportation system. Regarding control of expenditures and accounting the new ordinance contains all of the safeguards we now have and some new ones, such as the drastic provisions for competitive bids on all contracts over $5,000.00. (Section 6.) Just what is it, the "control" of which the City will lose by this ordinance? Control con- sists of the power to compel and the power to prevent. The City certainly loses no power to compel which it now has; on the contrary it gains greatly here. It certainly loses none of its power to prevent. Not one of the extensions provided by this ordinance can be made without the consent of the City by another ordinance hereafter passed and based on frontage consents then on file. All subway contracts and payments are to be made by the City itself. The Trus- tees merely supervise construction and submit plans and estimates to the City for approval. It is true that the powers of the Board of Super- vising Engineers under the 1907 ordinances are transferred to the Board of Trustees under the new ordinance, but it is also true that the City STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, Of The City Club Bulletin published weekly, except July, August and September ; bi-weekly during July, August and September, at Chicago, Illinois, for October 1, 1918. State of Illinois, County of Cook, ss. Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Dwight L. Akers, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor of The City Club Bulletin and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, manage- ment, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regula- tions, to-wit : 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are : PubUsher, City Club of Chicago, 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago. Editor, Dwight L. Akers, 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago. Managing Editor, None. Business Managers, None. 2. That the owners are: The City Club of Chicago, a corporation organized under the laws of Illinois. No stock. George H. Mead, president, 1537 E. 60th St. : Charles M. Moderwell, vice-president, 3325 Michigan Ave. ; Roy C. Osgood, treasurer. First Trust and Savings Bank ; Charles Yeomans, secretary, 231 Institute Place. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and se- curity holders as they appear upon the books of the com- pany but also, in cases where the stockholder of security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given ; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements em- bracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the cir- cumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capa- city other than that of a bona fide owner ; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, associa- tion, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. Dv/iGHT L. Akebs, Sworn to and subscribed before me this 23rd day of September, 1918. Faith Neuman, (seal) (My commission expires June 20, 1922.) G^OtuGIubBufl^ttn 269 has selected the majority of the First Board of Trustees and will select all of its successors. The ordinance provides that "the Company shall be a corporation not for pecuniary profit and the entire control and management of the Company and of its affairs, property and funds shall be vested in a Board of Trustees or Direc- tors. The said Trustees or Directors shall be nine in number and shall be selected and hold office in the following manner and subject to the following limitations and conditions." Among the conditions specifically provided is that begin- ning in 1928 the City shall designate the persons who are to be elected as trustees. The ordinance further provides that it shall not take effect or be in force unless or until * * * "2. The legislature of Illinois shall have passed, and there shall be in effect, such statute or statutes of the State of Illinois as may be necessary or appropriate to authorize or validate an ordinance containing such pro- visions as are incorporated in this ordinance, and to ena- ble the same to be carried into effect, including the organization of a corporation of the character and having the authority and powers in this ordinance provided to be exercised by the Company ; and "3. The Company shall have been organized in con- formity vcith the provisions of this ordinance, and the entire control and management of the Company and of its affairs, property and funds shall have been vested in a Board of Trustees or Directors of the character described in this ordinance and subject to the provisions hereof." (Section 34.) The ordinance further provides that "by its acceptance of this ordinance the Company agrees that after the effective date hereof the Company shall not without the consent (by ordinance) of the City change its charter or method of select- ing its Trustees or Directors." (Section 1.) With respect to the carriage of express matter and parcels, the powers of regulation and con- trol already quoted amply protect the public, and the very section which relates to this matter provides that "express matter and package freight shall be transported at such times and in such manner as shall not interfere with passenger service." Today, as Mr. Sikes expressly admits, the City of Chicago can control neither the service nor the rates of fare. Under the administration of Governor Dunne and with his sanction, home rule over public utilities was taken from Chicago and vested in the State Public Utilities Commis- sion. If the statutes remain as they are, the City has certainly lost no right of regulation or control which It now has. If appropriate legis- lation is passed validating the provisions of this ordinance, the City will regain its powers of reg- ulation and control to whatever extent the new legislation goes. I have advocated and still ad- vocate the complete restoration of home rule over public utilities in this City. This ordinance can- not go into effect unless enabling legislation is enacted, and further, unless it is approved by the City Council as being appropriate for the purpose. I can give the assurance which Mr. Sikes asks that so far as I am concerned I "in- tend to insist upon legislation restoring home rule." I may be permitted, however, to add that even if the legislature should insist that the State Public Utilities Commission should retain some supervisory jurisdiction the "control" of the City will necessarily be increased under this ordinance before it can possibly become effective. The leg- islation must validate trustee management and service at cost or the ordinance cannot take ef- fect. Under trustee management and service at cost neither the trustees nor the security holders can have any incentive to furnish poorer service than the public is willing to pay for, and it is difficult to conceive how the State Commission would ever be called upon to exercise supervi- sion over either service or rates even if it re- tained the authority to do so. Mr. Sikes says, "If the policy of state regula- tion is allowed to remain in effect the legislature might interfere again in 1928 and prescribe some other method of selecting the trustees at that time than the method provided in the ordinance." This is an illuminating objection. May I ask why the legislature would wish to change the method of selecting the trustees in 1928, "if the policy of state regulation is allowed to remain in effect?" The rights and the rate of return of the security holders will have been definitely fixed by 1928 and there will be no interest In- volved but the public interest. If It be granted, however, that the legislature can always pass new legislation surely Mr. Sikes would not pro- pose that we refuse to go forward because of this possibillt}^ He does not oppose municipal ownership of public utilities notwithstanding the fact that the legislature at any time by merely passing a new statute could put even a city owned water system under the jurisdiction of the State Commission or change the method of selecting the managers of such utilities. On the contrary, Mr. Sikes' "constructive pro- gram" is "actual, direct municipal ownership and operation," which he says can be brought about by constitutional revision within three years; — assuming that we get constitutional revision that will make municipal ownership possible, and ig- noring the altogether probable necessity of ob- taining new statutes before we can make it practicable. This ordinance In no way prevents municipal ownership whenever the constitution permits it and the people desire it. On the con- trary. It expressly reserves the right to take over the properties on six months' notice without the expense, delay and uncertainty of eminent do- main proceedings, which Is the only method (ex- cept agreement) by which we could acquire the elevated railroads. We have the right to take over the surface lines on payment of their capi- tal account under the ordinances of 1907. We have allowed them only that valuation in the pending ordinance. In my judgment we cannot legally take them over for less and it would be a breach of faith to undertake to do it. Noth- ing could so discredit municipal ownership and prevent the sale of municipal securities on fair terms as an attempt to repudiate the securities Issued under the assurances of the ordinances of 270 GfjeCptuGIubBuMn 1907. The Surface Lines have not repudiated their agreement of a five cent fare. They have simply asked the City Council for^n increase to meet the increase in wages which they have been ordered to pay as a war measure. So far as valuations are concerned, the valuation of the elevated railroads alone is subject to question by "fair-minded men." That valuation is based on the appraisal by three engineers of the highest standing of the reproduction cost of the physical property less depreciation, using as the cost of labor and material the average costs of the ten years preceding June 30, 1916. I think it is a fair adjustment of the conflicting interests. It certainly cannot be excessive to an extent that should be allowed to stand for one moment in the way of the immediate improvement which a comprehensive local transportation system alone can provide for this communit}\ W.ALTER L. Fisher. The Listening Post Sumner S. Weil is in a machine gun battalion at Camp Hancock, Ga. Spencer Gordon is a cadet in the Balloon School, Arcadia, Cal. Louis Bernstein^ a member of the City Club since 1915, died Sunday, October 6. Arthur L. Hamilton, a member of the Board of Directors of the Club, is in France in Red Cross work. E. M. HiBBERD has enlisted in the U. S. Marine Corps and expects to be called for service within a few days. Lawrence Thomas is now a member of Sani- tary Train No. 343, which forms a part of the Black Hawk Division, now on the firing line in France. J. Kennicott Brenton, assistant county agent, has left Chicago to become director of the Home Service section of the Red Cross. Mr. Brenton was secretary of the City Club Commit- tee on State and Local Charities. AsKEL G. S. Josephson, chairman of the Swedish Study League, has sent us a very in- teresting program of that organization for the coming year. The program deals particularly with "Reconstruction After the War." City Club members who are contributing to this program are Prof. Frederick D. Bramhall, Prof. Harold G. Moulton and Jens Jensen. Some of the meinbers who returned committee choice cards forgot to sign them. Any member who suspects himself of such an omission should notify the office. Committee Reorganization Under Way A LL members of the Club have been invited •^^ to join in its committee activities during the coming year. The committee scheme has been completely revised. A number of modifications have been made in the list of committees and a reorganization of personnel is under way. The committees, during the coming year, will be associated in certain groups for co-operative action. Each of these groups will be represented in the Public Affairs Committee, so that a more immediate relationship may be maintained be- tween the civic committees and the body which, under the by-laws has charge of "the investiga- tion and discussion of public affairs by the Club." The committee groups with their representatives in the Public Affairs Committee are: Public Safety Group. Represented by Carl Miner. Public Health Committee (with which are merged the committees on Accident Preven- tion and on V^ice Conditions). Public Order and Safety Committee (with which is merged the Committee on Fire Pro- tection). Public Works Group Represented by Elmer C. Jensen, City Planning Committee (which will deal also with "housing"). Public Utilities Committee. Committee on Highways, Harbors and Wharves (a merger of two of the civic committees). Water Supply Committee (with which is merged the Committee on Drainage and Sew- erage). Government and Finance Group Represented by George C. Sikes. Committee on Political Nominations and Elections. Civil Service Committee. Committee on Taxation and Public Expen- ditures (a consolidation of two committees). State Constitution Committee. Legislative Program Committee (new). Public Welfare and Education Group Represented by Frederick S. Deibler. Public Education Committee. Music Extension Committee. Committee on Parks, Playgrounds and Beaches. Committee on Lmmigration and Citizenship. Committee on Local and State Charities. Labor Conditions Committee. It)^ PRE-ELECTION ISSUE ^rbanaP^C 21 1918 ni. n Journal ofBttve QitUcmhip Volume XI. AlONDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1918 Number 35 The Big and "Little" Ballots ' I ''HE paper shortage will not be evident at the -■■ election November 5. Every voter will be presented with three ballots on which to desig- nate his choice of candidates and his decision upon the referendum issues. The Candidates' Ballots — besides the regu- lar ballot there will be a special ballot for mu- nicipal judges — will in most districts call for the filling of nearly sixty offices. The voter who wishes to devote a part of his time between now and election day to a study of the personalities and records of the 200 different candidates who- are appealing for his support will find the check list printed elsewhere in this Bulletin a valu- able aid. Members of the City Club should give the closest possible study to this list so as to vote intelligently and upon as many offices as possible. They should also take the first step toivard eliminating such absurdly long ballots by voting for the constitutional convention. Without amendment of the constitution no rea- sonable shortening of the ballot can be accom- plished. The Proposition Ballot will present five questions to the voters: 1. The constitutional convention. The recast- ing of the fundamental law of the state is every- where recognized as a necessity. Our present constitution dates from 1870. It fails in many respects to meet the needs of a community which has moved far in advance of the industrial and political conditions of that day. During the forty-eight years since its adoption, the limitation upon amendments has resulted in the accumula- tion of a large number of important problems which cannot be solved except by a change of the constitution. All political parties are pledges to the support of the resolution for a constitutional convention. The Governor is for it. The last General As- sembly endorsed it. Citizens' organizations throughout the state, including the City Club Committee on State Constitution, are solidly behind it. But there is this danger: The present constitution provides that any call for a constitutional convention must receive, for approval, a majority of all votes cast at the elec- tion at which the proposition is submitted. Fail- ure to mark your ballot on the constitutional convention proposal will count as though you had voted "No." For this reason it is imperative that every citizen should vote upon it. Be sure that you remember this and that your friends also understand it. 2. The traction issue. The referendum on the proposed traction settlement ordinance has aroused "no end" of controversy in the com- munitv. The City Club, through the series of traction meetings reported in previous issues, has endeavored to place before its members a full and fair discussion of the ordinance by repre- sentative leaders on both sides. An outline of its main provisions will be found in the Bulletin of September 19. 3. The good roads bond issue. The City Club Committee on Highways, Bridges and Waste Disposal last week endorsed this measure and urged members of the club to vote for it. It calls for the construction of a state-wide system of hard roads, to cost ultimately about $60,000,- 000. This cost is to be paid, in the first instance, by the issuance of bonds, but interest on these bonds is to be paid and the bonds are to be re- tired out of funds derived wholly from automo- bile fees. No taxation will be necessary.* The measure is non-controversial. As in the *A fuller discussion of the good roads bond issue will be found in the City Club Bulletin of October 7. 272 G^^GtuGtabBuUetin 0ieGtty;GlufaBwMm JT Journal of JTctive GUuen8h\p Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XI. Monday, October 28, 1918 No. 35 case of the constitutional convention resolution, the chief danger of defeat lies in a possible neg- lect by the voters. It must receive a majority of all votes cast at the election. 4. The private banks bill. This bill was one of the chief measures enacted by the last legis- lature. It was passed in response to a public demand that "fly-by-night" private banks, now subject to neither national nor state control, should be brought under supervision. Public interest in this legislation was aroused by the continued failures of banks of this character in which the savings of many poor people had been invested. The bill provides that after January 1, 1921, no person, partnership or association in Illinois, except banks incorporated under the state or federal laws, shall transact a banking business or use the word "bank." All such businesses will thus be brought under the direct supervision and control of the state, will be subject to in- spection and must conform to the banking prac- tices and limitations laid down in the act. 5. The $3,000,000 bond issue for the Michigan avenue improvement. The voters of Chicago in 1914 approved a bond issue of $3,800,000 for the widening and extension of Michigan avenue ac- cording to the plans of the Chicago Plan Com- mission. An additional issue of $3,000,000 is now asked for. The reason assigned for this request for additional funds is the heavily in- creased cost of labor and materials. Voters should not allow questions of great public importance, such as the above, to be de- cided by minorities. It is particularly important that such proposals as those for a constitutional convention and for the good roads program, which require a majority of those voting at the election, should not be decided in the negative by mere apathy. Remember the Proposition Ballot and Vote on Every Question! Chicago's Special Need fod a Constitutional Conventioi Unification of Local Governments, Short Ballot. Revenue Reform. Court Reorganization. The folloiuing statement has been issued by tl Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency: During the past half century there has be« enormous improvement in all kinds of machinal — except the machinery of government. In fac since the adoption of the Illinois Constitution of 1870, the mechanism of local government in Chicago and Cook County has grown more com- plex and unwieldy. There are overlapping gov- ernments, many elective officials striving to function independently of one another, and lack of centralized responsibility. The greatest needs of Chicago are unification of local governments, the short ballot, and court reorganization. Unity and simplicity should be substituted for multiplicity and complexity. This is impossible without extensive changes in the State Constitution. Since its organization in 1910, the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency has been engaged continuously in the study of problems of govern- ment in this community, especially those of ad- ministration. While the published reports of the Bureau have indicated ways in which savings might be effected and efficiency promoted by action of those in control of the various govern- mental offices, these reports also have pointed out that many improvements of far-reaching im- portance can be brought about only through changes in the Constitution of the State. For this purpose a constitutional convention will pro- vide the only adequate procedure. The process of submitting amendments one at a time will not meet the needs of the situation. The Legislature may submit amendments to but a single article of the Constitution at any one session. The program for the unification of local governments, the short ballot, and court reor- ganization would call for the modification of at least four articles of the present Constitution — Article IV, relative to powers of the legislature; Article VI, which prescribes the present judicial organization; Article VIII, dealing with educa- tion, which requires the county superintendent of schools to be an elective official; and Article X, relating to counties, which contains rigid specifi- cations applicable to Cook County that ought to be eliminated. In addition to the program of special concern to the people of Chicago and Cook County, there is, by common consent, need for changing Article IX, relating to revenue. Modification of the revenue provisions of the Constitution is necessary for Chicago as well as for the State at large. Other basic changes urged with influential backing call for the consideration of amendments of at least nine articles altogether. Obviously, Gfye«GtubBulfefln 273 CAPT. CHARLES D. WATERBURY Capt. Charles D. Waterbury, whose death at Washing- ton was announced in our last issue, was identified with the City Club in many of its activities. As an architect, associated with Pond & Pond, he had a very important part in the planning and construction of our clubhouse. He was a member of our Committee on Housing Condi- tions and the Club on many occasions profited by his advice and assistance in dealing with this subject. His death has caused deep sorrow among his many friends in the Club. the process of changing the Constitution by amending one article at a time would take many years. Opinions will differ with respect to specific plans for city and county consolidation, the short ballot, and court reorganization, but the need for thorough and reasonably prompt action of some sort on these and other matters calling for con- sideration is plain, and virtually no progress can be made with any plan until existing constitution- al limitations shall be modified. Therefore, the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency joins with other civic organizations in urging a favorable vote at the November election on the proposition to call a convention to revise the Constitution of Illinois. What Chicago desires is not special privilege as compared with other cities in the state, but en- larged powers and the removal of restrictions, so that Its affairs may be carried on in a manner creditable to the commonwealth and to itself. October 21, 1918. Sidney G. Williams, manager of the Accident Prevention Division, National Safety Council, R. R. Baldwin, lawyer, and Rev. Frank Fitt, are new members of the City Club. Why You Should Vote for a New State Constitution AMERICA would not think of fighting a twentieth century war with the ammunition and weapons of 1863. Neither can Illinois suc- cessfully meet her present-day problems with a constitution adopted soon after the civil war and framed to meet conditions prevailing at that time. Old Constitution Bars Progress. So far is our present constitution behind the times, so many limitations does it put upon our progress, that a demand has arisen throughout the state for a thorough-going revision. Illinois needs and wants an up-to-date, efficient system of government. She needs a taxation system that will bear equitably upon all citizens of the state. She needs many other changes in the laws which cannot be made under the present consti- tution because the convention of 1870 could not forsee the needs and problems of this genera- tion. Demand for New Constitution is Universal The demand for a new constitution has the backing of all political parties and of citizens in all parts of the state. The Governor of the state is a strong supporter of the proposal for revision. The State Legislature at its last session adopted a resolution for the calling of a consti- tutional convention. This resolution becomes effective only If the voters of the state approve it. They will have the chance to do this at the election on November 5, 1918. Every citizen should vote upon this proposi- tion, for it must have the approval of a majority of all citizens voting in the election. For this reason failure to vote on the proposition is equiv- alent to a vote against it. The Need Is Immediate The resolution for a constitutional convention should be adopted now, for the preliminaries of calling the convention, the election of delegates, the framing of the new constitution and its ap- proval by the voters at an election will require several years of time. Failure to adopt the reso- lution will make a new constitution impossible for years to come. Preparing for After the War Illinois should be ready, as early after the war as possible, to meet the new problems aris- ing out of the war, but she cannot meet them with her hands tied by the constitution of 1870. (The above statement is from a folder pre- pared by the State Constitution Committee of the City Club and printed for state-wide distribution by the Constitution Convention Campaign Com- mittee.) 274 GfjeGtuGlubBuUettn A Check List of Candidates ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 1918 Your Vote for a Constitutional Convention Will Help Toivard the Ultimate Elimination of the ''Long Ballot" Office U. S. Senator State Treasurer Supt. Public Instruction Congressman at Large (2 to be elected) Trustees University of Illinois (3 to be elected) President Sanitary District Trustees Sanitary District (3 to be elected) Sheriff County Treasurer County Clerk County Judge Judge Probate Court Clerk Probate Court Clerk Criminal Court Bailiff Municipal Court Clerk Municipal Court County Superintendent of Schools Board of Assessors (2 to be elected) Board of Review (full term) Board of Review^ (vacancy) President County Board County Commissioners (from the city — 10 to be elected) County Commissioners (from country towns — 5 to be elected) Republican Medill McCormick Fred E. Sterling Francis G. Blair Richard Yates William E. Mason Cairo A. Trimble John M. Herbert Margaret D. Blake Alexander N. Todd William J. Healy Harry E. Littler Willis O. Nance Charles W. Peters Bernard W. Snow Charles G. Blake Edwin A. Olson Frederic R. De Young John F. Devine William R. Parker William J. Umbach James J. Kearns A. O. Coddington Charles Krutckoff Charles Ringer William H Reid Charles V. Barrett Charles N. Goodnow Charles N. Goodnow William McLaren James H. Johnson Louis H. Mack Alexander J. Johnson George Seebacher Charles A. Griffin Patrick H. Moynihan Ernest M. Cross Tom Murray William Busse Joseph Carolan William H. Maclean George A. Miller Dudley D. Pierson Democratic James Hamilton Lewis James J. Brady Edwin Strauss William E. Williams Michael H. Cleary John M. Crebs S. B. Montgomery Mrs. Mary O. Gallery James M. Dailey James M. Dailey Fred D. Breit Charles E. Reading Anton J. Cermak Harry R. Gibbons Robert M. Sweitzer Thomas F. Scully Henry Horner Frank J. Walsh James M. Whalen Dennis J. Egan Frank X. Rydzewski Edward J. Tobin Michael K. Sheridan John Cervenka P. A. Nash William P. Feeney Peter Reinberg Peter Reinberg John Budinger Joseph M. Fitzgerald Thomas Kasperski Daniel Ryan Bartley Burg Robert W. McKinlay Emmett Whealan Frank J. Wilson Albert Nowak James G. Wolcott Anton Maciejewski Paul Kamradt James H. Wells James M. Lynch Socialist William Bross Lloj^d Robert L. Harvey Emma Pischel C. C. Brooks Frank Watts Ellen Persons Mary O'Reilly Antoinette R. Young Clarence W. Shaw Clarence W. Shaw Marion Wiley Robert C. Desmore Adolph Dreifuss Karl F. M. Sandberg John M. Collins William A. Cunnea Carl Strover Bernard Kortas Charles Hallbeck John S. Peterson Andrew Lafin Sophia V. L. Rodriguez George Koop Frederick G. Wellman Adolf Bayer John G. Flora John G. Flora Joseph M. Mason Joseph H. Greer "C. M. Strom Abe Basofin M. Silverman J. H. Rappaport H. Sroenier John M. Feigh A. C. Harms Charles Zweilly H. G. Moeller Peter Van Bodegraven Otto Wolf H. Loensman Remember the little ballot and vote on every proposition! Your first chance to take a crack at the "long ballot" ! Vote for a constitutional convention. St^CluGIubBuUettn 275 Congress 1st District 2nd District 3d District 4th District 5th District 6th District 7th District 8th District 9th District 10th District State Senator 1st District 3d District 5th District 7th District 9th District 11th District 13th District 15th District 17th District 19th District 21st District 23rd District 25th District 27th District 29th District 31st District Republican Martin B. Madden James R. Mann William W. Wilson R. S. Zalewski Lewis C. Mau Hervey C. Foster Niels Juul Dan Parillo Fred A. Britten Carl R. Chindblom Francis P. Brady Samuel A. Ettelson Morton D. Hull Frederick B. Roos Frank Trefil Frank P. Sadler Albert C. Clark Adolph Blazek Andrew Wright J. Frank Hemmons Edwin Farrar Henry W. Austin C. G. Hutchinson A. Rostenkowski William F. Peters Willett H. Cornwell Democratic George Mayer Leo S. LeBosky Fred J. Crowley John W. Rainey A. J. Sabbath James McAndrews Frank M. Padden Thom^as Gallagher James H. Poage P. J. Finnegan William J. Hennesey Andy Coleman Thomas C. Stobbs Patrick J. Carroll W. J. Mclnerney J. J. Mulcahey John J. Boehm Edward J. Glackin John T. Denvir Edward J. Hughes George R. Bruce Daniel Herlihy John Broderick Patrick J. Sullivan Edward J. Flynn Socialist G. J. Carlisle Robert H. Howe Joseph A. Ambros Carl G. Hoffmann Emil Jaeger William F. Kruse J. Louis Engdahl Charles Kissling Irving S. Tucker P. H. Geluck W. L. Berteau Leo B. Shire W. Van Bodegraven Charles Toepper J. W. Deal Zephiere Pepin Joseph Mark Daniel A. Uretz Thomas L. Slater T. F. Lippold Carl A. Juberg George Schmidt Robert Norberg State Representatives (Three to Be Elected From Each District) William M. Brinkman John Griffin C. W. Howorth Sheadrick B. Turner Roger J. Marcy S. E. Weinshenker Arthur E. Smith Frank Ryan Randall E. Marshall (Independent) Adelbert H. Roberts George G. Noonan H. S. Smith Warren B. Douglas William G. Anderson (Independent) 1st District 2nd District 3rd District 4th District 5th District 6th District 7th District 9th District 11th District 13th District 15th District 17th District 19th District 21st District 23rd District Emil O. Kowalski Theodore K. Long Sidney Lyon E. A. W. Johnson Ralph E. Church Albert F. Volz Howard P. Castle David E. Shanahan Edward B. Lucius William H. Cruden C. A. Young G. A. Dahlberg Thomas Curran Edward W. Smejkal S. P. Roderick James M. Kittleman F. J. Bippus Thomas P. Devereux Edward M. Overland William G. Thon James P. Boyle Frank McDermott Michael L. Igoe John F. Healy Robert E. Wilson John W. McCarthy Joseph Placek Thomas A. Doyle Frank J. Ryan William S. Callahan James W. Ryan Orren W. Horton A. W. Harrack Clarence H. Owen A. F. Pasecky Kellam Foster J. A. Gajeski E. J. Maruska Peter F. Smith Joseph Perina Jacob W. Epstein Charles Coia James P. O'Brien Frank J. Blaha J. T. Prendergast Michael F. Maher H. W. Harris Benjamin M. Mitchell Thomas P. Keane William Mack {Continued on next page) 276 GfieGfeGlufaBuUeftn State Representatives Republican 25th District C. L. Fieldstack Theodore Steinert 27th District Edward Walz 29th District 31st District B. F. Clettenberg Carl Mueller James A. Steven Democratic John G. Jacobson Joseph Petlak James M. Donlan Bernard T- Conlon L. C. O'Brien John J. Kelly Frank J. Seif, Jr. Socialist Adolph Germer Evar Anderson A. F. Almgreen Public Instruction — Edward Socialist Labor Candidates U. S. Senator — John M. Francis. State Treasurer — Samuel J. French Superintendent Horr. Trustees University of Illinois — Mrs. Emma B. Denny, Gustave Jenning, Mrs. Gertrude Carm. Congressman at Large — William Hartness, Joseph Hamrle. THE JUDGES' BALLOT Prohibition Candidates U. S. Senator — Frank B. Vennum. State Treasurer — Orrin L. Dayton. Superintendent Public Instruction — Eldon G. Burritt. Trustees University of Illinois — Mary Whit- temore, William M. Hamilton, Carrie V. Hofi. Congressman at Large — Charles P. Corson, Edward E. Blake. Municipal Court of Chicago Chief Justice Associate Judge (vacancy) Associate Judges (10 to elect) Harry Olson Irwin Hazen Earl C. Hales Daniel P. Trude Bernard P. Barasa Arnold Heap William N. Gemmill William K. Steele Charles F. McKinley Thomas J. Graydon James F. Burns Clarence S. Piggott Michael F. Sullivan Daniel J. McMahon Charles A. Williams John K. Prindiville Joseph P. Rafferty Rocco De Stefano John Mahoney Harry M. Fisher Joseph LaBuy Stanley Walkowiak John F. Bolton John J. Rooney Samuel Block John LaDuca Nils Juul Christensen Bernard Berlyn Benjamin Cossman Joseph Morris James W. Lafferty H. O. Forsberg James G. Fay C. Freiman Victor Koehler The City Club Committee on State Constitu- tion favors the calling of a convention to revise the fundamental law of the state. Vote "Yes" on this proposition November 5- You cannot escape the responsibility of a vote upon the "little ballot" issues. On some of these measures your failure to vote is equivalent to a vote in the negative. A Lesson From Experience CERTAIN unfortunate aspects of the Twelfth Street and Michigan Avenue widening projects and the proposed Ogden Ave- nue extension," supply the text for a report is- sued by the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency urging that the city be given power, in making public improvements, to take property in excess of actual requirements. This power, says the Bureau, can be acquired only through constitu- tional amendment, and the report is issued in the hope that it may help the movement for a constitutional convention, upon which the people are to vote at the coming November election. The summary and conclusions of the report, cop- ies of which may be obtained from the office of the Bureau, at 315 Plymouth Court, are as follows : "A study of the manner in which the Twelfth Street and Michigan Avenue improvements have been carried through discloses certain startling conditions that should challenge the attention of the community and lead it to prevent their recurrence in the future. "In taking by condemnation property for these street-widening projects, small and odd-shaped remnants that are unsuitable for building pur- poses have been left in the hands of private own- ers. A Flagrant Example "The most flagrant example is furnished by a corner lot known as the Price property which had a frontage of 166 feet on Twelfth Street and 71 feet on Wabash Avenue. In widening Twelfth Street at that point, the city took 68 Gft^GttijGluhBuUetin 277 E. IZ^-ii Street 1.0 \'////////'V//////////\ V///^W////o//^///\ •V, /////// //, i/7 / // 'THE PRICE PROPERTY" Lot i-emnant with a front- age of 166 feet on 12th St., as widened and a depth of only 3 ft. Originally the lot extended back 71 ft. from 12th St. of the 71 feet. This left in the possession of the private owner a lot remnant with a frontage of 166 feet on Twelfth Street and a depth of only three feet. The city was required by the courts to pay the full value of the entire 71 feet though it secured title and control to but 68 feet thereof. "A lot three feet deep with a frontage of 166 feet on an improved street might be used for billboards but not for much else. So long as it remains under separate ownership it must con- stitute a nuisance and may be an eyesore. "Experience in other cities shows that lot rem- nants unsuitable for building purposes, instead of being sold speedily to owners of adjoining property, do in fact remain under separate own- ership for long periods of time. "The widening of Twelfth Street and Michi- gan Avenue left many other lot remnants as shown on the diagrams accompanying this re- port. On Michigan Avenue "On Michigan Avenue the city took all of, or parts of, lots having a total frontage of ap- proximately 3,000 feet. This does not include property taken for plazas. When the improve- ment is actually completed, along this 3,000 feet there will be lot areas with a frontage of 617 feet, having depths varying from five feet to 14 feet. Thus, so long as these remnants remain under ownership separate from that of adjoin- ing property — and this may be for many years — approximately one-fifth of the entire frontage involved in the widening process will remain vacant or will be used only for billboards, small one-story shops, or other makeshift structures. Diagonal Streets Worse "When it comes to diagonal streets, the situ- ation is likely to be even worse. The proposed Ogden Avenue extension, which is to be cut through as a new diagonal street, if carried out in accordance with the present survey, will leave 93 remnants (with a frontage of approximately 3,300 feet on the proposed new street) that will be too small or too irregular in shape to be available for building purposes. "Small and odd-shaped lot remnants not only result in public nuisances, but their existence de- feats one of the main purposes of street widen- ing — that of securing an imposing thoroughfare. "Another consequence of such situations is that the city or other property owners, or both, suffer financial loss through inability of the authorities to collect as much in special assessment benefits and in taxes as otherwise might be secured. The Solution "The way to prevent these abuses is to confer upon the City the power of excess condemnation. Under this power the City, in making a public improvement, could acquire by condemnation more property than is necessary for the precise, narrow purpose of the improvement, using the excess property so taken in any way that might be in the public interest, or selling it for private use subject to restrictions calculated to promote the larger purpose of the improvement. "In the case of a street widening or opening, the possession of such power would enable the City to take by eminent domain, in addition to land that is to form a part of the street, such areas along the improved thoroughfare as may be needed for the formation of suitable building lots, and to sell them subject to restrictions as to use. "The original Chicago Plan report, prepared under the direction of Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, published in 1909, laid emphasis upon the need for the power of excess condemnation. Since that time several states — Ohio, New York, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Rhode Island — have amended their constitutions so as to auth- orize excess condemnation. Illinois has done nothing in connection with this subject. If the recommendations of the report of 1909 with re- spect to excess condemnation had been put into effect, the abuses in connection with the Twelfth Street and Michigan Avenue widening projects and the proposed Ogden Avenue extension, to which this report directs attention, could have been, or could be, avoided. "Constitutional and statutory changes needed 278 GljeGttuGtubBuUettn Club Committee Endorses Road Bonds The City Club Committee on Highiuays, Bridges and Waste Disposal has consid- ered carefully the proposed Sixty Million Dollar State Hard-Road bond issue which is to be voted upon at the election Novem- ber 5> 191S. As a result the Committee unanimously and unreservedly endorses this bond issue. It urges all members of the City Club to vote "Yes" on this propo- sition on the little ballot and to impress upon their friends and acquaintances the importance of doing the same. It likewise urges the public to vote in the affirmative on this proposition. The Committee has been unable upon inquiry to discover any opposition to this measure, but it requires for adoption a majority of all votes cast at the election. A failure to vote will therefore be in effect a vote in the negative. CITY CLUB COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAYS. BRIDGES AND WASTE DISPOSAL. F. G. Heuchling, Chairman. Carlton R. Dart, Secretary. to give the City the power of excess condemnation should be made speedily so that the municipality may obtain more satisfactory results in carrying out other features of its city planning program. In urging action to secure the needed enlarge- ment of powers, the Bureau does not mean to intimate that projects already under way should not have been started, or that new projects should be delayed. It will take several jears to bring about the desired constitutional changes. Important public improvements cannot be held back to await the outcome of a constitutional convention. The purpose of this report is to em- phasize the need for securing the power of excess condemnation as soon as possible; not to inter- pose new obstacles to projects which it is hoped to carry out in the near future. City Should Get Full Title "In amending the Constitution to authorize the exercise by governmental agencies of the power of excess condemnation, provision should be made for the passing of full title when prop- erty is taken under the law of eminent domain. At present, the agency taking property in Illi- nois by condemnation secures only the right of use for a specific purpose. If the City condemns land for a school site, for example, and later abandons the use for that purpose, the property reverts to the original owner or his heirs. Where property has been acquired in good faith for a public pur- The Listening Post Remember the little ballot and vote on every proposition! Owing to the "flu," no meetings are being held at the City Club at present. The address which was to have been made to members of the Club by Governor Lowden. Saturday, October 19, had to be cancelled on this account. We had relied upon our report of this address to fill up the columns of the Bulletin and its cancel- lation late in the week left us without our leading article. Our last week's number was, there- fore, omitted. Redmond D. Stephens is- captain in the quartermaster's department at Washington. John R. Richards, director of recreation and playgrounds of the South Park System, has been appointed one of a committee of five in Wash- , ington which is to undertake the enforcement of proper living conditions among war workers. This committee was named last week by the Department of Labor. Word has been received that Lieutenant Robert ]\I. Curtis, a member of the City Club, who was on the U. S. submarine chaser 219 when it was sunk two weeks ago, is now recov- ering in a hospital in Naples. The sinking of the boat was the result of an explosion which occurred while the boat was taking on coal. Two men were killed and several, including Lieutenant Curtis, were wounded. Lieutenant Curtis has cabled that he expects to return to duty within about two weeks. Lieutenant Curtis is a son-in-law of Alfred L. Baker, formerly president of the City Club. The City Club Co7nmittee on Highways be- lieves that a vote for hard roads is hard sense. pose and full value has been paid therefor, and it is later found that such property is no longer needed for the particular purpose for which it was acquired, the City should have the right to treat it as a public asset, and to change its use or sell it. "In the interest of the city planning movement railroads also should be permitted to sell prop- erty which they may take under condemnation proceedings for railroad use but which later may not be needed for railroad purposes. Under a plan of wise rearrangement of terminals in Chi- cago, much property now in the possession of the railroads should be freed for other uses. It should be possible to carry out such a plan with- out reckoning with the heirs of original owners of property taken by condemnation, who received full value for the lands at the time of acquisi- tion." .i^^ n:mmi or luitiois library The City Club and the Traction Question, Page 280 DEC 21 1916 JT Journal of Jlctiw QitHetvshtp Volume XI. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1918 Number 36 FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8, AT LUNCHEON ARTHUR GLEASON Author and Editor, New York "British Labor and the War'' Mr. Gleason is with the Committee on Public Information. He was formerly associate editor of Colliers Weekly and has served on the editorial staff of the Survey, Harper's Weekly and other well known magazines. He was in England at the outbreak of the war and has been there and in France almost continuously since that time. He has just published (jointly with Mr. Paul U. Kellogg of the Survey) a book on the subject above announced for his City Club address. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9, AT LUNCHEON SAMUEL GOMPERS President of the American Federation of Labor Mr. Gompers will speak about the recent visit of the American Labor Mission to the allied countries. On Friday evening, November 8, Mr. Gompers is to address a mass-meeting at the Audi- torium under the auspices of the American Alliance of Labor and Democracy. Among those who will attend this meeting are members of the cabinet, the governors of twelve states, and members of the councils of defense of several neighboring states. It is expected that a number of these distinguished guests will attend the luncheon at the City Club. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, AT LUNCHEON FREDERICK C. HOWE Commissioner of Immigration, Port of New York " Reconstruction 99 Mr. Howe's activities in American public life have been of a varied character. He was formerly a member of the Cleveland City Council and of the Ohio State Senate. He was on one occasion sent to Great Britain by the United States government to study the subject of municipal ownership there. He is at present U. S. Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York. „ . . , ,, „^, ^.^ Mr. Howe is the author of many well known books on pubhc affairs, mcluding The City — the Hope of Democracy" and "The British City." 280 GfjeQtijGIubBuUetin aeGttgGlufaBuMin JT Journal of Jlctive GUuenshlp E>ub1ished Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber ; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS, Editor $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 8, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. Vol. XI. Monday, November 4, 1918 No. 36 United to Serve One patriotic drive for funds on the part of all seven officially recognized agencies engaged in welfare work among our land and naval forces is planned in the United War Work Campaign, from November 11-18. In a nation- wide effort for service and sacrifice, it will sweep aside all creeds and all races in its general ap- peal. The organizations combining their indi- vidual demands are the Young Men's Christian Association, the Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation, the National Catholic War Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, the War Camp Com- munity Service, the American Library Associa- tion and the Salvation Army. Every man in uniform has personally benefited by the care with which these agencies have attended him, at his training camp, on the transports and on the other side. To continue these activities for an- other year the united organizations ask for $170,500,000, a sum of money immense in the aggregate but representing only $1 a week for each man in the army and navy. The Goal Young Men's Christian Association. $100,000,000 Young Women's Christian Assn 15,000,000 National Catholic War Council. . . . 30,000,000 Jewish Welfare Board 3,500,000 War Camp Community Service. . . . 15,000,000 American Library Association 3,500,000 Salvation Army 3,500,000 Illinois' quota is $12,740,000. "I SURE MISS the City Club luncheons, talks, and comforts," writes one of our members, who is in government service at Washington. John S. Miller, Jr., is in service in France with the rank of major, 333rd Field Artillery. Remember the little ballot and vote on every proposition! The City Club and the Traction Question PRESIDENT GEORGE H. MEAD, last" ■■- Thursday, with the approval of the directors, issued the following statement defining the posi- | tion of the City Club toward the pending trac- \ tion issue: "In dealing with controversial issues that arise in Chicago, the City Club has uniformly pursued the policy of shedding light by public discussion, but has not adopted one side or the other. In this manner the Club has provided a \ forum for discussion while it could keep in its j membership all those who are honestly interested ; in the solution of Chicago's problems, however j they have differed as to the form which the solu- I tion should take. In controversial matters there ! is no one and no board nor committee that can speak for the Club as a whole. The committees of the Club present from time to time reports on matters of public interest and concern, but these committee reports represent only the judg- i ment and decision of the committee itself. Fur- ' thermore, in case of sharp controversy it is the rule of the Club that only those reports should be published which present adequate reasoned grounds for the opinions of the committees. The Club does not undertake to add weight but to shed light. "Thus, in the traction issue now before the public, the City Club has presented the most competent discussion from both sides that has been offered in the city. Its committee on Pub- lic Utilities has sent in to the Public Affairs Committee a majority and a minority report. The majority report favors the passage of the ordinance. The minority report advises its de- feat. Neither report has undertaken to give an adequate statement of the reasons for and against, and following its tradition in such situations the Club does not publish the reports. "The Civic Secretary of the Club, Mr. George E. Hooker, and another member of the office staff, have been active as individuals in the cam- paign against the ordinance, in the exercise of their undoubted rights as citizens of Chicago. They in no way represent the Club in their ac- tivities. The President and Vice-President and many members of the Board of Directors as in- dividuals are in favor of and working for the passage of the ordinance, and in their opinions and activities they do not represent the City Club. "The City Club is jealous of its position, won through years of activity in civic struggles, as a field within which all those honestly interested in solving Chicago's problems, may join in in- vestigation and debate. It is almost universally true that what is most needed for the solution of these problems is more light." Remember the little ballot and vote on every proposition! g^tCMQmEvMR 281 City Council Favors Convention THE City Council of Chicago is on record in favor of the calling of a constitutional convention. A special committee of the Council on the constitutional convention has issued an appeal to voters to support the resolution for such a convention when it is before them for adoption at the election, November 5. The committee says, in part: "You are undoubtedly aware of the compli- cated form of our local governments, and of the inequalities and deficiencies of our obsolete sys- tem of levying and assessing taxes. J revision of the Constitution would make it possible to bring about a simplification. "The number of elective officers specified in the Constitution, in addition to those serving the various local governments, is such that the voter, confronted on election day with a ballot of con- fusing length, finds it impossible to make a dis- criminating choice, and is reduced to the neces- sity of either not voting for some offices or of making a haphazard guess. As the duties per- formed by many of these officers are of a routine nature, their elimination from the ballot would enable the voter to center his attention on the important offices. Revision of the Constitution is necessary to secure the Short Ballot. "To provide for its local governmental needs, Chicago has been compelled to go to every legis- lature in session since 1870 to plead for the passage of some law that would permit it to keep step with its progress. How badly these laws were needed may be seen from the fact that the original Cities and Villages Act, under which Chicago is governed, adopted by the legislature in 1872, contains only 193 paragraphs, while the additions thereto, through various amendments and new laws passed since that time, number 1,200 paragraphs. Revision of the Constitution is necessary to give Chicago greater control over its local affairs. "A number of other constitutional changes have been suggested as necessary to make our state and local governments more efficient and economical. Most of these subjects have been widely discussed during recent years. The value of some may be controversial. Changes in the Constitution would undoubtedly be submitted to the voters for their approval or disapproval as separate articles. In any event, the voter would have the final word on any subject. "To those who fear that the convention method would open the way for faddists or special in- terests to secure an incorporation of ill-consid- ered or harmful matters, we urge our supreme confidence that the people of Illinois have not lost their power and ability for self-government, and that they can be trusted to give intelligent, discriminating and honest expression to their wishes in respect to those matters which make for the common good. In this connection, atten- tion is called to the fact that the conditions for popular control are practically ideal, viz.: 1. Popular vote for calling the conven- tion. 2. Popular vote on delegates to the con- vention. 3. Popular vote to ratify or reject the work of the convention. "The opportunity is before us to secure a constitution that will permit our State to keep pace with modern progress in legislation and enable it to deal effectively with the new prob- lems that will arise from this world war." The report is signed by Alderman John A. Richert, chairman of the committee. Other members of the committee are: U. S. Schwartz Henry D. Capitain A. A. McCormick William F. Lipps Ross A. WoodhuU Harry E. Littler Otto Kerner Joseph O. Kostner English a la Cincinnati The following gems have been compiled from letters received by the Cincinnati Red Cross from wives and mothers of men in service: "My husband got a few days furle and has been away on the mind sweepers." "You have changed my little boy to a little girl. Will it make any difference." "Will you please send my money as soon as possible, as I am walking about Boston like a bloddy pauper." "I do not receive my husband's pay. I will be compelled to live an immortal life." "My Bill has been put in charge of a spittoon (platoon). Will I get more pay?" "I am writing to you to ask you why I have never received my elopment. His money was kept from him for the elopement for me which I never received." "Please send me my allotment. I have a little baby and knead it every day." Since the City Club, at the suggestion of its Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Com- mittee, extended its privileges to enlisted men, the clubhouse has been used for many different purposes. Last week we had our first military wedding. Sergt. Karl Buck of the Motor Truck Division and Mrs. Mary M. Snyder were married last week at the City Club by Rev. O. F. Jordan, one of our members. Sergeant and Mrs. Buck left for the South immediately after the ceremony. 282 GfjeGfeGlubBuIl^ftn An Argument for Excess Condemnation LAST week the Bulletin contained an article summarizing the conclusions of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency from its study of "excess condemnation." The Bureau showed, by illustrations from Chicago experience, the evil resulting from the present constitutional re- striction upon the city's buying power in acquir- ing real estate for public improvements. As the city may purchase only the real estate actually needed for the improvement, many odd-shaped and useless remnants are left, which cannot con- veniently be joined up with adjacent property and which often — as billboard sites or as un- cared-for vacant premises — become eyesores to the neighborhood. The illustration below is a case in point. The black areas indicate some of the remnants which will result under our present policy from the cutting of the proposed Ogden Ave. diagonal extension. The need for conferring "excess condemna- tion" powers on cities is a subject which, the' Bureau believes, should be considered by a con- stitutional convention. SHELDON ST. 2Z'^Z2.\ 0) •- I ^ '»^^ .^^ '^A// ^ • PROPOSED OGDEN AVENUE EXTENSION Lot remnants "A" and "B", with frontage of 24 feet and 26 feet, respectively, on the proposed Ogden avenue extension, will be separated from the rest of the block by a 16-foot alley, which will bound the property on two sides. Special difficulty is encountered, when a diagonal street is cut through, in making the alley arrangement conform to a new street and lot layout. Albert L. Hopkins, who has been in the office of Chief Counsel of the Interstate Commerce Commission at Washington, D. C, has entered military service. Capt. Albert A. Henry is stationed at Washington in the office of the Third Assistant Secretary of War. Dr. H. I. Davis has accepted from the Amer- ican Red Cross a commission for service in France. Dr. Davis is head of the Psychopathic Hospital of Cook County. "It is a comfort to know when you buy a lib- erty bond, that if, later, you get in a tight place. you can sell the bond and get full value for it immediately. Nevertheless, when you encourage the sale of bonds you are fighting the idea of thrift, which is the basic idea of finance. What good does it do the government if I lend it a thousand dollars today and get a liberty bond and then tomorrow sell that bond to someone else for a thousand dollars? I simply carried it for one day and the other person who bought it of me might just as well have subscribed for it in the beginning! He is the one carrying the burden and not I. If we do our full duty we must not only subscribe and not only save in order to make good our subscription, but we must hold the bond to the end of the war." — Irving Fisher. ^13-0- Vl.^-rH^^^^'^'''^ UfHYERSITY OF IIUNOIS U8RAR DEC 21 1918 JT Journal of Bttw aitiiet\?hip \'OLUME XI. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1918 Number 37 Captain Charles E. Merriam will address the City Club THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, at Luncheon SUBJECT: ''Italy and the War 99 Captain Merriam returned only a few weeks ago from Italy ^vhere he was in charge of American propaganda work for the Bureau of Public Information. His official position gave him unusual opportunities for observing Italy, both on the fighting line and on her "home front." British Labor and the War BRITISH labor is behind the Wilson pro- gram, according to Arthur Gleason, who spoke at the City Club luncheon last Friday. Mr. Gleason recently returned from England where — except for one year during which he was with an ambulance corps attached to the Belgian army — he has been almost continuously since the outbreak of the war. During his stay there, he studied particularly the political and labor movements of Great Britain. Mr. Gleason was formerly associate editor of Collier's Weekly and has also served on the editorial or con- tributing staffs of the Survey, Harper's Weekly, and other American journals. He said in part: "Mr. Wilson's policy on international ques- tions is the policy of British labor. Both Mr. Wilson and the British Labor Party believe in making a clean cut discrimination between the German government and the German people. British labor knows that seventy million people cannot be exterminated, that they must be lived with, but that the German government must be rendered powerless to disturb the peace. The main plank in the platform of the British labor party, therefore, is the League of Nations. When President Wilson announced this as a part of his program, British labor signed in at once and practically forced the adherence of other nations. "Certain discoveries of the war have been brought home to the common people of England. One is that when unemployment disappears, as it has done during the war, the wage scale does go up. Labor is therefore planning to do away with unemployment after the war, through an extensive program of public works, reforestation, housing, etc. "Another discovery is that where life can be conscripted, wealth, which is not so sacred as life, can also be conscripted. When a nation has once made a universal conscription of its 284 ReG«uGIufaBulIetm ^tjeGttiJGlubBuUetiti n Jounial of Jlcnve Gitueti3hip Published Weekly Except July, August and Septem- ber; bi-weekly during July, August and September By the CITY CLUB OF CHICAGO 315 Plymouth Court Telephone: Harrison 8278 DWIGHT L. AKERS. Editor $1.00 per Year 10c per Copy Entered as second class matter, December 3, 1917, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XI Monday, November 11, 1918 No. 37 people, they will be content not to go back to their former condition. Unless some sort of program of change is put through, we may be facing a condition of anarchy. "In fact, the returned soldiers are the most radical element in the community. Mr. Balfour, in a recent study, found that the most radical industrialists are the returned soldiers. Having gone to the front to fight Prussianism they are not disposed to submit to industrial Prussianism at home. I don't believe that our boys, either, when they come home from France, will be willing to go back into industry under conditions which expose them to the risks of unemploy- ment or to pay the cost o